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Optics - 2020 10 22 - B2 AMSN&EPE
Optics - 2020 10 22 - B2 AMSN&EPE
10/2020
1
Lectures
3
Gaussian beam
(Ñ + k )E(x, y, z) = 0
2 2 (1)
- Assuming that the light propagate along the z axis write E(x, y, z) in the form:
ikz
( k ) E { 2ik
2 2
}e 0
2
(3)
z 4
Gaussian beam
¶2y ¶y
<< 2k (4)
¶z 2
¶z
- And the variation of propagation is slow on the scale of transverse extent of the
wave:
¶2y ¶2y ¶2y
<< 2 , 2
¶z 2
¶x ¶y
The Helmholtz equation can be written as:
2
¶y ¶y 2
¶y
+ 2 - 2ik =0 (5)
¶x 2
¶y ¶z
Or it can be written as:
( 2ik ) ( x, y, z ) 0
2
Paraxial wave equation (6)
z
T
Where ÑT2 = ¶2 / ¶x 2 +¶2 / ¶y2is the transverse part of the Laplacian operator
5
Gaussian beam
kr 2
y0 µ exp{-i[P(z) + ]} (8)
2q(z)
Where: q(z) is complex beam radius
P(z) is the phase shift
And
¶y0 kr
= -i y0 (10)
¶r q(z)
1 ¶ ¶y 0 1 ¶ kr 2
(r )= {-i y0 }
r ¶r ¶r r ¶r q(z)
2k kr ¶y 0
= -i y0 - i
q(z) q(z) ¶r
k 2r 2 2k
= {- 2 - i }y 0 (11)
q (z) q(z)
- The paraxial equation becomes:
k 2r 2 2k dP(z) k 2 r 2 dq(z)
{- 2 - i }y0 + {-2k + 2 }y0 = 0
q (z) q(z) dz q (z) dz
or
k 2 dq(z) dP(z) i 0
{ 2 [ -1]r - 2k[
2
+ ]r } = 0 (12)
q (z) dz dz q(z)
7
Gaussian beam
- The equation has to hold for all value of r we can separate the coefficient of r2
and r0
dq(z)
=1 (13)
dz
dP(z) i
=- (14)
dz q(z)
q(z) = q0 + z (15)
Where q0 is the value of q at z = 0
- Because of a beam has most of its energy concentrated near the beam center (r
close to 0) and gradually decaying in amplitude q0 can not be a real number (if q0
is real the beam has the infinite energy!!!)
Assume q(z) is complex. In (15), z is real q0 = izR is imaginary. We have:
q(z) = izR + z (16) 8
Gaussian beam
dP(z) i i
=- =-
dz q(z) z + izR
z
dz'
iP(z) = ò z'+ izR
0
z z (19)
= ln(z'+ izR ) 0 = ln[1- i ]
zR 9
Gaussian beam
- We use the fact that we can represent a complex number by its amplitude and
phase. So,
æzö æ z ö 1/2 æ ö
2
-1 z
1- i ç ÷ = [1+ ç ÷ ] exp[-i tan ç ÷] (20)
è zR ø è zR ø è zR ø
and
æzö
exp{-iP(z)} = exp{-ln[1- i ç ÷]}
è zR ø
æ z ö -1 æ z ö -1/2 æzö
2
-1 (21)
= [1- i ç ÷] = [1+ ç ÷ ] exp[i tan ç ÷]
è zR ø è zR ø è zR ø
- The complete expression for the fundamental Gaussian beam is:
1 kzR r 2 kzr 2 æ ö
-1 z
E(x, y, z) = E0 exp[- 2 2 ]exp[-i 2 2 ]exp[i tan ç ÷]exp(-ikz)
[1+ (z / zR ) ]
2 1/2
2(z + zR ) 2(z + zR ) è zR ø
(22)
10
Gaussian beam
- If we define:
2zR l0 zR
w0 = = Beam waist or minimum spot size, ω0 (23)
k np
æzö
2
Beam parameters
æzö
f (z) = tan ç ÷
-1 Guoy phase shift, φ(z) (26)
è zR ø
- The fundamental Gaussian beam can be written as:
w0 r2 kr 2
E(x, y, z) = E0 exp[- 2 ]exp[-i ]exp{-i[kz - f (z)]} (27)
w (z) w (z) 2R(z) 11
Properties of Gaussian beam
- Equations (23) to (27) are used to determine the properties of the Gaussian beam
- Set the origin (z = 0) of Gaussian beam in a position where the phase front at the
origin having a radius of curvature from infinity R = ∞ the wave is like a plane
wave at the origin.
