EXPERIMENT NO.

11
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND PROCEDURES
A. Define and give the importance and indications of the following laboratory procedures:

Definition Importance & Indications

1. CBC A commonly used abbreviation in medicine that stands Used to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders, including
for complete blood count, a set values of the cellular (formed anemia, infection and leukemia. A complete blood count test measures several
elements) of blood. components and features of your blood, including: Red blood cells, which carry oxygen.

2. Urinalysis Test of your urine that involves checking the appearance, Used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections,
concentration and content of urine. kidney disease and diabetes.

3. Fecalysis A series of tests done on a stool (feces) sample. It is to help diagnose certain conditions affecting the digestive tract. These conditions can
include infection (such as from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor nutrient absorption,
or cancer.

4. Antimicrobial A procedure used to determine which antibiotics a specific The goals of testing are to detect possible drug resistance in common pathogens and to
susceptibility organism or group of organisms are susceptible to. assure susceptibility to drugs of choice for particular infections.
test
5. Pap smear Also called a Pap test, is a screening procedure for cervical It tests for the presence of precancerous or cancerous cells on your cervix. The cervix is
cancer. the opening of the uterus. During the routine procedure, cells from your cervix are gently
scraped away and examined for abnormal growth

6. PSA test Prostate specific antigen. Used to screen for cancer of the prostate and to monitor treatment of the disease. PSA is a
protein produced by the prostate gland. Although most PSA is carried out of the body in
semen, a very small amount escapes into the blood stream.

7. Lipid profile A pattern of lipids in the blood. A lipid profile usually includes It measures the level of specific lipids in the blood
thelevels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
cholesterol, triglycerides, and the calculated low-density
lipoprotein (LDL) 'cholesterol.
 

