English Speaking

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ENGLISH SPEAKING MATERIALS FOR INTROVERT STUDENTS Based on

Cooperative Learning
Book · January 2014
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ENGLISH SPEAKING MATERIALS FOR
INTROVERT STUDENTS
Based on Cooperative Learning
M. Arif Rahman Hakim

IAIN Bengkulu
000_Bab 000_English Speaking.indd 1 22/08/2014 14:20:02

CHAPTER 1
Let’s Make a Conversation
• How to Start and Close a
Conversation? 2
• Let’s Practice Your
Conversation With Your
Friends 10
Source: www.thenation.com
CHAPTER 2
Let’s Know Each Other
• Introductions 14
• Learn from Some Examples
of Introducing 15
• Practice Your Introducing
Skill In Personally and With
Their Friends Based on
Cooperative Learning 20

English Speaking Materials For Introvert Students
CHAPTER 3
Speak Naturally
• What is Spontaneous Speech?
24
• How To Practice Speaking
Naturally in Spontaneous
• Speech? 26
• Practice Your Skill in
Spontaneous Speech In Front
of The Class Through Stick
Taking Technique Based on
Cooperative Leaning 28
• Practice Youre Natural Speech
Based on a Topic
CHAPTER 4
Guess Where am I from?
• What is The Relationship
Between Language and
Cultural Studies? 32
• Look Some Examples of How
to Present a Culture 35
• Practice Your Speaking Skill
to Present a Culture 36
iv

CHAPTER 5
See Me at the Party
• Making Invitations (Formal
and Informal) 41
• Respond in Invitations
(Formal and Informal) 47
Source: www.rmol.co
CHAPTER 6
Promoting Something
• Learn from The Examples
About how to Promote
Something 53
in Promote Something 56
Source: kayadariinternet.com

CHAPTER 7
Who is True?
• What is Pro and Contra? 63
• How to Talking About an
Issue? 70
With Making a Talk Show
Activity Related to The Topic
Including an Issue 78
Source: www.undergroundtauhid.com
vi

P T E R 1
CHA
Let’s Make a
Conversation…
Basic Competence:
Comprehending the opening of conversation and ending a conversation are
essential parts of everyday language.
In this chapter you will learn:
• How to start and close a conversation
• How to perform the functions of English expression in daily social
interaction
• At the end of this chapter, students will practice their skill with their
friends in small group practice based on cooperative learning

Section 1 How to Start and Close a Conversation

Objective: By the end of this section students will know about the theory and
some examples about how to starting and closing a conversation like a native
speaker
Activity 1 Read carefully about the explanation of how to start and close a
conversation.
The Conversation
Opening the conversation and bringing a conversation to an end are essential
parts of our everyday language. You already know how to say hello and good
bye, but in this chapter you will study in more detail how English perform
these functions. You might notice some similarities, as well as some differences,
if you compare English conversation openings and closings with those in your
native culture.
Greetings in all languages have the same purpose: to establish contact with
another person, to recognize his or her existence and to show friendliness.
The formulas for greeting are very specific and usually do not carry any literal
meaning. People say “good morning” even if it is a miserable day and may
reply to “how are you?” with “fine, thanks,” even they are not feeling well.
Usually people who are together every day greet one another the first time
they meet each day. They do not shake hands. When people have not seen
each other for a long time, the greeting is often enthusiastic and is usually
accompanied by shaking hands among men and women, and sometimes a kiss
on the check among women.
In pre closings and closings, usually people do not suddenly quit talking, say
good-bye and leave each other abruptly; ending a conversation normally takes
some time. This involves two kinds of interactions: pre closings and closings.
Pre closings phrase that signal the end of a conversation; closings are phrases
that explicitly end the conversation.

Let’s Make a Conversation…
Activity 2 In this dialog, listen carefully to your lecture about what the speakers
say to greet each other and what they say to indicate that the conversation is
over. And this activity, the lecturer will give you some examples of expressions
in a conversation.
Sources: www.fotografer.net
Dialogue A
Ryan : Hey, David, how you doing?
David : Ryan! Hey, how are you?
Ryan : Not bad. Where are you going?
David : Over to Doni’s. How about you?
Ryan : Oh, I just get off work. I’m looking for the restaurant, I’m so
hungry, and I could eat a horse!
David : Where are you working now?
Ryan : Bamboo Department Store. How about you? Still in
photographer?
David : Yes, I am. Well, I better let you go get some supper
Ryan : Yeah. It was great to seeing you again. Maybe we could get
together sometime.
David : David: Sounds good. I’ll give you a call.
Ryan : Great. Well, I’ll be seeing you.
David : OK, Ryan. Enjoy your meal.
Ryan : Thanks. Bye.
David : OK. Bye
3

Discussion
1. Is this a formal conversation? How do you know?
2. How does Ryan open the conversation?
3. How do they close the conversation?
Dialogue B
(The telephone rings)
Aisyah : Hello. This is British Institute.
Maria : Hello, Mrs. Aisyah. My name is Maria. I’m a student in Aswaja
University.
Aisyah : Yes?
Maria : I really interest to join and take a course in British Institute.
Could I come and talk with you?
Aisyah : Yes, of course. I’ll see you then Maria
Maria : Thank you very much
Aisyah : You are welcome.
Sources: www.dreamstime.com

Discussion
1. Why does Maria call Aisyah?
2. What kind of words do they use to greet each other?
3. What is the relationship between those speakers?
4. Is this dialogue more formal or less formal than dialogue A?
Dialogue C
Vira : Oh, that’s Maya

Farah : What?
Vira : In front of the wall. Come on, let’s go to say hello. (They go
over to Maya). Hey Maya!
Maya : What?... Vira?!
Vira : Hey, how are you? Gee, we haven’t seen each other in… it
must be close to three years!
Maya : Well, how have you been?
Vira : OK
Maya : Still working at Pharmacy?
Vira : Oh, let’s not go into that. Oh, Maya, this is Farah, one of my
friends at work
Maya : Hi, Farah

Farah : Hi, how are you?

Vira : Gee, we ought to go somewhere to talk. How about Peter’s
pub?
Maya : Sounds good. Just give me a minute to pick up a few thinks for
dinner tonight.
Vira OK. See you at the checkout stand
Discussion
1. How many people are there?
2. How does Jackie say hello?
3. What can you say about the level of formality here? Why is it
appropriate?
Activity 3 Listen to your lecturer and repeat each expression that your
lecturer says. After that, practice the dialogues with your friends.
1.
Sources: www.dreamsttime.com

2.
3.
Sources: www.istockphoto.com

Activity 4 On activity 1 and 2, you have already known and practiced a

conversation using greetings and responses. Now, learn more about the
following expression!
Formal Greetings Responses
Good Morning Sir Hello, good morning
Good afternoon Miss Hello, good afternoon
Good Night Mr. Chaltron (last name) Good night
Hello, how are you? Not very well, thank you
Informal Greetings Responses
Hi Abdul (first name) Hi, Ahmed (first name)
How are you doing? I’m ok
Hi, what’s up? It’s great bro
How is it going? Alright
How is everything? So bad. How about you?
Activity 5 You have already known and practiced about leave talking in a
conversation. In this activity, learn more about that expression!
Formal Leave Talking Responses
- Good bye Mr. William - Good bye Mrs. Victoria
(Last Name) (Last Name)
- Have a good time - Have a nice day
- Have a nice holiday - Have a nice vocation
- I hope to see you again sometime - Nice to meet you sir
- It’s been nice to talking with you - Yes, So am I
- Nice to meet you - Nice to meet you too
Informal Leave Talking Responses
See you tomorrow See you at campus
Bye Nick (first name) Bye
Catch you later See you later
Sorry, I have to go now Take care buddy

