Sea water distributed monitoring system

A proposal for architecture and data format

Lucrezia Cilenti1, Rita Dario2, Giuseppe Dentamaro3, Vincenzo Di Lecce3, Cataldo Guaragnella3, Angelo
Cardellicchio3, Giorgio Mancinelli4, Domenico Petruzzelli3, Alessandro Quarto5, Domenico Soldo5, Antonietta
Specchiulli1, Ierotheos Zacharias6
1
National Research Council, Institute of Marine Sciences, Unit of Lesina, Via Pola 4, Lesina (FG), Italy
2
Policlinico di Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, Bari, Italy
3
Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica e dell’Informazione, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari, Italy
4
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Tecnhnologies, University of Salento, Italy
5
myHermes Srl, Corso Italia 63, Taranto, Italy
6
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece

Abstract— Marine pollution is known and investigated.
In the case of economic exploitation of marine waters, i.e.
aquaculture and recreational activities, continuous monitoring of
their quality is necessary. Commercial sensors may be used for
speditive water monitoring but are usually used as stand-alone
systems with limited applications. In this article, after a brief
review of commercial sensors as real time detectors of the
relevant chemical/biological parameters, experimental data on
aquaculture plants are presented. The final objective is to
produce through techniques of data fusion from heterogeneous
sources with a synthetic representation of the information that
may be also used for early warning. Both data format and data
architecture are covered
Keywords—sensor data fusion, aquaculture, marine pollutants
I. INTRODUCTION
Water bodies, e.g., coastal sea, natural lakes as well as
reservoirs are critical for human activities such as recreation,
fishing and/or aquaculture. Monitoring relevant water quality
parameters for the assessment of their ecological state and
environmental conditions are paramount important for proper
management and planning protocols. Methods and techniques
for assessing the status of water bodies are functional to the
nature of the body itself, the activities carried out therein and
for the available control technologies. Conventional water
analysis protocols start from the sampling phase, albeit of
simple collection by autosampler, sample storage, pretreatment
and data validation based on the currently applied time-
consuming protocols.
__________________________________________________
Partially supported by the grant of Lombardia Region -
Programma Operativo Regionale FESR 2014-2020 /
Innovazione e Competitività Iniziativa realizzata nell’ambito
dell’Asse I - RAFFORZARE LA RICERCA, LO SVILUPPO E
L’INNOVAZIONE. Azione I.1.B.1.3 – Sostegno alle attività
collaborative di R&S per lo sviluppo di nuove tecnologie
sostenibili, di nuovi prodotti e servizi. Project MAUI
(Monitoraggio continuo per le Acque reflue Urbane ed
Industriali per l’eco-industria).
Moreover, sensors based on simple transducers and/or complex
analytical systems may be used as early warning systems.
In this latter context, two specific issues should be
addressed in designing sensors-based protocols for early
warnings or EWSs [1] of anomalous conditions: a) real-time
monitoring and b) on-line monitoring. EWSs are integrated
systems based on a set of sensing technologies performing data
analysis and acquisition aimed at a specific set of pollutants.
Data may be actively discerned, by determining low-
probability and high-impact contamination events and, at the
same time, reliable methods to distinguish between normal data
fluctuations and variations due to accidental contamination
events, after, e.g., biochemical and physical interactions of
different quality parameters. Several water facilities for
specific uses, e.g. aquaculture, are already adopting on-line
EWSs in all production steps including water intake,
protection, treatment and distribution operations. In the open
seawater many sensors are used as stand-alone systems thus
loosing potentialities to model pollution events. In most cases
are proprietary devices not allowing for immediate integration
and/or fusion of data. Moreover, real-time and on-line
monitoring tools allow modifications of the sampling protocols
(e.g. the sampling rate), thus leading to more precise
identification of time and location of a contamination event.
Another important issue is the assessment of the parameters to
monitor for the specific application. General indicators of the
seawater quality include pH, chlorine, temperature, total
organic carbon (TOC), dissolved oxygen, conductivity and
turbidity, whereas applications involving the assessment of the
sanitary impact include several other parameters [2].
