2019 2nd International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Power Systems (ICHVEPS) - Bali - Indonesia

Partial Discharge Pattern Detected by New Design

Partial Discharge Sensors

Muhammad Sukri Habibi Daulay Umar Khayam

School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Institut Teknologi Bandung Institut Teknologi Bandung
Bandung, Indonesia Bandung, Indonesia
habibisukri@gmail.com umar@hv.ee.itb.ac.id

Abstract— This research discusses the design and testing of the
bowtie antenna as a partial discharge sensor (PD). In this design,
there are three types of bowtie antennas which are simulated with
high frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software with various
shapes and sizes, namely double layer bowtie antenna with edge
modification, doube layer bowtie antenna with middle slice
modification and single layer bowtie antenna with edge
modification . The three bowtie antennas are designed to get the
frequency of response according to the frequency of PD
appearance. The three of bowtie antenna is designed with
FR4_epoxy substrate which has dimensions of length and width of
the substrate is 160 mm and 54 mm, thickness of 1.6 mm which
then process the bowtie antenna will be implemented on printed
cicuit board (PCB) material. Antenna characteristics which
include return loss (RL), bandwidth and voltage standing wave
ratio (VSWR) will be seen from the results based on simulation
and measurement results using a vector network analyzer (VNA).
Testing of the three bowtie antennas is done using needle-plane
electrodes. Then the antenna is connected to the oscilloscope so
that the signal captured by the antenna can be detected. The
measurement of the three bowtie antennas was carried out at three
voltage levels namely 6 kV, 6.5 kV and 7 kV. So, it can be known
the PD pattern detected by new design antenna as PD sensor . It
can also be known sensitivity of the three antennas as the best in
detecting PD signals on each antenna with increasing voltage levels
that have been determined and reviewed from the side of the
antenna characteristic parameters obtained based on the
simulation results and antenna measurement results using VNA.
PD signals emitted in the form of energy such as impulse
currents, light, mechanical waves (acoustic), electromagnetic
waves, and heat [1-8]. This paper deals with bowtie antenna
sensors to detect PD signals in the form of electromagnetic
wave energy.
Some antennas that have been developed and applied to
detect PD in GIS such as loop antennas, dipoles, spirals,
plannars, bowties and others [8-18]. The antenna used generally
has the characteristics of ultra high frequency (UHF).
This research is focused on detecting PD patterns detected
by three bowtie antenna sensors, two of them are double layer
configurations and the other is single layer. Then the RC sensor
is used as a comparison. The PD signal is generated by applying
a high voltage to the needle electrode in the needle-plane
electrode system. PD pattern measurements carried out in this
research are with voltage levels of 6kV, 6.5kV and 7kV.
II. PD MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
A. Experimental Setup
In measuring PD patterns using a bowtie antenna sensor and
RC detector in this research, the experimental setup was
arranged as shown in Fig 1.

Keywords— partial discharge, bowtie antenna, HFSS

return loss, bandwidth, VSWR, VNA.

I. INTRODUCTION

Early signs of deterioration in the quality of isolation on

power apparatus such as transformers, power cables, GIS (gas
insulated switchgear), rotating machine that we can recognize
as partial discharges. This will have an impact on the damage
to the equipment itself and because of a decrease in the quality
of the isolation will also disrupt electricity supply. Some
sensors that can be used to detect PD signals are HFCT (high
frequency current transformer), RC detector, ultrasonic sensor,
infrared camera, and antennas so they can find out PD activities Fig. 1. Experimental setup
that are useful to know the indicators of good or bad conditions
on power apparatus.