Section 2 Let’s Practice your Conversation with You

Friends
Objective: By the end of this section, students will be able to practice some
conversations with their friends.
Activity 1 Small’s group practice. In this activity, you will use what you have
learned in a conversation. Complete the dialogues based on the situation and
work it with your friend. Then, act it out in front of class.
Situation 1
Lindsay and Carien are a classmate in a school. Now they meet in in a wedding
party
Lindsay : Hi, Carien
Carien : Hi, Linds. What are you doing here?
Lindsay : …………………………………….
Carien : …………………………………….
Lindsay : …………………………………….
Carien : …………………………………….
Lindsay : …………………………………….
Carien : …………………………………….
Situation 2
Farel is a marketing manager a brand and Yusuf is advertising manager of a
television’s company. In this time Farel want to advertise his product in Mr.
Yusuf’s company. And now, they are talking in telephone
Yusuf : Hello
Farel : Hello. Could I speak with Yusuf, please?
Yusuf : …………………………………………
Farel : …………………………………………

Yusuf : …………………………………………
Farel : …………………………………………
Yusuf : …………………………………………
Farel : …………………………………………
Yusuf : …………………………………………
Farel : …………………………………………
Situation 3
Akhwan and Davin are a classmate when they were in university. Now they
meet in a road
Akhwan : ………………………………………
Dhavin : ………………………………………
Akhwan : ………………………………………
Dhavin : ………………………………………
Akhwan : ………………………………………
Dhavin : ………………………………………
Akhwan :………………………………………
Dhavin :………………………………………
Akhwan : Oh, sorry Dave, I have to go now
Dhavin : Yes, see you later. Take care bro
Akhan : OK. See u
10

P T E R 2
CHA
Let’s Know Each
Other…
Basic Competence:
Comprehend introduction our self and other people
In this chapter, you will learn:
• How to introduce our self and other people
• To know more detail about how the introduction are made in formally
and daily social interaction
• At the end of this chapter, students will practice their introduction skill
personally and with their friends based on cooperative learning.

Section 1 Introductions
Objective: By the end of this section, the students will know about the kind of
introduction and they will know how the introductions are made.
Activity 1 Read carefully the explanation about some kind of introduction

and how it was made. Ask your lecturer if you feel not clear.
A formal introduction consists of two parts: giving names and if not provided
by the context, some information about the people being introduced so they
will have some common ground to begin a conversation. Men usually shake
hands when they are introduced to other men. It is the woman’s choice
whether or not to shake hands when introduced to a man, and a man should
wait for the woman to offer her is becoming more common to shake hands.
Handshakes should be firm and brief. Americans regards a firm handshakes as
a sign of directness and honestly.
People sometimes should introduce themselves: for example at a party, in a
new class, in a new neighborhood, etc. If you meet a new neighbor you might
say: “Hello, I’m (full name). I’ve just moved here”. The other person responds
by giving his or her full name and indicating where he or she lives.
Introducing Oneself Responses
- Hello, I’m Diego - Hi, my name is Alice, nice
to meet you
- Hello, my name is Frank - Hello, I’m Roger, glad to
meet you
- Good Morning. My name is - Good morning. I’m
Carien Marcello. How do you do?
- Let me introduce myself. My name - How do you do? My name is
is Tomoaki Ichi. I’m from Japan. Paolo. Nice to meet you.
Introducing Others Responses
Have you meet Nick? No, I have not
Bryan, this is my friend, Devi. Hello Devi, pleased to meet you.
Please allow me to introduce our new How do you do?
member.
Let me introduce you to Steve, our How do you do? It’s very nice to
director. Steve, this is Bill from meet you
Microsoft Company.
12

Let’s Know Each Other…
Section 2 Learn From Some Examples of Introducing

Objective: By the end of this section, students will be able to introduce
themselves and others and they will know how the introductions are made.
Activity 1 Listen to the following dialogues, your lecturer will read it. Pay
attention to the introductions and the way people address each other.
Dialogue A
(The doorbell rings. Mrs. Valerie opens the door)
Mrs. Valerie : Good Morning, Joe. Come in. How have you been?
Joe : Just fine, thank you. How are you?
Mrs. Valerie : Oh, reasonable well.
Joe : Mrs. Valerie, I would like to introduce a friend of
mine, if I may, David Brown. David, this is Mrs. Jane
Valerie
David Pleased to meet you, Mrs. Valerie.
Mrs. Valerie : I have heard so much about Mr. Brown. Please do
come in. Oh, Dave? Darling, I would like you to
meet someone- a friend of Joe.
Oh, hello Joe. Glad to you make it. (He shakes hands
with Joe)
Joe : Hello, Dave. It was very thoughtful of you to invite
us.
Mrs. Valerie : Yes Darling, as I was saying, this is David Brown. (to
David) My husband, Dave.
David (shaking hands with Mr. Valerie) Very nice to meet
you Mr. Valerie.
Mrs. Valerie : The pleasure’s mine. However, call me Dave. Everyone
does. Is it okay if I call you David?
13

David : Of course not, Dave.
Sources: www.dreamstime.com
Discussion
1. There are two introductions here. Find the first one. Who is being
introduced?
2. Where is the second introduction? What kind of words does Mrs. Valerie
use?
3. How are the two introductions different?
4. What do the different people call each other?
5. How would you describe the level of formality in this situation? Which
character seems less interested in being formal?
Dialogue B
Jack : This seat taken?
Edgard : No, help yourself. Haven’t seen you before. You new in
computer major?
Jack : Yeah, I just switched majors from Economic-too much math!
Edgard : Well, don’t expect it to be any better here! What’s your name,
anyway?
14

Jack : Jack. What’s yours?

Edgard : Edgard, but everybody calls me “Chip”.
Jack : Chip, huh? Well, I’m not going to tell you what my nick
name is! Oh, here comes the professor. What’s his name,
anyway? Scarey, or something like that?
Edgard : James Kerry. But we call him “Big Jim” because he is so
short.
Jack : To his face?
Edgard : No. Are you kidding?
Discussion
1. Where are Jack and Edgard? What are they doing?
2. How do they introduce themselves?
3. What do they call their professor?
4. How do they introduce themselves?
5. What level of formality is it?
15

Activity 2 On activity 1, you have practiced how to introduce yourself and

others. Now learn more about the following expression and practice it with
your group!
A formal introduction consists of two parts: giving names and if not provided
by the context, some information about the people being introduced, so they
will have some common ground to begin a conversation. Men usually shake
hands when they are introduced to other men. It is the woman’s choice whether
or not to shake hands when introduced to a man, and the man should wait for
the woman to offer her is becoming more and more common to shake hands.
Handshakes should be firm and brief. Americans regards a firm handshakes as
a sign of directness and honestly.
People must sometimes introduce themselves: for example at a party, in a new
class, in a new neighborhood. If you meet a new neighbor, you might say:
“Hello, I’m (full name). I’ve just moved here”. The other person responds by
giving his or her full name and indicating where he or she lives.
Introducing Oneself Responses
Hello, my name is Ricard - Hi, my name is Isabella Kent,,
Thompson nice to meet you Mr. Thompson
Let me introduce myself, my name Hi Miss Swan, really nice to meet
is Victoria Swan you
Good morning ladies and - How do you do? Pleased to meet
gentleman, let me introduce our you Mr. Khan
new director. Please Welcome for
Mr. Sharikh Khan
Introducing Others Responses

Hi, I’m Johnny. Just call me John, Hello John, I’m Clark
please
Erick, this is Nicky, my brother Hi Nicky, I’m Jeremy. Nice to meet
you
Hello guys. I will introduce our new Hi Ana, welcome to our team
member in this team, her name is
Ana
My name is Fabian, but you can call OK Fabe. I’m Julia
me Fabe
16

Section 3 Practice Your Introducing Skill In Personally

and With Their Friends Based on Cooperative Learning
Objective: By the end of this section, students will practice their skill in
introduction themselves or others.
Activity 1 Complete the dialogues by using the expressions that you have
learned. After that, practice it with your small group in front of class.
Dialogue 1
Bella : That’s Ryan …………………..?
Devi : No, I haven’t.
Bella : Hi Ryan. How’s everything?
Ryan : ……………,……………… ?
Bella : ………….., thanks. Ryan, ……………….., Devi
Ryan : Hi, …………………………………, Devi.
Devi : ……………………………………………..
Source: blogradien.wordpress.com
17

