àTyya> Suffixes

Pratyaya or suffix is added at the end of verbal root to transform the verbal
root into indeclinable, imperfect verb, definite verb, past tense of verb, present
continuous tense of verb and so on.
The following are some important suffixes:

1. tumn
u ! àTyya> 8. zt&

2. KTva 7. Kt

3. Lyp! 6. Ktvt!

4. AnIyr! 5. tVyt!

1. for doing -तुम् 5. must be done -तव्य: तव्या तव्यम्

2. having done -त्वा 6. did -तवान् तवती तवत्
3. having done -य 7. has been done -त: ता तम्
4. to be done -नीय: नीया नीयम् 8. doing -न् न्ती त्
 1 tm
9.1 u u n-!àTyy>
The suffix tum! is added to the verbs to indicate the purpose of action.
Example: ram> piQtu< iv*aly< gCDit, Räma goes to school in order to study.
Once the tu mu n ! - àTyy is added to the verbal derivative, it becomes an
indeclinable, which means that the word will be the same in all genders, cases
and numbers.

Here are a few examples:

1. piQtum! – To read 17. vKtum! – To speak

2. ri]tum! – To protect 18. AagNtum! – To come

3. yaictum! – To beg 19. gNtum! – To go

4. g&hItum! – To hold 20. patum! – To drink

5. leiotum! – To write 21. ïaetum! – To hear

6. vistum! – To live 22. htuRm! – To snatch

7. xaivtum! – To run 23. ttuRm! – To cross

8. ivmaeictum! – To release 24. ktuRm! – To do

9. Éivtum! – To become 25. hNtum! – To kill

10. baeixtum! – To teach 26. lBxum! – To get

11. jIivtum! – To live 27. ³Iiftum! – To play

12. jiLptum! – To blabber 28. pittum! – To fall

13. icNtiytum! – To think 29. Swatum! – To stand

14. oaidtum! – To eat 30. mtuRm! – To die

15. iniNdtum! – To criticise 31. paliytum! – To nurture

16. d{fiytum! – To punish 32. AicRtum! – To worship

9.22 KTva-àTyy>
The suffix Tva is added only to roots that are not prefixed by upasarga. It
denotes the sense of adverbial past participle (prefix). After having completed
an action, if the subject does another action, then, the KTva suffix is added to
the completed action.
Example: ram> piQTva ³Iiftu< gCDit, Having read, Räma goes to play.
The verbal forms formed with KTva suffix are also indeclinables.

Here are a few examples:

1. piQTva – Having read 16. icNtiyTva – Having thought

2. ilioTva – Having written 17. imilTva – Having met

3. xaivTva – Having run 18. ÉUTva – Having been

4. %idTva – Having risen 19. hTva – Having killed

5. %i;Tva – Having lived 20. gTva – Having gone

6. hisTva – Having laughed 21. pITva – Having drunk

7. ri]Tva – Having protected 22. nTva – Having prostrated

8. g&hITva – Having held 23. Sm&Tva – Having remembered

9. É]iyTva – Having eaten 24. ijTva – Having conquered

10. g[iyTva – Having counted 25. †:qœva – Having looked

11. caeriyTva – Having stolen 26. ïuTva – Having heard

12. rciyTva – Having composed 27. k«Tva – Having done

13. yaciyTva – Having begged 28. TyKTva – Having given up

14. tafiyTva – Having beaten 29. mTva – Having considered

15. kwiyTva – Having told 30. AiqTva – Having Wandered

3 Lyp!-àTyy
Lyp!-àTyy has the same function as KTva-àTyy, but the only difference is that, in
Lyp!-àTyy (y) is suffixed when the verbal form has an upasarga prefixed to it.
Example: When the Lyp! is added to }a, which has the iv upasarga, it becomes
iv}ay.
iv + }a + Lyp! = iv}ay – Having known
Without upasarga, }a becomes }aTva.

Here are a few more examples:

1. Aa + þe = AahUy – Having called

2. in + bNx! = inbXy – Having bound

3. Aa + da = Aaday – Having brought

4. à + # = àeTy – Having reached

5. Aa + p¨ = AapUyR – Having filled up

6. à + ivz! = àivZy – Having entered

7. iv + lI = ivlIy – Having dissolved

8. sm! + Sm& = s<Sm&Ty – Having thought well

9. Aix + # = AxITy – Having got

10. Aa + p&CD! = Aap&CD!y – Having asked

11. in + mJj! = inmJJy – Having sunk

12. %d! + Swa = %Tway – Having got up

13. ins! + ic = iniíTy – Having decided

14. sm! + k« = s<Sk«Ty – Having purified

15. à + vc! = àaeCy – Having told

16. Aa + éh! = Aaéý – Having climbed

17. Aa + mNÇ! = AamNÈy – Having discussed

18. à + nm! = à[My – Having prostrated

19. Aa + gm! = AagTy/AagMy – Having come

9.44 AnIyr-
! àTyy>
When the AnIyr!!-àTyy is added to the verbal root, the potential passive participle
is formed. It conveys a sense of 'necessity' or 'command'.
Example: ïImÚaray[> Smr[Iy>, Lord Näräyaëa is to be remembered.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender − pQnIy>
Feminine Gender − pQnIya
Neuter Gender − pQnIym!
Here are a few more examples:

