Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Japanese Grammar
Japanese Grammar
ある
あまり(1)
ある
あまり
aru
amari (1)
to be, to exist (of inanimate things); to have
too much, very, a lot
Thing + は + place + に + ある
Amari always precedes the verb.
Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + ある
3
いっぱい
いい いっぱい
ippai
いい
full, many, a lot
ii ippai + V
good いっぱい食べる・ippai taberu - to eat a lot
いる (1) いる (2)
いる (1)
いる (2)
iru (1)
iru (2)
to exist (for animate, usually living, things)
-ing
Thing + は + place + に + いる
V.te-form + iru (いる)
Person/Place + (に)は + thing + が + いる
7 か (2)
か (1) か (2)
か (1) ka (2)
ka (1) or
Noun + ka + Noun + ka
question particle
Verb. plain + ka
Sentence + ka(か).
Adj-i + ka
Adj-na.stem + ka
10
9 から(3)
から(1) から(3)
から(1) kara(3)
kara(1) so
Verb + kara
from, since
I-adjective + kara
Noun + kara (から)
Na-adjective + da + kara
Noun + da + kara
11
12
から(2) が (1)
から(2)
が (1)
kara(2)
ga (1)
after having done s.t.; since
subject-marking particle
te-form of Verb + kara + [main clause]
14
13
くらい
が (2)
くらい
が (2)
Kurai
ga (2)
approximately, about
but, however
Number + Counter + kurai (くらい)
Sentence-1 + ga(が) + Sentence-2
Demonstrative Pronoun/Adjective + kurai (くらい)
Sentence-1 + ga(が)。
Interrogative Pronoun + kurai (くらい)
16
こそあど言葉
15
けれども こそあどことば
けれども
kosoado kotoba
keredomo ko-, so-, a- & do- demonstrative pronouns
although, though, but Kore・これ Kochira・こちら this/here is When the
clause + keredomo object is close to the speaker
する 18
する だ
Suru だ
to do Da
Imperfective form - し、せ、さ be (copula)
Connective form - し Present: Da
Predicative form - する Present negative: ja nai
19 20
だけ だろう
だけ だろう
Dake Darō
only, just Probably
Noun + dake (だけ) * Verb/i-Adj.inf + だろう
ている
ている
te iru 22
てもいい
23
てもいい
てはいけません/ては te mo ii
だめだ may; it is alright
(V / adj-i / adj-na , N + Copula).te mo ii
てはいけません/てはだめだ
Verb:
te wa ikemasen/te wa dame da 食べて も いい
tabete mo ii
may eat; it is alright to eat
you can't do adj-i:
冷たくて も いい
* te-form of a verb + は いけません/いけない tsumetakute mo ii
it is alright if s.t. is cold
* te-form of a verb + は だめだ adj-na:
静か で も いい
= you can't do something, you should not do
shizuka de mo ii
something. it is alright if s.t. is quiet
Noun:
学生 で も いい
gakusei de mo ii
it is alright if s.o. is a student
25
て形(動詞)
てけい(どうし)
te-kei
26
te-form - and, -ing
Class 1 verbs:
u/tsu/ru-verbs:
死ぬ → 死んで
shinu → shinde で (2)
買う → 買って 呼ぶ → 呼んで
kau → katte yobu → yonde
待つ → 待って 踏む → 踏んで で (2)
matsu → matte fumu → funde
帰る → 帰って
kaeru → kaette
Class 2 verbs:
v.stem + te
de (2)
ku-verbs: 出る → 出て
着く → 着いて deru → dete by, with, using
tsuku → tsuite Irregular verbs:
Exception: 来る → 来て Noun + de(で)
行く → 行って kuru → kite
iku → itte する → して
gu-verbs: suru → shite
泳ぐ → 泳いで i-adjectives
oyogu → oyoide final i becomes kute and can
su-verbs: function as "and" connecting
殺す → 殺して adjectives together or a
korosu → koroshite conjunction linking clauses
nu/bu/mu-verbs: together.
27 28
で(1) で(3)
で(1) で(3)
de(1) de (3)
at, in, on (place) and, because
location + de (で) 〜で〜
30
29 です
で(4) です
desu
で(4)
to be (copula)
de (4)
Present: Desu
at, on Present negative: De(wa) arimasen / Ja arimasen
Time + de (で) Past: Deshita
32
どう
31
どう
dō
と (2)
How
と (2) 1 - state of something or someone:
to (2) 山田先生はどうですか。・Yamada-sensei wa dō
desu ka? - How is Professor Yamada?
and, with, as
2- to suggest something:
Noun + to(と) + Noun
お茶はどうですか。・Ocha wa dō desu ka? - How
about tea? / Would you like some tea? / How is the
tea?
3- この字をどう読みますか。・Kono ji o dō
yomimasu ka? - How do you read this character?
33 34
どうして どこ
どうして どこ
dōshite doko
why where?
"どうして + Question" どこ・doko
35 36
な (1) なくて
な (1) なくて
na (1) nakute
don't do is not - and -, do not do
Append na to the plain nonpast affirmative form of a verb: Verb. inf. negative (without nai) + nakute
V.plain nonpast + na
i-Adj. stem + ku nakute
Class I - 行く・iku - to go
na-Adj. stem/Noun + de wa nakute/ja nakute
行く + な = 行くな - don't go!
Class III - する - to do
する + な = するな - don't do
suru + na = suru na - don't do
37
な形容詞の活用
な-けいようし の かつよう
na-keiyoushi no katsuyou 38
に
na-adjectives conjugation
Plain Nonpast:
彼は静かだ。(Kare wa shizuka da. He is quiet.)
Plain Nonpast Negative
に
彼は静かではない。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nai. He is not
quiet.)
ni
彼は静かじゃない。(Kare wa shizuka ja nai.)
in; at; on; to
*じゃ/ja is a contraction of では/de wa and is more colloquial
than では/de wa
Plain Past:
彼は静かだった。(Kare wa shizuka datta. He was quiet.)
Plain Past Negative:
彼は静かではなかった。(Kare wa shizuka de wa nakatta. He
was not quiet.)
40
39
に/へ
にする
に/へ
にする
ni/e
ni suru
to (place, etc)
decide on, make it
place + ni (に)
* Noun + ni suru (にする)
place + e (へ)
41 42
ね の (1)
ね の (1)
ne no (1)
tag question (isn't it? right? eh?) possessive particle
the particle ne is added to the end of the sentence Object1 + の + Object2
43
の (2) 44
の (2) は
no (2) は
one wa
i-Adjective + i + の Topic maker, As for
na-Adjective + na + の [ A ] wa [ B ] desu.
Noun + の = [ A ] is [ B ].
Verb + の
45
46
は何ですか へ
はなんですか へ
wa nan desu ka e
What is--- to, towards
* [demonstrative pronoun or something] + wa nan
location/direction + e(へ)
desu ka?
48
ましょう・(よ)う
47 ましょう・(よ)う
ましょうか mashō/(yo)u
let's ~~; probably; i plan to
ましょうか
Class Dictionary form formal volitional
mashō ka (masu stem + mashō) informal volitional
Shall I/we I iku iki mashō ikō
ませんか・ないか
ませんか・ないか
51 52
まで までに
まで までに
made made ni
until, up to, even before, by, within
53
も 54
も
も (2)
mo も (2)
55 56
も〜も もう
も〜も もう
mo~mo Mō
both 1 and 2, neither 1 nor 2 already, anymore
57
や 58
や
よ
ya よ
and yo
AやB you know
AやBや よ + yo is attached to the end of the sentence.