The focus of the present paper is to assess the feasibility of
a monitoring system integrating heterogeneous parameters
acquired by a set of commercially available sensors, with two
main goals: a) to improve the selectivity of the system; b) to set
an alert recognition system based on the verification of an
algorithm relying on data resulting from field sensors. The
system must accomplish the mentioned requirements after: a)
real-time and on-line monitoring; b) assessment of the
feasibility of the general approach.

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 To the purpose, an applicative testbed was applied based on
the assessment of the water quality in aquaculture plants, one
of the main topics of interests in the framework of the
European Union Blue Growth Program [3]. Among other goals
of the program, the fine-tuning of such systems, together with
the assessment of the parameters of interest which are related
to the human health.
The paper is organized as follows: section II reports an
overview of the related works. Section III discuss main aspects
of aquaculture monitoring, including the chemical aspects
(Section III-a), hydro-geological aspects (Section III-b) and
toxicological impact (Section III-c). Section IV shows the
proposed approach, Section V the conclusions.
II. RELATED WORKS
Many commercially available devices are on the market for
water monitoring and the most interesting and widespread
systems are presented below. Many of these devices are
classified as multi-parametric probes, like J-Mar Biosentry,
UV-VIS, Censar, s:can Water Quality Monitoring Station and
many more. The reference probes are used to assess real-time
on-line quality of waters based on determination of the
following chemical parameters: turbidity, TOC, pH, BOD,
nitrate, nitrite, phosphates and aromatic compounds, whereas
biological parameters are essentially based on determination of
the water toxicity through bacterial bioluminescence, algae
fluorescence and fish activities. Bacterial bioluminescence
sensors like TOX are based on the ability of certain bacterial
strains, e.g. Vibrio fischeri, to produce light after cellular
respiration [4]. Many other indications may be obtained
through combination of the above parameters with chlorophyll
pigment (Chl a). Another relevant aspect of the aquatic
ecosystems is obtained after quantification of the
phytoplankton because of its critical role in structuring and
functioning of the ecosystems. Indeed, phytoplankton biomass,
typically expressed as Chl a, plays an important role in
photosynthetic processes and represents a functional ring
between food availability and the growth of filter-feeder
bivalves and fish larval stages. In situ and real-time
measurements of the phytoplankton biomass allows for the
early warning of critical phenomena, such as toxic microalgae
blooms, which represent a risk for organisms and human
health. This latter aspect is important not only for an advanced
and cost-effective control of aquaculture activities but also as
key step in any monitoring protocol focused on aquatic
systems. Conventional dedicated sampling protocols and
methods for the assessment of phytoplankton biomass are
liable, as a general limitation, to the low ability to detect short-
time variations after the interplay of e.g., climate, diurnal
phytoplankton movements, and small-scale water circulation.
The suitability of Chl as an indicator of water quality is related
to technical factors such as the nutrients present and the ease of
monitoring in situ [5]. The development of in-situ sensitive
sensors for chlorophyll is based on fluorescence, the ability to
absorb light at a specific wavelength and releasing it at lower
frequency [6].
Works on many multiparametric probes are equipped with
fluorimeters for continuous monitoring of biological variables
at improved sensitivity and of robust construction are still in
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progress [7]. On the other hand, algae fluorescence is adopted
by Algae Toximeter to monitor photosynthetic activity, which
is reduced by the presence of toxins in complex matrices. Fish
monitoring sensors, like ToxProtect, detect real time swimming
activity of about 20 fish species through an array of 80 LED; if
an erratic swimming behavior is detected, the presence of water
toxins can be assumed. However, this class of sensors requires
an accurate knowledge of the relationship between bacterial
and algae activity and the amounts toxics detected.
Recently new classes of sensors, i.e., e-noses (vapor and
gas phases) and e-tongue (liquid phase), have been introduced.
E-tongues envisage for direct contact between the sensing
element matrix (complex) under analysis [8]. The main
drawback of this latter system is direct contact of the sensing
elements (e.g. electrodes, diodes, membranes, etc.) with the
liquid matrix and thus subject to the potential poisoning.
Poisons may bind irreversibly to the sensing elements, thus
impairing their performance. To overcome the problem, direct
contact must be avoided or minimized by transferring the
analyte from the liquid to the vapor phase. This is the working
principle of VPeN [9], which employs a gas sensor array to
identify components related to, e.g., hydrocarbons, sulfur,
nitrogen and phosphorus derivatives present in the complex
matrix. Phase transfer from the liquid to the gas/vapour phase
may be accomplished by mild heating of the liquid phase.