8. KOH staining The KOH staining for Candida albicans, also known as a It is indicated to differentiate dermatophytes and Candida albicans symptoms from other
potassium hydroxide preparation or KOH prep, is a quick, skin disorders like psoriasis and eczema.
inexpensive fungal test.
 TEST Description and Significance Normal values (if applicable)
1. SGPT  Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in About 7 to 56 units per liter of serum.
liver and heart cells.
 It suggests the existence of other medical problems such as viral hepatitis, diabetes, congestive
heart failure, liver damage, bile duct problems, infectious mononucleosis, or myopathy, so ALT
is commonly used as a way of screening for liver problems.
2. SGOT  Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, an enzyme that is normally present in liver and heart About 5 to 40 units per liter of serum
cells. SGOT is released into blood when the liver or heart is damaged.
 Contributes to the functioning of the liver's cells. It also helps the heart and kidneys, to a lesser
extent. SGOT also helps the heart and kidneys, to a lesser extent.
3. Creatinine  A chemical waste molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism Approximately 0.6 to 1.2 milligrams (mg)
 The creatinine blood test measures the level of creatinine in the blood. The result of this blood per deciliter (dL) in adult males and 0.5 to
test is useful, as it is an important marker of how well the kidneys are working 1.1 milligrams per deciliter in adult
females.
4. BUN  Blood Urea Nitrogen Around 7 to 20mg/dL.
 It measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood that comes from the waste product urea.
5. T3 & T4  It is produced by the thyroid a hormone called triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) 100-200 nanograms of hormone per
 It regulates the body's temperature, metabolism and heart rate. deciliter of blood
6. TSH  Thyroid stimulating hormone 0.5-3.0 milli-international units per liter.
 It measures how much hormone is in your blood.
7. MCH  MCH stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin.  MCH: 27-33 picograms (pg)/cell in adults.
 MCH levels refer to the average amount of hemoglobin found in the red blood cells in the body. MCHC: 33-36 g/dL in adults.
Hemoglobin is a protein in the blood that allows red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the cells
and tissues in the body
8. MCHC  MCHC stands for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Around 27 to 33 picograms (pg) per cell in
 It's a measure of the average concentration of hemoglobin inside a single red blood adults
cell. MCHC is commonly ordered as part of a complete blood count (CBC) panel
9. Acid phosphatase  Acid phosphatase is a ubiquitous lysosomal enzyme that hydrolyses organic phosphates at Reference Range. The
an acid pH. reference value for acid phosphatase is 2
 The postpuberteral prostatic epithelial cell contains a uniquely high concentration of acid ng/mL or less.
phosphatase, cellular components of bone, spleen, kidney, liver, intestine, and blood also
contain this enzyme.
10. Alkaline  An enzyme that liberates phosphate under alkaline conditions and is made in liver, bone, and 44 to 147 international units per liter
phosphatase other tissues.  (IU/L) or 0.73 to 2.45 microkatal per liter
 Alkaline phosphatase can be measured in a routine blood test. Abnormally high serum levels (µkat/L).
of alkaline phosphatase may indicate bone disease, liver disease, or bile duct obstruction
11. Albumin  A protein made by your liver.  3.4 to 5.4 g/dL
 Albumin helps keep fluid in your bloodstream, so it doesn't leak into other tissues.
 It is also carrying various substances throughout your body, including hormones, vitamins, and
enzymes.
12. Amylase  Amylase is a protein made by your pancreas and by glands in and around your mouth and  23-85 units per liter (U/L)
throat.
 It helps you break down carbohydrates and starches into sugar.
13. Antithyroid  An antibody directed against the thyroid gland, a gland that produces thyroid hormones (such
antibody as, for example, thyroxine and triiodothyronine).
 Antithyroid antibodies can be associated with inflammation of the thyroid gland and affect its
function.
14. Bilirubin  Bilirubin is a yellowish substance in your blood. 0.3 and 1.2 milligrams per deciliter
 It forms after red blood cells break down, and it travels through your liver, gallbladder, and (mg/dL).
digestive tract before being excreted.
15. Blood gases  Blood gases are a group of tests that are performed together to measure the pH and the amount pH: 7.35-7.45. Partial pressure of oxygen
of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) present in a sample of blood, usually from an artery, in (PaO2): 75 to 100 mmHg. Partial pressure
order to evaluate lung function and help detect an acid-base imbalance that could indicate a of carbon dioxide (PaCO2): 35-45 mmHg
respiratory, metabolic or kidney
16. Blood ketone  Ketones are substances that your body makes if your cells don't get enough glucose The acceptable range for blood ketones is
(blood sugar).  less than 0.6 mmol/L.
 Ketones can show up in blood or urine.
 High ketone levels may indicate diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a complication of diabetes that can
lead to a coma or even death.
17. BUA  A high uric acid level, or hyperuricemia, is an excess of uric acid in your blood. Uric acid is 2.4-6.0 mg/dl (male) and 3.4-7.0 mg/dl
produced during the breakdown of purines, which are found in certain foods and are also (female)
formed by your body
18. HGT  A test to determine how much glucose (sugar) is in a blood sample after an overnight fast. The Between 4.0 to 5.4 mmol/L (72 to 99
fasting blood glucose test is commonly used to detect diabetes mellitus. mg/dL) when fasting. Up to 7.8 mmol/L
(140 mg/dL) 2 hours after eating
19. CPK  CPK is the abbreviation for a blood test called creatine phosphokinase.  CPK normal range for a male is between
  CPK is an enzyme found primarily in muscles. This includes the muscles in the heart. Any 39 – 308 U/L, while in females the CPK
muscle injury or damage can cause a rise in the blood level of CPK. For example, a person would normal range is between 26 – 192 U/L
likely have a high CPK after a fall.
20. CPK-MB  The CPK-MB test is a cardiac marker used to assist diagnoses of an acute myocardial infarction. 3 to 5% (percentage of total CK) or 5 to 25
It measures the blood level of CK-MB (creatine kinasemyocardial band), the bound combination IU/L.