A や B や C など
59 60
わ を
わ を
wa o
weak emphatic particle used by female object-marking particle
speakers Noun + o(を) + verb
61
下さい 62
ください
事
kudasai こと
please koto
Noun をください thing(s); stuff; that
Verb.te-form ください
63 64
人称代名詞 全然
にんしょうだいめいし ぜんぜん
出来る 前に
できる まえに
Dekiru mae ni
can, be able to before, in front of
Person/Thing は noun ができる Verb.plain.nonpast 前に
67 68
助数詞 動詞の活用(過去形)
じょすうし どうしのかつよう(かこけい)
動詞の活用(辞書形)
69
動詞の活用(マス形) どうしのかつよう(じしょけい)
どうしのかつよう(マスけい)
doushi no katsuyou (jishokei)
doushi no katsuyou (masu form) Conjugation of verbs (plain nonpast)
Conjugation of verbs (masu form) Conjugation of the plain non-past form of a verb is as follows.
neg.,past volitional
Class I 飲む(nomu; to drink) 飲まない(nomanai) 飲んだ(nonda) 飲
まなかった(nomanakatta) 飲もう(nomō)
Class I 書きます(kaki masu; to write) 書きません(kaki masen)
書きました(kaki mashita) 書きませんでした(kaki Class I 乗る(noru; to ride) 乗らない(noranai) 乗った(notta) 乗
らなかった(noranakatta) 乗ろう(norō)
masendeshita) 書きましょう(kaki mashō)
Class II 見る(miru; to see) 見ない(minai) 見た(mita) 見なかった
Class II 見ます(mi masu; to see) 見ません(mi masen) 見ました(mi (minakatta) 見よう(miyō)
72
71
嫌い
好き
きらい
すき
Kirai
suki
Unlikable
to like
Noun が嫌い
Noun + が好き(です)
Noun が大嫌い
Noun + がすきではありません
嫌いな Noun
好きな + Noun
大嫌いな Noun
73
必要
74
ひつよう
指示代名詞(場所)
Hitsuyou しじだいめいし (ばしょ)
75
指示形容詞
76
しじけいようし
Shijikeiyōshi 掛かる
demonstrative adjectives かかる
demonstrative pronoun + noun
kakaru
この帽子・kono bōshi - this hat
take (time/money)
その犬・ sono inu - that dog
来る(1)
時
くる(1)
とき
kuru (1)
Toki
to come
when; at the time
Imperfective form - こ (ko)
Part of Speech;Past;Nonpast;Plus toki
Continuative form - き (ki)
verb.plain;;;+ toki
Predicative form - くる (kuru)
i-adjective;;;+ toki
Attributive form - くる (kuru)
na-adjective;+ datta;+ na;+ toki
Hypothetical form - くれ (kure)
noun;+ datta;+ no;+ toki
Imperative form - こい (koi)
79
80
来る(2)
毎
くる(2)
まい
kuru (2)
Mai
come about, come to
every
See kuru (1)
82
81 疑問詞
疑問文 ぎもんし
ぎもんぶん gimonshi
Interrogative words
gimonbun
誰 (dare) - who
interrogative sentences 何 (nani/nan) - what
何の (nan no) - what [kind of]
Declarative sentences can be changed to yes-no questions いつ (itsu) - when
merely by adding the interrogative particle "ka" to the end どこ (doko) - where
なぜ (naze) - why
of the sentence. Thus, the declarative sentence "He likes
いかが (ikaga) - how (polite)
beer" (彼はビールが好きです) becomes "Does he like どう (dou) - how
beer?" by adding "ka", as seen in example sentence #1. どうして (doushite) - how/why
どうやって (douyatte) - how/why
Wh-questions are formed by using an interrogative word, なんで (nande) - how/why
such as "nani" ("what"), in combination with "ka". どちら (dochira) - which/which one (of two alternatives)
Examples can be found below. どっち (docchi) - which/which one (of two alternatives)
どの (dono) - which (of more than two alternatives)
There is a commonly used question form that places the どれ (dore) - which one (of more than two alternatives)
interrogative word at the end of the sentence, as seen in どんな (donna) - what kind of
example sentence #7 below. いくら (ikura) - how much
いくつ (ikutsu) - how many
どのぐらい (donogurai) - how long/how much
どれくらい (dorekurai) - how long/how much
83 84
等 自分
など じぶん
nado Jibun
to name just one/a few; etc.; and so on self, own
85
86
要る
誰
いる (3)
だれ
iru (3)
Dare
need
who
[ Noun が いる ]
88
87
~くて, ~で
~が 形容詞+名詞 ~くて, ~で
~が けいようし+めいし -kute, -de
adjective conjunction
[noun] ga [adjective]+[noun] *****-te form of i-adjective*****
(1) Drop the final い/i
one whose --- is [adjective] (2) Add くて/kute
EnglishDictionary form→ -te form
small 小さい chiisai→ 小さくて
* [noun] ga [i-adjective] + [noun] chiisakute
old 古い furui→ 古くて
~てよかった
~はどうですか
~てよかった
~はどうですか
te yokatta
wa doudesu ka
was good; glad
how is
V.te + yokatta
We form this construction by simply adding what we
i-adjective kute + yokatta
want to ask about as the subject before は.
na-adjective de + yokatta
[what we want to know about]+はどうですか。
noun de + yokatta
91 92
-出す v + ように
-だす v + ように
dasu v + you ni
to suddenly begin, to suddenly appear, ~out so that
V.masu-stem + dasu Phr1 + ように + Phr2
94
〜方が〜より
〜ほうが〜より
93
~hō ga ~yori
~ばよかった more than
~ばよかった * Noun1 の方が Noun2 より X -- Noun1 is more X
than Noun2
--ba yokatta
* Verb1/i-Adj1 (plain) 方が Verb2/i-Adj2 (plain,
one should have done something nonpast) より X
* -ba conditional form of a verb + よかった -- Verb1-ing/having Verb1-ed is more X than Verb2-
ing
* na-Adj1 な 方が na-Adj2 な より X
96
95
あげる お~ください
お~ください
あげる
o~kudasai
ageru
Polite request expression
to give
o (お) + Verb masu stem + kudasai (くださ
Giver + は + receiver + に + object + を + あげる
い)
Do you know whether(or not) he is coming to school today?
(i-adj) あのお店のラーメンは美味しいか(どうか)、わかりませ
ん。
97 Ano o-mise no rāmen wa oishii ka(dō ka), wakarimasen.
I don't know whether(or not) the ramen at that shop is good.
か、かどうか
(noun) この靴が彼のか(どうか)、覚えていません。
Kono kutsu ga kare no ka(dō ka), oboeteimasen.
I don't remember whether(or not) these shoes are his.
(na-adj) このブランドは有名か(どうか)知っていますか?
か、かどうか Kono burando wa yūmei ka(dō ka), shitteimasu ka?
Do you know whether(or not) this brand is famous?
Informal WH-Question + か + verb
ka, ka dō ka ■ Verb/i-adjective Sentenc
Question + か
どこにあるか
if, whether or not
Doko ni aru ka
分かる
Embedded questions
wakaru
"know where it is"
An embedded question is a question that is inside 誰が壊したか
another statement or question, such as 駅がどこか Dare ga kowashita ka
知っている
分からない・Eki ga doko ka wakaranai /"I don't shitte iru
know where the station is." There are two types of "know who broke it"
誰が一番強いか
embedded question, which are embedded wh-
Dare ga ichiban tsuyoi ka
questions and embedded yes/no questions. To make 決める
embedded questions, we take a question, put it in the kimeru
"decide who is the strongest"
informal form, put the particle 「~か」 after it, and どの店が安かったか
follow it with a verb. Dono mise ga yasukatta ka
覚えている
oboete iru
"remember which shop is cheap"
おいしいか(どうか) 100
Oishii ka (dō ka)
かしら
調べる
shiraberu
"I'll find out whether (or not) it's delicious."
劇が面白かったか(どうか)
Geki ga omoshirokatta ka (dō ka) かしら
聞く
kiku
"I'll ask whether (or not) the play was interesting." kashira
Yes or No Questions (nouns and na-adjective)
人気の店か(どうか)
Ninki no mise ka (dō ka)
I wonder
調べる V.plain/plain past + kashira
shiraberu
会う + かしら・au + kashira - I wonder if someone will meet.
"I'll find out whether (or not) it's a popular store."
犬だったか(どうか) 会った + かしら・atta + kashira - I wonder if someone met.
