INTRODUCTION TO

ANATOMY

Associate Professor
Ph. D. Nikolaev Ilya Ivanovich
Turn off mobile communications in
lectures and practical classes
 Why should a doctor study
human anatomy?

• ANATOMY -
(from Greek.
ana – equally and tomy – cut)
 Development of anatomy
• The anatomy origins go deep into antiquity.
In ancient people, information about the
structure of animals and humans were
formed from random observations during
sacrifices, hunting, cooking, etc
• In ancient Egypt, corpses were embalmed.
• In Ancient Greece, valuable data on anatomy
were obtained. The ancient Greeks had the
merit of creating anatomical terminology.
 Development of anatomy
• Hippocrates – (460-377 BC) described
some bones of the skull, connecting them
through sutures, the chicken`s develop-
ment. He believed, that the organism
basis comprises four "juice": blood,
mucus, bile and black bile. The tempe-
rament of person as one of the manifes-
tations of his mental activity is due to the
state of the juices of the body, i.e. matter.
This was the Hippocrates materialism
• the study of
the human
body - the
Medicine
Foundation

Hippocrates
 Development of anatomy
• Aristotle - (384-322 BC) - the great Greek
physician and anatomist left numerous
works in which he outlined the process of
intrauterine development and
systematized about 500 species of
animals; described a number of cranial
nerves (visual, olfactory, etc.), vessels of
the placenta and yolk sac, distinguished
nerves from tendons, etc.
 Development of anatomy
• Herophilus – (born in 304 BC)
distinguished anatomy as an independent
science; described the brain membranes,
venous sinuses, brain ventricles and
vascular plexus, duodenum, prostate
(prostate gland), etc.
• Leonardo da Vinci - (1452-1519) the
founder of plastic anatomy, dissected
corpses and correctly depicted in
drawings the organs of the human body
(more than 200 drawings in 13 volumes).
 Development of anatomy
• Andrew Vesalius – (1514-1564) in 1543:
“about structure of the human body in
seven books"; this work does not repeat
the instructions and opinions of ancient
authorities, and is based on the work of a
free exploring mind (I.P. Pavlov)
• Pirogov Nikolai Ivanovich - (1810-1881)
founder of topographic and surgical
anatomy in Russia
 Pirogov N. I. works
• Annals of the surgical clinic -1836
• Surgical anatomy of arterial trunks and fascia
- 1840
• Full course of applied anatomy of the human
body with drawings - 1843-48
• Osteoplastic elongation of the shin bones in
the exfoliation of the foot - 1854
 ANATOMY-

the science that studies the shape and

structure of the human body (and its
constituent organs and systems) and
explores the laws of this structure in
connection with the function and
environment of the body
 Histology - the science of studing
the laws of structure and development
of tissues (histos- Greek. - tissue)

Cytology - the science of

investigating the laws of structure,
development and activity of various
cells that make up tissues and organs
(cytos- Greek. – cell)
 Embryology - the science of
studying various aspects of the embryo
development, as well as the study of the
development of functional, physiological
and biochemical processes that take
place in the development of an individual
organism
 MORPHOLOGY

(from Greek. morphế - shape, form,

image)

is the science of the shape and

structure of an organism with regard
to its function and history
 Tasks of modern human
anatomy
1.Description of the structure, shape,
position of organs and their
relationships, taking into account age,
sex and individual characteristics of the
human body
2.Study of interdependence of structure
and form of organs with their functions
3.Elucidation of the bodybuilding laws
as a whole and its constituent parts
 Methods of human anatomy
studying

• Only on cadaver material

• How on cadaver and on a living
organism
• Only on a living organism
Methods of human anatomy
studying

• radiological
• x-ray tomography
• computed tomography
• nuclear magnetic resonance
• ultrasonic
 Anatomy

