Ma.

Fatima Sheine Separa

BSN 112

Assignment in Microbiology and Parasitology

CNS INFECTION
DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS
AGENT DISEASE INCUBATION MODE OF SIGNS DIAGNOSTICS TREATMENT
PERIOD TRANSMISSION AND (MEDICAL AND
OR SYMPTOMS PREVENTIVE
PERIOD OF (SPECIAL TREATMENT
COMMUNICABILITY FEATURES) [VACCINES])

Pneumococcus Strepto- Pneumococcal 3 to 7 days. Pneumococcal disease Fever, cough, Invasive Typically, doctors
coccus Disease or could be transferred shortness of breath, Pneumococcal use an antibiotic
Pneumoniae Pneumococcal through coughing, chest pain, stiff neck, Disease called ceftriaxone to
Meningitis sneezing, and having a confusion and (meningitis or treat pneumococcal
close contact with an disorientation, bloodstream meningitis. Other
infected person. sensitivity to light, infections): antibiotics used
joint pain, chills, ear collecting samples include:
pain, sleeplessness, of cerebrospinal Penicillin,
and irritability. fluid or blood and Benzylpenicillin,
send them to a Cefotaxime,
In severe cases, laboratory for Chloramphenicol,
Pneumococcal disease testing. Vancomycin.
can cause hearing loss,
brain damage, and Non-Invasive In some situations,
death. Pneumococcal doctors may also
Disease prescribe
(pneumonia and corticosteroids to
other infections): help reduce swelling
urine testing, around the brain and
physical exam. spinal column.
Meningococcus Neisseria Meningo- 3 to 4 days with a The bacteria General poor feeling, If a doctor suspects Cephalosporin
Meningitidis coccal Disease range of 2 to 10 days. are transmitted from Sudden high fever, meningococcal (ceftriaxone or
person-to-person Severe and persistent disease, they will cefotaxime) is the
through droplets of headache, collect samples of drug of choice for
respiratory or throat Neck stiffness, blood or the treatment of
secretions from Nausea or vomiting, cerebrospinal fluid meningococcal
carriers. Discomfort in bright (fluid near the meningitis.
lights, spinal cord).
Smoking, close and Drowsiness or Others:
prolonged contact – difficulty awakening, Doctors then send Penicillin G,
such as kissing, Joint pain, the samples to a ampicillin,
sneezing or coughing Confusion or other laboratory for chloramphenicol,
on someone, or living mental changes, testing.  If Neisseria fluoroquinolone,
in close quarters with Red Rashes, meningitidis bacter and aztreonam are
a carrier – facilitates Tense or bulging soft ia are in the alternatives
the spread of the spot (in babies), samples, therapies.
disease. High-pitched or laboratorians can
moaning cry (in grow (culture) the
babies), bacteria. Growing
Stiff and jerky the bacteria in the
movements or laboratory allows
floppiness (in babies doctors to know
or toddlers), the specific type of
Irritability, bacteria that is
Fast breathing, causing the
Lethargy or excessive infection. Knowing
sleepiness, this helps doctors
Blotchy skin, turning decide which
pale or blue, antibiotic will work
Shivering, or cold best.
hands and feet,
and Seizures. Other tests can
sometimes detect
and identify the
bacteria if the
cultures do not.

Haemophilus Haemophilus HIB Meningitis 2 to 4 days, ranging to Transmission may Headache, Doctors usually Administer
 Influenzae 7 days. happen when Fever, diagnose Haemo- parenteral
someone who has the Vomiting, philus antibiotics (eg,
bacteria in their nose Stiff neck or back, influenzae infection ceftriaxone,
or throat coughs or Joint pains, with one or more ceftazidime,
sneezes. Drowsiness (excessive laboratory tests. cefotaxime,
sleepiness) or The most common ampicillin-
The bacteria can also confusion, testing methods sulbactam,
spread to people who Photophobia use a sample of fluoroquinolones,
have close or lengthy (discomfort when blood or spinal azithromycin) to
contact with a person looking at light). fluid. patients with
with H. meningitis for 7 days.
influenzae disease.
Third generation
cephalosporins
(cefotaxime and
ceftriaxone) are the
initial drugs of choice
for suspected Hib
meningitis.