Inu datta (dō ka) i-adj /past + kashira
分からない 美味しい かしら・oishii kashira - I wonder if something is delicious
wakaranai
美味しかった かしら・oishikatta kashira - I wonder if something was
"I don't know if it was a dog (or not)."
delicious
日本で、有名か(どうか)
Nihon de yūmei ka (dō ka) na-adj /past + kashira
分からない 幸せ かしら・ shiawase kashira - I wonder if someone/somthing is
wakaranai happy
"I don't know if it's famous in Japan (or not)." 幸せだった かしら・ shiawase datta - I wonder if someone/something
その店は静かだったか(どうか) was happy
Sono mise wa shizuka datta ka (dō ka) noun /past + kashira
聞く
先生 かしら・sensei kashira - I wonder if someone is a teacher
kiku
"I'll ask whether (or not) that store was quiet." 先生だった かしら・sensei datta kashira - I wonder if someone was a
teacher
101
かもしれない 102
かもしれない
がる (1)
kamoshirenai がる (1)
Noun + かもしれない
103 104
ご/お~頂く さ
ご/お~いただく さ
go/o –itadaku sa
nominalizer for adjectives
receive some benefit from someone's action
This suffix is commonly used with i-adjectives, but
* go (ご) + stem of suru verb + itadaku (頂く)
can also sometimes be used with na-adjectives. To
連絡する(れんらくする;to contact);連絡;ご use this suffix with an i-adjective, drop the final i and
連絡 頂く append sa. For na-adjectives, just append sa to the
na-adjective. See the chart below.
提案する(ていあんする; to propose);提案;ご
Adjective English add -sa English
提案 頂く
nagai long naga sa length
* o (お) + masu stem of verb + itadaku (頂く)
hiroi wide hiro sa width
待つ(まつ;to wait);待ち(ます);お 待ち 頂く
tsuyoi strong tsuyo sa strength
飲む(のむ;to drink); 飲み(ます);お 飲み 頂く
benri convenient benri sa convenienc
This usage of the causative, we use with several specific verbs that express a
psychological change or an emotional response, such as 泣く (なく, "to cry"), 笑う (わ
107 らう, "to laugh"), 喜ぶ (よろこぶ, "to feel happy"), 悲しむ (かなしむ, "to feel sad"),
怒る (おこる, "to get mad"), 安心する (あんしんする, "to be relieved"), etc.
させる
All verbs we use in the emotional responsive causative are intransitive, and the one
performing the action is always marked by o. (最後の一文を追加しました。)
Examples:
1. 祖母の死は私たちを悲しませた。
* The "permissive causative," meaning, "let someone or 話す - 話させる - hanasaseru - "make/let someone speak"
し しか
し しか
shi shika
and, so, among others, etc., not only (nothing) but
V.plain + し・shi Noun + しか
しかも 111
しかも
じゃん
shikamo
じゃん
moreover; furthermore; besides; on top of
that; what's more; Jan
Sentence-1。しかも、Sentence-2。 sentence ending expression
i-Adjective + ku + しかも [sentence] + jan
Noun + de + しかも
すぐ ずつ
すぐ ずつ
sugu zutsu
at once; soon; right away; immediately by; at a time
115
114
せい
ずに
せい
ずに
sei
zuni
because of; due to
without doing something
Noun + の + せい
Verb.negative. stem + ずに
Verb/i-adjective. inf + せい
明日、宮崎さんは高尾山にハイキングに行くそうです。
Ashita, Miyazaki-san wa Takaosan ni haikingu ni iku sō desu.
116
Mr/Ms Miyazaki is going hiking at Mt. Takao tomorrow.
そうだ (1)
ピーターはスゲー美人と結婚したそうだよ。[卑俗! 使い方気をつけ
て]
Ōwen wa sugee bijin to kekkon shita sō da yo.
I've heard that Peter married a smokin' hot woman. [vulgar! be careful of
そうだ (1) how you use it]
(i-adj)
sō da (1) ディズニーシーは、とても楽しいそうです。
Dizunīshī wa, totemo tanoshii sō desu.
I heard that Disney Sea is really fun.
I've heard that
今年の JLPT は、難しかったそうです。
Verbs and -i adjectives Kotoshi no JLPT wa, muzukashikatta sō desu.
■ [ informal form of a verb ] +そうだ Apparently the JLPT this year was tough.
(na-adj)
■ [ informal form of -i adjective ] +~そうだ
今回のプロジェクトは簡単だそうだ。
散歩するそうだ - sanpo suru sō da Konkai no purojekuto wa kantan da sō da.
勉強しないそうだ - benkyō shinai sō da This project looks easy to do.
そこで
それが
そこで
それが
soko de
sore ga
therefore
well, despite what you might think
Sentence-1。そこで、Sentence-2。
122
121
それでも
それぞれ
それでも
それぞれ
sore demo
sorezore
but; nevertheless; in spite of that
each; respectively
Sentence-1。それでも、Sentence-2。
123 124
それと それに
それと それに
sore to sore ni
and; also; in addition; as well in addition; moreover; furthermore
Noun-1 と Noun-2 と...それと、Noun-3 Clause-1 し、それに Clause-2。
Sentence-1。それと、Sentence-2。 Sentence-1。それに、Sentence-2。
125 126
それも ぞ
それも ぞ
sore mo zo
in addition i'm telling you; dammit
127
たい
128
たい
tai ただ
want to do something ただ
Verb Class;Dictionary Form;Masu Stem;Tai Construction;English
tada
Class I;飲む・Nomu;飲み・nomi;飲みたい・nomitai;want to drink
したい;したくない;したかった;したくなかった
たら
2 雨が降ったら、車で迎えに行きます。
Ame ga futtara, kuruma de mukae ni ikimasu.
If it rains, I'll pick you up by car.
たら 3 寒かったら、暖房を付けてもいいですよ。
Samukattara danbō o tsukete mo ii desu yo.
tara If you're cold, you may turn on the heater.
4 私があなただったら、行かないです。
tara conditional (if, when, after) Watashi ga anata dattara, ikanai desu.
If I were you, I wouldn't go.
5 お金があったら日本へ行きます。
Okane ga attara Nihon e ikimasu.
If I had money, I would go to Japan.
6 眠たかったら、寝てもいいですよ。
Nemukattara, nete mo ii desu.
If you are tired, it's okay to sleep.
7 幸せだったら、私は何も言いません。
Shiawase dattara, watashi wa nanimo iimasen.
If he/she is happy, I won't (don't) say anything.
8 学生だったら入場料は無料です。
Gakusei dattara nyūjōryō wa muryō desu.
If you're a student, there is no entrance fee.
♥ NOTES:
1) The tense of the sentence is determined by the tense of the main
clause.
131
たり
130 たり
tari
たらどうですか
and
たらどうですか Dictionary form Past plain form Add ri --tari
泳ぐ 泳いだ り 泳いだり
tara dō desu ka
飲む 飲んだ り 飲んだり
how about; why don't you
つける つけた り つけたり
* Tara conditional form of a verb + dō desu ka (どう
する した り したり
ですか)
来る 来た り 来たり
動物 動物だった り 動物だったり
132 133
だい だけで
だい だけで
dai dake de
dai interrogative particle just by doing ~~
134
だけでなく
135
だけでなく
っ放し
っぱなし
dake de naku
not only - but also ppanashi
Verb/i-Adj.inf + dake de naku continue, leave
na-Adj.stem + na dake de naku Verb.masu-stem っぱなし
Noun + dake de naku
137
つもり
つもり
136
tsumori
つまり plan to do something
1) V.inf + tsumori (copl).
つまり
買うつもりだ・買ったつもりだ
tsumari
2) adj-na.stem + tsumori (copl).
that is to say; namely; in other words; what
静かなつもりだ
I mean is
3) adj-i.inf.nonpast + tsumori (copl).
速いつもりだ。
4) n + no tsumori (copl).
天才のつもりだ。
139
138 ても
てあげる ても
てあげる temo
even if; although
te ageru
Verbs and i-adjectives:
to do for
(te-form of the verb/adj) + も
Doer + は + receiver + に + V.te-form + あげる
Nouns and na-adjectives:
140 141
てもらう で (5)
てもらう で (5)
te morau de (5)
to receive an action for, in, per, over
(Reciever) wa (Giver) ni verb.te-form + もらう measurement of time + de
142 143
でしょう でも (1)
でしょう でも (1)
144
でも(2) 145
でも(2)
で御座います
demo (2) でございます
or something de gozaimasu
Noun + でも be, (polite) copula
Noun + particle + でも
146
と (1) 147
と (1)
と (3)
to (1)
と (3)
to conditional
to (3)
Conditional と.
quote-marker
(verb : i/na adjective : noun + copula) + と
Quotation + to + verb (like such verbs as iu,
This construction is used to create a conditional
kangaeru, omou)
sentence in the pattern sentence1 と sentence2. If the
condition in Phr1 is fulfilled, sentence2 will take
place. Sentence1 should be in the plain present tense.