Table I shows a summary of some commercially available
sensors.
TABLE I. LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SENSORS
Name Type
J-Mar Biosentry Multi-parametric probe
UV-VIS s:can spectroanalyser Multi-parametric probe
ToxProtect Fish activity monitor
TOXControl Bioluminescence monitor
VPeN e-nose for vapour
Algae ToximeterII Toxicity monitor
Fish Activity Monitoring System Fish activity monitor
SeaBird SBE19 Multi-parametric probe
AquaTroll 400 Multi-parametric probe
III. PROBLEM OVERVIEW
Fish advisories warn consumers for possible toxicological
threats associated with consumption of certain families of fish
species. In this context, it is demonstrated that fetuses and
newborn are susceptible to toxicants while there are no doubts
that fishes are a source of valuable nutrients. Coastal
ecosystems are under increasing stress from a variety of human
activities that induce pollution, flora and fauna changes,
together physical alteration of the environmental microbioma
[10]. On seawaters, human activities face increasing sanitary
risks from growing shoreline urbanization. The authors live
and work on the Adriatic and Ionian Sea coast (Bari and
Lesina, South-East, Italy and Patras, Greece). The Adriatic Sea
is a closed basin with reduced waters interchange with the open
Mediterranean. The massive amounts of pollutants released
into the Mediterranean basin by rivers and sewage (controlled
or not) remain therefore confined in a relatively narrow
 geographical area. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive
[11] defines (Article 3) the good environmental status of water
bodies through a template assessing interventions (Article 5),
together with an extensive depiction of the monitoring
requirements for an ongoing assessment (Chapters III - V).
Therefore, the need for a comprehensive evaluation
framework for real-time and on-line monitoring raises directly
from the EU Directive.
A. Physical, chemical and Biological aspects
The integration of physical, chemical and biological data on
high frequency time scales represents a paramount important
tool in the legislative context of the water quality control, with
specific reference to aquaculture economic activities. Relevant
real-time information about the chemical status of a water body
are obtained by monitoring specific parameters allowing
identification of key processes related to the aquatic trophic
status.
• Water temperature (T) and variations in water
temperature have an important impact on the aquatic
life. Biochemical reactions usually experience a
doubling in reaction rate after 10°C rise of
temperature. Moreover, key constituents of water
either change their ionic form (ammonia) or alter their
solubility (Dissolved Oxygen) after temperature rising.
• The salinity (S) is relevant to the aquatic ecosystem,
especially if it is characterized by species with low
tolerance to salinity. Salinity affects the solubility of
oxygen in water.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations in the water
provide an indicator of the overall water quality of the
system [12]. DO response is not specific to nutrient
input; its depletion can indicate an excessive algal
growth (eutrophication), with adverse effects on the
organisms’ respiration, feeding and growth [13].
Oxygen measurements combined with temperature,
salinity and chlorophyll a, allows for deeper insights
into the trophic status of water body.
• BOD, a measure of the potential oxygen demand
exercised within waters after decaying (oxidation) of
the organic matter.
• Ammonia containing nitrogen, an essential nutrient for
algal growth. It is present in all-natural waters in small
amounts. However, levels beyond 0.1mg N/L may be
indicative of sewage contamination. Total ammonia
includes two chemical forms: ammonium ions (NH4+)
and non-ionised ammonia gas (NH3). Their relative
abundance varies with pH and temperature. High levels
of un-ionised ammonia are toxic to invertebrates and
fish, causing respiratory stress, conditions such as gill
hyperplasia and reduced resistance to parasites and
disease. Nitrification, i.e., conversion of ammonia to
nitrite/nitrates requires oxygen and may therefore be a
significant control on oxygen availability in the water.
• Nitrate/nitrite contains nitrogen and are hence essential
for algal growth in water. High concentrations of
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nitrate may lead to excessive algal growth
(eutrophication) together with preferential growth of
potentially toxic blue-green algae over less problematic
algal species. Due to the solubility of nitrate
compounds, relevant concentrations may be associated
with river waters flowing to the sea after heavy
rainfalls from agricultural origin.
