GROUP 2:

Diki Atmarizon
Herman Farma
Nurhidayati Putri
 The term Language Planning (LP) was first
invoked by the linguist Uriel Weinreich in the
early 1950s in New York.
: bilingual communication → ‘interlanguage’
 Norwegian American Einar Haugen studied
language change and use in Norway a →
national policy to produce a distinctive and
locally sourced Norwegian mode of
expression.
 Haugen (1953,1972): communication was like
a natural ecology
German linguist Heinz Kloss (1969)
distinguishes:

 Statusplanning: describes how societies

allocate roles and functions (ex: medium of
instruction and official language) to
languages through laws and regulations.

 Corpusplanning: LP that focuses on the

internal features of language.
The combined ideas of Haugen and Klauss:

Problem identification

Formulation of ways to resolve problem

Deciding norms to be promoted

Implementation via education system

Language problem Language policy Language planning

 Cooper (1989): LP refers to deliberate effortsto
influence the behavior of others with respect to
the acquisition, structure, or functional
allocation of their language codes.
 McGroarty (1997): LP is combination of official
decisions and prevailing public practices related
to language education and use.
 Rubin and Jernudd (1971): LP is ‘normative
intervention’ by those empowered to decide,
guided by specialist sociolinguists whose
research provides alternative courses of action.
 Hornberger (2006):

1. Status planning: 1. Policy planning:

‘about uses of when the focus of
language’ activity is on the
2. Corpus planning: form of language.
‘about language’ 2. Cultivation planning:
3. Acquisition planning: when the focus
‘about users of shifts to language
language’ function.

Language Planning Activities Language Planning Approaches

Neustupny’s idea takes LP well beyond status
and corpus planning:
1. Acquisition planning: describes language
teaching policies.
2. Usage planning: involves increasing the
domains in which a language is used.
3. Prestige planning: focuses on aesthetic or
intelectual regard of a linguistic code (by
poets, philosophers and religious figures.
4. Discourse planning: refers to education to
develop persuasive or assertive ways of
expression through effective
communication.
 The initial decades of LP (1950s – 1960s)
were characterized by field definition and
concept building.
 The middle decades (1970s – 1980s) were
characterized by profesionalisation,
technical skills, and managerial procedures.
 The 1990s saw a highly critical reaction
against claims that an autonomous,
politically neutral, ethical, and etchnically
grounded LP had emerged.
 To link economics with politics and the
results was the new discipline of policy
analysis.
 Rubin (1997, 1986): LP science is solutions to
language problems
1. Tame problem: relatively amenable to
policy attention
2. Wicked problem: defy easy solution
 Dua (1985): systematic account of language
problems of a speech community is a
prerequisite to an adequate theory of policy
formulation, LP, and language treatment.
 Nahir (1984): system classification: separates
language problems according to 11 LP
treatments such problems are given, such as
purification, lexical modernisation, and
auxiliary-code standardisation