ISO9001:2015

ISO 9001:2015
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TÜV-R 01 100
1934918

INTRODUCTION TO
SURVEYING
ESCI 104 (SURVEYING)
Lhizel L. Claveria, ABE
Part-Time Instructor, Department of Agricultural Engineering
Central Bicol State University of Agriculture
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– the art and science of determining measurements to

establish the form and relative position of points, lines, and
areas on or near the surface of the earth and other extra-
terrestrial bodies. (La Putt, 1987)
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Establishing Property Boundary Determining Distance, Elevation, Angles

Construction of Maps, Profile and Cross Sections

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 Map the Earth above and below sea level

 Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land and at sea.
 Establish property boundaries of private and public lands.
 Develop data bank of land-use and natural resource information
which aid in managing our environment.
 Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity and magnetic fields of the
Earth.
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• To plan, construct, and maintain highways, railroads, rapid-transit systems,

buildings, bridges, missile ranges, launching sites, tracking stations, tunnels,
canals, irrigation ditches, dams, drainage works, urban land subdivisions,
water supply and sewage systems, pipelines, and mine shafts.

• Employed in laying out industrial assembly lines and jigs.

• Guiding the fabrication of large equipment such as airplanes and ships where
separate pieces that have been assembled at different locations must
ultimately be connected as a unit.
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1. PLANE SURVEYING 2. GEODETIC SURVEYING

–the earth is considered to be a flat –The earth is considered as curve

surface surface.
–the exact shape of the earth is –the spheroidal shape of the earth is
disregarded. taken into account
–Low accuracy –High accuracy
–Small area <250km –Larger area >250km
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1. CADASTRAL SURVEYS 2. CITY SURVEYS

–usually closed surveys to define
property lines, boundaries,
corners and areas.
–surveys in and near a city for
land use planning, fixing
reference monuments,
determining physical features,
and mapping.
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3. CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS
– undertaken at a construction
site to determine grade,
reference lines, dimensions,
ground configurations,
location and elevation.
4. FORESTRY SURVEYS
– executed in connection with
forest management and
mensuration, and the
production and conservation
of forest lands.
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5. HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYS
– Used to map shorelines, chart
the shape of areas underlying
water surfaces and measure
flow of streams.
6. INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS
– use of surveying techniques in ship
building, construction and
assembly of aircraft, layout and
installation of heavy and complex
machinery, and in other industries
where very accurate dimensional
layouts are required.
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7. MINE SURVEYS
– determine the positions of all
underground excavations and
surface mine structures, fix
boundaries of mining claims,
determine geological formations,
calculate excavated volumes and
other related mining works
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8. ROUTE SURVEYS 9. TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

– surveys for planning, design, –survey to determine the shape
and construction of railroads, of the ground, and the location
highways, canals and other and elevation of its features.
linear projects.
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1. CHAIN SURVEY
– Chain surveying is the branch of
surveying in which only linear
measurements are made in the field.
– This is suitable for the survey of
small areas with simple details and
an area that is fairly flat.
– It derives its name from the fact that
the principle equipment commonly
used is the chain.
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2. THEODOLITE SURVEY
– The system of surveying in which the
angles are measured with the help of a
theodolite.
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3. TACHEOMETRIC SURVEY
- is a branch of angular surveying in which
the horizontal and vertical distances are
obtained by optical means as opposed to
the ordinary process of chain and tape.
-This is done with the help of two special
type of instruments- transit theodolite and
stadia rod.
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4. PLANE TABLE SURVEY

- is one of the fastest and easiest methods of surveying.
- Plotting of plans and field observations can be done at the
same time in plane table surveying.
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4. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY
–use of specially designed cameras to capture an aerial shot
from an aircraft.
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1. MEASURING TAPE - used to measure distances, made

of steel, coated linen or synthetic material
2. MEASURING WHEEL – designed to be pushed along by
surveyors to measure specific distances
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3. PLUMB BOB - used to

check if objects are vertical

4. RANGE POLES - used to

mark areas and to set out
straight lines on the field; to
mark points which must be
seen from a distance, with a
flag attached to improve the
visibility
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5. THEODOLITE – a precision
instrument for measuring angles in
the horizontal and vertical planes;
used to determine horizontal
distances and elevations