Neonatal Bacteremia Neonatal Occurs at the age of 3 Evidence suggests that Fever, cold hands and A lumbar puncture Anti-virals:
Meningitis (specifically Infection months. vaginal colonization by feet. (spinal tap) is Acyclovir (Zovirax).
group B Streptococcus Refusing food and necessary
streptococci agalactiae during vomiting. to diagnose Anti-biotics:
(Streptococc pregnancy increases Fretful, dislike being meningitis. Ampicillin.
us the risk of handled. Penicillin G
agalactiae), vertical transmission a Drowsy, floppy, Cerebrospinal fluid (Pfizerpen).
Escherichia nd early-onset disease unresponsive. culture is the most Cefotaxime
coli, and in neonates. Rapid breathing or important study for (Claforan).
Listeria grunting. the diagnosis of ne Gentamicin.
monocytoge Pale, blotchy skin. onatal bacterial me
nes). Spots/rash. ningitis because Anti-convulsants:
Unusual cry, moaning. clinical signs are Phenobarbital,
Tense, bulging non-specific and Fosphenytoin
fontanelle (soft spot). unreliable. (Cerebyx).
Blood cultures may Lorazepam (Ativan).
be negative in 15-
55% of cases,
 making them
unreliable as well.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF CLOSTRIDIUM ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS

AGENT DISEASE INCUBATION MODE OF SIGNS DIAGNOSTICS TREATMENT
PERIOD TRANSMISSION AND (MEDICAL AND
OR SYMPTOMS PREVENTIVE
PERIOD OF (SPECIAL TREATMENT
COMMUNICABILITY FEATURES) [VACCINES])

Tetanus Clostridium Tetanus 7 to 10 days. Tetanus is different Stiffness of the neck, The doctor will Sedative-hypnotic
Tetani Infection from other vaccine- jaw, and other perform a physical agents are the
preventable diseases muscles, often exam to check for mainstays of tetanus
because it does accompanied by a symptoms treatment.
not spread from sneering, grinning of tetanus, such as
person to person. The expression. muscle stiffness Benzodiazepines are
bacteria are usually Difficulty swallowing. and painful spasms. the most
found in soil, dust, and Fever. Unlike many other effective primary
manure and enter the Sweating. diseases, tetanus is agents for muscle
body through breaks Uncontrollable spasms not spasm prevention
in the skin — usually of the jaw, called generally diagnose and work by
cuts or puncture lockjaw, and neck d through enhancing gamma-
wounds caused by muscles. laboratory tests. aminobutyric acid
contaminated objects. Painful, involuntary However, your (GABA) inhibition.
contraction of other doctor may still
muscles. perform lab tests Diazepam is
to help rule out the most frequently
diseases with studied and used
similar symptoms. drug.

Neonatal Clostridium TeNT 4 to 14 days. Since the neonatal The first sign of The Antibiotics.
Tetanus Tetani tetanus is for newborn tetanus in a neonate is differential diagnos Intravenous
babies, the usually an inability to is of neonatal penicillin and
transmission will from suck or breastfeed and tetanus includes metronidazole are
 the mother who has excessive crying. birth asphyxia, first-line treatments i
the infection. Characteristic features hypoglycaemia, n both maternal
of tetanus hypocalcaemic and neonatal
are trismus (lockjaw, tetany, and tetanus.
or inability to open the seizures. Few Parenteral antitoxin.
mouth), risus conditions truly Antitoxin reduces
sardonicus (forced grin mimic generalised mortality.
and raised eyebrows) maternal tetanus. Intrathecal antitoxin
and opisthotonus . Symptom control
(backward arching of and supportive care.
the spine). Magnesium.

