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Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 448–453
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 consequences on patients health and therefore requires medical treatment [2]. Therefore, daily intake
measurements are important for losing weight and maintaining a healthy diet and weight for normal
people. Only a timely measurement of daily food consumption can make obese people lose weight in a
healthier way, and can also make healthy people better healthy. The traditional method is mainly based
on the analysis of the user's record of food
Zhidong Shen intake in the past
et al. / Procedia 24 hours,
Computer and the
Science 174clinical display has certain
(2020) 448–453 449
effects, but these methods often cause the2patient's uneasiness to be forgotten by the
Zhidong user
Shen et.alor/ Procedia
the broadcast
Computer Science 100 (2019) 1-6
that
Shen et.al / Procedia Computer the user
2 Science does 1-6
100 (2019) not want to useZhidong
these Shen
programs [3]. As
et.al / Procedia a result,
Computer researchers
Science 100 (2019)have
1-6 replaced typical
clinical procedures, and they have been exploring simpler and computerized possible ways to measure daily calorie estimates.
sible ways to measure daily calorie
exploring estimates.
simpler and computerized possible ways to measure daily calorie estimates.
In this era, smart devices are playing an increasingly important role in daily life, and th
an increasingly important role in daily
In this era, life,
smartand the use
devices smartdevices
areofplaying for the treatment
an increasingly important of role
various diseases
in daily is not
life, and theuncommon[4].
use of smart To accomplish this go
ases is not uncommon[4]. To accomplish
devices this goal,
for the treatment we propose
of various a system or application to assist normal
diseases is not uncommon[4]. To accomplish this goal, we people as well as obese people in balancing
propose
a system or application to assist normal people as well as obese people in balancing their diet bytheir ease. The proposed a
al people as well as obese people in balancing their diet by measuring daily intake food attributes and ingredients through
d ingredients through their ease. The
measuring dailyproposed application
intake food attributeswillenable
and the userthrough
ingredients to figure outease.
their the content of the application
The proposed food item by providing the photograph
will
t of the food item by providing
enable thetheuserphotograph
to figure ofoutfood to the of the food item by providing the photograph of food to the photograph and recogni
the content system. The application will detect the food items within the
food items within thesystem.
photograph
The and recognize
application willthem
detect theConvolution
using food items Neural
within Network.
the photographThe system will also be
and recognize themableusing
to estimate the food attribute
m will also be able to estimate the food
Convolution Neural attributes
Network. by The
crawling data from the Internet.
system will also be able to estimate the food attributes by crawling
data from the Internet. The proposed system will allow not only the obese person but also the healthy person
only the obese person but also
Thetheproposed
healthy person
system so that
will notcan
people
allow plan
only thewell
obeseforperson
their daily intake
but also the calories. We will
healthy person socontribute
that peopleto this thesis in the follow
es. We will contribute to this
can thesis
plan wellinforthetheir
following • We propose a transfer learning based
ways.calories. We will contribute to this thesis in the following ways.
daily intake novel system that automatically perfo
g based novel system that • automatically
We proposeperforms a transfer exact basedclassification
thelearning novel system of the
thatfood image and performs
automatically estimates the the food
exactattributes.
and estimates the food attributes. • We present
classification of the food image and estimates the food attributes.the dataset for evaluating current system and other deep learning-bas
ating current system and other
• deep learning-based
We present the datasetrecognition systems that will be developed in the future.
for evaluating current system and other deep learning-based recognition
n the future. systems that will be developed in the There is no data set that contains subcontinental dishes available to the public, we
• future.
subcontinental dishes available
• to theispublic,
There no data wesetcreated set of data
a new subcontinental
that contains that includes
dishes availableboth subcontinental
to the and other
public, we created a newcommon cuisines.
continental and other common set
cuisines.
of data that includes both subcontinental and other common cuisines.
2. Pre-Trained Model Selection
2. Pre-Trained Model Selection
Here we divide our proposed methodology intro three separate parts. The first part h
dology intro three separate parts. Thedivide
Here we first part
ourhas the transfer
to dealmethodology
proposed with learning-based
intro three separateCNN
parts.models, thepart
The first second part
has to dealhaswith
to do with the text recovery
the second part has to the
do with the learning-based
transfer text recovery from
CNNdifferent sources
models, whilepart
the second the third
has topart has tothe
do with deal
textwith the text
recovery datadifferent
from training.
ith the text data training.
sources while the third part has to deal with
2.1 thePre-Trained
text data training.
Convolutional Neural Network Model
ral Network Model 2.1 Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural A Network
pre-trained Modelnetwork model is used in machine learning to overcome the problem t
d in machine learning to overcome the problem
A pre-trained networkthatmodel
the system gets stuck in local
is used in machine learning solution while inthe
to overcome its problem
training that
age.the
These models can carry out mach
system
training age. These models can carry
gets stuck out solution
in local machinewhile training torespond
in its trainingimmediately