• Ortho-phosphate is another important nutrient for algal
growth in aquatic environments and likely to be the
limiting nutrient in riverine waters. High
concentrations of ortho-phosphate ions may induce
eutrophication phenomena as, in most, cases; it
represents the so–called limiting agent triggering
eutrophication.
B. Hydro-geological aspects
Several models for heterogeneous basins have been set-up
and adopted to evaluate pollutant fluxes in waters [14].
However, instruments assessing parameters needed to
characterize dispersion of pollutants in the basins must be
assessed and measured while evaluating the environmental
status of the water body. Aquaculture may be defined as the
high-density production of fish, shellfish and vegetal species
produced in a controlled environment. Stocking rates for high-
density aquaculture are typically thousand-fold greater than
wild environments.
Modern aquaculture employs open and closed systems to
breed living species, with the former characterized by a rapid
turnover of waters. Different forms of high density, intensive
aquaculture is similar as they all obey the same set of physical
and chemical principles that are basic of the water chemistry
and the net result is water quality. Poor chemical composition
of the water leads to rapid degradation. Efficient feed
conversion, growth and marketability of the final product may
not occur unless the pond is a well-balanced ecosystem. Hence,
the overriding concern of the fish farmer is to maintain, balance
or equilibrium conditions with respect to water chemistry and
its natural consequence is good water quality. High stocking
density of fish or crustaceans in ponds usually exacerbates
problems with water quality and sediment deterioration.
Wastes generated (organic metabolites) from aquaculture
activities settle at the bottom of the ponds in the form of
biodegradable organic matter. When considering the protection
of the marine life, conventional monitoring strategy provides
only space and time snapshots of the water quality.
Measurements of the water quality may give an overview of
the general status of the waters dependent on the intensity of
the monitoring.
The snapshot strategy does not take hydrographical and
weather conditions into account and does not provide forecasts
of the water quality. To overcome these problems,
hydrodynamic and water quality modelling is needed to
provide real time information thus forecasting potential
duration and intensity of pollution accidents. In this context,
biogeochemical modelling of the water quality includes
different combinations of water quality parameters and
processes.
 C. Sanitary aspects.
Main classes of sanitary pollutants affecting human beings
may be classified as bioorganic (bacteria, spores, etc.,) and
chemical (heavy metals, synthetic molecules with potential
endocrine disrupting properties, phosphorous and nitrogen
compounds and many others). Fish and shellfish bred in
contact with contaminated waters may have serious
consequences on human health. Literature data confirm the
possibility that harmful agents and microorganisms may
accumulate in the sea products thus overcoming the biological
barrier of the animals themselves. Many of the works published
on this topic report the relevant classes of compounds and the
related sanitary effects on man.
• metal-mercury derivatives (MetHg): influencing the
nervous system, with children more influenced to the
exposure during the critical phases of pre- and post-
natal development [15], limits are 4389-16853 for
10ng/L and 10μg/L MeHg exposure,
• trace elements (e.g., As and Cd): arsenobetaine in fish is
considered virtually non-toxic. However, the main
harmful effects are associated with long-term ingestion
of inorganic arsenic thus leading to skin lesions,
tumours, developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, cardio-
vascular diseases, abnormal glucose metabolism and
diabetes (EFSA). Carcinogenic cadmium, may induce
kidney, bone and reproductive dysfunctions [16], limit
for Cd is 0.27 mg/kg and As 55 to 95 μg/L;
• persistent halogenated compounds and dioxine (PCBs,
dioxins, PB-DEs): dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs’,aryl
receptor agonists, effects on the reproductive, immune
and nervous system developement, immunotoxic, IE
[17],limits is PCBs 514,32 pg/g;
• endocrine interferers or disrupters) influencing sex
functions and thyroid activity by the presence of
steroids like (mimicking) compounds [18];
• polychlorobiphenyls (NDL-PCB): influencing thyroid
and liver, brain biochemistry, immunotoxin, estrogenic,
reproductive effects and neurobehavioral effects for
exposure to the uterus [19];
• polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) after binding and