Botulism Clostridium BoNT The incubation period Botulism is Difficulty swallowing Analysis of blood, Antitoxins: The
botulinum for foodborne botulis not transmitted from or speaking. stool or vomit for main treatment for b
m can range from two person to Dry mouth. evidence of the otulism is
hours to eight days person. Botulism devel Facial weakness on toxin may help a medication called
after ingestion, ops if a person ingests both sides of the face. confirm an infant an antitoxin. It
depending on the dose the toxin (or rarely, if Blurred or double or interferes with the
of the bacteria or the toxin is inhaled or vision. foodborne botulis toxin your
the toxin. injected) or if the Drooping eyelids. m diagnosis. But bloodstream.
organism grows in the Trouble breathing. because these tests This medication can
The average intestines or wounds Nausea, vomiting and may take days, the often help stop
incubation period is and toxin is released. abdominal cramps. doctor exam is the symptoms from
12–72 hours after Food-borne botulism i Paralysis. main way getting worse.
ingestion. Patients s spread by consuming to diagnose
with botulism typically food contaminated botulism. Antibiotics:
present with difficulty with Sometimes these
speaking, seeing the botulism toxin or may work if your
and/or swallowing. spores. case is
wound botulism.
Listeriosis Listeria Listeriosis 1 to 90 days for Listeria can be spread Headache. Listeriosis For minor infections,
Mono- Disease illnesses. to people by several Stiff neck. is diagnosed by medication might
cytogenes different methods. Confusion or changes culturing and not be required.
Eating food in alertness. isolating Listeria For more serious
contaminated with the Loss of balance. monocytogenes fro cases of
bacteria, such as Convulsions. m stool, listeriosis, antibiotics
through raw cerebrospinal fluid, are the most
(unpasteurized) milk blood, amniotic common treatment
 or contaminated fluid, or the choice; ampicillin can
vegetables, is often a placenta. be used alone or in
source for cases. conjunction with
A another antibiotic
The bacteria may be presumptive diagn (often gentamicin).
passed from mother osis of listeriosis
to fetus during can be made based If septicemia or
pregnancy or directly on the meningitis occur, the
to the newborn at the patient's symptoms  individual will be
time of birth. in the setting of given intravenous
exposure to antibiotics and
contaminated food require up to 6
during a listeriosis weeks of care and
outbreak. treatment.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ACELLULAR INFECTIONS OF CNS

AGENT DISEASE INCUBATION MODE OF SIGNS DIAGNOSTICS TREATMENT
PERIOD TRANSMISSION AND (MEDICAL AND
OR SYMPTOMS PREVENTIVE
PERIOD OF (SPECIAL TREATMENT
COMMUNICABILITY FEATURES) [VACCINES])

Arboviral Eastern Eastern Equine 4 to 10 days. It is spread by the bite High fever. Health care Anticonvulsants for
encephalitis Equine Encephalitis of a mosquito infected Headache. providers diagnose seizures.
Encephalitis with EEE virus (EEEV). Tiredness. EEE based on the Respirator for
Virus (EEEV) EEEV can also infect a Nausea/vomiting. patient's clinical breathing problems.
wide range of animals Neck stiffness. symptoms and Pain relievers for
including mammals, laboratory headache, fever or
birds, reptiles, and diagnosis by testing body ache.
 amphibians. The blood or spinal Sedatives for
spread of EEEV to fluids, which will irritability or
mammals (including show if the virus restlessness.
humans and horses) or antibodies again Corticosteroids for
occurs through the st the virus are brain swelling.
bite of infected present in the
mosquitoes that feed person.
on both birds and
mammals.

Western Western 5 to 14 days. The virus Headache. The presence of Anti-consulvants:

Equine Equine is transmitted to High fever. IgM antibody Phenytoin (Delantin)
Encephalitis Encephalitis people and horses by Neck stiffness. correlates with – inhibits the spread
(WEE) bites from infected Confusion. acute infection and of seizure activity.
mosquitoes (Culex Coma. can be detected
tarsalis and Aedes Shaking. within 1 to 3 weeks Diazepam (Valium) -
taeniorhynchus) and Seizures and/or from the onset of depresses all levels
birds during wet, paralysis. symptoms.  of the CNS.
summer months.
Corticosteroids:
Dexamethasone
(Baycadron) -
decreases
inflammation by
suppressing the
migration of
polymorphonuclear
leukocytes and
reducing capillary
permeability.

Methylprednisolone
(Solu-Medrol,
Medrol, Depo-
Medrol) - decreases
inflammation by
suppressing the
migration of
 polymorphonuclear
leukocytes and
reducing capillary
permeability.

Anti-viral agents:
Acyclovir (Zovirax) -
used for peripheral
and systemic
manifestations of
acute viral illness.

Anti-pyretics:
Acetaminophen -
inhibits the action of
endogenous
pyrogens on heat-
regulating centers.

St. Louis St. Louis 5 to 15 days. SLEV is transmitted to Onset of illness is Preliminary No vaccine against
Encephalitis Encephalitis humans through the usually abrupt, with diagnosis is often SLEV infection or
Virus (SLEV) (SLE) bite of an infected fever, headache, based on the specific antiviral
mosquito. Mosquitoes dizziness, nausea, and patient’s clinical treatment for clinical
from the genus Culex malaise. Signs and features, places SLEV infections is
contract the virus symptoms intensify and dates of travel available. Patients
when feeding on over a period of (if patient is from a with suspected SLE
infected birds, and several days to a non-endemic should be evaluated
then pass the virus to week. country or area), by a healthcare
humans. activities, and provider,
Some patients epidemiologic appropriate serologic
spontaneously recover history of the and other diagnostic
after this period; location where tests ordered, and
others develop signs infection occurred. supportive
of central nervous treatment provided.
system infections, Laboratory
including stiff neck, diagnosis of
confusion, arboviral infections
disorientation, is generally
 dizziness, tremors and accomplished by
unsteadiness. testing of serum or
cerebrospinal fluid
Coma can develop in (CSF) to detect
severe cases. The virus-specific IgM
disease is generally and neutralizing
milder in children than antibodies.
in older adults.
In fatal cases,
nucleic acid
amplification,
histopathology
with
immunohistochemi
stry and virus
culture of autopsy
tissues can also be
useful. Only a few
state laboratories
or other specialized
laboratories,
including those at
CDC, are capable of
doing this
specialized testing.

Japanese Japanese 5 to 15 days. JEV is transmitted to Headache. Laboratory diagnos There is no

encephalitis Encephalitis humans through the High fever. is of JE is generally treatment
virus (JEV) bite of an infected Temors. accomplished by or cure for Japanese
mosquito, primarily Nausea. testing of serum or encephalitis. Once a
Culex species. In Asia, Vomiting. cerebrospinal fluid person has the
the rice-field breeding Stiff neck. (CSF) to detect disease,
mosquitoes, mainly C. Spastic paralysis. virus-specific IgM treatment can only
tritaeniorhynchus, antibodies. relieve the
usually transmit JEV. symptoms.
JE virus IgM Antibiotics are not
antibodies are effective against
 usually detectable viruses, and effective
3 to 8 days after anti-viral drugs are
onset of illness and available. Prevention
persist for 30 to 90 is the best form of
days, but longer treatment
persistence has for Japanese
been documented. encephalitis.

West Nile West Nile Most West Nile virus Typically, West Common signs and Diagnosis is made There is no
virus (WNV) Encephalitis infections occur during Nile virus spreads to symptoms include: based on specific treatment fo
(WNE) warm weather, when humans and animals Fever. the symptoms and r the cause of West
mosquitos are active. via infected Headache. in most cases can Nile virus encephaliti
The incubation period mosquitoes. Body aches. be confirmed by s. Treatment, in most
— the period between Mosquitoes become Vomiting. urine, blood or cases, consists
when you're bitten by infected when they Diarrhea. spinal fluid tests. of treating the
an infected mosquito feed on infected birds. Fatigue. Until recently brain complications of the
and the appearance of You can't get infected Skin rash. problems disease such as high
signs and symptoms of from casual contact after West fever and aches, low
the illness — ranges with an infected Signs and symptoms Nile infection were blood pressure,
from two to 14 days. person or animal. of neurological thought to be rare, blood loss,
Most West Nile virus infections include: however, in recent convulsions (fits), or
infections occur during High fever years the virus is raised pressure
warm weather, when Severe headache causing different within the skull.
mosquitos are active. Stiff neck types of disease.
Disorientation or
confusion
Stupor or coma
Tremors or muscle
jerking
Seizures
Partial paralysis or
muscle weakness