149
148
という とか
という とか
to iu toka
called ~, that ~ such as X and Y, something like
とか・toka - 'and, or' with the nuance of 'among other things'
1) [noun A] という [noun B] = "B called A"
Construction:
2) [clause] という [noun*] = noun that ~
N + とか・toka N + とか・toka...
明日の会議は延期する という こと トヨタとか本田とか
となる と思う
とおもう
となる
to omou
to naru
I think ~
to be; to become
Informal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omou ]
Noun となる
Formal: [ Phrase (informal) + to omoimasu ]
152 153
どうも どちらがいい
どうも どちらがいい
doumo dochira ga ii
I don't know why but; I tried but; for some which is better
reason
[ dochira (which) + ga (subject-marking particle) + ii
Dōmo is used as a regular adverb. It precedes the (good)] + [ desu ka (used to make the sentence
verb or adjective it modifies. polite) ]
154
な (2) 155
な (2) ないで
na (2) ないで
for sure, for real
nai de
i-Adjective + i + な
without doing something
Na-adjective + da + な
negative form of verb + de (で)
Noun + da + な
Verb.plain な
156
ないといけない
157
ないといけない
なくてもいい なくなる
なくてもいい
なくなる
nakute mo ii
naku naru
don't have to
become no more
(V / adj-i).neg.te mo ii
(adj-na / N) + Copula.neg.te mo ii * Verb. negative stem + naku naru
Verb:
怒る(okoru); 怒ら(ない); 怒ら なくなる;don't get angry any
食べなくて も いい
more
tabenakute mo ii
it is alright to not eat 読む(yomu);読ま(ない) ; 読ま なくなる;don't read any more
adj-i:
冷たくなくて も いい * i-Adjective.stem + ku + naku naru
tsumetakunakute mo ii
細い(hoshoi);細 く なくなる;isn't slim any more
it is alright if s.t. is not cold
adj-na: 楽しい(tanoshii);楽し く なくなる;isn't happy any more
静か じゃなくて も いい
shizuka ja nakute mo ii * noun/na-adjective.stem + de wa/ja + naku naru
it is alright if s.t. is not quiet
子供(kodomo);子供 では/じゃ なくなる;isn't a kid any more
Noun:
学生 じゃなくて も いい 簡単な(kantan na);簡単 では/じゃ なくなる;isn't easy any
gakusei ja nakute mo ii more
it is alright if s.o. is a student
161
160
なければならない なら (1)
なら (1)
なければならない
nara (1)
nakereba naranai
if (nara conditional)
have to, need to, must, should
i-Adjective. inf + nara
Verb. negative + nakereba naranai
na-Adjective. stem + nara
i-Adj. stem + ku nakereba naranai
Noun + nara
na-Adj.stem/Noun + de nakereba naranai
Verb. inf + nara
163
なる
なる
162 naru
なら(2) to become
noun + に・ni + naru
i-adj -> く・ku + naru
なら(2) na-adj -> に・ni + naru
noun
noun Meaning Construction Meaning
nara(2) 病気(byōki) ill 病気になる(byōki ni naru)
to become ill
speaking of ~ 大人(otona) adult 大人になる(otona ni naru)
to become an adult
i-adjective
* Noun + なら i-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning
面白い(omoshiroi) interesting 面白くなる(omoshiroku naru)
to become interesting
楽しい(tanoshii) fun 楽しくなる(tanoshiku naru)
to become fun
na-adjective
na-adjective Meaning Construction Meaning
暇(hima) free(time) 暇になる(hima ni naru) to become free
幸せ(shiawase) happy 幸せになる(shiawase ni naru)
to become happy
164 165
にくい にしては
にくい にしては
nikui ni shite wa
difficult/impossible to do considering that, for
Verb.masu-stem + にくい Standard にしては Comparison
167
の (3)
の (3)
166
no (3)
の to do, doing, that clause
* Verb. plain + no(の)
の
走るの; to run
no 食べるの;to eat
古いの;to be old
簡単なの; to be easy
子供だったの;being a kid
169
のに
168
のだ のに
のだ noni
no da Although
the reason is i-Adjective.plain + noni(のに)
Noun + na + noni(のに)
170
はず 171
はず
は?
hazu は?
[ Verb + はず ]
172
ば 173
ば
ばかり
ba
ばかり
if (~ba conditional)
The conditional form of verbs is obtained by converting the final \"-u\" of bakari
the dictionary form into a \"-e\" and attaching \"ba\". This conjugation also
holds true for Group 1 and Group 2 verbs, as well as the irregular
verbs \"kuru\" and \"suru\".
about to, just did, just, only
行く (\"iku\") -> 行け (\"ike\") -> 行けば (\"ikeba\")
食べる (\"taberu\") -> 食べれ (\"tabere\") -> 食べれば (\"tabereba\")
V.plain.nonpast bakari
来る (\"kuru\") -> 来れ (\"kure\") -> 来れば (\"kureba\")
する (\"suru\") -> すれ (\"sure\") -> すれば (\"sureba\")
V.plain.past bakari
The conditional form of -i adjectives (including the \"-nai\" negative form
of adjectives and verbs) is obtained by dropping the final -i and
Vte-form bakari iru
adding \"kereba\".
安い (\"yasui\") -> 安 (\"yasu\") -> 安ければ (\"yasukereba\") n (prt) bakari
行かない (\"ikanai\") -> 行かな (\"ikana\") -> 行かなければ
(\"ikanakereba\") Quantifier bakari
The conditional form of -na adjectives and nouns is formed by suffixing
them with \"de areba\", the conditional form of the \"de aru\" copula.
親切 (\"shinsetsu\") -> 親切であれば (\"shinsetsu de areba\")
学生 (\"gakusei\") -> 学生であれば (\"gakusei de areba\")
175
まま
174 まま
mama
ほしい(2)
as is, unchanged, remain
ほしい(2) Verb.informal.past + mama (まま)
置いたまま
hoshii (2) oita mama
leaving s.t. as is
V.informal.negative.nonpast + mama (まま)
to want someone to do something (ドアを)閉めないまま
(doa o) shimenai mama
te-form of Verb + hoshii leaving the door unclosed
adj-i + mama (まま)
- want someone to do something 寒いまま
samui mama
The party that the subject wants to do something is as cold as s.t. is
marked with the particle ni. adj-na.stem(な) + mama (まま)
綺麗なまま
kirei na mama
as clean/pretty as s.t. is
noun + no(の) + mama (まま)
昔のまま
mukashi no mama
leaving s.t. as it was
177
みたいだ
176
まるで みたいだ
まるで mitai da
maru de looks like; similar to
quite, as if, practically Noun + みたい に/な/だ
もらう やすい
もらう やすい
morau yasui
to receive, get, receive easily
[ (Receiver) wa (Giver) ni (object) o morau ] Verb. masu stem + yasui(やすい)
180 181
やっと やっぱり
やっと やっぱり
yatto yappari
finally, at last, barely as expected
183
よう に/な
よう に/な
182
you ni/na
やる like, resembling
To use the you ni/na construction with a noun, simply
やる place the particle no after the noun, followed by you ni/na.
185
184
らしい
より らしい
rashii
より
seems like, looks like, I hear/heard, like
yori something/someone
than Formation
na-adjective + rashii
noun + rashii
186
187
られる
られる (1)
られる
られる (1)
rareru
rareru (1)
able to do something (potential)
passive voice
Verb. masu stem + rareru (られる)
事がある 事が出来る
ことがある
ことができる
koto ga aru
koto ga dekiru
have done, sometimes occurs
can, able to
Verb.plain-past ことがある
Verb.plain-nonpast ことができる
Verb.plain-nonpast ことがある
191 192
事にする 事になる
ことにする ことになる
可能形
193
かのうけい
初めて kanō-kei
はじめて Potential Form
Making the potential form (which means "can" or
hajimete "able to") of a verb depends on the verb class.
first time doing something 私は泳げません。
Watashi wa oyogemasen.
初めて Verb I can't swim.
漢字が書けますか。
初めての Noun Kanji ga kakemasu ka.
Can you write kanji (Chinese characters)?
初めてです。 明日パーティーに来られる?