1. kr[Iym! – To be done 6. hsnIym! – Have to laugh

2. pQnIym! – To be read 7. vdnIym! – To be spoken

3. gmnIym! – Have to go 8. vcnIym! – To be spoken

4. vhnIym! – To be carried 9. danIym! – To be given

5. hnnIym! – To be killed 10. dzRnIym! – To be seen

11. ïv[Iym! – To be heard 16. oadnIym! – to be eaten

12. ÉednIym! – To be split 17. jynIym! – to be conquered

13. inNdnIym! – To be condemned 18. yaejnIym! – to be linked

14. TyjnIym! – To be given up 19. nynIym! – to be carried

15. ÉaejnIym! – To be consumed 20. Smr[Iym! – to be remembered

9.55 tVyt-
! àTyy>
The usage of tVyt!-àTyy is similar to AnIyr!-àTyy. The only speciality is that
the aspects of 'necessity' and 'command' are stressed more in the tVyt!-àTyy
than AnIyr!-àTyy.
Example: ktRVy< dEvmaiûkm! , The religious rites ought to be done.
The derivatives formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in gender,
number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender – piQtVy>
Feminine Gender – piQtVya
Neuter Gender – piQtVym!
Here are a few examples:

1. piQtVym! – Must be read 6. ktRVym! – Must be done

2. Éai;tVym! – Must be spoken 7. TyKtVym! – Must be given up

3. ÉaeKtVym! – Must be enjoyed 8. datVym! – Must be given

4. ointVym! – Must be dug 9. ïaetVym! – Must be heard

5. baeixtVym! – Must be educated 10. maijRtVym! – Must be purified

11. sihtVym! – Must be borne 19. hNtVym! – Must be killed

12. leiotVym! – Must be written 20. SnatVym! – Must be bathed

13. tirtVym! – Must be crossed over 21. }atVym! – Must be known

14. ³IiftVym! – Must be played 22. ÔòVym! – Must be seen

15. kwiytVym! – Must be told 23. netVym! – Must be carried

16. ri]tVym! – Must be protected 24. patVym! – Must be drunk

17. jetVym! – Must be conquered 25. gNtVym! – Must be gone

18. SwatVym! – Must be positioned 26. v´Vym! – Must be spoken

 6 Ktvt-! àTyy>
9.6
The past active participle is formed by adding the suffix Ktvt! to the verbal
root and has the same meaning as that of the verbal past tense.
Example: ram> iv*aly< gtvan! (AgCDt! ), Räma went to school.
Thus gtvan! and AgCDt! mean one and the same.
The derivates formed using this suffix agree with the noun in gender, number
and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender – piQtvan!
Feminine Gender – piQtvtI
Neuter Gender – piQtvt!!
Here are a few examples:
1. gtvan! – Went 4. p&óvan! – Asked

2. k«tvan! – Did 5. xaivtvan! – Ran

3 . iSwtvan! – Stood 6. piQtvan! – Read

7. nmSk«tvan! – Prostrated 17. ïutvan! – Heard

8. g&hItvan! – Held 18. pItvan! – Drank

9. %Ktvan! – Told 19. ijtvan! – Conquered

10. †òvan! – Looked 20. iliotvan! – Wrote

11. oaidtvan! – Ate 21. AahUtvan! – Called

12. Aiqtvan! – Roamed 22. nItvan! – Carried

13. Swaiptvan! – Established 23. AanItvan! – Brought

14. TyKtvan! – Gave up 24. iciNttvan! – Thought

15. àei;tvan! – Sent 25. Aacirtvan! – Did

16. i]Ptvan! – Threw 26. }atvan! – Knew

9.77 Kt-àTyy>
The past passive participle is formed by adding Kt-àTyy to the transitive verbal
roots.
Example: rav[> ht>, Rävaëa has been killed.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun in
gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender – k«t>
Feminine Gender – k«ta
Neuter Gender – k«tm!
Here are a few examples:
1. k«t> – Has been done 3. gt> – Has been gone
2. ïut> – Has been heard 4. †ò> – Has been looked

5. pIt> – Has been drunk 10. ijt> – Has been conquered

6. nIt> – Has been carried 11. iliot> – Has been written

7. piQt> – Has been read 12. kiwt> – Has been told

8. taift> – Has been beaten 13. TyKt> – Has been given up

9. ht> – Has been killed 14. }at> – Has been known

9.88 zt&-àTyy>
The present participle is formed by adding zt&-àTyy to the verbal root. This
has the sense of present continuous tense.
Example: ram> gayn! gCDit, Räma goes singing.
The verbal derivative formed using this suffix agrees with the noun
in gender, number and case.
Example:
Masculine Gender – k…vRn!
Feminine Gender – k…vRNtI
Neuter Gender – k…vRt!
Here are a few examples:

1. k…vRn! – Doing 5. z&{vn! – Hearing

2. gCDn! – Going 6. Tyjn! – Giving up

3 . AagCDn! – Coming 7. xavn! – Running

4. pQn! – Reading 8. palyn! – Protecting