978-1-7281-2669-2/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 029

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA. Downloaded on May 22,2020 at 23:28:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
B. Artificial PD Source Simulation and measurement results of antenna A, antenna B
and antenna C respectly will be shown in Table I, Table II and
Testing of RC detector sensor and bowtie antenna UHF
Table III.
sensor is done by detecting PD in the air (corona discharge).
The PD signal were generated by artificial PD source using a TABLE I. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS OF
needle-plane with separation of 10 mm. Where the test needle ANTENNA A
is connected to the high voltage system while the plane is
connected to the grounding system. The diameter of the needle Characteristic Antenna A
is 1 mm with the needle tip 3 μm and curvature angle of 300. Parameters
The needle-plane electrode model is shown in Fig 2. Simulation Measurement
RL1 (dB) -20,1 dB -23,4 dB
RL2 (dB) -36,7 dB -17,8 dB
RL3 (dB) - -23,9 dB
F1 (GHz) 0,69 GHz 0,63 GHz
F 2 (GHz) 1,64 GHz 0,82 GHz
F 3 (GHz) - 1,95 GHz
Bandwidth1 (MHz) 202 MHz 92 MHz
Bandwidth2 (MHz) 533 MHz 81 MHz
Bandwidth3 (MHz) - 695 MHz
Fig. 2. Needle-plane electrode VSWR1 1,21 1,14
VSWR2 1,02 1,29

C. PD Sensors VSWR3 - 1,13

PD pattern signal measurement using two methods namely

electric (RC detector) and non-electric method (UHF antenna). TABLE II. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS OF
RC detector sensor shown in Fig 3. ANTENNA B

Characteristic Antenna B
Parameters
Simulation Measurement
RL1 (dB) -19,7 dB -29,1 dB
RL2 (dB) -30,7 dB -14,2 dB
Fig. 3. RC detector sensor F 1 (GHz) 0,68 GHz 0,59 GHz

Then, the third bowtie antenna sensor namely double layer F 2 (GHz) 1,65 GHz 2,07 GHz
bowtie antenna with edge modification radius of 25 mm Bandwidth1 (MHz) 198 MHz 83 MHz
(antenna A), double layer bowtie antenna with middle sliced Bandwidth2 (MHz) 525 MHz 509 MHz
scale of 0.5 (antenna B) and single layer bowtie antenna with
edge modification radius of 25 mm (antenna C) is shown in Fig VSWR1 1,22 1,07
4. VSWR2 1,05 1,47

TABLE III. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULTS OF

ANTENNA C

Characteristic Antenna C
(a) antenna A (b) antenna B Parameters Simulation Measurement
RL (dB) -29,5 dB -11,5 dB
Frekuensi (GHz) 0,62 GHz 1,84 GHz
Bandwidth (MHz) 151 MHz 245 MHz
VSWR 1.06 1,76

(c) antenna C

Fig. 4. Bowtie antenna models

030

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA. Downloaded on May 22,2020 at 23:28:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
D. Partial Discharge Measurement
The results of PD charge calibration on the RC detector,
PD measurements were carried out at 3 voltage levels
antenna A, antenna B and antenna C on air isolation are shown
namely 6 kV, 6.5 kV and 7 kV using a bowtie antenna UHF
in Table IV.
sensor and RC detector sensor as a comparison. Data processing
using Microsoft Office Excel software and plotting using the TABLE IV. THE RESULTS OF PD CHARGE CALIBRATION ON RC
OriginPro 2016 software. The PD characteristics observed in DETECTOR, ANTENNA A, ANTENNA B AND ANTENNA C
this measurement are as follows :
• PD pattern and number of PD
• PD frequency spectrum RC Detektor Antenna A Antenna B Antenna C
Charge
(pC) Vpp mV to Vpp mV to Vpp mV to Vpp mV to
III. PD CHARGE CALIBRATION (mV) pC (mV) pC (mV) pC (mV) pC

PD calibrator are required according to IEC6027. 5000 2630 1,90 232 21,55 256 19,53 375 13,33
1000 448 2,23 44,8 22,32 51,2 19,53 60 16,67
Measurement or PD charge calibration aims to find out the
Average 2,065 21,93 19.53 15
magnitude of the PD magnitude in Coloumb units. The
calibrator would change PD event to apparent charge (q) and
From Table IV, it can be seen the results of the calibration of
ensure accuracy measurement PD impulses. In this research, to
each sensor. The calibration results on the RC detector are 1
perform PD calibration a HVPD pC Calibrator is used as shown
mV = 2.065 pC, on antenna A is 1 mV = 21.93 pC, on antenna
in Fig 5.
B 1 mV = 19.53 pC and on antenna C 1 mV = 15 pC.