6. TRIPOD – provides strong,

balanced location on which to place
certain types of survey tools.
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7. STADIA ROD – measure distance between two points in

conjunction with other survey tools
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8. COMPASS – determines the direction

of a line; points to the magnetic north
pole
9. GLOBAL POSITIONING
SYSTEM (GPS)
– measure electronic
distances; picks up
satellite signals to
determine coordinates of
points
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10. CHAINS
- are used to measure horizontal distances. Chains are formed of
straight links of galvanized mild steel wire called links. The
ends of each link are bent into a loop hand connected together
by means of three oval rings which afford flexibility to the chain
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MEASUREMENT
- process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of
a quantity to a given standard.
TYPES of measurement:
1. DIRECT – result is obtained by the actual measurement
itself.
2. INDIRECT – result is obtained by determining its
relationship to some other values.
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- International unit of linear: 1/10,000,000 of the

earth’s meridional quadrant (1789)
- Iron meter bar standardized in Paris (1799)
- Length equal to 1, 650, 763. 73 wavelengths of the
orange-red light produced by burning the element
krypton (1960)
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1. Linear, Area, and Volume Measurements

Length: kilometer, meter, centimeter, millimeter
Area: Square meter, square centimeters, ares (100 sq m),
hectare (10 000 sq m or 100 ares).
Volume: cubic meter, cubic centimeter, liter, milliliter.
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2. Angular Measurements
Radian- for plane angles, 2 rad = 360
1° = 60 minutes
Steridian – supplementary unit of a solid angle
a. Sexagesimal Units – degree, minute, second
b. Centesimal Units – grad (angular unit), circumference
of a circle is divided into 400 grads; grad is divided into
100 centesimal units or 0.9 
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- digits necessary to express the results of a measurement to the

precision with which it
was made.
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RULES IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

1. Identify the column containing the rightmost significant digit
in each number being added or subtracted.
2. Perform the addition or subtraction
3. Round the answer so that its right-most significant digit
occurs in the leftmost column identified in step 1.
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RULES IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Example: Step 1: the digits 8,3 and 0 are the rightmost
46.7418 significant ones in the numbers
+ 1.03
+ 375.0 Step 2: perform the operation.
422.7718
Answer Step 3: Thus the answer 422.7718 obtained in
422.8 adding the numbers is rounded to 422.8,
with the its rightmost significant digit
occurring in the same column as the 0 in
375.0 is the leftmost with respect to the
decimal.
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RULES IN ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION

Step 1: the digits 8 and 1 are the rightmost
Example:
378. significant ones in the numbers
- 2.1
375.9 Step 2: perform the operation.
Answer
376. Step 3: the 8 is the leftmost, thus the answer
375.9 is rounded to 376.
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RULES IN MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

Example: The number of significant figures in the answer is
362.56 equal to the least number of significant figures in any
× 2.13 of the factors or in either divisor or the dividend.
722.2528
Answer The 2.13 (3s.f.) is the least significant figures than the
362.56 (5s.f.). Thus the answer 722.2528 obtained in
722. multiplying the numbers is rounded to the 722. with
the least significant figures.
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State the number of significant figures in each of the

following measurements.
a) 230 cm:
b) 34.0 L:
c) 0.625 g:
d) 0.0055 mL:
e) 5050. m³:
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State the number of significant figures in each of the

following measurements.
a) 230 cm: a)2 s.f.
b) 34.0 L: b)3 s.f.
c) 0.625 g: c)3 s.f.
d) 0.0055 mL: d)2 s.f.
e) 5050. m³: e)4 s.f.
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- Process of dropping one or more of the final digits so that the

value contains only the significant figures required for further
computation or for portraying the final results.

1. Digit is Less than 5. When the digit to be dropped is less than 5,

the number is written without the digit.
Ex. 24.2444 to the nearest hundredth = 24.24
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2. Digit is Equal to 5. When the digit to be dropped is exactly

5, nearest even number is used for the preceding digit.
Ex. 26.175 to the nearest hundredth = 26.18
156.285 is equal to 156.28

3. Digit is Greater than 5. When the digit to be dropped is

greater than 5, the number is written with the preceding digit
increased by 1.
Ex. 226.277 to the nearest hundredth = 226.28
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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Round off 75.52 to three significant figures.

