JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg.

& Research,
Department of Civil Engineering

SURVEYING

SE Civil Engg,
Prof. Ms. Mohite Snehal J
M.Tech Remote Sensing ( PhD )
Asst. Professor in Civil Engg JSPM’s ICOER,
Wagholi, Pune
Mobile: 09689003494 1
Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J.
 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Course Contents :
Unit I: Compass and Levelling. (08 Hours)

a) Definition and Importance of Surveying; Principles of Surveying,

b) Definition, objective and fundamental classification of surveying (Plane and Geodetic), concept
of Scale, Ranging, Chaining, Offsetting and Traversing. Construction and use of prismatic compass,
Concept of bearing &, types of bearings such as Whole Circle Bearing, Quadrental Bearing,
meridian and their types, local attraction and correction for local attraction, dip, declination and
calculation of true bearings, including numerical of all types.
c) Equipment required for plane table surveying, uses, advantages and disadvantages and errors in
plane table surveying. Methods of plane table Survey Radiation, intersection, traversing and
resection
d) Introduction to leveling, Types of leveling, Types of benchmarks, Study and use of dumpy level,
auto level, digital level and laser level in construction industry, principal axes of dumpy level,
testing and permanent adjustments reciprocal leveling, curvature and refraction
Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 2
 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department
1. Definition and Importance of Surveying; Principles of Surveying
Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of different objects on the
surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distances between them, and by preparing a
map to any suitable scale.

Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction and
elevation.

Survey is performed to prepare a map of relative positions on surface of the earth. It shows
the natural feature of a country such as towns, villages, roads, railways, etc. They may also
include details of different engineering works such as bridge, canal, dam etc.

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 3

 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Before commencement of any major engineering project, survey is carried out to

determine the location of site and its surrounding. To understand the topography of the site
and natural resource availability. Survey is carried out to prepare the cadastral map showing
property boundaries.

Object of surveying :
The main Object of Surveying is to prepare a Plan or Map.
Small: Plan, e.g.. Plan of a Building
Scale:
Large: Map, e.g.. Map of India.

Surveying is a Starting point of any scheme or project.

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 4

 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Uses of Surveying:
To prepare:
• Topographical Map ( Hills, valley, Rivers, Villages, Towns, Forest etc. of a Country)
• Cadastral Map ( Boundaries of Fields, Houses and other Properties)
• Engineering Map ( Details of Engineering works such as Road, Railways, etc.)
• Military Map ( Roads and Railway Communications with different parts of the
country, with different strategic points for the defence of the country)
• Contour Map ( To determine capacity of a reservoir and to find the best possible
route for Roads, Railways, Etc)
• Geological Map ( Areas including Underground Resources)
• Archaeological Map ( Places where Ancient relics exist)

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 5

 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Topographical Map Cadastral Map

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 6
JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Military Map
Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 7
 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Contour Map
Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 8
JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Archeological Map
Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 9
 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Principles of Surveying:
1. Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference.
According to this principle, the relative position of a point to be surveyed should
be located by measurement from at least two points of reference, the positions
of which have already been fixed.

2. Working from whole to part.

According to this principle, it is always desirable to carryout survey work from
whole to part. This means, when an area is to be surveyed, first a system of
control points is to be established covering the whole area with very high
precision. Then minor details are located by less precise methods

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 10

JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department
Location of a point by measurement from two points of reference.
If P and Q are the two reference points on
the ground, any other point, such as R,
can be located by any of the direct
methods shown in the above figures. But,
although a single method is sufficient to
locate the relative position of ‘R’ with
respect to reference points P and Q, it is
necessary to adopt at least any two
methods to fix the position of point ‘R’.
While the measurements made in the
either of the first method or second
method will be helpful in locating the
point ‘R’, the measurements made in the
other method will act as a check.

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 11

JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Working from whole to part.

According to this principle, it is always

desirable to carryout survey work from
whole to part. This means, when an
area is to be surveyed, first a system of
control points is to be established
covering the whole area with very high
precision. Then minor details are
located by less precise methods.

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 12

 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Types of Surveying:
• Plane Surveying
• Geodetic Surveying

1. Plane Surveying :
Plane surveying is a specific type of surveying where the surface of the earth is
considered as plane and the curvature of the earth is not taken into account. The
line connecting any two points is a straight line and the angles of polygons
are plane angles. It is done on an area of less than 250 Sq. Km.

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 13

 JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

2. Geodetic Surveying :
In Geodetic Surveying, the curvature of the earth is taken into consideration. It
is extended over a large area. The line joining any two points is considered as a
curved line. The triangle formed by any three points is considered to be
spherical and the angles of the triangle are assumed to be spherical angles.
Geodetic Surveying is conducted by the SOI department, and is carried out
over an area exceeding 250 sq. km.

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 14

JSPM’s Imperial College of Engg. & Research,
Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ms. Mohite S. J. 15