IV. PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT

RESULTS

A. PD Pattern
The next data to be displayed as a representation of PD is
PD pattern data (φ, q, n). PD Pattern data is presented in a
phase-charge-number of PD (φ-q-n) pattern graph that aims to
display the number of PD 100 cycle events into 1 cycle. This
graph will later show the position of the PD, the value of the PD
charge and the number of PDs that appear on the positive and
negative waves. Fig 7 shows observations of PD patterns for 25
cycles.

Fig. 5. HVPD pC Calibrator

The PD charge calibration process was done for RC detector

and bowtie antenna sensors. Comparison data from RC detector
will be used to determine the apparent charge detected by
bowtie antenna. Schematic diagram of PD charge calibration
shown in Fig 6.

Fig. 7. PD pattern for 25 cycles

The PD pattern measurement graph on RC detector, antenna A,

antenna B and antenna C at a voltage of 6 kV are respectively
Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of PD charge calibration shown in the Fig 8, Fig 9, Fig 10 and Fig 11.

031

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA. Downloaded on May 22,2020 at 23:28:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 1500 Pola Fasa RC 6 kV
PD
1250 Sinus

1000
750
500
250
PD(pC)

0
-250
-500
-750
-1000
-1250
-1500
0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315 360
Phase (Deg)

Fig. 8. PD pattern graph measured by RC detector

Fig. 12. Negative frequency spectrum of RC detector

Fig. 9. PD pattern graph measured by antenna A

Fig. 13. Negative frequency spectrum of antenna A

Fig. 10. PD pattern graph measured by antenna B

Fig. 14. Negative frequency spectrum of antenna B

Fig. 11. PD pattern graph measured by antenna C

B. Frequency Spectrum
The frequency spectrum of the negative PD waveforms
measured using RC detector, antenna A, antenna B and antenna
C at a voltage of 6 kV are respectively shown in the Fig 12, Fig
13, Fig 14 and Fig 15.
Fig. 15. Negative frequency spectrum of antenna C