of two variants (isoenzymes CKM and CKB) of the enzyme phosphocreatine kinase
21. CPK-MM  Creatine Kinase MM (CK-MM) CK (creatine kinase) is an enzyme (protein) found in several CK-MM: 100% CK-MB: 0% CK-BB: 0%
 tissues, including muscles and the heart.
22. Creatinine  Creatine phosphokinase (a.k.a., creatine kinase, CPK, or CK) is an enzyme (a protein that helps male is between 39 – 308 U/L, while in
phosphokinase to elicit chemical changes in your body) found in your heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. When females is between 26 – 192 U/L.
muscle tissue is damaged, CPK leaks into your blood.
23. Creatinine  Creatinine clearance rate, which helps to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) -- the 88–128 mL/min for healthy women and
clearance rate of blood flow through the kidneys 97–137 mL/min for healthy men
 To help evaluate the health of your kidneys; to help diagnosekidney dysfunction or disease; to
detect decreased blood flow to the kidneys
24. FBS  The fasting blood sugar test (FBS) measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood when less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L
you have not had anything to eat or drink for several hours. This test is also called a fasting
plasma glucose test (FBS)
25. Glycated  Hemoglobin to which glucose is bound. Glycosylated hemoglobin is tested to monitor the long-
hemoglobin term control of diabetes mellitus. The level of glycosylated hemoglobin is increased in the red
blood cells of persons with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
26. HDL  High density lipoprotein cholesterol. range of 40 to 59 mg/dL is normal
 HDLs transport cholesterol from the tissues of the body to the liver, so the cholesterol can be
eliminated in the bile.
  HDL cholesterol is therefore considered the 'good' cholesterol: The higher the HDL
cholesterol level, the lower the risk of coronary artery disease.
27. LDL  LDL is a microscopic blob made up of an outer rim of lipoprotein and a cholesterol center. Its 100 to 129 mg/dL
full name is "low-density lipoprotein."
 It's bad because it becomes part of plaque, the stuff that can clog arteries and make heart
attacks and strokes more likely.
28. Total cholesterol  Total cholesterol is the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. Your total 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) 
cholesterol includes low-density lipoprotein (LDL, or “bad”) cholesterol and high-density
lipoprotein (HDL, or “good”) cholesterol.
 Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance found in every cell in your body.
29. Ionized calcium  Ionized calcium is calcium in your blood that is not attached to proteins. It is also called 4.64 to 5.28milligrams per deciliter
free calcium. (mg/dL) 
  Calcium helps build strong bones and teeth. It is important for heart function.
 It also helps with muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and blood clotting.
30. Liver profile  A liver profile is a group of blood tests that show how well your liver is working. ALT. 7 to 55 units per liter (U/L) AST. 8 to
 The liver makes enzymes and bile that help digest food and gives your body energy. 48 U/L
 It also removes harmful material from your body, such as alcohol and other chemicals
31. OGCT  The oral glucose challenge test (OGCT) is a short version of the OGTT, used to check pregnant glucose <140 mg/dl
women for signs of gestational diabetes.
 It can be done at any time of day, not on an empty stomach.
 The test involves 50g of glucose, with a reading after one hour.
32. OGTT  The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was the gold standard for making the diagnosis of type 2 Fasting: 60 to 100 mg/dL (3.3 to
diabetes.
5.5 mmol/L)
 It is still commonly used during pregnancy for diagnosing gestational diabetes.
1 hour: less than 200 mg/dL (11.1
mmol/L)
2 hours: less than 140 mg/dL (7.8
mmol/L)
33. PPBS  The Postprandial glucose test or PPBS is a glucose test done on the blood that helps determine For those who do not have diabetes: less
the type of sugar, also known as glucose after a certain meal. than 140 mg/dL. For those who have
 Carbohydrate foods are the main sources of glucose and it is a primary source of energy present diabetes: less than 180 mg/dL.
in the body.
34. RBS  A blood glucose test measures the amount of a type of sugar, called glucose, in your blood. 180 mg/dl
 Random blood sugar (RBS) measures blood glucose regardless of when you last ate.
35. Tropinin 1  Troponin I is a cardiac and skeletal muscle protein family. It is a part of the troponin protein between 0 and 0.4 ng/mL
complex, where it binds to actin in thin myofilaments to hold the actin-tropomyosin complex in
place.
 A troponin test measures the levels of troponin T or troponin I proteins in the blood. T
36. Troponin T  Troponin T is a part of the troponin complex, which are proteins integral to the contraction of between 0 and 0.4 ng/mL
skeletal and heart muscles.
 They are expressed in skeletal and cardiac myocytes.
37. Micral test  The MICRAL test is an immunospecific dipstick for detection of low concentrations of albumin Less than 30 mg
in urine (microalbuminuria).
 The test is intended to be used for screening in an ambulatory setting
38. Semenalysis  Semen analysis, also known as a sperm count test, analyzes the health and viability of a man’s 1.5 to 5.0 milliliter per ejaculation.
sperm.  The sperm count varies from 20 to 150
 A semen analysis measures three major factors of sperm health: Men who have had a million sperm per milliliter
vasectomy undergo semen analysis to make sure no sperm are in their semen.
39. APTT  The partial thromboplastin time (PTT) or activated partial thromboplastin time
(aPTT or APTT) is a blood test that characterizes coagulation of the blood.
40. Bleeding  The normal bleeding time is between 2-7 minutes. The normal clotting time in a person is
time/clotting time between 8-15 minutes. By understanding the time taken for blood to clot, it can be determined
if the person has haemophilia or von Willibrand's disease. This genetic disorder could affect the
function of the platelets.
41. Bleeding time (lee
and white)
42. Hematocrit  The ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood. 45% to 52% for men and 37% to 48% for
 A hematocrit is a simple blood test done to measure the red blood cells in a person's blood. women.
 Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are important because they carry oxygen through your body. A
 low or high red blood cell count can indicate a medical condition or disease.