Ashita pātī ni korareru?
Can you come to the party tomorrow?
僕は魚が食べられない。
Boku wa sakana ga taberarenai.
I can’t eat fish.
195 196
名詞修飾節 命令形
めいししゅうしょくせつ めいれいけい
場合
ばあい
198
baai
in the case, if 始める
V.pln + baai
199 200
度に 後で
たびに あとで
tabi ni ato de
every time; whenever after, later
Verb.plain-nonpast + たびに Vplain.past + 後で
意志形 202
いしけい
振り
ishikei
ぶり
Volitional form
Class-1 verbs are converted from dictionary form to volitional buri
form by dropping the final "u" and adding "ou".
for the first time in...
遊ぶ (asobu) -> 遊ぼう (asobou)
The suffix buri is attached directly to the measurement of
Class-2 verbs are converted by dropping the final "ru" and adding
"you". time.
203
方 204
かた
方がいい
kata
ほうがいい
way of, manner, how to
[ Vmasu stem + kata ] hō ga ii
Class I Verb: 行く・iku - to go had better, should
行き方・ikikata - way of going/manner of going Verb.plain-past ほうがいい
欲しい
欲望の表し方
ほしい (1)
よくぼうのあらわしかた
hoshii (1)
yokubou no arawashikata
to want something
expressing desire
Noun + ga hoshii (が 欲しい)
気
Kare wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru you desu.
"He seems to seem to want something."
3. In direct quotes, where the "seems to" is misplaced:
"Maaku wa ~~ wo hoshigatte iru tte."
"Mark said 'I seem to want ~~.'"
き
4. In expressions of explanation. That means using the "n", "kara",
"node", etc. ki
5. When using past tense.
♥ EXAMPLES: feel like
1. 私はラーメンを食べたいです。 Verb plain form + ki
Watashi wa rāmen o tabetai desu.
I want to eat ramen. Noun + ge*
2. ピーターもラーメンを食べたがっています。 やる気・yaru ki - will (to do something)
Pītā mo rāmen o tabetagatte imasu.
Peter wants to eat ramen, too. やる気がない - no will (to do something)
3. 私はビールを飲みたいです。
やる気になる - become motivated, become willing
Watashi wa bīru o nomitai desu.
I want to drink beer. *There are certain set phrases describing one's physical
4. ピーターもビールを飲みたがっています。 feeling in which the Kanji character 気 is read ge not ki.
Pītā mo bīru o nomitagatte imasu. e.g. 吐き気・hakige / 寒気・samuge.
Peter wants to drink beer, too.
5. くだらない冗談をやめてほしい。
Kudaranai jōdan o yamete hoshii.
I want you to quit telling stupid jokes.
6. ピーターに歌たってほしいです。
209
直す 210
なおす
程
naosu
ほど
to redo/correct something
V.masu stem + naosu hodo
Class I - やる・yaru ->やり・yari ->やり直す・ to the extent of/that, about
yarinaosu
Noun ほど
Class II - 考える・kangaeru ->考え・kangae ->考
Verb.plain-nonpast ほど
え直す・kangaenaosu
212
211
過ぎる
行く
すぎる
いく
sugiru
iku
too much
go on -ing, continue on
Verb.masu-stem すぎる/すぎです
Verb.te-form いく
Adjective-stem すぎる/すぎです
213
間(に)
あいだ(に)
214
aida (ni)
during, while, between 頂く
Noun-phrase + no + aida (ni)
いただく
te-form of Verb + iru + aida (ni)
itadaku
i-Adj/na-Adj + aida (ni)
♥ INTRODUCTION: humble polite form of morau - to receive
Aida is a noun meaning both “the entire space between”, as in 行と行との
間 (“gyou to gyou to no aida”, “the space between the lines”) and “the [Reciever] wa [Giver] ni [object] o itadaku
entire time period”, as in 夏の間 (“natsu no aida”, “the whole of summer”).
[Reciever] wa [Giver] ni verb.te-form itadaku
When used together with ni (see に (1)), it corresponds to either of the
English phrases “at some point during” or “somewhere between”. Use of ni
usually implies that only part of the time or space is occupied. Please refer
to example sentences #4 and #5 for a concrete example.
Aida can also be used to refer to a relationship between two people, as in
examples #6 and #7.
Aida follows adjectives, verbs in present progressive (~te iru) form,
adjectives, and nouns or noun phrases with the particle no.
216
215
頃
頂けませんか
ごろ
いただけませんか
koro / goro
itadakemasen ka
around, about
could I get
Time ごろ
Noun をいただけませんか。
Verb.masu-stem ごろ
Verb.te-form いただけませんか。
Noun ごろ
217
~くする
~くする
218
~ku suru
Adverbial form of adjective + suru ~くなる
① I-adjectives
Change i into ku, and attach suru. ~くなる
I-adjective
涼しい suzushii - 涼しくする suzushiku suru - To cool off
~ku naru
細い hosoi - 細くする hosoku suru - To make it thin
Adverbial form of adjective + naru
② Na-adjectives
Put ni before suru.
Na-adjective
きれい kirei - きれいにする kirei ni suru - To clean
幸せ shiawase - 幸せにする shiawase ni suru - To make one
happy
219
~てある
220
~てある
te aru ~ておく
to exist in a state caused by someone or ~ておく
something’s actions
-te oku
Verb.te-form + aru
do in advance, do in preparation
“Aru” is a verb meaning “to have” or “to be”. When it follows the
~te form of another verb, it acts as an auxiliary, and functions
Verb.te-form + おく
similar to the English passive perfect form “to have been done”. It
indicates that the subject now exists in a state caused by
something/someone else’s prior actions. The reasons for its use are
also similar to the English passive: the causing agent is
unimportant or unknown.
222
221 ~てみる
~てしまう ~てみる
--te miru
~てしまう
try to do something
~te shimau
V.te + miru
completely; thoroughly; unfortunately Class1: au-> atte + miru = attemiru (try to meet)
[ Verb.te-form + しまう ] Class2: taberu-> tabete + miru = tabetemiru (try to
eat)
224
223
~ようにする
~に行く
~ようにする
~にいく
~yō ni suru
~ni iku
to make an effort to do [verb]
purpose for going somewhere
* [Verb; dictionary form]+yō ni + suru
[ Verb masu-stem + ni + iku / ikimasu ]
* [Verb; nai form]+yō ni + suru
225
226
~ようになる -がいがある
~ようになる
-がいがある
~yō ni naru
-gai ga aru
It has come to be that~
Worth it to do ~
* [Verb; dictionary form]+yō ni + naru
Masu Stem + がいがある
* [Verb; nai form]+yō ni + naru
228
227
-っぽい
-だらけ -っぽい
-だらけ ppoi
darake -y, -ish
covered in; full of Adjective.stem + っぽい
Verb.masu-stem + っぽい
229
230
〜ば〜程
〜ばかりか
〜ば〜ほど
〜ばかりか
〜ba〜hodo
〜bakari ka
the〜, the〜
not only~ but also
Verb.ba-conditional same-verb-repeated ほど
Adjective ばかりか Adjective さえ
V.ba conditional + (same) V + hodo
Noun ばかりか Noun さえ
adj-i.ba conditional + (same) adj + hodo
adj-na + areba (ba conditional of verb aru) + aru + Verb.plain ばかりか Verb.plain さえ
hodo
232
いらっしゃる
231
いらっしゃる
あまり (2) irassharu
あまり (2) to come, to go, to be
amari (2) "Irassharu" conjugates in line with the other irregular
"-aru" honorific verbs: "i", rather than "ri", is used in
due to an excess of, because constructing the "-masu" form and its derivatives.
うちに
うちに
233
uchi ni
うえ(に) while, before, during
うえ(に) V.inf.nonpast + uchi ni
as well, in addition, besides, not only〜but 読んでいるうちに・yonde iru uchi ni - while s.o. is reading
also〜 i-adj.nonpast + uchi ni
na-adj.nonpast + na + uchi ni
noun + no + uchi ni
235
おかげで 236
おかげで
かい
okage de
かい
thanks to something, someone or an action
or state kai
i-Adjective, inf + おかげで Informal question particle
na-Adj. stetm/Noun + の/だった おかげで
Verb.plain + おかげで
238
237
がたい
かえって
がたい
かえって
gatai
kaette
hard to, can hardly, difficult to
on the contrary, rather, surprisingly
Verb.masu-stem + がたい
239
がち
240
がち
gachi ことだ
prone to, likely to ことだ
* Noun + がち
koto da
病気がち
"the important thing to do is..."