Zika Virus Zika Virus 3 to 12 days. During the first week Fever. To diagnose Zika, a There is no specific
Infection of infection, Zika virus Rash. doctor or other medicine or vaccine
can be found in Headache. healthcare provider for Zika virus.
the blood Joint pain. will ask about any However, there are
 and passed from an Conjunctivitis (red recent travel and things that make
infected person to eyes). any signs and yourself well: Get
another mosquito Muscle pain. symptoms. They plenty of rest.
through mosquito may order blood or Drink fluids to
bites. An infected urine tests to help prevent dehydration.
mosquito can then spr determine if you Take medicine such
ead the virus to other have Zika. as acetaminophen
people. Zika (Tylenol®) to reduce
can be passed through fever and pain.
sex from a person who Do not take aspirin
has Zika to his or her and other non-
partners. steroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs
(NSAIDS) until
dengue can be ruled
out to reduce the
risk of bleeding.
If you are taking
medicine for another
medical condition,
talk to your
healthcare provider
before taking
additional
medication.

Rabies Rabies Virus Rabies Disease The incubation The virus is spread Irritability or Tests are Treatment for
(RV) period of rabies in through the saliva of aggressiveness. performed on people bitten by
humans is generally infected animals. Excessive movements samples of saliva, animals with rabies
20–60 days. However, Infected animals can or agitation. serum, spinal fluid, Rabies shots include:
fulminant disease can spread the virus by Confusion, bizarre or and skin biopsies of A fast-acting shot
become symptomatic biting another animal strange thoughts, or hair follicles at the (rabies immune
within 5–6 days or a person. In rare hallucinations. nape of the neck. globulin) to prevent
cases, rabies can be Muscle spasms and Saliva can the virus from
spread when infected unusual postures. be tested by virus infecting you. Part of
saliva gets into an Seizures (convulsions). isolation or reverse this injection is given
open wound or the Weakness or paralysis transcription near the area where
mucous membranes, (when a person followed by the animal bit you if
 such as the mouth or cannot move some polymerase chain possible, as soon as
eyes. part of the body). reaction (RT-PCR). possible after the
Serum and spinal bite.
fluid are tested for
antibodies Amoxicillin/clavulana
to rabies virus. te is the first-line
prophylactic antibioti
c. The need
for rabies prophylaxi
s should be
addressed with any
animal bite because
even domestic
animals are often
unvaccinated.
Postexposure rabies 
prophylaxis consists
of immune globulin
at presentation and
vaccination on days
0, 3, 7, and 14.
Polio Poliovirus Poliomyelitis The incubation period Wild poliovirus is Non-paralytic polio Doctors often Once the virus that
(polio) for nonparalytic spread through faeces symptoms: recognize polio by causes polio has
poliomyelitis is 3-6 and saliva. It is Fever. symptoms, such as infected a person,
days. For the onset primarily transmitted t Sore throat. neck and back there is no
of paralysis in paralytic  hrough faecal–oral Headache. stiffness, abnormal treatment that will
poliomyelitis, the spread and is an Vomiting. reflexes, and cure polio. Early
incubation period important Fatigue. difficulty diagnosis and
usually is 7 to 21 days. consideration where Back and neck pain. swallowing and supportive
sanitation is poor. Arm and leg stiffness. breathing. To treatments such
The response to 'Live' Muscle tenderness confirm as bed rest, pain
poliovirus infection is oral polio vaccine and spasms. the diagnosis, a control, good
highly variable and has (OPV) virus can be sample of throat nutrition, and
been categorized on shed in the faeces for Paralytic polio secretions, stool or physical therapy to
the basis of the 6 weeks and may lead symptoms: a colorless fluid prevent deformities
severity of clinical to infection in Aloss of muscle that surrounds from occurring over
presentation. unvaccinated reflexes. your brain and time can help reduce
contacts. Severe muscle pain spinal cord the long-term
 and spasms. (cerebrospinal symptoms due to
Loose or floppy limbs fluid) is checked muscle loss.
that are often worse for poliovirus.
on one side of the
body.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FUNGAL ANG PARASITIC INFECTIONS