Dialogue 2
Clark : Good morning, Mr. Hosein. How are you?
Mr. Ali : ………………………….. How about you?
Clark : …………………………. I don’t think you have met my secretary
Ms. Jane Foster. Jane, this is Mr. Ali Hosein.
Jane : ………………………? …………………………………………
Mr. Ali : ………………………………
Clark : So, Mr. Hosein. How about our business? Is it fine?
Mr. Ali : …………………………………………….
Clark : Oh, that’s sounds pretty good. …………………….?
Jane : I think it’s really good sir, specially for our company.
Dialogues 3
Xavier : Good morning, Eric. How are you?
Eric : ……………………., ……………?
Xavier : ………………………… How is your family?
Eric : …………………………, thank you. How about your school?
Xavier : ………………………………..
Eric : Wow, it’s really good. Maybe I’ll go to your graduation
on next month
Xavier : ……………………………………
Eric : ……………………………………
Xavier : I’m sorry Eric, but I really have to go now.
…………, …………………………………………..
Eric : ………………………….. See you next time.
18

Activity 2 Write an introduction about yourself. Mention as much

information as you can. Include your name, address, family, hobby, and your
plan. Then act it out in front of your friends!
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................
19

P T E R 3
CHA
Speak Naturally…
Sources: www.borneocolours.com
Basic Competence:
Comprehend on speaking naturally through spontaneous speech. How to
practice speaking naturally with someone and in front of the people without
planning
• What is spontaneous speech?
• How to practice speaking naturally with spontaneous speech in daily
activity
• From the explanation and some examples, you will practice your skill
in spontaneous speech (speaking naturally) with role play based on
cooperative learning

Section 1 What is Spontaneous Speech?

Objective: By the end of this section students will be able in understand about
the term of spontaneous speech well
Activity 1 Read carefully about the explanation of spontaneous speech. Ask

your lecturer if you do not understand yet about this material.
Definition of Spontaneous speech

Actually, you have learned about spontaneous speech at the previous chapter.
But, in this chapter you will learn about the spontaneous speech more, such
as; how to make spontaneous speech in different situation, in front of the
people, etc.
Spontaneous speech is speech that has not been prepared before. When
speech-understanding systems are used in real applications, they will have to
deal with phenomena peculiar to spontaneous speech. People use language
differently when they speak than when they write. Spoken language contains
many interjections, filled pauses, etc. Speakers often do not use well-formed
sentences. They are speaking in phrases, having restarts, etc. Systems designed
for written or reading text will encounter serious difficulties processing such
input.
Activity 2 From the explanation above, learn more about spontaneous speech
from the examples. Ask your lecturer if you do not understand yet about this
material.
Situation 1
Ketty is a famous actress and Carien is her fans. They never meet before. B
always saw A on TV only, but now they meet in a party.
Ketty : (talking with her friends)
Carien : Excuse me, miss.
Ketty : Yes. Do you call me?
Carien : Yes. Could I take some pictures with you, please? Actually,
I am your fan
22

Speak Naturally…
Ketty : Oh, of course. I’d love to do that.

Carien : Thank you so much, Ketty.
Ketty : My pleasure. Anyway, what is your name?
Carien : Carien Henry. But you can call me Carien.
Ketty : Oh, nice to meet you Carien.
Carien : Yes me too, Ketty. I really surprise for this moment.
Because I always see you in television and now, I see you in front
of me, unbelievable.
Ketty : Oh, really. Oh, thanks Carien. I’m also really happy to meet
you here.
Carien : I hope we can meet again next time, Ketty
Ketty : Yeah, I hope so.
Carien : See you, Ketty. Success for you.
Ketty : Thanks. See you too, Carien
Situation 2
Joseph is a marketing manager in a big company. One day, he is in a party
to celebrate the anniversary of his company. Then, his director phones him
to deliver welcoming speech for the guests. He is really surprised. Even he is
nervous, because it is unpredictable. He does not know what to say. But, he
must give a speech right away.
Good Morning Ladies and Gentleman…
In this occasion, I’m speaking for the director want to ask for apologize because of
his absent in this party. But, I hope it will not be obstacles for us to celebrate our
11th company’s anniversary. Ladies and gentleman, in this time we would like to
say thank you for your coming, it is an honorable for us. In our 11th anniversary,
I just want to express our proud of you as our business partners, costumers, and
staunches so far. We hope through the event, we can bring up our relationship to
expand our future business. Without you, we are nothing. So, hopefully we can get
more benefit whether as our partners or our customers. Ladies and gentleman, in
this party we prepare some foods and drinks to enjoy. It is as symbol of our family’s
relationship and our grateful for God blessing. I think that’s all. Thank you
23

Section 2 How To Practice Speaking Naturally in Spontaneous

Speech?
Objective: By the end of this section students will be able in practice their
spontaneous speech in their group
Activity 1 The lecturer will give you some situations based on explanation and
example above. Act it out with your group in front on class on 10 minutes!
Situation 1
Andreas and Hernandez are best friends. Andreas had a big party, he invited
other friends, but he forgot to invite Hernandez (his best friend). It makes
Hernandez feels disappointed because Hernandez always invites Andreas.
Someday, they meet at cafeteria in their campus.
Situation 2
Steven promised Harry to repair Harry’s motorcycle by Friday. So, Harry
could go on a weekend trip with some friends. However, Steven got tickets
24

Speak Naturally…
to the ball game at the last minute, so Steven did not have time to repair the
bike. Act out the scene where Steven explains to Harry why the motorcycle
is not repaired.
Situation 3
Jane has just recently gotten married to Irina’s former roommate. Jane sees
Irina at the bookstore and goes over o thank Irina for the wedding gift.
Situation 4
Robert and Brown have been best friends since they were in university, but
they didn’t meet for 5 years (after graduation). So, they were lost in touch.
However, someday they met in a big meeting (International conference). Both
of them were keynote speaker in the conference. They were surprised and
ambitious to talk each other, but they were in very formal meeting, so they
could not do that. They looked impatience to talk about their momentum
time when they were in university. Soon, after the meeting finished, they hug
each other and they start the conversation!
Situation 5
Erick and Lerie have been dating for 3 months. They never meet to their
parents and they never talk to them about their relationship. But, they love
each other and they want to marry soon. So, they decide to talk to Lerie’s
father about their plan. Lerie’s father is easy to bad tempered. However, Lerie
and Eric must do that. So, now they are meeting Lerie’s father and the father
is angry (disagree) to hear that because they are still at the second year of
university.
Situation 6
Ana and her friend, Marry, are standing in the hall talking. Robbie comes up
to them and greets them. Robbie wants to invite Ana to a dinner party, but
does not want Marry to come.
25

Section 3 Practice Your Skill in Spontaneous Speech In

Front of The Class Through Stick Taking Technique
Based on Cooperative Leaning
Objective: By the end of this section, students will be able to practice their
spontaneous speech in a situation in front of people.
Sources: news.abnxcess.com
Activity 1 The lecturer will give you some situations based on explanation
and example above. Act it out in front on class during 7 minutes!
Situation 1
You’re a seller of book’s store. There are many discounts in your store now,
such as; 30% discount for Islamic book, 25% for comic, etc. You must make
the people sure that this is their opportunity to buy many books in your store,
because it is very cheap.
26