留守がち
~[verb]ことだ
* Verb.masu-stem + がち
休む→休み(ます) → 休みがち
遅れる→遅れ(ます) → 遅れがち
241
さえ
さえ
242
sae
even; if 〜 only; if 〜just; as long as; the さすが
only thing 〜 need is
さすが
i) Noun + さえ
sasuga
ii) Noun + Prt. + さえ
as might be expected; after all; naturally
iii) te-form of Verb + さえ
243
せめて
244
せめて
semete そうになる
at the very least そうになる
i) せめて Number + Counter(ぐらい)〜
sō ni naru
せめて三回ぐらい at least three times
almost; it appeared as if something was
ii) せめて N {ぐらい/(だけ)でも} going to happen
せめて話し合い{ぐらい/(だけ)でも} at least Verb.masu-stem + sō ni naru (そうになる)
a conversation
その上 それどころか
それどころか
その上
sore dokoro ka
sono ue
on the contrary; far from that; as a matter
furthermore, in addition
of fact
248
247
ため
ただの ため
ただの tame
tada no therefore; in order to
usual; ordinary; common; plain * Noun + のため(に)
だからと言って
250
だからといって
だが
だが
dakara to itte
just because, however, that said, be that as daga
it may but, however, yet, nevertheless
Sentence A + だからといって + Sentence B
251
252
ちなみに
っけ
ちなみに
っけ
chinami ni
kke
incidentally, by the way
particle indicating forgotten information
ちなみに + sentence.
254
ては
253
ては
つつ te wa
つつ if; when; because
1) te form of V は
tsutsu
眠っては when/if one sleep; to sleep
-ing; while; although
2) te form of Adj(i/na) は
Verb.masu-stem + つつ
小さくては when/if s.t./s.o is small
3) N では
256
であろう
であろう
255 de arou
である probably
[V, adj-i].inf + であろう
である 行く であろう
行った であろう
de aru 早い であろう
早かった であろう
be (formal, written Japanese copula)
Adj-na.stem + であろう
静か であろう
静かだった であろう
Noun + であろう
学生 であろう
学生だった であろう
258
257
ところが
とうとう ところが
とうとう tokoro ga
tōtō and then; however, but
in the end, never Verb.plain-past + ところが
Sentence-1。ところが、Sentence-2。
260
259
となると
ところで
となると
ところで
to naru to
tokoro de
if ~~ is true; where ~~ is concerned
even if
Noun + となると
Verb.plain-past + ところで
Clause + となると
261
とは限らない 262
とはかぎらない と共に
to wa kagiranai とともに
263 264
と言うのに と言うより
というのに というより
to iu noni to iu yori
but; although; in spite of rather than; more〜than〜
265
と言っても 266
といっても どうせ
to itte mo どうせ
although; I say that, but...
dōse
Word + と言っても
anyway, at any rate, might as well
Phrase + と言っても
268
267
どころか どんなに〜ことか
どんなに〜ことか
どころか
donna ni ~~ koto ka
dokoro ka
how incredibly ~!
not only, far from, much less
どんなに + i-Adjective. inf. + ことか
i-Adj, inf nonpast + どころか
どんなに + na-Adjective.stem + な/だった こと
na-Adj, stem/Noun + どころか
か
269
Verb.masu-stem ながら
271
に違いない
272
にちがいない
べき
べき
ni chigainai
there is no mistaking that, certainly beki
Verb.inf + ni chigainai should, ought to, must
Adj-i.inf + ni chigainai Verb-plain.nonpast + べき
Noun/Adj-na. stem + (datta) ni chigainai
273 274
もの ものなら
もの ものなら
275 276
280
279
一方で(は)〜他方で
一方 (は)〜
いっぽうで(は)〜たほうで(は)〜
いっぽう
ippō de (wa)〜tahou de (wa)〜
ippō
on the one hand〜, on the other hand〜
more and more
1) 一方、A。他方、B。 (On the one hand, there's
Verb.plain-nonpast + 一方
A. But on the other hand, there's B.)
上で
上
うえで
じょう
ue de
jō
upon〜; after〜
about, as relates to, because of, -wise
Verb.plain-past 上で
Noun + 上
Noun の上で
283 284
以上 以外
いじょう いがい
ijō igai
since, now that, once, as long as outside of, other than, besides
Veb. inf + 以上 Noun 以外の
得る
従って
うる/える
したがって
eru/uru
shitagatte
possible; -able
therefore; accordingly; consequentl
Verb.masu-stem + 得る (うる/える)
Sentence-1。したがって Sentence-2。
Verb.masu-stem + 得ない (えない)
287
所
288
ところ
tokoro 次第
about to, in the midst of, just did, almost did
しだい
-Adjective ところ
shidai
na-Adjective + na + ところ
depending on; as soon as
Noun + no + ところ
Noun 次第
Verb.plain ところ
Verb.masu-stem 次第
♥ NOTES: This expression is usually written in hiragana
only.
言うまでもなく
致します
いうまでもなく
いたします
iu made mo naku
itashimasu
needless to say; not to mention
to do (humble version)
Noun-phrase はいうまでもなく
291 292
訳がない 訳ではない
わけがない わけではない
訳にはいかない
逆に
わけにはいかない
ぎゃくに
wake ni wa ikanai
gyaku ni
can't very well; have no choice but to
contrary to one's expectation, conversely
[ Verb.plain + わけにはいかない ]
295 296
通り(に) 際
とおり(に) さい
297
~のに対して
風 ~のにたいして
ふう no ni taishite
fū while one of them is ---, the other is ---
manner; style * Noun + な/だった + のに対して、[main clause]
299 300
~切る ~甲斐がある
~きる ~かいがある
-まみれ あっての
-まみれ あっての
mamire atte no
covered in thanks to, without whom we could not exist
Noun + まみれ A + あっての + B
304
いかん
いかん
303
ikan
いかにも depending on, regardless of
Noun(の)いかんで
いかにも
Noun(の)いかんだ
ikanimo
Noun(の)いかんによる/Noun(の)いかんによっ
no matter how you slice it, indeed, quite ては/Noun(の)いかんによらず
Noun(の)いかんにかかわる/Noun(の)いかんに
かかわらず
Noun(の)いかんにとう/Noun(の)いかんにとわ
ず
305
306
かたがた
かと思ったら
かたがた
かとおもったら
katagata
ka to omottara
at the same time, while you're at it
one thing happens right after another
Noun かたがた
307
308
がてら が早いか
がてら
がはやいか
gatera
ga hayai ka
at the same time
as soon as, before I knew it
Noun + がてら
Verb.plain-nonpast + が早いか
Verb.masu-stem + がてら
310
といえども
309
が最後 といえども
がさいご to iedomo
ga saigo even if, although, in spite of
if, when Noun/na-Adj.stem + といえども
Verb.plain + といえども
312
311
とかで としたことが
とかで としたことが
とも に過ぎない
にすぎない
とも
ni suginai
tomo
nothing more than, merely, just, only
no matter 〜 may be; even if;
Counter + にすぎない
Verb.volitional-form + とも
Noun + にすぎない
i-Adjective, stem + く + とも
Verb.plain-nonpast + にすぎない
315 316
や否や 仮に
やいなや かりに
ya ina ya kari ni
as soon as, before I knew it tentative supposition, "supposing that..."
A や否や B We often use 仮に together with the conditional た
ら, as in 仮に~としたら, or in a sentence structure
such as 仮に~として.