age. These modelsto different data.out
can carry A machine
CNN model thattowe used in our suggest
training
A CNN model that respondwe used immediately
in our suggested processdata.
to different oftransferring
A CNN model learningthat
-based
we food
used recognition and extraction
in our suggested processattributes
of uses a variety of fo
tion and extraction attributes uses alearning
transferring variety of foodfood
-based our
itemsrecognition
from prepared dataset to get different characteristics
and extraction attributes uses a variety of food items from from an object [5].
acteristics from an object
our[5].
prepared dataset to get different characteristics
2.2 Dataset from an object and
Preparing [5]. Per-processing Phase
essing Phase 2.2 Dataset Preparing and Per-processing Phasethe needed characteristics from the images of various foods we assign fo
To obtain
s from the images of variousTo foods
obtainwethe
assign for our
needed we categorize
research, from the images
characteristics each image into foods
of various its corresponding
we assign for class.
our To this end, with the help of diffe
research,
ponding class. To this end, with the help
we categorize eachofimage
different
intoattributes, we distinguish each and every class. For our study,
its corresponding class. To this end, with the help of different attributes, the size of the text data we receive fro
our study, the size of the
wetext data we each
distinguish receive
andfrom
everytheclass. Forisour
internet nearly
study,1.8the
GB. Weofused
size twodata
the text completely
we receive different frameworks
from the internet to gather data. Commo
ely different frameworks is to gather
nearly 1.8data.
GB. Common
We used Crawl [6] isthe first
two completely and Scrapy
different [7] is tothegather
frameworks second.data.We collectedCrawl
Common about[6]100is MB of data using Scrap
We collected about 100the MBfirst
of and
data Scrapy
using Scrapy
[7] is thewhile Common Crawl we collected 1.7 GB of data.
usingWe collected about 100 MB of data using Scrapy while using
second.
data. Common Crawl we collected 1.7 GB of data.The dataset we created includes hundreds and thousands of pictures of various f
undreds and thousands of pictures
The datasetof various foods.includes
we created research study,
For ourhundreds some images
and thousands are relevant
of pictures and some
of various are For
foods. not. our
Filtering the data set is rem
t and some are not. Filtering
researchthestudy,
data some
set is images
remarkable in thepreparation
are relevant and someofare a model. We usethe
not. Filtering thedata
Data setAugmentation
is remarkable concept
in the to improve the efficien
a Augmentation concept to improve
preparation of the efficiency
a model. We useof training
the Datadata. We perform concept
Augmentation image transformation
to improve theinefficiency
data augmentation
of training[8]. To train transformatio
in data augmentation [8]. To train transformation parameters, we implement Spatial Transform
data. We perform image transformation in data augmentation [8]. To train transformation parameters,Network [9]. Once the training is complete, these p
ork [9]. Once the training is complete,
we implement theseTransform
Spatial parametersNetworkareapplied[9].to Once
the image of the food
the training and the image
is complete, theseis parameters
transformed.are
mage is transformed. applied to the image of the food and the image is transformed.
2.3 Textual Data Model Training
2.3 Textual Data Model Training Word2Vec is a machine learning tool that helps us for the computation of vector rep
ol that helps us for the computation
Word2Vec of vector representation
is a machine different words.
learningoftool that helps Word2Vec
us for is a two-layer
the computation of vector neural network which
representation of is used as the subs
yer neural network which is used
different words.as the substitution
Word2Vec is a of theclustering
two-layer algorithm
neural networkbecause
which World2Vec
is used as the is much powerfulofalgorithm
substitution the than the clustering a
is much powerful algorithm than algorithm
clustering the clustering algorithm
because During this study, we used word2vec, continuous
[10]. is much powerful algorithm than the clustering algorithm [10].
World2Vec Bag of words and skip Gram for the t
ontinuous Bag of wordsDuringand skip
thisGram
study,forwethe training
used data.
of textcontinuous
word2vec, Bag of words and skip Gram for the training of text
data. For the extraction of attributes and ingredients, first, we classify and divide the attrib
ngredients, first, we classify For
andthe
divide the attributes
extraction according
of attributes to our requirements.
and ingredients, first, weThis classification
classify and divideand the division
attributesare helpful when we find the distanc
according
and division are helpfultowhen we find the distance
our requirements. of attributesand
This classification andingredients
division arewith respect
helpful when to their corresponding
we find the distanceclasses. In order to find the distance of
of attributes
esponding classes. In order
and to find the distance
ingredients of attributes
with respect corresponding classes. In order to find the distance of attributesfood
to their and ingredients, the procedure that we follow is the fixation of and class and then iterate all
w is the fixation of foodingredients,
class and thenthe iterate
procedure all attributes andingredients
that we follow against
is the fixation of it.
food Here
classweand
refer
thenthe foodall
iterate is attributes
an attribute
andand the food item is ref
e food is an attribute ingredients
and the food item is
against it. referred
Here wetoreferas anthe food is an attribute and the food item is referred to as an the trained word2vec m
ingredient. In this way, we extract attributes and ingredients from
utes and ingredients from the trained
ingredient. Inword2vec model
this way, we extract attributes and ingredients from the trained word2vec model
 Zhidong Shen et.al / Procedia Computer Science 100 (2019) 1-6 3
450 Zhidong Shen et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 448–453