2. Round off 9.08352 to two decimal places.

3. Round off 1345.54 to a whole number.

4. Round off 7962400 to three significant figures.

5. Round off 0.000275 to two significant figures.

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SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. Round off 75.52 to three significant figures.
Answer: 75.5
2. Round off 9.08352 to two decimal places.
Answer: 9.08
3. Round off 1345.54 to a whole number.
Answer:1346
4. Round off 7962400 to three significant figures.
Answer: To round off 7962400, use the first three significant figures. The zeros must be
maintained as placeholders. The answer is 7960000
5. Round off 0.000275 to two significant figures.
Answer: Round it off to the nearest even number. Round off upward to 0.00028
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• the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in

the field;
• the quality of field work is reflected directly in the manner the
field record is kept;
• official record of the survey;
• before any survey is made, the necessary data to be collected
should be considered carefully and in the field all such required
data should be obtained.
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• must be complete, legible, concise and

comprehensive, and logically arranged
according to recognized practice
• should be intelligible to others without
verbal explanations
• field work observations should be
recorded directly in the notebook at the
time observations are made.
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1. SKETCHES – drawn freehand and of liberal size

2. TABULATIONS – best show a series of numerical

values observed in the field; prevents mistakes,
allows checking, saves time, makes calculations
legible to others, and simplifies the work of the
person checking the field notes
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3. EXPLANATORY NOTES
– provide a written description of what has been done in the
field; usually placed on the right-hand page in the same line
with the numerical data; if sketches are used, they should be
placed closely to that which they explain
4. COMPUTATIONS
– graphical solutions using accurately scaled drawings can be
used; should be clear and orderly that will be easily
understood by others
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5. COMBINATION OF THE ABOVE

 Table of contents must be
included in the beginning of the
field notebook
Fieldwork report shall be
submitted based on those
written in the field notebook
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Field notes should include:

Fieldwork No.
Fieldwork Title
Date and Time
Weather Condition
Survey Party
Instruments Used
Sketch
Results (Tabular Values/
Computations)
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Field reports should include:

Fieldwork No.
Fieldwork Title
Date and Time
Weather Condition
Survey Party
Instruments Used
Sketch
Results (Tabular Values/Computations)
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To execute a surveying activity, a group called the survey

party will be composed of the following members:

1. Chief of party – over all direction, supervision, and

operational control.
2. Assistant Chief of Party – assistance to the COP.
3. Instrument man/Technician – setting up, leveling and
operation of instruments
4. Recorder – keeps records of survey data and sketches
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5. Computer – performs all computation during and after the

survey
6. Head tapeman – responsible in the taping operation
7. Rear tapeman – assistance to the HTM
8. Flagman – holds the range pole at selected points for
taping activity.
9. Rodman – holds the stadia rod at selected points for
instrument readings
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10. Pacer – checks linear measurements made by

the tapemen.
11. Axeman/ Lineman – the person whose duty is to
clear the line of sight of trees, bushes, and other
obstructions; security and safety of the members
12. Aidman – provides first aid treatment to
members
13. Utility men – assistance to the survey party
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A. State the number of B. Round off each of the

significant figures in each following numbers to
of the following three significant figures.
measurements.
1. 63.351
1. 56.0030 g 2. 0.0000004399
2. 83400 km 3. 10249000
3.4200. mL 4. 555.50
4. 0.000 620 m 5. 0.0020285
5. 0.0004 g -
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A. State the number of B. Round off each of the

significant figures in each
of the following
measurements.
1. 56.0030 g – 6 s.f
2. 83400 km – 3 s.f
3.4200. mL – 4 s.f
4. 0.000 620 m – 3 s.f
5. 0.0004 g -1 s.f
following numbers to three
significant figures.
1. 63.351 – 63.4
2. 0.0000004399 –
0.000000440
3. 10249000- 10200000
4. 555.50 - 556
5. 0.0020285 – 0.00203
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C. Perform the indicated mathematical operations in each of

the following. Round off the answers to the proper number of
significant figures.

1. 501.2 g + 32.346 g + 12.33 g

2. 14.25 cm – 2.234 cm
3. 75.5 m x 8.66 m x 44 m
4. 96.435 g/ 3.45 g
5. 2334 cm x 1.020 cm x 21.2 cm
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C. Perform the indicated mathematical operations in each of

the following. Round off the answers to the proper number of
significant figures.

1. 501.2 g + 32.346 g + 12.33 g = 545.9 g

2. 14.25 cm – 2.234 cm = 12.02 cm
3. 75.5 m x 8.66 m x 44 m = 26000 m
4. 96.435 g/ 3.45 g = 27.95 g
5. 2334 cm x 1.020 cm x 21.2 cm = 50600 cm
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THANK YOU!!!