43. Hemoglobin  Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the For men, 13.5 to 17.5 grams per deciliter.
body's tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. For women, 12.0 to 15.5 grams per
 Hemoglobin is made up of four protein molecules (globulin chains) that are connected together. deciliter.

44. Reticulocyte count  A reticulocyte count is a blood test that measures how fast red blood cells The reference range, or healthy range, of
called reticulocytes are made by the bone marrow and released into the blood. the reticulocyte percentage in adults is 0.5
 The reticulocyte count rises when there is a lot of blood loss or in certain diseases in which red percent to 1.5 percent
blood cells are destroyed prematurely, such as hemolytic anemia.

45. Sedimentation rate  A sedimentation rate is common blood test that is used to detect and monitor inflammation in
the body.
 The sedimentation rate is also called the erythrocyte sedimentation rate because it is a measure
of the red blood cells (erythrocytes) sedimenting in a tube over a given period of time.

46. WBC count  The number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. The WBC is usually measured as part of 4.3 - 10.8 x 109 cells per liter.
the CBC (complete blood count).
 White blood cells are the infection-fighting cells in the blood and are distinct from the red
(oxygen-carrying) blood cells known as erythrocytes.

47. Anti- HBc IgG  Anti-HBc IgG  antibodies are the body's first response to a hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
These antibodies are directed against a portion of the HBV called the core.
 A negative anti-HBc IgG result may indicate the absence of a recent or previous HBV infection
(negative HBsAg and anti-HBs).

48. Anti- HBc IgM  Anti-HBc IgM. Anti-HBc (IgG and IgM) antibodies are the body's first response to a hepatitis B
virus (HBV) infection.
 These antibodies are directed against a portion of the HBV called the core. IgM anti-
HBc antibodies appear shortly after the symptoms and appearance of HBsAg.

