Topic: COMMUNICATION

Define communication:
o Communication (from Latin communicare, meaning "to share")[1] is the act of
conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually
understood signs, symbols, and semiotic rules.
Reference/s:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication

Modes of Communication:

THREE MODES OF COMMUNICATION

Interpersonal Interpretive Presentational

  
Two-way One-way communication One-way communication
communication with active with no recourse to the intended for an audience
negotiation of meaning active negotiation of of readers, listeners, or
among individuals meaning with the writer, viewers
speaker, or producer

 
 Spontaneous Reader, listener or  Presentation of
viewer interprets what the information; not
 Usually involves author, speaker, or exchange
exchange of producer wants the
information receiver of the message to  No direct
understand opportunity for the
 Meaningful active negotiation
of meaning exists

 
Participants observe and
monitor one another to
see how their meanings
and intentions are being
communicated and make
adjustments and
clarifications accordingly
Interpretation differs
from comprehension and
translation in that it
implies the ability to read,
listen or view “between
the lines,” including
understanding from within
the cultural mindset or
perspective

To ensure the intended
audience is successful in its
interpretation, the
“presenter” needs
knowledge of the
audience’s language and
culture

 Reading of authentic  Writing (messages,

 Speaking and listening texts (websites, stories articles,
(conversation) and other literature, advertisements,
articles, signs) flyers, brochures,
  Reading and writing (text short stories,
messages, messages on  Listening to authentic reports, scripts,
social media, letters) texts (speeches, Power Point
messages, songs, radio presentations);
news, ads)
 Speaking (telling a
 Viewing of authentic story, giving a
materials (videos, speech, TV or radio
movies, presentations, news, drama
TV shows, commercials, presentations
news, plays) including skits,
presentation to jury)

Reference/s:
adapted from ACTFL:
https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/PerformanceDescriptorsLanguageLearners.pdf

Barriers of Communication:
 The use of jargon. Over-complicated or unfamiliar terms.
 Emotional barriers and taboos.
 Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
 Differences in perception and viewpoint.
 Physical disabilities such as hearing problems or speech difficulties.
 Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
 Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
 Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People
often hear what they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to incorrect
conclusions.
 Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do
the way in which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies
between cultures and between different social settings.

Barriers to Communication by Category:

 Language Barriers – Clearly, language and linguistic ability may act as a barrier to
communication. However, even when communicating in the same language, the terminology
used in a message may act as a barrier if it is not fully understood by the receiver(s).
 Psychological Barriers – The psychological state of the receiver will influence how the message
is received.
 Physiological Barriers –  Physiological barriers may result from the receiver’s physical state.
 Physical Barriers – An example of a physical barrier to communication is geographic distance
between the sender and receiver(s). Communication is generally easier over shorter distances
as more communication channels are available and less technology is required. Although
modern technology often serves to reduce the impact of physical barriers, the advantages and
disadvantages of each communication channel should be understood so that an appropriate
channel can be used to overcome the physical barriers.
 Attitudinal Barriers – Attitudinal barriers are behaviors or perceptions that prevent people from
communicating effectively. Attitudinal barriers to communication may result from personality
conflicts, poor management, resistance to change, or a lack of motivation. Effective receivers of
messages should attempt to overcome their own attitudinal barriers to facilitate effective
communication.
Reference/s:
http://phicare.com/competencies/communicationbarriers.php

Therapeutic Communication: