Philippine College of Health Sciences, Inc.

College of Medical Technology

Name: Monillo, Mariel Date & Time of Submission: 09/4/21 11:38 pm

Student Id No:

Quiz # 2
The Immune System

1. What are primary lymphoid organs and their functions? Draw each.

2. What are secondary lymphoid organs and their functions? Draw each.
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3.

4.

5. What are the surface markers on T and B cells and their functions?
B Lymphocytes
CD10 immature B cells
Cd19 characteristic surface marker of B cells (present on B cells from
earliest recognizable B- lineage cells during development to B- cell
blasts but is lost maturation to plasma cells)
CD20 on the surface of Ig- positive B- cells (expressed on all stages
of B cell development except the first and last; it is present form late
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pro B cells through memory cells, but not on either early pro- B cells
or plasma cells)
IgM, IgD- BCR
MHC gp II- Ag presenting molecules
CD 40 – costimulating receptor

Characteristic markers of T cells are their T cell receptor (TCR) and

a ubiquitous member of the TCR complex, CD3. They can further be
subsetted into two predominant types by the expression of other
surface molecules, CD4 (CD4+ or helper T cells) and CD8 (CD8+ or
cytotoxic T cells).

6. What are the stages in B-cell differentiation and the processes

involved?

B lymphopoiesis occurs throughout the lifetime of human and

rodents. Proliferation of ht precursor stages is a key element in
regulation of B cell production. Non-haematopoietic fibroblastic like
cells, called stromal cells, makes up the micro-environment that
controls commitment of stem cells into the B cell lineage and
numbers of lymphocytes produced per day. Stromal cells form a
reticular network of cell processes that contact millions of
haematopoietic precursors of all lineages. At early stages, the B cell
precursors (pre-proB cells) must interact physically with the stromal
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cells in order for proliferation and maturation to occur. Later stages

(late pro-B cells) merely need the soluble growth factors produced by
stromal cells. Stromal cells produce several necessary growth factors
and cell-cell adhesion molecules. One key growth factor for B
lymphopoiesis is interleukin-7. Mice that lack either interleukin-7 or
its receptor are vastly deficient in B cells and serum antibodies.

A. Antigen-Independent phase: this phase has several stages these

are: 1. Stem cell starts to rearrange its germ line V, D, J genes to
generate the gene for a heavy chain of the immunoglobulin. After
the rearrangement of these genes, the H chain of IgM (μ) is
Synthesized in the cytoplasm, and the presence of the major
histocompatibility class II (MHC II) is expressed on the cell
surface, the cell is called Pre-B cell. 2. Genes for the light (L)
chains are rearranged, and a complete light chain is synthesized.
This combines with the μ-chain to make a monomeric form of
IgM which is inserted into the cell’s membrane. This monomeric
surface IgM (sIgM) now acts as a receptor and permits the cell to
recognize and respond to pathogens. However, these B cells are
considered to be an immature B cells, and contact with antigen
leads to the shutdown or deletion of this clone, rather than
expansion and differentiation. 3. Next stage of maturation, a B cell
expresses both sIgM and sIgD receptors on its surface. δ Heavy
chain is combined with light chains to form sIgD receptor. This
cell is considered as a mature B cell (having both sIgM, and sIgD
receptors). At this stage the B cell is considered to be a mature B
cell and fully capable of responding to stimulation by specific
antigen.
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B. Antigen-Dependent phase: the stage in differentiation triggered

by specific antigen, with the help of the T-cell, the mature activated
B-cell is differentiated into plasma cell “antibody producing cell
(APCs), and resting mature memory B cell. APCs can make Ig class
switching, such as switching from IgM to IgG or IgA, or IgE under
the influence of T-cell factors. All these switched Igs will have same
specificity.

7. What are the stages in T-cell differentiation and the processes

involved?

A. Stage I (early) thymocytes. These thymocytes express Cd7 together

with jCD2 and Cd5. Proliferation markers such as the transferrin receptor
CD71 and CD38 (a marker common to all early haemopoietic precursors)
are also expressed at this stage. Note that none of the proliferation markers
are T lineagespecific. However, the commitment of early thymocytes to
become T cells is shown by the TCR β chain gene rearrangements, and by
expression of the TCR-associated complex (CD3) in the cytoplasm but not
on the membrane. B. Stage II (intermediate or common) thymocytes. These
account for around 85% of lymphoid cells in the thymus at any one time.
They are characterized by the appearance of additional surface markers
such as CD1, and by the coexpression of CD4 and CD8 on the same cell
(such as those called "double positives"). Genes encoding the TCR α chain
are rearranged in these intermediate thymocytes both chains of the αβ
receptor are expressed at low density on the cell surface in association with
polypeptides of the CD3-antigen complex. C. Stage III (mature) thymocyte.
These show major phenotypic changes namely loss of CD1, presence on the
cell membrane of CD3 associated with the high density αβ TCR, and the
distinction of two subsets of cells expressing either CD4 or CD8. The
majority of thymocytes at this stage lack CD38 and the transferrin
receptor, are virtually indistinguishable from mature, circulation T cells.
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All these express the receptor CD44, thought to be involved in migration

and homing to peripheral lymphoid tissues> Lselection also develops at
this time