Speak Naturally…
Situation 2
You are captain of a football team. This is the half time and your team is losing
0-1 now. You must give a motivation to your teammates to win this game,
because this game is very important for the team’s rank.
Situation 3
You’re a candidate to be the chairman of English Students Club in your
faculty. So, it’s your time to promote yourself in front of the people.
Situation 4
You’re in an anniversary’s party of your best friend. Your best friend wants
you to give some speech in front of the guests. This is informal situation.
Situation 5
You’re a durian’s seller. Now, you sell it in an exhibition. So, it is time for you
to promote it to the costumer!
Situation 6
You are a policeman, and now you’ll describe about the specification of a thief
in front of people.
Situation 7
You are in an interview for accepting in a company. You should introduce
yourself as best as you can. Because this interview will influence your career.
27

Section 4 Practice Your Natural Speech Based on a

Topic!
Objective: By the end of this section students will be able in practice their
natural speech based on a topic.
Activity 1 Choose one topic that makes you interested and give your natural
speech in front of the class.
Topics
NO PEOPLE PLACES HOBBIES
1 Barack Obama Kyoto Football
2 Ir. Soekarno New York Singing
3 Steve Jobs Dubai Photography
4 Crish John Kuala Lumpur Watching
5 Leonardo Dicaprio Jakarta Basketball
6 Oprah Winfrey New Delhi Reading
7 Cristiano Ronaldo Jerusalem Travelling
8 Jackie Chan Milan Writing
9 Justin Bieber London Diving
10 Maria Saraphova Paris Climbing
28

P T E R 4
CHA
Guess, Where am I
From???
Sources: sawomatengstudio.com
Basic Competence:
Comprehending on discussion about some cultures in the world. It is important
to increase student’s knowledge in speaking class and cultural studies.
• How to practice students’ speaking skill by telling about culture to
their friends
• How to practice their speaking skill in role play activity based on
cooperative learning

Section 1 What is The Relationship Between Language

and Cultural Studies?
Objective: By the end of this section, students will be able to understand the
relationship between language and culture.
Both of cultures and languages are important points in understanding cross

culture in terms of learning mother languages or foreign languages. As tools
of communication, language is defined into descriptive views and functional
view. According Chaer, descriptive views languages are defined into 12
terms:
1. Language is a system
2. Language is a symbol
3. Language is meaning
4. Language is a unique
5. Language is universal
6. Language is arbitrary
7. Language is a sound
8. Language is productivity
9. Language is universal
10. Language is dynamic
11. Language is humanity
12. Language is contra dictionary
Moreover, as functional view, languages are tools for human beings in
communicating, interacting, and socializing. Further, HuriMurrti explain
(linguistic dictionary), languages are the arbitrary of vocal symbols used in
social community to interact, understand, and to identify to social community.
Therefore, it means that language is a vital tool, and it is the key of the existing
system in society, without the systems in society, without the systems there
will no the systems.
Another important point to be discussed in Cross Culture Understanding
is the social community cultures. Those cultures can be worth or worthless
30

Guess, Where am I From???
thing for the people, it depends on the particular person views. The culture is
taken from “Sansakerta” means “budi” (Indonesian), and it means “reason” in
English. The terms of culture are six definitions. They are:
1. Descriptive, in this context the culture emphasize the constructs of
society
2. Historical definition, it means that the culture is the habits of human
being descendant which is learned by their offspring so the culture
is to be existed
3. Psychology, in this context culture is people knowledge of interpreting
their social environment, which drive them to behave.
4. Normative, culture is the norm for human being in behaving,
which is acceptable by social community in particular place and in
particular time
5. Structure, cultures refer to the systems in social community
6. Genetically, culture is the ideas, action, taste and creativity of human
beings in particular community (Koentjaraningrat 2005: 72).
Sources: http://zenobiafrost.wordpress.com
31

In social systems, both of culture and language are inseparable things. However,
the experts are still debating it because they do not find what actually happen
within language and culture, weather language affects the culture or on the
contrary. From previous definition above, it can be seen that language and
culture relationship are existing. It means that, both of them affect each other.
Nababan explained that there is filogenetics between language and culture.
He said that language is the part of culture.
Section 2 Look some examples of How to Present a

Culture
Objective: By the end of this section students will be understand in the
relationship between language and culture.
Activity 1 Read carefully some examples below. In addition, learn more

about the reason of the answer. Guess, where am I from?
Secular Country High Priority on the Football is The Most
Enjoyment of Food Popular Sport
Europe The Cigarette 24 Ours of Le Mans,
Smoking Age is 18 The World’s Oldest
Years old Sport Car Race
Baby Foot (Table Football) Parkour is a Favorite A Center of an
is a very Popular Part Time Self Defense or Important Number of
in Bars and Homes Martial Arts Fashion Show
Answer : France
Reason : We got a real key in “24 hours of Le Mans, the world’s oldest
sport car race” and “ parkour is a favorite self defense or
martial arts”. As we know that, every people that liked race
sport know about Le Mans. Parkour also supported
our reason, because parkour is a famous martial art from France.
We saw parkour in some France’s movies. But in another
inormation also support our statement about France, such as;
“a center of an important number of fashion show,
and many more.
32

Look at the other example below!

Guess where I am from?
Imitation of European Football is the most Latin America
styles in architecture popular sport
Basketball is the second Spanish colonization Barbecue Asado
most favorite sport
Tango is the musical One of the world’s great Mendoza is one of city
symbol capitals of theater in the country
Answer : Argentina
Reason : Why we said Argentina? Because we know Tango is a culture
from Argentina we ever watch it on TV program. However,
the other clues also supported our opinion, such as; Latin America,
Spanish colonization, Barbecue Asado, etc.
Section 3. Practice Your Speaking Skill to Present a

Culture
speaking to present about a culture of the country and what is their reason.
Activity 1 Choose one topic of culture and discuss it with your group mate.
After that, present some clues in front of the class.
Topic 1
Heavily influenced by
Baseball is the most favorite Constitutional
cultural contact with China
sport Monarchy
and Chinese literature
The national flag is a white
The Prime Minister is the rectangular flag with a large
East Asia
head of government red disc (representing the sun)
in the center
Rice balls is one of favorite Green tea doughnuts
White gloved taxi drivers
food is a special food
33

Topic 2
The culture is largely The majority of
Located on across Tasman
inherited from British population is
Sea
and European custom European descent
The flag is a defacedBlue
Abel Tasman and his Ensign with the Union Flag
crew found this place on in the canton, and four red British colonial
1642 stars with white borders to
the right.
A paradise in other
Waitangi Day is a public Rugby union, cricket
words and an ideal
holiday held on 6 February and netball are most
boutique tourism
every year favorite sports
destination.
Topic 3
About 79% of civilization Muslim influences
West Europe identify as belonging to the were strong during the
Roman Catholic middle ages
The flag consists of three
Football is the most horizontal stripes: red, yellow Semana Santa is an
favorite sport and red, the yellow stripe being important holiday
twice the size of each red stripe
Constitutional
Cured meats is a Roman theatre is one of a monarchy whose
traditional food famous historic building government is defined
by the constitution
34

Topic 4
Islamic theocratic
Football is the national monarchy in which
Western Asia
sport Islam is the official
religion
Consumed the same
Freedom of the press
type of food for
and public expression
thousands of years. The The largest Arab
of opinion are not
cuisine include wheat, state in Western Asia
recognized by the
rice, lamb, chicken,
government.
yogurt and dates
Joined the United About 80% of the
Absolute Monarchy
Nation in 1945 Arabian Peninsula
Topic 5
The Government
The northwestern Leading center of the
is a constitutional
coast of Continental scientific revolution from
monarchy with a
Europe . the 17th century
parliamentary system
The Beatles have
The world’s ninth- international sales of over
The flag is the Union
largest consumer of one billion units and are
Flag (also referred to
energy and the 15th the biggest-selling and most
as the Union Jack).
largest producer influential band in the
history of popular music
Claim to have given The Royal Academy is a
The BBC, founded in
the world the word key organization for the
1922
“sandwich” promotion of the visual arts
35

P T E R 5
CHA
See Me At The
Party…
Basic Competence:
Comprehension on social invitations in order how to make them and how to
respond them. After completing the exercises, you should feel comfortable in
making and replying to invitations in various situations.
• How to make invitations (formal and informal)
• How to respond the invitations (formal and informal)
• At the end of this chapter, students will practice their skill in a small
group based on cooperative learning.