3. System Design and Implementation

The system design, system flow and implementation along with its results and evaluation are shown
in this chapter. The aim of this demonstration is to throw light on the components, flows, and tools that
we have used while implementing our system and their collaborative working to get the desired results
and functionalities.
3.1 Architectural Overview
The system that we design for our system just used the server-side architecture. The main aim of our
system is to improve the accuracy of pre-trained models so that the developers and architect can take
advantage of this system by making their own web-based and Android-based application on the client
side.
food image
data
text data retrieval
server
web crawler

attributes
trained model
distance
html parser
vector space
cnn model
embedding

data cleaning text image data

word2vec
corpus set

Figure 1. Block diagram of proposed system

Figure 1 explains three modules i-e Text data retrieval, Text data training and Training of our
classification model using CNN. After the classification process has been completed by using a pre-
trained model, the name of the food is given to the text data retrieval system. The concerned text will be
extracted from Google search and through URL extraction. Afterward, HTML will be extracted from
webpages and through HTML parser stop words are being removed using different python libraries. After
this, it has been passed through the system of Lemmatization and Stemming. All this textual data makes
a text corpus which is the input of our next module of text data training. After the retrieval of text corpus,
text data will be trained using a tool named as word2vec.

upload picture labels

Trained Model labels ingredient Attribute

USERS
for Recognition Estimation Model

Convolutional Authenticate Register Word2Vec

Neural Network

DB
Data Data
Augmentation Preprocessing

Image Data Text Data

Set Corpus

Figure 2. Dataflow diagram of proposed system

Figure 2 explains a CNN model trained on food pictures and on related features. The text data unit
is composed of web scrapping of almost more than 500 URLs of each food category. The model also
processes text data. After that text data collection word2vec is trained on the corpus to attain vector space
embeddings on semantic similarity. For any input of an image, its features and attributes are anticipated
by these models. The flow of the proposed system starts with an image and textual data preparation and
 Zhidong Shen et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 448–453 451
4 Zhidong Shen et.al / Procedia Computer Science 100 (2019) 1-6