032

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA. Downloaded on May 22,2020 at 23:28:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
The dominant frequencies of the PD waveforms using RC TABLE VIII. THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PDS
DETECTED BY ANTENNA B
detector, antenna A, antenna B and antenna C are respectively
shown in the Table V. Negative PD of antenna B Positive PD of antenna B
Voltage Number Average Voltage Number Average
(kV) of PD in 1 (kV) of PD in 1
TABLE V. DOMINANT FREQUENCY ON RC DETECTOR, Cycle Cycle
ANTENNA A, ANTENNA B AND ANTENNA C 6 1.894 18,94 6 93 0,93
6,5 2.530 25,30 6,5 101 1,01
PD Negative PD Positive 7 3.247 32,47 7 122 1,22
Voltage
Sensor Dominant Frequency Dominant
(kV)
(MHz) Frequency (MHz)
6 0,132 0,135
RC detector 6,5 0,133 0,137 The number of negative and positive PDs obtained by
7 0,145 0,140 measuring the PD pattern on the antenna C sensor is shown in
6 100 91,57 Table IX.
Antenna A 6,5 105 107
TABLE IX. THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PDS
7 98,8 100,9 DETECTED BY ANTENNA C
6 90 106,85
Negative PD of antenna C Positive PD of antenna C
Antenna B 6,5 106 107,02
93 107 Voltage Number Average Voltage Number Average
7
(kV) of PD in 1 (kV) of PD in 1
6 91 96 Cycle Cycle
Antenna C 6,5 93 78,14 6 207 2,07 6 63 0,63
7 91 104
6,5 260 2,60 6,5 79 0,79
7 375 3,75 7 101 1,01
V. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
The number of negative and positive PDs obtained by The PD pattern measurement detected by RC detector, antenna
measuring the PD pattern on the RC detector sensor is shown A, antenna B and antenna C sensor have been observed in 100
in Table VI. cycles of the PD pattern with a given test voltage level of 6 kV,
6.5 kV and 7 kV. Based on the results of the measurement of
TABLE VI. THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PDS PD patterns in Table VI, Table VII, Table VIII and Table IX,
DETECTED BY RC DETECTOR
the number of negative and positive PDs will increase when the
Negative PD of RC Detector Positive PD of RC Detector test voltage level increases.
Voltage Number Average Voltage Number Average PD positive charge value and PD negative charge value will
(kV) of PD in 1 (kV) of PD in 1 be greater as the voltage increases. This is due to the increase
Cycle Cycle
6 6.538 65,38 6 101 1,01
in the test voltage and the small inception volatge causing a
large PD factor to appear. This is also supported because the
6,5 6.754 67,54 6,5 100 1,00
magnitude of the difference between the test voltage and the
7 7.181 71,81 7 103 1,03
voltage of the inception is directly proportional to the charge
generated in accordance with Q = C ∆V where the difference
The number of negative and positive PDs obtained by between the test voltage and the voltage of the inception will
measuring the PD pattern on the antena A sensor is shown in also increase the probability of an initial electron initiating PD.
Table VII.
VI. CONCLUSION
TABLE VII. THE NUMBER OF NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE PDS In this research, three bowtie antenna sensors have been tested
DETECTED BY ANTENNA A
and succeeded in detecting PD pattern on air isolation using a
Negative PD of antenna A Positive PD of antenna A needle-plane electrode. Based on PD pattern measurement
Voltage Number Average Voltage Number Average results, it is known that the difference in the PD pattern
(kV) of PD in 1 (kV) of PD in 1 measurement on the antenna sensor is determined by the
Cycle Cycle sensitivity of the antenna in detecting the PD signal. The
6 2.248 22,48 6 87 0,87
sensitivity or performance of the antenna will depend on the
6,5 3.445 34,45 6,5 96 0,96 value of the antenna parameter characteristics such as return
7 3.801 38,01 7 115 1,15 loss, bandwidth and VSWR and the antenna's working
frequency.
The number of negative and positive PDs obtained by
measuring the PD pattern on the antenna B sensor is shown in
Table VIII.

033

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA. Downloaded on May 22,2020 at 23:28:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 REFERENCE

