Lecture 04: Language 4 Stages of Language Planning

(Haugen, 1966)
Planning and Language
1. Selection
Policy 2. Codification
3. Implementation
Language is an asset and a primary
4. Elaboration
instrument of human communication. It gives a
sense of identity to don individual as well as a
social group. However, language can also become
a problem and a barrier to communication, which 1. Selection
necessitates language planning. Is the term used to refer to the choice of an
language variety to fulfil certain functions in a
given society.
Language Planning
All conscious efforts that aim at changing
the linguistic behaviour of a speech community. 2. Codification
(Haugen, 1966). The creation of a linguistic standard or norm
Language planning occurs in most for a selected linguistic code. It is divided up into
countries by their relevant governments wherein three stages:
they have more than one language within the 1. Graphization – developing a writing
community. system.
2. Grammaticalization – deciding on
rules/norms of grammar.
Language Policy 3. Lexicalization – identifying the
vocabulary.
Language policy is sometimes used as
synonym to a language planning. However,
Language policy refers to the more general
linguistic, political and social goals underlying the 3. Implementation
actual language planning process. (Acceptance)
Promoting of the decisions made in the stages
of selection and codification which can include
In short, “language policy” is the
marketing strategy, production of books,
expression of the ideological orientations and
pamphlets, newspapers, and textbooks using the
views, and “language planning” is the actual
new codified standard.
proposal that makes up their implementation.

Language Planning 4. Elaboration

Refers to the terminology and stylistic
“A deliberate language change.” – Ruben
development of a codified language to meet the
and Jernudd, 1971
communicative demands of modern life and
“Organized activity in order to solve technology. Its main area is the production and
language problems within a community.” – Jahr, dissemination of new terms.
1992, cf McKay & Hornberger, 1996
“The proposal to express language
ideologies within the community.” – Bakmand,
2000
 2. Major Levels of Language
Planning – Heinz Kloss (1967,
1969)
1. Status Planning
2. Corpus Planning

1. Status Planning refers to the social

and political position a language will be assigned.
Selection (1) and Implementation (3)
(Haugen, 1990)

2. Corpus Planning refers to changes or

standardising of certain elements of the language,
e.g. lexicon and orthography.
Codification (2) and Elaboration (4)
(Haugen, 1990)