- At the origin, the spot size ω(z) of the Gaussian beam is called beam waist ω(0) = ω0
the beam waist is a special case of the spot size where R = ∞
- From (23), we have: p nw 02
zR = Rayleigh length (28)
l0 12
Properties of Gaussian beam
ω0 ω0
zR
Beam spreading:
- The Gaussian beam spot size (ω(z) ) can be simplified when z is far from the beam
waist.
æzö
2
w (z) = w 0 1+ ç ÷
è zR ø (30)
z
» w0 ( ) when z >> zR
zR
- Since the relation between ω and z becomes linear we can define a beam
spreading angle θ as:
w w0 l0
= = = tanq » q
z zR npw 0
- The beam spreading angle is: ω(z)
l0
q= (31)
2ω0
npw 0 ω0
θ 14
-zR zR
Properties of Gaussian beam
Radius of curvature:
- Electric field of the spherical wave with limited extent emitting from a point source
at z = 0 has the form:
1
E µ exp(-ikR) (32)
R Where R = (r2 + z2)1/2
- When z >> r, i.e R or z is far away from the point source
r 2 1/2 1 r2 1 r2
R = z(1+ 2 ) ~ z + ~ z+ (33)
z 2 z 2R
The electric field of a spherical wave close to the z axis varies in the following
manner:
1 kr 2
E µ exp(-ikz)exp(-i ) (34)
R 2R 15
Properties of Gaussian beam
- Comparing (34) to the second exponential term of the Gaussian beam the radius
of curvature R(z) describe how the wavefront of the Gaussian beam evolves at it
propagating along the z axis.
- The radius of curvature of an Gaussian beam is:
zR2
R(z) = z + (35)
z
- The value of R(z) can be discussion in three different regions:
16
Properties of Gaussian beam
Phase:
- From (27) the phase of Gaussian beam is:
kr 2
j (r, z) = kz - f (z) + (37)
2R(z)
- On the beam axis (r = 0) the phase:
z
j (0, z) = kz - f (z) = kz - tan ( ) -1
(38)
zR
(38) comprises 2 components
The first, kz, is the phase of a plane wave
The second, φ(z), represents a phase retardation
17
Properties of Gaussian beam
z
f = kz - tan ( ) -1
zR
and the phase velocity is:
wz wz c/n
vp = = =
f kz - tan -1 ( z ) 1- ( l0 )tan-1 ( z )
(39)
zR 2p nz zR 18
Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens
- When a Gaussian beam crosses the lens, its complex amplitude, given in (27), is
multiplied by the phase factor its wavefront bent but the beam radius is not
altered
- A Gaussian beam centered at z = 0 with a waist radius ω0 is transmitted through a thin
lens located at a distance z
The phase at the plane of the lens is (kz + kr2/2R – φ), where R = R(z) in (25) and φ =
φ(z) in (26).
The phase of the transmitted wave is altered to:
r 2
r 2
r 2
kz + k -f - = kz + k -f (40)
2R 2f 2R'
1 1 1
where = - (41)
R' R f
19
Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens
ω0 ω ω' ω0'
θ θ'
θ
zR z'R
w
w0 ' = (42)
[1+ (pw / l R') ]
2 2 1/2
R'
-z' = (43)
1+ (l R'/ pw 2 )2
The minus sign since the waist lies to the right of lens.
- Substituting (24), (25) into (42), (43) we obtain the relationship between parameters of
the two beams as follow:
21
Transmission of a Gaussian beam through a thin lens
(z'- f ) = M (z - f )
2
Waist location (45)
2q
2q ' = Divergence (47)
M
Mr zR f
M= with r = and M r = Magnification (48)
(1+ r )
2 1/2
z- f z- f
A 1mW He-Ne laser produces a Gaussian beam of wavelength λ = 633 nm and spot size
2ω0 = 0.1 mm.
a) Determine the angular divergence of the beam, its depth of focus and its diameter at
z = 3.5 x 105 km (approximately the distance to the moon)
b) What is the radius of curvature of the wavefront at z = 0, z = zR, and z = 2zR
23
Exercises 2
w
w0 = ω0 ω
[1+ (pw / l R) ]2 2 1/2
24