Section 1 Making Invitations (Formal and Informal)

Objective: By the end of this section, students will be able to make formal
invitation and informal invitation.
Activity 1 Read carefully about the explanation of making invitations. Ask

your lecturer in case you do not understand about it.
An invitation consist of requesting someone’s presence, stating the specific
event, and setting the time and place. Spoken invitations are fine for most
occasions. However, for several special events, such as weddings, anniversaries,
and baby showers, formal written invitations are traditional sent.
It is common to send printed “party” invitations for large semi-formal
cocktail parties. They may say “regrets only” and give a telephone number at
the bottom, which means you call in case of you cannot attend.
People usually do not begin a conversation with an invitation, but instead
preface the invitation in some way. Once this type of introduction is made,
the inviter (the host) is free to make the invitation, in one of two ways:
1. States what kind of party, excursion, etc., is being planned; or
2. Asks if the listener is free at such and such a time and then says
why.
The first invitation is preferable, because it allows the listener to decide
whether accepting or not. The second is likely to get an indecisive response.
Invitations are usually made privately, in person or by phone. That is, only
the people who are being invited hear the invitation. People usually do not
feel comfortable inviting you to a party if you are with someone who is not
going to be invited.
38

See Me At The Party…
Activity 2 Your lecturer will read some examples about making invitation.
So, listen to the following dialogues. Listen especially for the ways people
make an invitation.
Dialogue A
(Knocking at the door)
Jackie : Good morning, Dr. Ivan. May I come in?
Dr. Ivan : Good morning, Jackie. Of course, How can I be of help?
Jackie : Well, it’s not about school, Dr. Ivan. It’s just that Tommy and I
wanted to have a few people over for a dinner party to celebrate
finishing my dissertation, and we’d like to invite you especially,
since you’re chairman. Would you be able to come the weekend
after next, on Saturday?
Dr. Ivan : I’d be delighted to, Jack. Saturday, did you say?
Jackie : If that all right for you and Mrs. Ivan.
Dr. Ivan : I’ll have to check with Victoria, but I’m pretty sure it will be all
right.
Jackie : Good. If you could come around six-thirty or seven o’clock,
that would give us time to chat a while over a glass of coffee
before dinner.
Dr. Ivan : That’s sounds fine. We’ll be there around seven
Jackie : That would be great! Oh, I’m so pleased that you and Mrs.
Ivan will be able to make it.
Dr. Ivan : Well, it should be fun. And you deserve it after all that hard
work. But, say, Jackie, will I have to start calling you Dr. Jackie
now?
Jackie : Of course not, Dr. Ivan!
Dr. Ivan : Well, they can’t you reciprocate by calling me William?
Jackie : Of course, Dr…. I mean William- but it will take some
getting used to.
39

Source: www.istockphoto.com
Discussion
1. What is the topic of conversation?
2. How does Jackie introduce the invitation?
3. What kind of gathering is it going to be?
4. Is anyone besides Dr. and Mrs. Ivan going to be invited?
5. What do you think the guests will be wearing to the dinner party?
6. How formal is this dialogue?
40

Dialogue B
(The telephone ringing)
Ahmed : Hello.
Hilda : Hello, Ahmed? This is Hilda. How are you?
Ahmed : Oh, Hi, Hilda. Good. How have you been?
Hilda : Fine. Listen, Jordy and I wanted to have bowling tomorrow
night out at the bowling square on seventy nine, but we don’t
have a way to get there. If you free, we will pick you up the lab
for the bowling. How about it?
Ahmed : Well, it sounds like fun, but actually I’ve really got a lot of home
work to do just now.
Hilda : Oh, come on, Ahmed. It will be fun. Make you relax. You will
study better!
Ahmed : I really can’t. I’ve got a chemistry exam on Monday and a book
report do on Tuesday in campus that I’m really getting nervous
about. I don’t think I’d enjoy it much. I’m so sorry Hilda. But
thanks a lot for thinking of me.
Hilda : Oh, don’t worry about it. Maybe next time. Good luck on your
exam
Ahmed : Thanks. See you
Hilda : Bye
Sources: www.moveon.web.id
41

Discussion
1. Who calls Ahmed on the telephone?
2. What kind of invitation is it?
3. How does Hilda react to the invitation? What is his reply?
4. How does Ahmed feel at the end of the conversation?
5. What is the level of formality in this conversation?
Dialogue C
David : Hello?
Cathy : Oh, hello, David? How are you?
David : Just fine, thanks, Cathy.
Cathy : Anyway, Roby and I were wondering, are you and Friska free this
Friday?
David : Friday? Oh… It seems Friska mentioned something about
having to work late on Friday. Why, what did you have in
mind?
Cathy : Oh, we just thought it would be nice to have you over for
dinner, but if you’re not available.
David : Well, let me check again with Friska. I’ll call you to night and let
you know for sure, OK?
Cathy : All right. I’ll be waiting for your call
David : OK. Till then
42

Discussion
1. Why does Cathy call David?
2. What form of address do the participants use?
3. What is the result of invitation?
4. How formal is this conversation?
Section 2 Respond in invitation (Formal and Informal)

Objective: By the end of this section, students will be able to give respond in
formal invitation and informal invitation.
Activity 1 Read carefully about the explanation of giving respond in invitations

and learn more about it from the examples. Ask your lecturer if you don’t
understand about this material.
Accepting the invitation

Accepting invitation is very easy. You thank the person for the invitation or
express pleasure at being invited and then get the details of place and time. It
is also a good idea to find out just how formally you should dress. Appropriate
dress varies according to season and to region.
In many informal cases, you then ask the host or hostess whether you can
help by bringing something, such as a bottle of wine. Often the house will
thank you for offering but will tell you it is not necessary. However, guests
often bring a gift of wine or flowers, even if the host has turned down an offer
at the time of the invitation. A small item from your country would be quite
appropriate as such a gift.
If you have children and an American has been inviting you out, you should
not bring your children unless they have been specifically invited. In general,
evening parties are not appropriate for children, especially if they are small.
Picnics and barbecues, on the other hand, are usually good parties for
children.
43

Invitation Respond
- I’d like to invite you to a party next - That would be wonderful
Friday
- We are going to have a few friends - Yes, thank you. What time?
over on Wednesday, and we’d love
you to come
- How about coffee? - Sounds great
Refusing the invitation

If an invitation must be refused, most people expect the reason. The following
sequence would be appropriate: apology, reason for refusal, thanks for the
invitation, and perhaps a second apology.
If someone asks if you are free at certain time, but does not say what the
invitation is for, you are not required to commit yourself until you now what
the invitation is for. For example, if you say that you’re free and the invitation
turns out to be something you’d hate to do (a trip to local sight you’ve seen ten
times), then you will be in a position of having to take back your acceptance
or of inventing an excuse later. If this happens, tell the person who invited you
that you have to check and that you’ll tell him or her later.
Invitation Respond
- Are you free on Saturday? Would - Sorry. I’ve already made plans
you like to join with our club? for Saturday.
- I’d like to invite you to dinner - I’m awfully sorry, but I have
this Sunday other plans.
- How about lunch? - I’d really like to. However, I
have to go now. Sorry.
Non-Invitations
There are also phrases that sound like invitations but in fact are not. People
may say things like: “We will have to get together sometime” or “you will have
to come over and visit us sometime”. You can identify such non-invitations by
their generality, there is no specific time mentioned, and the word “sometime”
is often used. They are often ritual expressions of parting. On these occasions
you could respond: “Yes, that would be nice”, or “Of course, I’d love to”, or
something similar, and then let the subject drop. If they do not call you, you
could always invite them for some occasion.
44

