Special Purpose Vehicles

Chapter-5 Farm Tractors

Padhiyar Raj H
Automobile Department
Saffrony Institute Of Technology
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• 1890- The word tractor appeared first on record in a
patent issued on a tractor or traction engine
invented by George H. Harris of Chicago.

• The agricultural tractor is one of the class of mobile

machines that involves the ‘traction’ process.

• The tractor is also in the class of machines that

involves operation under what are known as 'off-
road' conditions.

• Others in this class include machines used in earth

moving, mining and military work.
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• Tractor is a self-propelled power unit having wheels
or tracks for operating agricultural implements and
machines including trailers.

• Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active

tools and stationary farm machinery through power
take-off shaft (PTO) or belt pulley.

• Designers followed early tractor designs that were

simply replacements for horses or other draught
animals.

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 Classification
Tractors can be classified into three classes on the basis
of structural-design:
1. Wheel tractor: Tractors, having three of four
pneumatic wheels are called wheel tractors. Four wheel
tractors are most popular everywhere.
2. Crawler tractor: This is also called track type tractor
or chain type tractor. In such tractors, there is endless
chain or track in place of pneumatic wheels.
3. Walking tractor (Power tiller): Power tiller is a
walking type tractor. This tractor is usually fitted with
two wheels only. The direction of travel and its controls
for field operation is performed by the operator,
walking behind the tractor.
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1. Wheel tractor:

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2. Crawler tractor:

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3. Walking tractor :

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 On the basis of purpose, wheeled tractor is classified
into three groups:
1. General Purpose Tractor: It is used for major farm
operations; such as ploughing, sowing, harvesting and
transporting work. Such tractors have (i) increased engine
power (ii) good adhesion and (ii) wide tyres.
2. Row crop Tractor: It is used for crop cultivation. Such
tractor is provided with replaceable driving wheels of
different tread widths. It has high ground clearance to save
damage of crops. Wide wheel track can be adjusted to suit
inter row distance.
3. Special Purpose Tractor: It is used for definite jobs like
cotton fields, hillsides, garden etc. Special designs are there
for special purpose tractor.

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General Features of Tractors:-
1. Direct fuel injection with mechanical
governing:- It results in better thermal
efficiency.
2. Maximum torque at normal speed engine
provides low fuel consumption, and large
carrying capacity.
3. 6 to 8 forward gears & 2 reverse speed gears
4. The Differential lock is standard equipment
to avoid wheel spin under difficult
conditions.
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6. Owning the unique hydraulic system, three
point linkage implements can be easily used
under all types of soil conditions. The T.C.U
system is to help the tractor to work under
difficult conditions.
7. The tractor is provided with PTO shaft. Speed
of the PTO shaft which directly related with
engine speed.
8. Ground clearance of the tractor can be
increased by 80 mm for protection of plants
during row crop cultivation.
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9. Mechanical internal expanding brakes are
positioned at a place where the ingress of
water and mud is eliminated. Brakes can also
be operated independently or locked
together with the use of master cylinder.
10. Arrangement of attaching dozer, Leveller ,
loader etc.

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Special Features of Tractors:-
1. Hydraulic Lift:- Using the hydraulic power, It
raises-up or lower-down the implements and
also controls their depth.
2. PTO:- It is a provision incorporated in the tractor
to drive stationary and moving implements such
as a sprayer, duster,
3. The duel clutch system:- It employs two
independent clutches one of which is used for
tractor travel and the other for PTO shaft
4. Air Cleaner:- The air filtration is available in two
stages including cyclone type pre-cleaner. It
helps preventing farm dust to infiltrate into the
engine.

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5. The Automatic Hydraulic Control System:-
It consist of the draft control , position control
systems . The working of these controls is
accomplished by a hydraulic system consisting of
double acting cylinder & gear pump.

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Engine
• The engine, which is the immediate source of energy
for the operation of the tractor, varies in type and size
according to the type and size of the tractor to which
it is fitted.
• It is a mechanism which, using air, extracts the energy
from the fuel and transforms it into a mechanical
(rotational) form.
• Its output (in terms of torque, speed and power) is
determined by the physical size of the engine.
• The fuel burnt in that air and its speed of operation.
Its performance, which is represented in terms of the
fundamental characteristic for the engine.
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Fuel Supply System
1. FUEL TANK: -
• The fuel tank is used to store the fuel. It may be higher
level (Stationary Engine) or at a lower level. The fuel flow
down under gravity if it is placed at a higher level. If it
placed at a lower level, then the fuel from the fuel tank is
lifted with the help of a fuel feed pump.

