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Solutions at Axis of Symmetry

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Two-Layer System
(Burmister)
 Burmister extended the one-layer
solutions to two and three layers in 1943
 Assumed layers have full frictional contact
at the interface and m=0.5
 Equation and graphs are used to compute
deflection

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Vertical interface stresses for two-layer a/hi

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Vertical stress influence coefficient z/p

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Two-Layer System Deflection

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Critical Tensile Strain

The tensile strains at the bottom of asphalt
layer have been used as a design criterion to
prevent fatigue cracking . Two types of principal
strains could be considered. One is the overall
principal strain based on all six components of
normal and shear stresses .
The other, which is more popular, is the horizontal
principal strain based on the horizontal normal
and shear stresses only. The overall principal
strain is slightly greater than the horizontal
principal strain, so the use of overall principal
strain is on the safe side .
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Stresses in two Layered Systems…
Critical tensile strain:
• The tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer
have been used as a design criterion to prevent fatigue
cracking.
• The critical tensile strain, e, at the bottom of the first
layer for a two-layer system can be determined by

where
e is the critical tensile strain and Fe is the strain factor,

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However, when both hi/a and E1/E2 are small, the

critical tensile strain occurs at some distance from
the center, as the predominant effect of the shear
stress. Under such situations, the principal tensile
strain s at the radial distances 0, 0.5a, a, and 1.5a
from the center were computed,

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Deflection in two Layered Systems…
• Deflection: - Surface and interface deflection have been
used as criteria for pavement design.
• The surface deflection under a uniformly circular loaded
area is given in terms of the defection factor F2 (see Figure
2-10) as:
For rigid pavement

• The interface deflection between the two layers is

expressed in terms of deflection factor F as:

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Deflection in two Layered Systems…
• Vertical interface deflection factor for two layer system, E1/E2=10. (Haung,
1969)

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Deflection in two Layered Systems…

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Strain in two Layered Systems…

Critical tensile strain: -

• The tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt layer have
been used as design criteria to prevent fatigue cracking.
• The critical strain at the bottom of the first layer can be
computed from strain factor Fe as:

• The critical tensile strain under dual wheels or dual-

tandem wheels can be calculated from the same equation
by correcting the strain factor.

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Stresses in two Layered Systems…
• Example :
• Figure bellow shows a set of dual tires, each having contact radius 4
.52 in . (115 mm) and contact pressure 70 psi (483 kPa) . The center-
to-center spacing of the dual is 13 .5 in . (343 mm) . Layer 1 has
thickness 6 in . (152 mm) and elastic modulus 100,000 psi (690 MPa) ;
layer 2 has elastic modulus 10,000 psi (69 MPa) . Determine the
vertical deflection at point A, which is on the interface beneath the
center of one loaded area .

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Tandem Axle with Dual Tires: 66

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Stresses in two Layered Systems…
• Example :
• Figure shows a full-depth asphalt pavement 8 in . (203 mm)
thick subjected to a single-wheel load of 9000 lb (40 kN) having
contact pressure 67 .7 psi (467 kPa). If the elastic modulus of
the asphalt layer is 150,000 psi (1 .04 GPa) and that of the
subgrade is 15,000 psi (104 MPa), determine the critical tensile
strain in the asphalt layer .

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Stresses in three Layered Systems

• The three layer systems can be conceived as follows:

1. Top layer, representing all bituminous layers taken
together.
2. Middle layer, representing the unbounded base and
subbase courses and
3. Third layer, representing the subgrade.

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Stresses in three Layered Systems…

• Figure bellow shows a three-layer system and the stress at the interfaces of
the axis of symmetry.

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Stresses in three Layered Systems…

• At the axis of symmetry, tangential and radial stresses are

identical, σt= σr, and shear stress is equal to zero, τ = 0.
• Jones has developed a series of tables for determining
stresses in a three layer system for the following
dimensionless parameters:

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Stresses in three Layered Systems…
• Parts of Jones’s table is presented in Table 2-1, from
which four sets of stress factors, ZZ1, ZZ2, ZZ1-RR1,
ZZ2-RR2, can be obtained. The product of these factors
and the contact pressure gives the stresses as:

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Stresses in three Layered Systems…

• From the continuity of horizontal displacements at the

interfaces, σ’r1 and σ’r1 can be computed from:

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Strain in three Layered Systems…

• Once the stresses at the interface are calculated, strains

can be computed as:
• For Vertical strains
{Bottom of Layer – 1}

{Top of Layer – 2}
• For radial strains
{Bottom of Layer – 1}

{Top of Layer – 2}

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Stresses in three Layered Systems…
Example 2.11 :
• Given the three-layer system shown in Figure 2 .30 with a = 4 .8
in. (122 mm), q = 120 psi (828 kPa), h1 = 6 in. (152 mm), h2 = 6
in. (203 mm), E1 = 400,000 psi (2.8 GPa), E2 = 20,000 psi (138
MPa), and E3 = 10,000 psi (69 MPa), determine all the stresses
and strains at the two interfaces on the axis of symmetry .

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Thank You for Your Attention!

Questions?

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Example :
A circular load having radius 6 in . (152 mm) and uniform pressure 80 psi
(552 kPa) is applied on a two-layer system. The subgrade has elastic
modulus 5000 psi (35 MPa ) and can support a maximum vertical stress
of 8 psi (55 kPa) . If the HMA has elastic modulus 500,000 psi (3 .45
GPa), what is the required thickness of a full-depth pavement? If a thin
surface treatment is applied on a granular base with elastic modulus
25,000 psi (173 MPa), what is the thickness of base course required ?

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A total load of 20,000 lb (89 kN) was applied on the surface of a
two-layer system through a flexible plate 12 in. (305 mm) in
diameter, as shown in Figure below. Layer 1 has a thickness of
8 in . (203mm) and layer 2 has an elastic modulus of 6400 psi
(44 .2 MPa). Both layers are incompressible with a Poisson
ratio of 0 .5 . If the deflection of the plate is 0.1 in . (2 .54 mm),
determine the elastic modulus of layer 1 .

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