Examples of Non Invitation Respond

- We will have to get together again soon - Yes. It’s sounds good
- You will have to come over sometime
- If you’re ever in Bengkulu, give me a - Yes. I’d love to
call.
- Yes. Of course I will.
Activity 2 Small group practice! Complete the dialogues orally using some
examples above. After that, practice it in front of the class with your group.
Situation 1
A : Would you like to come over for dinner tomorrow?
B : …………………. What time?
A : ………………………………
B : ………………………………
Situation 2
A : ……………………….
B : Oh, that is will be great.
A : ……………………….
B : ……………………….
Situation 3
A : ……………………….
B : Well, actually I had planned to go see a movie that night. Why?
A : ………………………
B : ………………………
Situation 4
A : …………………………….
B : Oh, I’m so sorry, but ……….
A : …………………………….
B : …………………………….
45

Activity 3 Discuss with your partner the relationship among the speakers
and the appropriate level of formality. Then, practice, using any words or
expressions appropriate to express the functions given. Your lecturer will ask
you to perform the dialogue for the class.
Situation 1
A and B are both of students in the same English class, but from different
countries. They do not know each other very well, but A hopes that by inviting
B over for dinner, they can become better in relationship.
Situation 2
A is a professor in a university. B is a foreign student and the candidate of
Ph.D. degree. A and B have meet each other only once before. Now B wants
to invite A to his house for a dinner.
Situation 3
A and B are good friends and work in the same office. A has finished the
reparation of her house. She wants to invite B to celebrate it with barbeque
party.
Situation 4
A works for a large company, B is A’s boss, but they do not know each other
very well. A decides to invite the boss (with her husband) to have dinner.
46

P T E R 6
CHA
Promoting Something…
Basic Competence:
Comprehension on promoting and socializing something, such as; product,
company, school, university, etc.
• How to understand speaking skill in order to promote and socialize
• From some examples, you will practice your skill in speaking to promote
and socialize something

Section1 Learn From The Example How to Promote

Something
Objective: By the end of this section students will be able to know about
speaking to other people in order to promote something
Activity 1 Read carefully about the term of promoting and some kind
of promoting. Ask your lecturer if you do not understand yet about the
material.
What is Promoting?
Promotion is one of the market mix elements or features, and a term used
frequently in marketing. The marketing mix includes the four; price, product,
promotion, and place. Promotion refers to raising customer awareness of a
product or brand, generating sales, and creating brand loyalty. Promotion
is also found in the specification of five promotional mix or promotional
plan. In promotion something, you should make sure the costumer to your
brand or products. It is a main purpose in promotion. These elements are
personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, direct marketing, and publicity.
A promotional mix specifies how much attention to pay to each of the five
subcategories, and how much money to budget for each. A promotional plan
can have a wide range of objectives, including: sales increases, new product
acceptance, creation of brand equity, positioning, competitive retaliations, or
creation of a corporate image. Fundamentally, there are three basic objectives
of promotion. These are;
1. To present information to consumers as well as others.
2. To increase demand.
3. To differentiate a product.
There are different ways to promote a product in different areas of media.
Promoters use Internet advertisement, special events, endorsements, and
newspapers to advertise their product. Many times with the purchase of a
product, there is an incentive like discounts (i.e., coupons), free items, or a
contest. This method is used to increase the sales of a given product. The term
“promotion” is usually an “in” expression used internally by the marketing
48

company, but not normally to the public or the market - phrases like “special
offer” are more common. An example of a fully integrated, long-term, and a
large-scale promotion are My Coke Rewards and Pepsi Stuff. The UK version
of My Coke Rewards is Coke Zone.
Authentic language in promote something:
 Try this one, please
 We serve u discount up to 50%
 Did you need, just try this one
 You will be more stylish with this
 You will regret if you miss this products
Activity 2 How to promote something? Look some examples below!
Advertisement 1
Sources: www.apple.com
Why you should choose iMac?

 IMac looks very stylish next to a PC. Although people say looks are
not important, looks are one of the main reasons many people buy
Macs.
 Macs have a much longer lifespan than PCs, so they are a better
investment. A Mac should be able to run the latest Apple operating
49

system for at least 5 years. Imagine most PCs from 2003 running Vista
well.
 The experience, Macs are very pleasing to use. Everything just seems
to work. If you use the Apple keyboard and Mouse, they look brilliant
next to your Mac.
 Mac OS X is very stable and compatibility issues are rare.
 Macs can run Windows too. Therefore, if OS X doesn’t float your boat
(which I find highly unlikely) you can go back to your old operating
system. In addition, if you’re nervous about OS X at first, you can
just dual boot with Windows. You will delete that Windows partition
eventually though. Once you go Mac, you don’t go back.
 There are very few Viruses for OS X, too few to really worry about.
This means running anti-virus isn’t truly necessary right now so you’ll
have one less thing to bog your Mac down with and one less thing to
worry about whilst online.
Advertisement 2
Sources: brandindonesia.com
 Special Discount 45%

 Special bonus; Choi Won Signature (Member of Super Junior)
50

 Many Varieties
 Supplies are limited, only in MAHABRATA Shoes Store!
Section 2 Practice Your Speaking Skill in Promote

Something
skill in promoting something.
Activity 1 Practice your speaking skill in promoting something based on

pictures below. Act it out with your friend in front of the class.
Picture 1
Sources: www.adidas.com
Picture 2
51

Picture 3
Picture 4
Sources: www.katalogpromosi.com
52

Picture 5
www.healtylife.co.id
Picture 6
Sources: www.tupperwarecenter.com
53

Picture 7
Sources: www.lamborghini.com
Picture 8
Sources: www.galaxys5info.com
54

Picture 9
Sources: www.indonesiabrandforum.com
Picture 10
55

P T E R 7
CHA
Who is true?
Sources: www.ctvnews.com
Basic Competence:
Comprehend on discussion some problem with other students. How to
practice their speaking with other students including an issue in the topic
• How to practice your speaking skill with other students including a
problem in the topic
• How to be a debater, as pro or contra.
• From some examples, you will practice your skill in speaking with making
a talk show activity based on cooperative learning.

Section 1 What is Pro and Contra?

Objective: By the end of this section students will be understand about the
term of pro and contra.
Activity 1 Read carefully about the explanation of pro and contra and what
are the differences? Ask to your lecturer if you do not understand.
What is Pro and Contra?

The phrase ‘pros and cons’ is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase pro et
contra, ‘for and against’, and has been in use in the abbreviated form since
the 16th century, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. ‘Pros and
cons’ is a well-established standard usage; Oxford’s larger dictionaries do
not mark it as ‘informal’ or in any way restricted in use. The much longer
alternative is the phrase ‘arguments for and against’.
In another term pros and cons is a term used to mean advantages and
disadvantages of something or a scenario. It is highly used in comparison
when trying to look at two products or two scenarios and is faced with a
choice between them and hence you look at the good side of both and the
bad side.
Activity 2 Learn more about pro and contra in a conversation and debate
from some examples. Ask your lecturer if you do not get it clearly.
Pro and Contra of Obama care

Thursday, the Supreme Court voted 5-4 to uphold the Affordable Care Act,
commonly known as Obama care. The country, and the world at large, has
been abuzz with debate ever since the ruling was announced, with reactions
typically falling along party lines. Republicans, it seems, are appalled by this
act, one they see as an unconstitutional infringement upon States’ rights.
Democrats, however, generally view this as an important step in the future of
our country and its place in the Western world. (Until yesterday, the United
States was one of the only developed countries without universal access to
healthcare.)
58