嫌いがある 途端(に)
きらいがある とたん (に)
319 320
限りだ ~きり
かぎりだ ~きり
kagiri da ~kiri
very "since"
i-adjective 限りだ [ Informal past verb + kiri (きり) ]
321
~という点で 322
~というてんで ~に限る
~to iu ten de ~にかぎる
323
ご/お ~なさる
ご/お ~なさる 324
go/o~nasaru
いわゆる
honorific
いわゆる
go/o(ご/お) + Verb masu stem + nasaru (なさる)
お~, ご~
328
お~ の+ [名詞]
お~, ご~
お~ の+ [めいし]
o--, go—
honorific prefix
o-- no + [noun]
* o(お) + noun: お名前(o-namae, name), お土産(o-miyage, someone who does something(honorific)
souvenir), お寿司(o-sushi, sushi)
the polite prefix o(お) + verb. masu stem + no(の) + noun
* o(お) + i-adjective: お忙しい(o-isogashii, busy); お美しい(o-
plain; masu stem; o + masu stem + no + noun
utsukushii, beautiful)
立つ→立ち(ます)→お立ち の お客様; customers who are
* o(お) + na-adjective: おきれい(o-kirei, beautiful), お上手(o-
standing
jōzu, good at)
乗る→乗り(ます) →お乗り の お客様; passengers who are
* go(ご) + noun: ご住所(go-jūsho, address), ご両親(go-
getting on
ryōshin, parents), ご病気(go-byōki, sick)
読む→読み(ます) →お読み の 本; books which you are reading
* go(ご) + na-adjective: ご親切(go-shinsetsu, kind), ご丁寧(go-
teinei, polite) 使う→使い(ます)→お使い の ~; something which you are
using
(* i-adjectives are Japanese origin words, so they are not preceded
by go(ご).)
330
がる(2) ; ~たがる
329 がる(2) ; ~たがる
331
332
こそ
ご/お~いたす/する
こそ
ご/お~いたす/する
koso
go/o-- itasu/suru
the very --, It is -- that --. Particularly
honorific
* Noun + koso(こそ)
* ご/お + Verb masu stem + いたす/する
来年こそ;rainen koso; definitely next year
333 複合動詞
させて もらいたい(の ふくごうどうし
fukugou doushi
ですが/んですが)
compound verbs
させて もらいたい(のですが/んですが) Compound verbs are extremely common in Japanese. They are
formed by affixing a verb in plain form to the masu stem of
sasete moraitai(no desu ga/n desu another verb. The final verb usually indicates the manner in which
the first is performed.
ga) Take, for example, 飛び越える (tobikoeru), which means "to fly
over". The base verb, 飛ぶ (tobu), means "to fly", and the final
I would like you to let me do something verb, 越える (koeru), means "to go over". The compound verb
gains its meaning in this manner. Another compound verb that
* Causative of verb (-- sasete) + morai tai
uses 越える (koeru) is 乗り越える (norikoeru), which means "to
* Causative of verb (-- sasete) + morai tai no/n desu climb over".
335 336
そんな 頻度の副詞
そんな ひんどのふくし
かな
かな
kana
338
I wonder
V.inf + kana
行く + かな・iku + kana - I wonder if someone go.
数
行った + かな・itta + kana - I wonder if someone went.
i-adj. inf + kana
かず
寒い かな・samui kana - I wonder if something is cold
寒かった かな・samukatta kana - I wonder if something was
kazu
cold
na-adj. stem + (datta) kana
number
にぎやか かな・nigiyaka kana - I wonder if
somewhere/somthing is lively
にぎやかだった かな・nigiyaka datta kana - I wonder if
somewhere/something was lively
noun + (datta) kana
先生 かな・sensei kana- I wonder if someone is a teacher
先生だった かな・sensei datta kana - I wonder if someone was
a teacher
9 kyū きゅう 九 900 kyūhyaku
きゅ うひゃく 九百
10 jū じゅ う 十 1000 sen
せん 千
11 jū-ichi じゅ ういち 十一 2000
ni-sen にせん 二千
12 jū-ni
じゅうに
十二 3000 san-zen さんぜん 三千 340
14
yon-sen
jū-yon
よんせ ん
じゅ うよん
四千
十四 5000
否定形
go-sen ごせん 五千
ひていけい
15 jū-go じゅうご 十 五 6000 roku-sen
ろくせん 六千
16 jū-roku じゅ うろく 十六 7000
hiteikei
nana-sen なな せん 七千
Negative form
17 jū-nana じゅ うなな 十七 8000
ha-ssen はっせ ん 八千
18 jū-hachi じゅ うはち 十八 9000
kyū-sen きゅう せん 九千
19 jū-kyuu じゅ うきゅう 十九 10,000
ichi-man い ちまん 一万
20 ni-jū に じゅう 二十 20,000
ni-man にま ん 二万
来る (kuru) -> 来ません (kimasen)
"Suru" becomes "shimasen".
する (suru) -> しない (shimasen)
i-adjective:
難しい (muzukashii) -> 難しく[は]ありません (muzukashiku
[wa] arimasen) 341
na-adjective:
簡単 (kantan) -> 簡単で[は]ありません/簡単じゃありません
(kantan de [wa] arimasen/kantan ja arimasen)
代わりに
♥ INTRODUCTION:
Construction of the negative form of Japanese verbs, equivalent to かわりに
the English "not ~~", varies depending on verb type and level of
politeness. kawari ni
The plain negative is formed by suffixing the auxiliary "nai" to the
imperfective form of the verb as outlined below. The polite
negative is formed by suffixing "masen" to the masu stem of the
instead of, but
verb.
Noun + の かわりに
The negative form of i-adjectives is created by negating the
adverbial form. Therefore, the plain form ends in "nai", and the
Verb.inf + かわりに
polite form in "arimasen". The negative form of na-adjectives is
created by negating the noun form. The plain negative form of na-
adjectives, therefore, ends in "de nai", and the polite negative form
i-Adj.inf + かわりに
in "de arimasen".
na-Adj.stem + な/だった + かわりに
When not used inside a relative clause, the topic-marking particle
"wa" may be added before the "nai" or "arimasen" in order to add
emphasis. Use of "wa" in this manner is extremely common for
na-adjectives, so much so that it has become the standard form. As
per Japanese pronunciation rules, the "de wa" is often contracted
to "ja" in informal Japanese.
every [one of you]". Example: "houdoukankeisha-kakui" ( 報道関係者各
位, "each and every one of you newspeople")
"Kyō" ( 卿 ) is an honorific suffix attached to the names/titles of public
officials and nobles from the Heian to the Edo period. In modern-day
342 Japanese it is used to refer to those who are part of the nobility of foreign
countries. For example, those who have been knighted. In this sense, it
corresponds with the English "sir". Example: "Eruton Jon-kyou" ( エ ルト
others, such as "chan", that are used as terms of "Daika" (台下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to high-ranking
religious clerics who do not qualify as "geika", such as monks or priests.
endearment.
Example: Tanaka-daika (田中台下, His Holiness, Monk Tanaka)
"Seika" (聖下) is an honorific suffix/pronoun used to refer to high-ranking
Christian ministers (not Catholic priests). Example: Jonson-seika ( ジョン
ソン聖下, His Holiness, Minister Johnson)
Rank: "taisa" ( 大 佐 , general), "kanshi sōkan" ( 警 視 総 監 ,
Superintendent General of the Metropolitan Police), "shōbō
sōkan" (消防総監, fire commissioner), "kisei" (棋聖, master of
the game go), "kudan" ( 九 段 , a ninth-dan ranked player of the
game "go")
343
Qualification: "bengoshi" ( 弁 護 士 , [defense] attorney),
"kenchikushi" ( 建 築 士 , architect), "untenshi" ( 運 転 士 ,
driver/train conductor), "hanji" (判事, judge)
The word "senshu" ( 選手 , athlete) is used as an honorific suffix
分
for professional athletes, except in the case of baseball pitchers,
whose names are suffixed with "toushu" ( 投 手 , pitcher). Sumo -ぶん
wrestlers of juuryou and makuuchi status are given the honorific
suffix "sekitori" ( 関 取 ). Yokozuna, the grand sumo champions, bun
take the honorific suffix/pronoun "yokozuna" (横綱).
♥ EXAMPLES: ~worth; an amount corresponding to
1 ゆきちゃんとまなぶくんは水野さんのお子様です。
Counter bun
Yuki-chan to Manabu-kun wa Mizuno-san no okosama desu.
Yuki and Manabu are Mr. Mizuno's children. Counter bun no noun
2 本多先生は、桜中学の吉岡校長と野球の松井選手の顔が
似てると言った。 Noun bun
Honda-sensen wa,Sakura chūgaku no Yoshioka-kōchō to yakyū no
Matzui-senshu no kao ga niteru to itta.
Mr. Honda said that Principal Yoshioka of Sakura junior high
school looks like Matsui who is a baseball player.
