PREREQUISITES FOR SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

1. Normal vocal tract

2. Normal neuromotor maturation
3. Normal auditory system
4. Normal intellectual capacity and cognitive development
5. Normal nurturing and stimulating environment

Prelinguistic Period (0 – 12 months)

In this period infant communicates but does not use language.

There are 03 stages:

a) Prelocutionary:
Infants smile, coo or burp (non-intentionally) but parents interpret as
communicative.

b) Illocutionary:
Children use intentional communication. They use objects to get the attention
of adults.

c) Locutionary:
Children begin to use words to express.

Five stages of Prelinguistic development (Stark)

a) Stage I (0 – 8 weeks): newborns make reflexive cries and vegetative sounds.

b) Stage II (8 – 20 weeks): Crying becomes differentiated into various kinds –

hunger, discomfort, demands. Baby starts making cooing sounds.

c) Stage III (16 – 30 weeks): Vocal play with consonant sound starts.

d) Stage IV (6 – 12 months): This is babbling stage. Combination of vowels and

consonants are produced. Eg. Ba, ba, baba…

e) Satge V (9 – 18 months): Jargon emerges at this stage. There is transition to

true language production (first word being uttered).

Second year: It’s a two word stage.

Third year: Development of grammatical structure and at this age most linguistic
progress occurs.

Kindergarten stage: Child acquires most of the adult grammar.

 MODES OF COMMUNICATION:

There are three modes of communication –

1. Interpersonal
2. Interpretive
3. Presentational

Interpersonal Interpretive Presentational

 Two-way  One-way  One-way
communication communication communication
 with active negotiation of  with no recourse to the active intended for an
meaning among negotiation of meaning with audience of readers,
individuals the writer, speaker or listeners or viewers
producer

 Spontaneous  Reader, listener or viewer  Presentation of

 Involves exchange of
information
 Meaningful
 Participants observe  Interpretation differs from
and monitor one another
to see how their
meanings and intentions
are being
communicated and
make adjustments and
clarifications accordingly
interprets what the author
or speaker wants the
receiver to understand
comprehension and
translation in that it
implies the ability to read,
listen or view “between
the lines,” including
understanding from within
the cultural mindset or
perspective
information; not
exchange
 No active negotiation
of meanings
 To ensure the
intended audience is
successful in its
interpretation, the
“presenter” needs
knowledge of the
audience’s language
and culture

 Speaking and listening  Reading of authentic  Writing (messages,

(conversation) texts (websites, stories
and other literature,
 Reading and writing article, signs)
(text messages,
messages on social  Listening to authentic
media, letters) texts (speeches,
messages, songs, radio
news, ads)
 Viewing of authentic
materials (videos,
movies, presentations, TV
shows, commercials,
news, plays)
articles, ads,
brochures, short
stories, reports,
scripts, power point
presentations)
 Speaking (telling a
story, giving a speech,
TV or radio news,
drama presentations)