Who is true?
In an effort to avoid further exhausting this heated national dialogue, I have

comprised a simple list of Obamacare’s pros and cons. While the effects of
this act are hard to predict, even for experts, some facts are undeniable. If
you are in favor of universal healthcare, the Supreme Court’s ruling proves
a step in the right direction, despite the system’s many faults. Many citizens
who could no longer afford coverage will now receive affordable medical
attention. However, for those who are staunchly opposed to this idea, the
Affordable Care Act could prove a living nightmare. Its tax increases, cuts to
Medicaid and downright unpredictability have many worried for the future
of the country.
PRO :
• 32 million Americans are currently without health insurance. Thanks to
this Act, a larger portion of the general population will now have access
to the coverage they need.
• Insurance companies cannot deny patients with pre-existing conditions
coverage, and companies can no longer drop someone once they get
sick.
• College students can stay on their parents’ plans until the age of 26.
• The federal government will pay the states to allow low-income individuals
to enroll in Medicaid
• The Medicaid “doughnut hole” gap in coverage will be eliminated by
2020.
• Each year, $125 million will go towards funding school-based health
centers and programs to reduce teen pregnancy.
• States are required to set up insurance exchanges to make it easier to find
the best deals on private health insurance.
• If an insurance company denies someone coverage, that person can go to
an external appeals process.
• The number of bankruptcies caused by health-related issues will be
severely reduced.
59

CONTRA
• The intrusion of the federal government into the practice of medicine.
• 18 million of the uninsured will be forced to go under Medicaid, while
the rest will have to accept another government program. Even so,
millions will remain uninsured.
• By 2019, an estimated 4.8 million seniors will be forced out of Medicare
Advantage.
• Medicare will be cut by $528 billion dollars.
• Taxes will be increased (especially on high-income individuals).
• By forcing States to accept federally-mandated health insurance, the Act
violates States’ rights.
• Some speculate that you can be thrown in jail for failure to pay your
health insurance taxes.
Pro and Contra about national exam
Sources: www.itoday.co.id
National exam becomes hot topic in most of discussions. Though the Supreme
Court has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization of the
60

Who is true?
national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to maintain

the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the primary
questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend on the
national exam? Will the quality of the Indonesian education system worsen
without national exam?
People, who support the national exam, explain that the quality of the
Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try
to defend the current system.
However, there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against
this national exam kept in our high school education say that it does not need
the national exams, because the quality of education does not just depend on
the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion
of students’ competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students’
competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to evaluate
or detect the level of students’ cognitive competence in several subjects, on a
national scale.
Pro and Contra about of having cellphones in high

school
A recent survey indicated that 68% of students in grades 6-12 bring cell
phones with them to school on a regular basis. Most high schools set some
sort of policies regarding the use of cell phones on their premises. Some ban
phones altogether.
While there are problems with the use of a cell phone in school, many
advantages to having one available exist. Schools need to weigh all factors
involved in use of cell phones in order to make wise and appropriate decisions.
Parents and students should decide together on the wisdom of taking the cell
phone to school. This is a partial listing of advantages and disadvantages of
cell phone use in high schools.
The first one is students may need to make arrangements for after-school
activities. They may want to go to the library or stay after school to consult
with a teacher about an assignment they don’t understand. They can use a cell
61

phone to text or leave a voice mail explaining what they are doing so parents
can better coordinate with them.
It must be seen that the main reason by parents to let their children continue
to use cell phones is because of safety purposes. If they have the phones, it is
easier to reach them and even know where they are. It is also beneficial during
emergency situations when the child can either call for help or be located in
case he or she is gone missing.
It is good that most of the phones in the market today have what is known as
GPS capability for locating somebody through the cell in case of he or she is
lost or missing. These are some of the quite logical reasons why a child should
be let be with a phone.
A camera-equipped phone can be used to take pictures and video related to
school projects or develops photo essays. Camera phones can be used to record
school events and field trips. They can prove quite useful for assignments
involving photographs, particularly anything going to the web. Just snap
a shot with your picture phone and use it for your web classes, which are
becoming more and more important these days. This is especially useful given
that cell phone cameras are getting better and better with time.
Cell phones can be a distraction in the classroom. Students whose minds
wander during a lecture or discussion may find the temptation of texting
instead of listening hard to resist. They are also potentially a distraction to the
class if the student forgets to set their phone to vibrate rather than ring during
calls. Even the vibration can be distracting, and it does not take much for a
teacher to lose their momentum.
Besides, picture phones and other applications such as calculator in particular
can be used to cheat on tests and quizzes. Take a picture of the test, send it
to your buddy, and get a text back with the answer. Alternatively, send it to
someone who wants to know what is on the test. The calculator function can
be used to cheat on math tests. The risk of potential cheating on academics is
one of the main reasons why students are not allowed to bring hand phone
in school.
Cell phones allow students to communicate not just with students in
other classes, but also other schools and even adults that are not in the
school environment. There is the potential for social disagreements, and
62

Who is true?
even communication with an adult who is not approved by parents. It can

lead to students having episodes of being upset while a teacher is trying to
conduct lessons. Banning cell phones will not eliminate social break ups or
disagreements, but it can reduce opportunities for these kinds of issues.
Some students like to create bomb threats by calling emergency numbers on
their phones. They may try it in restrooms when no one is nearby. They
might do so between classes. Which means, that will put a delay for all the
classes at school, before an emergency team arrives? Once the students are
accused for the threat, they could be arrested and suspended.
With the prevalence of cell phones in high schools, it is important for students,
parents, teachers, and administrators to carefully consider how and when
they should be used. Policies need to take into account the advantages and
disadvantages of cell phones in various situations.
63

Section 2 How to talking About an Issue

Objective: By the end of this section students will be able in talking about an
issue, such as; pro and contra.
Activity 1 In this activity, listen carefully to your lecturer about how people
talking about an issue (pro or contra). And in this activity, the lecturer will
give you some examples of expressions in a conversation.
Dialogue A
In a class where we had watched a video on Africa a student questioned
whether or not it was legal to hunt elephant. Another student had been on
several safaris and began sharing with the class.
Photo by Billy Dodson
Leo : I just do not think it is right that you should be able to shoot
an elephant.
Steve : There are places in Africa that elephants are so overpopulated
that they are destroying the country. If some are not taken out,
they will die either of starvation or of disease.
Leo : Well, um, I would not want that to happen.
64

Who is true?
That would be sadder.

Steve : And now those elephants raid villages and farms trying
to find enough food. And when we were there in the country
of Botswana they had over 250,000 elephants.
The country can only long term keep about 20,000 alive.
They only shoot about 200 a year so they are having
more babies than they take out.
Leo : Well if they raid the villages and farms, and are having
many babies, then um, like won’t the people starve?
Steve : Yes, They could... That’s one reason that we hunted elephants.
When we hunted our elephant we gave the meat to the villagers.
It fed them for months.
Leo : Well, in that case I can sort understand , if you are feeding
people. But if it’s just for sport I don’t.
Steve : I don’t either just for Sport but think of it this way.
It cost money to hunt elephant. You have to have a government
person with you to tell you which elephant is ok to shoot.
You have to pay that person. Every dollar you spend goes back into
saving the animals so hunting actually saves animals lives because it
chooses only the oldest most mature animals and animals that have
been removed from the herd and would be killed by lions anyway.
You could say that hunters are he greatest conservationists.
Leo : Well um, I think I can see your point. The money that’s paid for
hunting is used to save other animals lives.
65

Dialogue B
Bob McCulloch: The Pro-Death-Penalty Argument
Sources: www.amnesty.com
What’s your best argument for capital punishment?

“I think it’s an appropriate punishment, and that’s what we’re talking about
here, punishment.... You have to keep in mind that these cases are not the
standard murder case that you come across. No murder is good but these are
particularly horrendous.
They’re off the charts,” he said. “One case I tried was a fellow who was almost
6’ 6,’’ almost 300 pounds, and he literally butchered his girlfriend and her
two-year-old baby – gutted them and cut the little girl’s head off.”
What constitutes “horrendous” and worthy of the death penalty?