2. FUEL SUPPLY PIPE:-

• The main function of fuel supply pipe is to supply the
fuel from one device to another device in proper way.

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3. FUEL FEED PUMP: -
• The purpose of the fuel feed pump is to supply
the fuel from the fuel tank to the fuel filter.

4. FUEL FILTER: -
• A filter which cleans the fuel by removing the
vapours, dirt particles or air bubbles is known as
fuel filter. It has been seen that the holes
provided in the fuel nozzle are of very small
diameter (0.25 to 1mm) and if any foreign
material is carried by the oil, the holes closed.

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5. FUEL INJECTION PUMP:-
• The purpose of the fuel injection pump is to meter
the correct quantity of fuel and deliver at the correct
time to the engine cylinder acc. to the varying load
and speed requirement. There is different type of
fuel injection pumps used in the diesel engine.

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Transmission System :-

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 Braking System
• The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism
which uses brake fluid, to transfer pressure from the controlling
unit, which is usually near the operator of the vehicle, to the
actual brake mechanism, which is usually at or near the wheel of
the vehicle.
• Hydraulic brakes work on the principle of Pascal’s law which
states that “pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in all directions
in space”.
• According to this law when pressure is applied on a fluid it travels
equally in all directions so that uniform braking action is applied
on all four wheels.

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• A brake which uses air as working fluid is a pneumatic brake. The
system actuated to apply this phenomenon is known as Pneumatic
Brake System.
• An pneumatic brake or a compressed air brake system, is a type of
friction brake for vehicles in which compressed air pressing on a
piston is used to apply the pressure to the brake pad needed to
stop the vehicle.
• George Westinghouse first developed pneumatic brakes for use in
railway service. He patented a safer air brake on March 5, 1872.
Westinghouse made numerous alterations to improve his air
pressured brake invention, which led to various forms of the
automatic brake used in modern vehicles for more safer and
advance braking system.
• In the early 20th century, after its advantages were proven in
railway use, it was adopted by manufacturers of bus ,trucks and
heavy road vehicles.

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1. air compressor,
2. pressure regulator,
3. air dryer,
4. regeneration reservoir,
5. four way protection valve,
6. compressed air reservoirs,
7. park brake hand control valve,
8. park brake safety release valve,
9. brake foot valve,
10. front air brake chambers,
11. brake relay valve,
12. rear spring brake chambers,
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Hydraulic system:
• Hydraulic cylinders get their power from pressurized hydraulic
fluid, which is typically oil.
• The hydraulic cylinder consists of a cylinder barrel, in which
a piston connected to a piston rod moves back and forth.
• The barrel is closed on one end by the cylinder bottom (also
called the cap) and the other end by the cylinder head (also
called the gland) where the piston rod comes out of the
cylinder.
• The piston has sliding rings and seals. The piston divides the
inside of the cylinder into two chambers, the bottom chamber
(cap end) and the piston rod side chamber (rod end / head
end).
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Parts of hydraulic cylinder:
1. Cylinder barrel
The main function of cylinder body is to hold cylinder
pressure. The cylinder barrel is mostly made from a
seamless tube. The piston reciprocates in the cylinder.
2. Cylinder base or cap
The main function of the cap is to enclose the pressure
chamber at one end. The cap is connected to the body
by means of welding, threading, bolts, or tie rod. Caps
also perform as cylinder mounting components.

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3. Cylinder head
The main function of the head is to enclose the
pressure chamber from the other end. The head is
connected to the body by means of threading, bolts, or
tie rod.

4. Piston
The main function of the piston is to separate the
pressure zones inside the barrel. This piston can be
single acting or double acting. The difference in
pressure between the two sides of the piston causes
the cylinder to extend and retract. The piston is
attached with the piston rod by means of threads,
bolts, or nuts to transfer the linear motion.
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5. Piston rod
In double rod-end cylinders, the actuator has a rod
extending from both sides of the piston and out both
ends of the barrel. The piston rod connects the
hydraulic actuator to the machine component doing
the work. This connection can be in the form of a
machine thread or a mounting attachment.

6. Seal gland
The cylinder head is fitted with seals to prevent the
pressurized oil from leaking past the interface between
the rod and the head. This area is called the seal gland.
The advantage of a seal gland is easy removal and seal
replacement..

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Steering system components:

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Hydraulic steering system components:

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