AGENT DISEASE INCUBATION MODE OF SIGNS DIAGNOSTICS TREATMENT
PERIOD TRANSMISSION AND (MEDICAL AND
OR SYMPTOMS PREVENTIVE
PERIOD OF (SPECIAL TREATMENT
COMMUNICABILITY FEATURES) [VACCINES])

Cryptococcosis Crypto-- Cryptococcal Because of the non- Fungal meningitis is Headache. A doctor will Anti-fungal Drugs:
coccus Meningitis specific symptoms and not spread from Nausea and vomiting. diagnose Amphotericin B.
Neoformans Disease the rarity of the person to person. Fatigue. cryptococcal Fluconazole.
infection, a delayed Instead, an individual Confusion or meningitis by Itraconazole.
diagnosis is frequent acquires cryptococcal hallucinations. assessing Flucytosine.
(mean 50 meningitis when they Personality changes. someone’s
days). Incubation inhale soil particles Sensitivity to light. symptoms and Doctors often use a
period is shorter than contaminated by bird Fever. medical history. If a combination of
C. neoformans, with a droppings. Stiff neck. doctor suspects a amphotericin B and
median time of 6 The fungus first infects Blurred vision. person has fluconazole. These
months (extremes 2 the body, and then the Fluid on the brain. cryptococcal drugs may be
weeks-2 years). infection spreads to Coma. meningitis, they administered
the Central Nervous Hearing loss. will order a spinal intravenously,
System, resulting in tap to confirm the usually for a long
cryptococcal diagnosis. time.
meningitis.
 During a spinal tap, A person will be
a doctor will insert carefully monitored
a needle into the during treatment, as
person’s spinal both of these drugs
column, just above can have serious side
their hips, to effects, including
extract spinal fluid. kidney damage.

The fluid will be Once a person’s

examined for signs spinal fluid shows no
of infection and to signs of cryptococcal
see if cryptococcus meningitis, a doctor
is the cause of the will likely adjust their
infection. medications and
A doctor may order stop using
blood tests in amphotericin B, to
addition to doing a reduce the risk of
spinal tap. kidney problems.

In some people with

cryptococcal
meningitis, a doctor
may also
recommend draining
some of the spinal
fluid. Doing this
reduces the pressure
on the brain.

Amoebic Naegleria Primary After exposure to a Naegleria Frontal headache, The characteristics Amphotericin B is an
Meningitis Fowleri Amoebic contaminated water fowleri infects people Fever, of the presentation intravenous (IV) drug
Meningoencep source, symptoms of when warm Nausea and vomiting, may be nonspecific usually used
halitis (PAM) PAM develop within 2- freshwater, containing and at first, leading for fungal infections.
12 days of exposure, amebae, forcefully Stiffness of the neck clinicians to
usually within 1 week enters the nose. This (unable to touch the suspect more Other antifungal
(incubation period). can occur through chin to the chest). common diseases drugs that have
water-related Seizures, such as bacterial or shown success
activities, including Confusion or loss of viral meningitis. include fluconazole 
recreational swimming attention to or micronazole;
, jumping, or diving. surroundings, Routine tests may these may be given
Sports like water Hallucinations, show a high blood via IV and
skiing or tubing behind Coma, and white cell count, intrathecally.
a boat are a risk. Death. but brain scan may Antibiotics that
be normal. kill Naegleria include 
azithromycin (Zithro
It is important not max, Zmax, AzaSite)
to delay a spinal and rifampin
tap if at all possible (Rifadin) and are
while waiting for a given via IV, as well.
brain scan. If
performed early,
the spinal fluid may
not suggest serious
infection, and some
victims were sent
home from the
emergency room,
only to return with
worsening disease.
If suspicion is high,
the spinal tap
should be repeated
in 8-12 hours.