[1] Suwarno, “Diagnosis of High Voltage Equipments”, Penerbit ITB, [17] Fauzi Ashari, Umar Khayam,”Design and Fabrication of Log Periodic
Bandung, 2010. Antenna as Partial Discharge Sensor”, 4th International Conference on
Electric Vehicular Technology (ICEVT 2017), pp. 79-81, Bali, Indonesia,
[2] Umar Khayam, Masahiro Kozako, Masayuki Hikita, Tosihiro Hoshino, October 2-5, 2017.
Shiro Maruyama, Junichi Wada and Shigemitsu Okabe, "Effect of the
Presence of Epoxy Spacer on Transmission Rate of Electromagnetic [18] Khusnul Khotimah, Umar Khayam, Suwarno, Yuki Tai, Masahiro
Wave Propagating through T-Branch of 66 kV GIS Model Tank", IEEE Kozako, Masayuki Hikita,”Design of Dipole Antenna Model for Partial
Transactions on Dielectric and Electrical Insulation, Volume 20 Issue 6, Discharge Detection in GIS”, The 5th International Conference on
pp. 2254-2261, December 2013. Electrical Engineering and Informatics 2015 August 10-11, 2015, Bali,
Indonesia.
[3] M.S.H Daulay, Umar Khayam, “Background Noise Level in High
Voltage Laboratory Measured by using Partial Discharge Current
Sensors”, International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and
Power Systems (ICHVEPS),pp. 514-518, Bali, Indonesia, October 2-5,
2017.
[4] M.S.H Daulay, Umar Khayam, “New Design of Double Layer Bow-tie
Antenna with Edge and Middle Sliced Modification for Partial Discharge
Measurement”, The 4th Conference on Power Engineering and
Renewable Energy (ICPERE), 2018.
[5] Fahru Rozi, Umar Khayam,”Design of Loop Antenna as Partial
Discharge Sensor”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering
and Informatics Vol 7 No. 1, 2015.
[6] Umar Khayam,”Analysis of Distribution, Pattern, and Vector of Electric
Field in the Inter Phases Region of Three-phase Gas
Insulated Switchgear”, International Journal on Electrical
Engineering and Informatics - Volume 5, Number 4, pp. 492-500,
December 2013.
[7] Umar Khayam, Satosi Matsumoto, Shinya Ohtsuka, Masayuki
Hikita, “Partial Discharge and Cross-interference Phenomena in a
Three Phase Construction”, International Journal on Electrical
Engineering and Informatics, Vol. I No. 1, 2009.
[8] Abrar Hakim, Umar Khayam, “Design of Planar Goubau Line Antenna
for Partial Discharge Measurement”, The 3rd Conference on Power
Engineering and Renewable Energy (ICPERE), 2016.
[9] Sriyono, Yong-Joo Kim, Umar Khayam, Suwarno, Masayuki
Hikita,”Characteristics of External Loop Sensor Located near Bushing on
Partial Discharge Induced Electromagnetic Wave Measurement”,
International Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics - Volume
5, Number 1, pp. 12-23, March 2013.
[10] Hua Chai, B. T. Phung, Daming Zhang, “Development of UHF Sensors
for Partial Discharge Detection in Power Transformer”, Conference on
Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), 2018.
[11] A. Marchal , M. Monedero , P. Le Thuc, “Ultra-Wide Band Antenna for
Partial Discharge Detection Inside Switchgear for Online Monitoring”,
IEEE Conference on Antenna Measurements & Applications (CAMA),
2018.
[12] W.E.P.S. Ediriweera, K.S. Priyanayana,R.M.A.P. Rajakaruna, R.A.K.G.
Ranasinghe, J. R. Lucas and R. Samarasinghe, “Microstrip Patch Antenna
for Partial Discharge Detection as a Condition Monitoring Tool of
PowerSystem Assets”, Moratuwa Engineering Research Conference
(MERCon), 2017.
[13] Hanalde Andre, Umar Khayam,” Design of New Shape Printed
Bowtie Antena for Ultra High Frequency Partial Discharge
Sensor in Gas-Insulated SubstationsI, International Conference
on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, pp. 365-
369, Yogyakarta, October 7-8, 2013.
[14] Joko Muslim, Suwarno, Umar Khayam, Masayuki Hikita,”Enhanced
Bowtie UHF Antenna for DetectingPartial Discharge in Gas Insulated
Substation” 48th Universities’ Power Engineering Conference -
UPEC2013, Dublin, Ireland,September 2-5, 2013.
[15] Fahru Rozi, Umar Khayam,”Design of Loop Antenna as Partial Discharge
Sensor”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol 7 No. 1, 2015.
[16] Fauzi Ashari, Umar Khayam,”Design and Fabrication of Vivaldi Antenna
as Partial Discharge Sensor”, 4th International Conference on Electric
Vehicular Technology (ICEVT 2017), pp. 76-78, Bali, Indonesia, October
2-5, 2017.

034

Authorized licensed use limited to: UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA. Downloaded on May 22,2020 at 23:28:07 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.