345
344
たまえ
じゃないか
たまえ
じゃないか
tamae
ja nai ka
please
right?
Verb.masu-stem + たまえ
346
347
事なしに
擬音・擬態語
ことなしに
ぎおん・ぎたいご
koto nashi ni
gion/gitaigo
without doing
Onomatopoeia & Mimesis
Verb.plain-nonpast + ことなしに
348
とする(2) 349
とする(2)
とする(1)
to suru(2) とする(1)
というのは・とは〜 ということは
ということは
ことだ
to iu koto wa
というのは・とは〜ことだ
that; the fact that
to iu no wa/to wa〜koto da Sentence.inf ということは
mean; the mean of〜 is; what 〜means is 返事が来たということは the fact that there is a
reply
352
という風に
353
と同時に
というふうに
とどうじに
to iu fū ni
in such a way that; in such a fashion to to dōji ni
suggest at the same time; at the time
Sentence + to iu fū ni
354 355
点(で) て初めて
てん(で) てはじめて
356 357
確かに〜が それは
たしかに〜が それは
tashikani〜ga sore wa
indeed〜but; certainly〜but; i admit that〜 naturally; of course; for sure
358 359
そこを そうかと言って
そこを そうかといって
soko o sō ka to itte
but; in spite of that that said; yeah but
360 361
てはいかがですか てはどうですか
てはいかがですか てはどうですか
363 なんて
~ば ~た なんて
~ば ~た nante
--ba –ta things like / something like
* Verb. plain non-past + nante(なんて)
Counter factual conditional
寝坊する なんて; ねぼうする なんて
* [Verb/Adj, Conditional form] + [Verb, past]
遅れる なんて; おくれる なんて
走れば、間に合った;Hashireba, ma ni atta.;If
you had run, you could have made it. * Noun + nante(なんて)
早く なんて;はやく なんて
365
366
をいいことに~する
たらいい
をいいことに~する
たらいい
o ii koto ni ~suru
tara ii
to take advantage of --- to do something
if someone does something, it would be
* Noun + をいいことに
alright.
* Verb/i-adjective. plain + の + をいいことに
* -tara form of a verb + いい
* na-adjective. stem + な + の + をいいことに
367
368
たいのだけど/だが
てからでは遅い
たいのだけど/だが
てからではおそい
tai no da kedo/da ga
te kara dewa osoi
I want to do something, and can you ask for
some help or is it OK? it is too late when something takes place
* Verb. masu stem of a verb + たい の(ん) だけど * te-form of verb + から では 遅い(おそい)
(ですけど)
te-form of verb + から では 手遅れだ(ておく
* Verb. masu stem of a verb + たい の(ん) だが れだ)
(ですが)
te-form of verb + から では 間に合わない(ま
(のだ or のです can be pronounced as んだ or んで にあわない)
す in a conversation.)
370
369
~ておられる
~ておられる
って
-te orareru
って
Honorific
tte * te-form of verb + orareru (おられる)
speaking of 座る(suwaru, to sit down);座って(suwatte);座っ
* Noun + tte(って) て おられる
371 372
なんか ~ざるを得ない
なんか ~ざるをえない
に越したことはない
374
にこしたことはない
金持ちに越したことはない;かねもちにこした
ことはない;rich is best
376
375
ほどの~は ない
ております
ほどの~は ない
ております
hodo no --wa nai
te orimasu
is not so -- as [something]
is doing or keep in a state (humble) * [noun 1] hodo no [noun 2] wa nai
* te form of a verb + orimasu (~ております) * [noun 1] hodo no [noun 2] wa negative form of a
verb
377
ようと思う 378
ようと思う
んだけど, のですが
yō to omou
んだけど, のですが
I think I will do something
n da kedo, no desu ga
* Volitional form + to omotte iru (と思っている)
---, but ---
Volitional form + to omō (と思う)
* --n da kedo, [main clause]
食べる;食べよう と 思っている/思う; I
think/am thinking that I'm going to eat --no desu ga, [main clause]
たりして ようだ
ようだ
たりして
yō da
tari shite
it seems that
Something might happen
* Verb/i-adj. plain + yō da.
Verb. inf. past + りして
* Noun/na-adj.stem + no + yō da.
382
381 によると/によります
とても~ない と
とても~ない によると/によりますと
383 384
につき ~ように言う
につき ~ようにいう
ni tsuki ~yō ni iu
per to tell (someone) to do
* [Number (A) + counter] + "ni tsuki" + [number (B) Informal verb + ように + verb (expressing a request or
+ counter] command, such as 言う・頼む・伝える・命じる)
勉強する (benkyō suru)
ように (yō ni)
言う (iu)
"to tell (someone) to study"
卵を買う (tamago o kau)
ように (yō ni)
頼む (tanomu)
"to ask (someone) to buy eggs"
明日来る (ashita kuru)
ように (yō ni)
伝える (tsutaeru)
"to tell (someone) to come tomorrow"
仕事をする (shigoto o suru)
ように (yō ni)
命令する (meirei suru)
"to order(someone) to do his job"
385
386
何とか
向き
なんとか
むき
nantoka
muki
Somehow
suitable for ~
何とか + verb = somehow do something
388
ものだ(1)
ものだ(1)
387
mono da (1)
向け used to
Formation:
むけ * Verb, plain past + mono da (~た ものだ=used to do
something)
muke Dictionary
Plain past Plain past + mono da Translation
exclusively for 食べる 食べた 食べた ものだ used to eat
行く 行った 行った ものだ used to go
* i/na-adj, plain past + mono da (~た ものだ=used to do
something)
Dictionary Plain past Plain past + mono da Translation
安い 安かった 安かった ものだ used to be cheap
きれいな きれいだった きれいだった ものだ
used to be beautiful
389
ものだ(2)
ものだ(2) 390
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自動詞・他動詞 身
じどうし・たどうし み
jidōshi tadōshi mi
Intransitive/Transitive Verb Body
が(は)+<something> を+transitive verb The basic meaning of 身 is of course "body," but it has another
meaning besides "physical body," which is "a person by oneself."
<something> が+intransitive verb We also use 身 to indicate the main part of something. For
example, we call the meaty part of a fish you can eat 身 , as
opposed to the skin or bones that you can't eat.
Mi ni oboe ga aru (身に覚えがある) literally means "remember
something with one's body." But, in this case, we use 身 to
indicate "oneself," and this phrase means "a person remembers
doing something." Please note that we use this phrase in a
situation where a person has done something bad or is being
blamed or accused.
Mi kara deta sabi (身から出たさび ) literally means "rust from
one's body." In this case, we use sabi (さ び) in a figurative way to
indicate "bad karma" or "payment for one's bad actions or
behavior." So, we can use this phrase in a situation where someone
does something bad and as a result he or she gets in trouble, and
we could say 身 か ら 出 た さ び だ to mean that the person got
what he or she deserved.
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猫
ねこ
neko
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cat
Out of idiomatic expressions that use the names of animals, many
expressions use the word 猫, meaning "cat." People believe this is
ため
the case because many people keep cats as pets, and they have
become a big part of our daily lives. ため
猫なで 声(ねこなでごえ) refers to a voice that people use
when they are trying to fawn on or suck up to someone, much like
the sound cats make when they are petted on the head. It is
tame
common for some women to make their voice higher and sweeter-
sounding when asking for something from someone else, and this for the benefit of
is what we refer to as 猫なで声.
We use 猫をかぶる(ねこをかぶる)to describe a person who
hides his or her real personality and behaves like a quiet and
docile person. かぶる is the same verb that we use in 「ぼうしを
か ぶ る 」 , meaning "to wear a hat," so it means "to wear
something on one's head." It is believed that this expression came
to be because on the outside, a cat looks like a gentle, obedient
creature, but on the inside, it is actually thought to be greedy and
tricky.
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たって
ても始まらない たって
てもはじまらない tatte
te mo hajimaranai even if
there is no point in doing something. * Verb informal past + って
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過去形
かこけい
~どころじゃない
kakokei
~どころじゃない
past tense
~dokoro ja nai Verb + no datta ※
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謙譲語
けんじょうご
399
kenjōgo
~ば、済む humble expressions
There are two types of humble verbs - Regular and Irregular
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2
ので
2
node
2
because
2
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