49. Anti-HBe  Anti-HBe are one of the antibodies produced by the body when it defends itself against
hepatitis B.
 An anti-HBe test that is non-reactive (negative) may mean the infection is very recent and viral
replication has not yet peaked.
50. Anti-HBs  Anti-HBs is an antibody produced by the body against the surface antigens of the hepatitis B
virus (HBsAg).
 The appearance of anti-HBs in the serum follows the disappearance of HBsAg. In most
individuals, anti-HBs persists for life and provides long-term immunity
51. Anti-HCV  The Hepatitis C Antibody Test, sometimes called theAnti-HCV The quantitative range of this assay is 10 -
  Test, looks for antibodies to the Hepatitis C virus. Antibodies are chemicals released into the 100,000,000 IU/mL (1.0 - 8.0 log IU/mL)
bloodstream when someone gets infected.
52. ASO titer  Antistreptolysin O titer
 The antibody made against streptolysin O, an immunogenic, oxygen labile streptococcal
hemolytic exotoxin produced by most strains of group A and many strains of group C and G
streptococcus bacteria.
53. Digoxin assay  The assay is a homogeneous enzyme immunoassay technique used for the analysis
of digoxin and its active metabolites in serum or plasma.
 Digoxin is used to treat heart failure, usually along with other medications. It is also used to
treat certain types of irregular heartbeat (such as chronic atrial fibrillation). Treating heart
failure may help maintain your ability to walk and exercise and may improve the strength of
your heart
54. G6PD
55. HBe antigen  HBeAg stands for hepatitis B e-antigen.
 This antigen is a protein from the hepatitis B virus that circulates in infected blood when the
virus is actively replicating.
 The presence of HBeAg suggests that the person is infectious and is able to spread the virus to
other people.

56. HBe antigen  HBeAg stands for hepatitis B e-antigen.

 This antigen is a protein from the hepatitis B virus that circulates in infected blood when the
virus is actively replicating.
 The presence of HBeAg suggests that the person is infectious and is able to spread the virus to
other people.
57. Hepatitis A IgG  This test is used to help diagnose a liver infection due to the hepatitis A virus (HAV).
 The HAV IgG test detects the IgG antibodies that develop later in the course of the disease. 
58. Hepatitis A IgM
59. Hepatitis B surface  Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is a blood test ordered to determine if someone is infected
antigen with the hepatitis B virus.
 If your blood is positive for HBsAg, it means you are infectious for the virus and can pass it to
other people through your blood or body fluids.

60. VDRL
 61. Coomb's test  The direct Coombs test is used to test for autoimmune hemolytic anemia—that is, a condition
where the immune system breaks down red blood cells, leading to anemia.
 The direct Coombs test is used to detect antibodies or complement proteins attached to the
surface of red blood cells.
62. Cross-matching  Cross-matching or crossmatching (part of series of steps in blood compatibility tests) is testing
before a blood transfusion to determine if the donor's blood is compatible with the blood of an
intended recipient.
63. TYPHI DOT  Typhi dot is a medical test consisting of a dot ELISA kit that detects IgM and IgG antibodies
against the outer membrane protein (OMP) of the Salmonella typhi.
 The typhidot test becomes positive within 2–3 days of infection and separately identifies IgM
and IgG antibodies.
64. Widal test  The Widal test is an old serologic assay for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies to the O and H 300 normal individuals
antigens of Salmonella.
 The test is unreliable, but is widely used in developing countries because of its low cost.
65. MCV  MCV stands for mean corpuscular volume. There are three main types of corpuscles (blood Between 80 to 100 fL
cells) in your blood–red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
 An MCV blood test measures the average size of your red blood cells, also known as
erythrocytes.
C. Enumerate the different serum electrolytes and give the normal values.

 Ionized calcium - 4.64 to 5.28

 Serum calcium - 4.3 to 5.3 mEq/
 Serum chloride - 96 and 106 mEq
 Serum magnesium - 1.7 to 2.2 mg/dL
 Serum phosphorus - 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
 Serum potassium - 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L
 Serum sodium - 135 to 145mEq/L
1. Give the importance of being familiarized with the different laboratory procedures and parameters in your future profession as a pharmacist.
 Allow students to interact directly with the data gathered. They get a first-hand learning experience by performing various experiments on their own.
 Students are made to use the models and understand different scientific theories and concepts.
 It really can save lives.
 Lab safety protects property.
 It ensures accurate record keeping