Spinal fluid reflects

inflammation with
elevated levels of
white blood cells
and Red Blood
Cells.

Routine Gram
staining does not
detect the ameba,
however, it may be
seen on the routine
 Wright-Giemsa
stain that is
performed for the
cell count. 

A wet mount of
fresh spinal fluid
must be performed
immediately to
look for the moving
amebae under the
microscope. The
ameba do not
move unless the
fluid is warmed.
They will also move
if a drop of distilled
water is added to
spinal fluid on the
slide.

They will also move

if a drop of distilled
water is added to
spinal fluid on the
slide.

Granulomatous Acanthamoe Granuloma- Granulomatous The ameba is found It usually occurs in Early diagnosis is Treatment of Granul
Amoebic ba, tous Amoebic Amebic Encephalitis worldwide in the people with a essential for omatous Amebic
Meningoencep Balamuthia Encephalitis (GAE) is unknown environment in water weakened immune effective treatment Encephalitis in
halitis and Sappinia (GAE) although, in and soil. The ameba system or generally of Acanthamoeba k immunocompromise
pedata disseminated can be spread to the poor health. eratitis. The d hosts can be
infections with eyes through contact infection is usually particularly
preceding cutaneous lens use, cuts, or skin The amebas probably diagnosed by an challenging;
involvement, a few wounds or by being enter through the skin eye specialist however, treatment 
weeks to about 2 inhaled into the lungs. or lungs and spread to based on success has been
years may elapse Most people will be the brain through the symptoms, growth reported with
between the exposed to bloodstream. of the ameba from combination therapy
 appearance of skin Acanthamoeba during Symptoms of granulo a scraping of the using fluconazole,
lesions and the their lifetime, but very matous amebic eye, and/or seeing pyrimethamine, and
recognition of central few will become sick encephalitis begin the ameba by a sulfadiazine along
nervous system (CNS) from this exposure. gradually and include process called with surgical
disease  confusion, headache, confocal resection of the CNS
blurred vision, microscopy. lesion.
seizures, and skin
sores. Tests useful in the
diagnosis of GAE
include brain scans,
biopsies, or spinal
taps. In
disseminated
disease, biopsy of
the involved sites
(e.g., skin, sinuses)
can be useful in
diagnosis.

Human African Trypano- East African The first clinical  A person will get Fever, severe Diagnosis requires Sleeping sickness is
Trypanoso- soma brucei Trypanosomia manifestation East African headaches, irritability, confirming the notoriously difficult
miasis Gambiense sis (EAT). of African trypanosomiasis if he extreme presence of the to treat considering
(TbG) trypanosomiasis occur or she is bitten by a fatigue, swollen lymph parasite in any the toxicity and
and Trypano West African s a few days after tsetse fly infected with nodes, and aching body fluid, usually complex
soma brucei Trypanosomia infection as a chancre the Trypanosoma bruc muscles and joints are in the blood and administration of the
Rhodesiense sis (WAT) at the site of tsetse fly ei rhodesiense common symptoms of lymph system. drugs currently
(TbR) inoculation. parasite. The sleeping sickness. Early diagnosis is available for
proportion of tsetse Some people develop difficult because of treatment.
Incubation period for flies that are infected a skin rash. the lack of specific Furthermore,
T.b. rhodesiense may with this parasite is Progressive confusion, signs or symptoms parasite resistance
be two to three low. The tsetse fly is personality changes, in the first stage of to existing drugs is
weeks, while found only in and other neurologic the disease and always a risk.
the incubation rural Africa. problems occur after also because of the
period for the infection has invaded lack of sensitivity of Only four drugs are
Gambian species may the central nervous the parasitological registered for the
last several weeks to system. methods available. treatment of human
months. African
Initially, trypanosomiasis:
trypanosomes pentamidine,
disseminate and suramin,
proliferate in melarsoprol and
lymph, blood and eflornithine. A fifth
other tissues. This drug, nifurtimox, is
haemo-lymphatic used in combination
period, which is the under special
first or early stage, authorizations.
evolves into a However, none of
second or them are anodyne as
meningo- all have a certain
encephalitic stage, level of toxicity.
in which Pentamidine and
trypanosomes suramin are used in
invade the central the first or early
nervous system stage
(CNS). Progression of T.b.gambiense an
into the second d T.b.
stage occurs after a rhodesiense infectio
mean of 300–500 ns respectively.
days
in gambiense HAT, Eflornithine can be
while used in monotherapy
in rhodesiense HAT but only in the
brain invasion is second stage
estimated to take of T.b.gambiense inf
place after 3 weeks ection since it has
to 2 months of been found not to be
infection. For both effective against the
forms of the disease due to T.b
disease, stage is rhodesiense.
determined by
examination of the Melarsoprol is the
cerebrospinal fluid only treatment
(CSF). available for late
stage of T.b.
Lumbar puncture rhodesiense, being
 for staging is also used as second
usually performed line drug for the
immediately after second or advanced
parasitological stage of T. b.
diagnosis of gambiense infections
trypanosome .
infection or when
indications of
infection are
present that justify
this relatively
invasive
intervention
The disease stage is
defined from the
number of white
blood cells (WBCs)
in the CSF and the
presence of
trypanosomes.