deactivating the AhR aryl receptor, beyond effects on
the expression of CYP1A1, aryl receptor biomarker
(AhR, dioxin-like), and CYP2B and CYP3A, androstate
androstat bioindicators [20];
• nuclear pregnane X (’xenobiotic nuclear receptor’ CAR
and PXR) in the rat, in vivo. Effects on the homeostasis
and thyroid homeostasis [21];
• hydroxylated: powerful agonist hydroxylated receptor
agonists estrogenic (a and b -ER) [22];
Bacterial strains may be identified, among others, like the
well-known Escherichia coli, but also many other pathogens
may be detected in food of marine origin. In addition, spores
and mycelia of algae and/or plants may contaminate fish
products with a wide variety of agents. e.g., the well-known
harmful algal blooms (HABs) [23]. An emerging class of
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contaminants are microparticles [24]. The particles size may
represent a very important factor of direct toxicity and
pathology. Absence of knowledge on the transport and fluxes
of these particles in natural environments leads to a further
problem, which is exasperated by the fact that biological
systems did not evolved in the presence of nanoparticles now
ubiquitarian in all water bodies. Moreover, nanoparticles from
volcanic dust and combustion of natural products (e.g., forest
fires), contribute significantly together with synthetic
derivatives (e.g., automobile and industrial combustion
products) since the industrial revolution. Finally,
biodegradability may be a further important factor governing
harmful biological effects [26].
IV. PROPOSED SYSTEM
A. Sensor characterization
Table II shows a set of commercial sensors today available
for water quality monitoring and multi-parametric probes. As
mentioned, the main aim of this study is definition of a
combined monitoring approach that relies on the integration of
an e-nose for water quality monitoring systems. The main idea
is that both a multi-parametric probe and a e-nose may be
synergistically used with their respective sensitivities and
operating principles to give a more comprehensive and precise
evaluation of the chemical status of the water body.
In the following, the data from experiments carried-out on
seawater with the VPeN commercial device configured for this
specific application are presented.
VPeN is an e-nose in vapour phase developed at the
AeFLab - Politecnico di Bari and myHermes Srl laboratories.
The e-nose integrates several solid-state sensors with other
devices, specifically designed to transfer volatile compounds
from the liquid phase to the gaseous phase [26]. The ultimate
objective is to monitor the related volatile pollutants emitted in
a distinct expansion chamber. The device architecture provides
a hydraulic system with variable temperature thermostatic
chamber and mechanical separator of steam from the liquid. An
expansion chamber brings the steam into contact with the gas
sensors. Cleaning phases of the chamber and sensors alternate
with reading phases [27].
The main problem with VPeN is that it may detect only
components that are easily transferred from the liquid to the
gas/vapour phase at low temperatures (between 20 and 80°C).
It is evident that appropriate chemical reagents can cause
selective reactions involving the emission of gases and/or
vapours in the presence of specific elements present in water.
Only seawater test results without reagents additions will be
presented. The aim is to identify a specific signature of
seawater suitable for aquaculture that allows the continuous
and safe identification of the presence of common pollutants
(organic, hydrocarbons, ammonium compounds etc.) typical of
marine coastal waters [28].
Experiments with the addition of reagents for the
identification of pollutants, both chemically and biological, are
currently underway. Real testing samples were taken from a
mussel purification plant (Mytilus galloprovincialis) along the
northern Adriatic shoreline (Gulf of Venice). Natural seawater
 was preliminarily UV-irradiated together or artificial seawater
was used according to a cycle defined by Italian legislation.
120 tests were carried out according to the table to follow,
the VPeN was equipped with 11 sensitive solid-state sensors
(Propan, H2, ethanol alcohol, methyl alcohol, Methane, CO2,
NH3, Toluene, SOx). Fig.1 summarizes the complex of all
experimental results which were reported by the use of a 3D
model. The y axis reports single sensors, the x axis reports the
experimental tests, the z axis reports the amplitude of the
response from the single sensors. Specifically, single groups of
11 figures from different sensors represents the specific
“signature” of the sensor for different pollutants.