“We’re not talking about cases where there is a barroom brawl or two guys
arguing over who should have won the World Series and one shoots the other.
Those cases are probably not even murder first degree, and certainly not death
penalty cases.”
66

Who is true?
As a prosecutor in the state of Missouri, McCulloch follows the state statute

to determine how to try a murder case.
“There have to be very specific statutory aggravating circumstances” in
addition to being a murder in the first degree. “It’s a murder for hire, multiple
murders, cases that are killing a witness, killing a police officer in the line
of duty, doing it while there are other felonies being committed…Jeffrey
Ferguson for example was a kidnapping, rape and murder, and that’s what set
it apart from other even murder first degree cases.
How is your view on the death penalty evolved over the years?
“No, it hasn’t. I follow the same process and procedure. The good news is
that we follow that process fewer times now because there are fewer murders.
There are less than half the number of murders in this country today, certainly
in St. Louis County and in Missouri, there are fewer than half than there
were 20 years ago. An incredibly small number of the total murders are death
penalty cases.”
There have been cases where people have been executed who
were later proven as innocent?
“No. There are claims out there about that by anti-death penalty people but in
the modern era of the death penalty, which is since about the mid-70s when it
was reinstated and approved by the Supreme Court, there has not been.”
“There have been cases certainly where people were sentenced to death and in
prison awaiting the appellate process that was later determined to be actually
innocent. Those are few and far between, fortunately.”
What about the racial disparity of the people on death row?

“Most of the people under a sentence of death in this country are white. And
most of the executions that are carried out, the defendants are white. The
comparison they make is…an invalid comparison.”
“What they’re comparing is the number of blacks on death row under a sentence
of death to the general population. In addition, it is out of proportion there.
But, the valid comparison is: compare the number of blacks under a sentence
of death to the number of murders committed by black men. Moreover, it
67

is almost in exact proportion; it’s about 40 to 45 percent. The question they

should be asked is: why are so many young black men committing murders
and why are so many young black men became the victim of murders?”
Sister Helen Prejean: The Anti-Death-Penalty

Argument
On where Missouri stands in the death penalty
spectrum
“Missouri is one of the states that does a lot of killing. The Supreme Court
gave out a guideline that the death penalty is supposed to be reserved for
the worst of the worst. Nobody really knows what that means because when
anyone that we love is killed that’s the worst of the worst,” said Sister Helen
Prejean.
“I think what it’s pointing to, after 30 years of practice on this, is that the sign
under the Supreme Court ‘equal justice under the law’ – people don’t know
how to apply it. And it’s left up to individuals. It’s left up to prosecutors. And
we see how it pans out. We know that 8 out of every 10 people executed or
on death row are there for killing white people, where when we kill people
of color there doesn’t seem to be the same outrage of pressing for ultimate
justice.”
Prosecutors here seem to think it is fairly well spelled

out as to what constitutes a heinous crime, and that
they’re simply following the state guideline.
“Yeah, and look at the guidelines. I know them pretty well in most states.
Cruel, heinous, that is a bunch of adjectives … but if a black kid gets killed in
the neighborhood, somehow we never feel it’s cruel or heinous. If a policeman
gets killed, well that is the death penalty but not if a fireman gets killed. When
we go to do our statutes, we have to delineate. Law always means you’re going
to delineate. And then it’s up to the discretion of the prosecutor to decide.”
68

Who is true?
What about the biblical quote “an eye for an eye?”

“The selective Bible quoting has gone on forever. We did it for slavery; we
did it for why women couldn’t vote,” said Sister Helen Prejean. “You’ve got
to really know the Bible, the context in which it was written and what the
spiritual message of it is. And it all moves towards compassion and life.”
“Look at the life of Jesus,” she said. “He was executed by the Romans and
his last words were ‘forgive them because they don’t realize what they’re
doing.’”
In your thirty years of advocating against the death

penalty in the United States, why do you think things
have remained fairly stable or static?
“I don’t think they are static. This year is the lowest support for the death
penalty we’ve seen since 1957. It is registers at 60 percent of the American
public say they are for the death penalty, when people are offered the alternative
of life without parole, it drops below 50 percent. In the last seven years we’ve
had seven states that have ended the death penalty, there has been a real shift
not only in the number of states ending it, but the number of executions, the
number of death penalties sought. It’s been a drastic drop in the practice of
the death penalty, and I think we’re on our way for it to be on its way out.”
Aren’t we doing pretty well compared to countries that

execute rape victims or people from opposite political
parties?
“Until you look at 194 nations in the world, and see the vast majority no
longer have the death penalty….of the top five countries that do executions,
we’re in league with China, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq – and what kind of
company is that? I mean, what kind of standards of human rights do these
countries have? We don’t need to do the death penalty anymore. We need to
take it off the table where death is not in the arbitration of deciding about
how to punish criminals.”
69

Section 3 Practice Your Speaking Skill With Making a

Talk Show Activity Related to The Topic Including an
Issue
speaking skill and discuss about an issue.
Activity 1 Make a small group with your classmates, after that, choose an
issue, and discuss it in front of the class.
A. Abortion
B. Gay Marriage
C. Social Media
D. Smoking
E. World Cup
F. Nuclear Power
G. Free Trade
H. Drinking Coffee
I. Human Trafficking
J. Immigration
70

References
Bartels N. 2005. Applied Linguistics and Language Teacher Education. New
York: Springer
Bilbrough N. 2007. Dialogue Activities to Exploring Spoken Interaction in the
Language Class. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown HD, Gillian and Yule, George. 1999. Teaching the spoken Language.
Cambridge University Press.
Brown HD. 2000. Principles of Language Learning and Teaching (4th Edition).
New York: Longman
Collie J & Stephen S. 2006.Speaking Student’s Book. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Hasan SS. 2011. Pengantar Cultural Studies. Yogyakarta: Ar-Ruzz Media
Harmer, J. 1998. How to Teach English: an introduction to the practice of
English language teaching. New York: Logman
Hughes R. 2006. Spoken English, TESOL, and Aplied Linguistics. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan
Kardimin. 2013. English For Islamic Studies. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Leo S. 2013a. A Challenging Book to Practice Teaching in English. Yogyakarta:
Penerbit Andi
Miller J, Weinert R. 1998. Spontaneous Spoken Language. New York:
Clarendon Press Oxford
Murray DE, Mary AC. 2010. What English Language Teachers Need to
Know?New York: Rotledge.
Riyanto S. 2009. Developing Vocabulary Skills. Yoryakarta: Pustaka Pelajar
Santrock JW. 2014. Educational Psychology. New York: McGraw Hill
Tillit B, Bruder, MN. 1999. Speaking Naturally. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press
Tomlinson B. 2002. Developing Materials for Language Teaching: London:
Continuum
Webster J. 2013. English for Traveller. Sidoarjo: Media Cerdas

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ENGLISH SPEAKING MATERIALS FOR INTROVERT STUDENTS Based on

Book · January 2014

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

M. Arif Rahman Hakim

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Section 1 How to Start and Close a Conversation

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Vira : Oh, that’s Maya

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Farah : Hi, how are you?

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Activity 4 On activity 1 and 2, you have already known and practiced a

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Section 2 Let’s Practice your Conversation with You

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Activity 1 Read carefully the explanation about some kind of introduction

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Section 2 Learn From Some Examples of Introducing

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David : Of course not, Dave.

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Jack : Jack. What’s yours?

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Activity 2 On activity 1, you have practiced how to introduce yourself and

Introducing Others Responses

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Section 3 Practice Your Introducing Skill In Personally

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Activity 2 Write an introduction about yourself. Mention as much

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Section 1 What is Spontaneous Speech?

Activity 1 Read carefully about the explanation of spontaneous speech. Ask

Definition of Spontaneous speech

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Ketty : Oh, of course. I’d love to do that.

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Section 2 How To Practice Speaking Naturally in Spontaneous

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Section 3 Practice Your Skill in Spontaneous Speech In

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Section 4 Practice Your Natural Speech Based on a

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Section 1 What is The Relationship Between Language

Both of cultures and languages are important points in understanding cross

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Section 2 Look some examples of How to Present a

Activity 1 Read carefully some examples below. In addition, learn more