Neurotoxo- Toxoplasma Toxoplasmosis The incubation Toxoplasma can A fever, The diagnosis of to Pyrimethamine plus

plasmosis Gondii period for T. gondii be transmitted to swollen lymph nodes, xoplasmosis is sulfadiazine,
infection ranges from humans by three especially in the neck typically made by trimethoprim plus
10 to 23 days after the principal routes: a headache serologic testing. A sulfamethoxazole,
ingestion of muscle aches and test that measures clindamycin plus
undercooked meat a) ingestion of raw or pains, immunoglobulin G pyrimethamine,2
and from five to 20 inadequately cooked sore throat. (IgG) is used to and clarithromycin
days after the infected meat; determine if a plus pyrimethamine
ingestion of oocysts Brain inflammation, person has been are used
from cat feces. b) ingestion of causing headaches, infected. to treat cerebral tox
oocysts, an seizures, confusion oplasmosis.
environmentally and coma. Diagnosis can also Clindamycin plus
resistant form of the a lung infection, be made by direct pyrimethamine is
organism that cats causing cough, fever, observation of the principally used in
pass in their feces, and shortness of parasite in stained patients who do not
with exposure breath tissue sections, tolerate
of humans occurring an eye infection, cerebrospinal fluid sulfonamides.
 through exposure to causing blurry vision (CSF), or other
cat litter or soil (e.g., and eye pain. biopsy material.
from gardening or
unwashed fruits or
vegetables);

c) a newly infected
pregnant woman
passing the infection
to her unborn fetus.

Neurocysti- Taenia Cysticercosis The median incubation The cause of Nausea and vomiting,  The diagnosis of Symptomatic
cercosis Solium Or Pork period for cysticercosis  human cysticercosis is Abdominal pain, neurocysticercosis  therapy
Tapeworm is estimated to be the egg form of Taenia Headache, usually requires for neurocysticercosi
Infection about 3.5 years and solium (often Lethargy, MRI or CT brain s should be the focus
can range from 10 abbreviated as T. Confusion, scans. Blood tests of initial and
days to 10 years. A solium and also called Vision changes, may be useful to emergency
person who has pork tapeworm), Balance problems, help diagnose an management, as
consumed T. solium which Weakness or infection, but they follows:
eggs may go for years is transmitted through numbness, may not always be Antiepileptic drug
without having any the oral-fecal route. Seizure. positive in light therapy in patients
symptoms of infection. Eggs are accidentally infections. If you presenting with
ingested from have seizures. Anti-
contaminated water been diagnosed wit inflammatory drugs
or vegetables. The h cysticercosis, you such as
eggs enter the and your family corticosteroids and
intestine where they members should methotrexate in
develop into larvae. be tested for patients with
intestinal cerebral edema or
tapeworm vasculitis. Shunt
infection. surgery for
hydrocephalus.