• Normal - studying a healthy human

body

• Pathological - studying structural

changes in the body due to disease
Normal anatomy is subdivided

• systematic
• topographic
• plastic
• dynamic
• sport
• aging
• typical
• projective
 Human body
• (from Greek. organizo – arrange,
misleading slender appearance)
• historically formed, constantly
changing system, which has its own
special structure and development,
capable of metabolism with the
environment, growth and
reproduction
SYSTEM (Greek. systema)
- a whole composed of parts,
connected

The system is a set of elements that

interact in the "recognition" signal
supersystem
 Organization of the
living system by levels
• subcellular
• cellular
• tissue
• structural and functional
units
• organ
• systems of organs
• organismic
Tissue is a historically developed
system of cells and their derivatives
with specific morphophysiological and
biochemical properties
Structural and functional unit -

a minimal, evolutionarily
integrated, multi-tissue subsystem
that provides organ specificity and
adaptive interactions
An organ is an integral formation that
has its own form, structure, function,
development and position in the body
System of organs –

a collection of homogeneous organs

similar in their general structure,
function and development
There are 4 types of tissues in
the human body

• epithelial (epithelium)
• connective
• muscular
• nervous
Factors of organs and systems
formation
1. Hereditary factor

acts in the initial period, determines

the bookmark and development of
certain cells, tissues, organs,
systems. As the number of cells
increases, their interaction with each
other is added
2. The factor of system elements
interaction

is modeling in the period of

manifestation of bodies and systems
functions
3. Neurohumoral effects

Initially, the regulatory role belongs to

the humoral environment, then the
nervous system joins, with age the role
of neurohumoral influence increases
Formation factors are divided
into main and secondary
The main factor is the root cause of the
formation and its action is specific.
When responding to it, the body has a
historically (genetically) developed
program of action. It promotes the
growth and differentiation of organs,
systems and the body as a whole.
• growth is determined by the
quantitative side of the factor

• differentiation is its qualitative

feature
The most importent age periods can
be identified in the process of
organism growth and development,
which are characterized by relatively
stable results of growth and
differentiation
 Ontogenesis

(from Greek. on- genus, ontos–

things and -genếs – born) – the
process of the individual
development
 Phylogenesis

• (from Greek. phýlon – tribe, genus and

…genesis) –
the process of historical development of
organisms signs from their origin to the
present state
 Age periodization of human
ontogenesis
• postnatalis:
• neonatalis (the first month of life)
• thoracic (first year of life)
• period of milk teeth (from 1 to 7 years):
– early childhood (from 1 to 3 years)
– later childhood (3 to 7 years)
• adolescence (bisexual) (7 to 15 years)
 Age periodization of human
ontogenesis
• postnatalis:
• youth (juvenilitas, pubertalis)
- from 15 to 23 years - ♂
- from 13 to 18 years - ♀
• adult body:
• virilitas (25-44) – mature
• maturatus (45-59) – middle-aged
• geron (60-74) elderly
• senilitas (75-89) – senile
• survivor (90 or more)
The basic principles manifested
in the structure of the human
body
• Polarity - the presence of two differently
differentiated ends of the body or poles
• Double-sided symmetry - both halves of
the body are similar
• Segmental, or metamemory - division of
a particular part of the body into
segments (metamery)
• Correlation - a natural relationship
between the individual parts of the body
Norma (from Greek. norma - rule, pattern)
– is a condition of the body when its
morphological organization provides
physiological stability (homeostasis) and
health conditions.
The norm assumes a certain range of
fluctuations of morphological and
physiological parameters
• The normal range may vary in different
age periods and in different States
(Greek. variatio - change)

• Option – one of the states of the norm

Anomaly (Greek. anõmalía) is a
condition of an organ or its parts that
forces the body to overstrain all
other systems for its correction,
which often allows the body to move
to a new level of life or leads to its
death
Ugliness (from Greek. teras, tératos
– monster, monster), usually
incompatible with life.
The organism can adapt to certain
forms of deformities
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