Fig. 1. 3D model of measurements realized during tests with VPeN. Y axis
represents sensors; X axis tests; Z axis is for representation of each sensor
output
Fig. 2. Clusters of data acquired during tests. Each color is related to a specific class of sample as shown in Fig. 1. The number near each class symbol
represent the temperature of the thermostatic chamber
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The different response of the system to different types of
water is clear. The first 4 tests were carried out with a known
standard compound to set-up the efficiency of the sensors. The
two tests to follow were carried-out with demineralized water
for setting the system. 36 tests, sampled at sea in authorized
areas, were carried-out at temperatures between 30 and 60
degrees. The same tests were repeated with the water from the
mussel purification plant after 5 hours of mussel housing.
Finally, 36 tests were carried out with synthetic seawater
(demineralised water with the addition of salts) not
contaminated by mussels (Fig. 1).
It is evident how in the first and third series of tests sensors
show comparable response. The seawater contaminated by
mussels has a completely different and recognizable signature.
Experimental data were subsequently correlated by cluster
formation with results shown in Fig. 2. The samples from the
first and third tests form a compact and convex cluster with a
small exception (see Fig. 1). Mussels contaminated samples
form a recognisable compact cluster as compared to clean
water. The samples labelled DEM are demineralised water.
B. Data fusion and aggregation
The use of multi-sensor systems offers several advantages,
in consideration that the measured quantities which are not
always independent of each other. A trivial example is the
variation of salinity linked to the variation of resistivity. It is
therefore possible to say that the multi-value measurement
increases the robustness of the measurement and reduces
uncertainty due to the high number of low precision
measurements. In addition, measurements carried out in
different geographic positions are useful to generate diffusion
patterns (e.g., pollutants). The increase in the number of
 sensors, however, has a cost in terms of data exchange,
increases the amount of measurements collected from the
environment and makes it more difficult to manage the
increased amount of data (many times heterogeneous). This
case is well-known as big-data.
In the case of seawater, it is therefore of economic and
scientific interest the combination of data and the identification
of correlations to get real-time response of the systems with the
final aim of obtaining reliable data on the status of the water
body.
The research area is of paramount interest and an
unprecedented number of scientific archives and data services
are currently published and made accessible. Remote and in-
situ sensors carry out large amounts of historical observations
combined with real-time data, as well as simulations modelled
in ever finer spatial and temporal resolutions.
With the increasing availability of complex and
heterogeneous data, the need for formats adapted to their
representation, access, understanding and integration also
increases. An example is reported by the eReefs project,
aiming to creation of an interoperable coastal information
platform for the management of data collected from the Great
Barrier Reef in the North-Eastern Australia [29].
In the computer area, another example is represented by the
exchange of WaterML 2.0 XML data for time series of
hydrological observation data [30]. The NetCDF format, which
is a “de facto” standard for output models in many scientific
communities, including climatic and atmospheric communities
[31]. Both NetCDF and WaterML2.0 are used for data cleaning
via standard service interfaces. In addition to rigid formats,
models and systems have also been proposed on similar
systems the use of semantic disambiguation that, at least
partially, makes it possible to extract information that can be
structured from unstructured and heterogeneous data [32].
Fig. 3. Architecture of proposed system
V. CONCLUSIONS
Marine pollutants are present in a very large number thus
affecting environmental, ecological and sanitary aspects of
seawater quality. We consider that the economy of nations,
regardless of their economic and industrial development, will
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depends on the use of marine resources and that fishing is one
of the most important.
Starting from these considerations and from the pre-
established or automatic methods of structuring the information
on the quality of marine waters in the relevant field of fish
farming, we have obtained the following table highlighting the
devices and the parameters currently detectable.
In the case of VPeN it can be possible to exploit chemical
reactions, even complex ones, to indirectly highlight the
presence of elements that are not directly measurable. We are
currently carrying out activities prior to the creation of a
widespread multi-sensorial system for the speditive and
continuous monitoring of the quality of marine waters with a
special emphasis on closed or enclosed basins such as the
Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea.
TABLE II. LIST OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE SENSORS
INTEGRABLED IN THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
Name Type Analytes
VPeN E-nose COD, NH4, NOx, mercaptans, sulphides
Multi-
SeaBird parametric conductivity, depth, temperature, dissolved
SBE19 probe oxygen, chlorophyll
Multi-
AquaTroll parametric conductivity, depth, temperature, dissolved
400 probe oxygen, pressure, turbidity,
pH
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