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CHAPTER 1

Status planning- It is concerned with the environment in which the language is used for example, which language is the
“official language” of a country or the “national language”.

Acquisition planning - It is concerned with language distribution, which can involve providing opportunities to use a
particular language to increase the number of uses

Corpus planning- It can be defined as those aspects of language planning which are primarily linguistic and, hence,
internal to language

Micro-level analysis- It involves ‘bottom-up’ level of planning that includes private initiatives such as local groups

Macro-level analysis- It involves ‘top-down’ national government policies.

The 1950’s-1960’s Era- The LPP subject came into existence from this duration and plenty of linguists emerged to offer
solutions of LPP-oriented problems in mild of the colonial ruling globally.

Haugen- The person who described language planning as “the undertaking of preparing normative orthography,
grammar and dictionary for the practice of writers and audio system in a non-homogenous speech community”.

Lin-She states that “language insurance and making plans (LPP) as an interest for instructors emerged interior the 1950s

1960s–1970s- during this era, LP was once viewed as a non-political, non-ideological, pragmatic and a technicist
paradigm.

Johnson- He argues that “it is difficult to precisely and/or cohesively signify the work for the duration of this length as
hobby grew to become more prolix that prolonged beyond the corpus/status distinction.

Rubin-He joined the critique of the “rational model” and in addition to the easy “technical” problems admit the
existence of several “wicked problems,” during the Classical Language Planning.

Hymes-He explains that it was once all through this time whereby positivistic linguistics paradigms and structuralist
principles had been more and more being challenged among a variety of disciplines.

The 1990s to present Era- 1990-present era, language “modernization” is considered as an “(early) modernization”
procedure that meant the unification of languages and the suppression of linguistic diversity in Third World countries.

Ricento- calls this new scenario in the principle of language planning “the ecology of languages paradigm.

Fishman- A widespread vicinity in this paradigm is occupied with the aid of the Reversing Language Shift mannequin,
which done significant reputation and was once utilized to a wide variety of language situations.

Hornberger- considers it an example of a mannequin that embodies three imperative aspects of a newly rising
paradigm, these being ideology, ecology and agency.

Williams- considers it to be the top of language planning, and, pointing to its superb influence, argues that this
mannequin really replaced “language planning.”
CHAPTER 2 Language Policy as Practices, Beliefs andManagement
CHAPTER 3 Language Planning and Policy Theories and Perspective

Thomas Ricento’s- An Introduction to Language Policy: Theory and Method (2006, Blackwell) provides an
evaluation of the theoretical dimension of LPP studies.

Three sub-dimensions of Language Planning

1. Status Planning
2. Corpus Planning
3. Acquisition Planning

Status Planning

 refers to the allocation of new functions to a language (such as using the language as medium of instruction or
as an official language). It affects the role a language plays within a given society.
 It includes popularity choices, making a unique language or range an 'official language', 'national
language',
 regularly phase and parcel of growing a new writing system.
 tends to be the most controversial factor of language planning.
 It is every so often also referred to as ‘social’ or ‘external’planning,
 Mutasa- it is a role given to language which includes the maintenance, extensionor limit of the range of
makes use of of a language for particular function, oreven the introduction of an professional language.
 commonly carried outwith the aid of non-language experts generally politicians and the concerns in
thedecisions are frequently pretty political rather than social linguistic.

Christine Macnab- states that fame planning has brilliant relationship with degree of significance that is given
to languages with recognize to other languages or the language wants of a countrywide government. This kind of
planning refers the alternate of language in the features only;

 Codification- Characteristics or criteria of a "good" language are established.

 Standardization- A unified variety of the language is established, if necessary.
 "Fine-tuning" the selected language or language variety is referred to as "corpus planning" and includes the
following stages:
 Elaboration- Any of a variety of developments, including expansion of vocabulary, expansion of stylistic
repertoire, and creation of type fonts, allow the language to function in a greater range of circumstances.
 Cultivation- The establishment of arbiters, such as dictionaries or language academies, maintains and
advances the status of the language.

Corpus Planning

 concern with the internal structure of a language.

 It entails making modifications to the linguistic code and the creation of grammars and dictionaries for the
chosen language.
 Typical things to do of corpus planning include devising a writing gadget for a spoken language,
initiating spelling reforms, coining new phrases and publishing grammar books.
 pertains to prescriptive intervention in the varieties of a language.
 It is concerned with language distribution, which can involve providing opportunities to use a particular
language to increase the number of uses

Central thing of corpus planning and language planning is language standardization,

 Acquisition Planning

 includes the efforts to spread and promote the mastering of a language.

 It is concerned with language distribution, which can involve providing opportunities to use a particular
language to increase the number of uses
 entails efforts to affect the range of customers and the distribution of languages and literacies, finished
by using growing possibilities or incentives to learn them.
 worries the teaching and learning of languages, whether countrywide languages or and overseas
languages.

The model that Spolsky explored entails a wide variety of defined domains specifically home, legal, religious and
schoold domain.

Home domain-

 language beliefs, and their attempts to influence the practices and beliefs of different individuals of the
domestic speech community are critical.
 Thus, even the family, the presumably simplest and most fundamental area for its impact on herbal
intergenerational language transmission, turns out to be open to the have an impact on of different domains.

Religious Domain

 Religious institutions have their very own language policies, specially influenced with the aid of a set up
faith about the importance of keeping the original language of the sacred texts

Legal Domain

 In the prison domain, there has been growing pressure to permit the increasing numbers of immigrants to
recognize the manner of their trials, adding a new participant.
 In the fitness domain, where there are pragmatic reasons for professional participants to be in a position to
talk with their patients, the provision of qualified interpreters depended on civil rights pressures in Europe and
the US.

School Domain

 Of all domains, college proves to be one of the most complex. Its participants bring with them the practices and
beliefs of a complex and increasingly more multilingual society.