ends with classification along with attributes and ingredients list. Food images collected from different
sources are pre-processed and enhanced by data augmentation. Fine tuning of pre-trained CNN model
and training are the next steps. After the successful training and learning phase of the system, there comes
the classification phase. Classification is done after taking input from the user. The yielded label from
the last step becomes the input of the attribute estimation model. The raw text starts the flow of attribute
model creation. After textual data pre-processing, a tool named as “Word2Vec” produces vector
embeddings comprising of distance values. These values become the basis for the attribute estimation
model to produce related ingredients or attributes.
3.2 System Implementation
As we know explained above that before the classification of pictures that our dataset has, we need
to train our system. For creating the environment, we are using the Linux based operating system. Before
creating the Anaconda environment, we need to install the Anaconda python distribution, python 2.7 and
python 3.6 version. For installing Anaconda, we follow some commands [11]. Once the Anaconda is
installed, we will create two environments with python 2.7 and python 3.6 using commands. After the
environment is created we will activate the environment using the command. After the environment is
activated then we will install the necessary packages of Theano, Pygpu, and Keras inside the environment
files [12]. After successful completion of the environment, we will now finally implement the system.
Keras library with Tensor Flow was used for model implementation in python language.
Experiments with different CNN models were involved in computing features from approximately
50,000 images. Training time for each model varied but at approximately took 30 hours with varying
accuracies. Inception model with its prescribed convolutional and pooling layers classified with an
accuracy of 91.73 %. Basically, inception model is pre-trained on ImageNet. Inception model was fine-
tuned by removing the last fully connected layer and loading pre-trained weights into the new model
which in turn trained last two convolutional blocks. In order to achieve maximum accuracy, we employed
techniques like data augmentation, batch normalization, dataset improvements and regularization to
combat overfitting. Moreover, multi-crop evaluation, in which 10 crops or so of the image are taken
during prediction was also used. Maximum value from predicted results gives the maximum accuracy.
Table 1. Comparison of models in terms of Single and Multiple Crops

Model Top-1 Top-2 Top-3 Top-5

Single corpus 79.8% 87.9% 91.6% 95%
Inception v3
Multiple corpus 89.12% - - 98.31%
single corpus 83.8% 89.8% 92.4% 94.7%
Inception v4
multiple corpus 91.73% - - 98.56%
single corpus 78.3% 85.4% 88.2% 91.2%
V4-101
multiple corpus - - - -

3.3 Results and Evaluation

We selected the CNN model based on Inception-v3 and Inception-v4 as they perform better than
other models on our proposed problem domain. These models are fine-tuned on our own created datasets
as well as Food-101 datasets in order to perform a comparison.

Figure 3. (a) Top-1 most accurate of inception-v4 model; (b) Top-1 least accurate class
 Zhidong Shen et.al / Procedia Computer Science 100 (2019) 1-6 5
452 Zhidong Shen et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 448–453

Figure 4. Comparison of top-1 most vs least accurate classes

Figure 5. (a) Top-1 accuracy comparison; (b) Inception-v4 model based performance

4. Drawbacks and Improvements

In this section, we will explain the drawbacks current and improvements as future work.
4.1 Recognition and Detection of various food
Current systems do not adequately identify and process mixed physical images. They do not involve
cooking foods, liquid foods, and composite foods such as salads and sandwiches. In future research, a
mixed food image and a cooking-like physical image are processed by combining image segmentation
techniques to solve the phenomenon that the image has oblique edges or each other causes the recognition
detection to fail.
4.2 Enhancement of Systems and Datasets
Data sets and features have a great impact on the detection results. Existing data sets are not
sufficient and contain limited parameters such as different lighting conditions, camera angles, different
backgrounds, etc. In future research, better review techniques [13] should be used to review various types
of data sets. In addition, the system and application are optimized architecturally, and a database for
storing calculated values, food labels, and other parameters is combined with a faster lookup technique
to process the image
 6 Zhidong Shen et.al / Procedia Computer Science 100 (2019) 1-6
Zhidong Shen et al. / Procedia Computer Science 174 (2020) 448–453 453

4.3 Calories Awareness and Nutrition aware

It is important to understand calorie calculations and their importance. Literature [13] describes the
problems in the field based on the small fast food questionnaire, and the literature [14] uses game
methods to obtain more informational foods and calorie values. In order to better nurture the basic
awareness of calorie calculations between users, it can be extended by introducing new calories to
measure nutritional characteristics and combing with deep learning techniques.

5. Conclusion
Currently, fatness is a major issue in human life. Curiosity is found among people to measure their
heaviness and healthy eating in order to avoid overweightness. So, this paper presents a novel system
that tells us the information about the type of food we eat and its attributes. This system takes the image
of the food from the user and after correct classification, the system will tell us about the attributes of the
food. A dataset that consists of a common meal of Food-101 and our subcontinental food has been used
in our system. We have fine tune the Inception V-3 and V-4 model to recognize the food items and also
proposed a method to measure the attributes of the food using the attribute estimation model. The results
are enhanced via data augmentation, multi-crop, and similar techniques. Our proposed method for
classification as well as for the extraction of attributes achieves a considerably high accuracy of 85 %.
We have also described the possible improvements and the future work to enhance the usability and
accuracy of the system.

6. Acknowledge

This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant
No.2018YFC1604000/2018YFC1604002).

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