EXPERIMENT 4

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

THE ENERGY CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED

(CALORIMETRY)

NAME: Shyla Tosana Mani

Id: s11184888
Lab session : Friday (2-5pm)
Experiment 4 Calorimetry - First Law of Thermodynamics
Pre-lab (answers)
1. Value between -57 and -58KJ/mol

2.

a) Graph of NaOH and HCl

b. The mass of contents is 109g. The specific heat of water (product of HCl and
NaOH) is 4.18J/g K. The density of the solution is 1.09g/cm3.
The heat capacity of the calorimeter’s contents can be calculated to be
569.53J/K.
The amount of HCl used in the reaction is 100 mol, while that of NaOH is 100
mol.
Thus, the number of moles of acid reacting with the base (n1) is 200 mol.
Thus so far, we have determined the following:
I) The heat capacity of contents as 569.53J/K
II) Amount of materials reacting (n1) as 200 mol
III) ΔT( determined from the graph) as 276.18K
Thus , we determine that the heat capacity to be 569.53J/K
1.0 INTRODUCTION

Although it is not the same as thermal energy, heat is the transmission of thermal energy
between two bodies of different temperatures. Work is the force that is utilized to move
energy between a device and its surroundings, as well as to produce and transmit thermal
energy. By mixing work and heat, systems can exchange energy. Thermodynamics, the
mathematical study of heat and other forms of energy interactions, can be used to investigate
the relationship between the two notions. The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy
can be moved from one form to another through the interaction of heat, function, and internal
energy, but it can never be created or destroyed.

∆ U =q+ w

∆U is the total change in internal energy of a system

qis the heat exchanged between a system and its surrounding
wis the work done by or on the system

Because the first law of thermodynamics stipulates that energy is never generated nor
destroyed, we know that something lost by the environment is gained by the system. As a
result, because the gadget generates heat and performs work on itself, q and w in the
equation U = q + w are positive. The main purpose of this experiment is to figure out
how much energy it takes to neutralize ammonia with hydrochloric acid. Using a basic
calorimeter Students should have a basic understanding of the calorimetric approach
before starting the experiment.

2.0 Procedure

2.1 Heat capacity of the calorimeter assembly

100ml of approximately 1M hydrochloric acid was pipetted into the calorimeter. 20ml of
the 5M NaOH solution was pipetted into the boiling tube and was immersed in the
solution in the calorimeter. The stirrer and the thermometer was introduced, the stop
watch was recoded at the interval of 1min for 10 minutes. Sodium hydroxide solution
was then poured into the hydrochloric acid solution with stirring and the time of mixing
was noted. The test tube in the calorimeter was replaced and the temperature reading was
taken continuously every 30 seconds for 10 minutes to get a uniform rate of cooling.

2.2 Heat of neutralization of ammonia and hydrochloric acid solution

The method was repeated, but this time instead of sodium hydroxide, 20ml of 5M
ammonium solution was used..
2.0 RESULTS
Table of NaOH and HCl
Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp Time Temp
1 32 9 32 13.5 42 17.5 41
2 32 10 32 14 41 18 41
3 32 10.5 mixing 14.5 41 18.5 41
4 32 11 42 15 41 19 41
5 32 11.5 42 15.5. 41 19.5 41
6 32 12 42 16 41 20 41
7 32 12.5 42 16.5 41 20.5 41
8 32 13 42 17 41 21 41

Table of NH3 and HCl

Time Temp Time Temp Time temp Time Temp
1 29 9 29 13.5 39 17.5 38
2 29 10 29 14 39 18 38
3 29 10.5 mixing 14.4 39 18.5 38
4 29 11 38 15 38 19 38
5 29 11.5 39 15.5 38 19.5. 38
6 29 12 39 16 38 20 38
7 29 12.5 39 16.5 38 20.5 38
8 29 13 39 17 38 21 38

3.0 DISCUSSION
The temperature T1 received from the graph was 3.18°C, but it was 276.18K when converted
to kelvin. The amount of HCl used was determined to be 100 mols, and the amount of NaOH
used was also determined to be 100 mols. The substance was weighed on the top pan balance,
but the results were difficult to interpret and record because the value fluctuated and was not
precise. As a result, the result was extrapolated to the nearest value in order to obtain an exact
mass. When weighed on an analytical balance, however, it yielded a more precise and
accurate value.

4.0 POST LAB ACTIVITY

1. Experimental Result
a. Heat capacity of the Calorimeter
∆ T 1 ( obtained from graph): 275.22k
 Amount of HCl: 100mol
Amount of NaOH: 100mol
Moles neutralized (n1): 0.1mols

b. Enthalpy of Neutralization
∆ T 2 ( obtained from graph 1): 275.69K
Amount of HCl: 100mol
Amount of NH3 : 100mol
Moles neutralized (n2): 0.1mol

c. Heat Capacity of Calorimeter

- ( Cp + heat capacity of contents)× ∆ T 2 = ∆Hneut × n1
CP = 569.51KJ

Heat capacity of contents = ( mass of solution × specific heat of solution )

d. Enthalpy of neutralization

- ( Cp + heat capacity of contents)× ∆ T 2 = ∆Hneut × n2

∆ H neut = 569.51KJ

Heat capacity of contents = ( mass of solution × specific heat capacity of solution)

5.0 CONCLUSION

At the end of this experiment, I was able to determine the enthalpy of neutralization of
ammonia by hydrochloric acid by using a calorimetric values were not accurate but it is
precise keeping in mind of few errors that had taken place in order to complete the lab

6.0 REFERENCES
Ch101 lecure notes: First law of thermodynamics

Hamby, Marcy. “Understanding the language: Problem solving and the first law of
thermodynamics.” J. Chem. Educ. 1990: 67,923
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/First_Law_of_Thermodynamics
[ CITATION tru21 \l 5129 ]

truman . (2021, may 25). Retrieved from https://chemlab.truman.edu/thermodynamics-i/

7.0 APPENDIX
7.1 Graph of NaOH and HCl

7.2 Graph of NH3 and HCl

7.3 Working
7.3.1 Post lab