Status of Secondary Education in India: A Note based on DISE 2012-13 Data

Arun C. Mehta*

Background

Numerous efforts have been made in the past decade to strengthen educational management
information system in India amongst which, District Information System for Education (DISE)
jointly developed by NUEPA, Ministry of Human Resource Development and UNICEF is the
most prominent one. Recently, the scope of DISE was extended to entire school education
covering grades from I to XII, 2012-13 being the first year for which information was collected
from 662 districts spread over 7,167 blocks in around 69,232 clusters from all the 35 States &
UTs of the country. This note is exclusively based on DISE 2012-13 data and confines only to
Secondary and Higher Secondary levels of education (For details, see Secondary Education in
India: Flash Statistics and State Report Cards, 2012-13 available at www.dise.in).

Distribution of Schools

During 2012-13, DISE could reach to more than 1.5 million schools imparting school education
of which about 2,28,914 schools are imparting Secondary and Higher Secondary education. Of
the total 228.9 thousand schools, about 70.37 percent are located in the rural areas and about 44
percent schools are being managed by the Government. Distribution of schools further reveals
that of the total Secondary and Higher Secondary schools covered under DISE, 15.01 percent are
Primary with Upper Primary and Secondary and Higher Secondary schools compared to 25.02
percent Upper Primary with Secondary and Higher Secondary, 13.86 percent Primary with
Upper Primary and Secondary, 15.94 percent Upper Primary with Secondary, 16.74 percent
Secondary only, 9.04 and 4.39 percent are respectively Secondary with Higher Secondary and
Higher Secondary only schools. About 2.10 percent of the total schools are exclusively meant for
the CWSN children but percentage of such schools reported in case of Uttar Pradesh is as high as
11.78 compared to 5.41 in Dadra & Nagar Haveli [Table 1 & 2].

All categories of schools together reveals that as many as 2,18,857 Secondary and 1,22,368
Higher Secondary schools/sections were covered under DISE in 2012-13. State-specific number
of schools reveals that Andhra Pradesh has the highest number of Secondary and Higher
Secondary schools/sections (25,502 schools) and Lakshadweep, the lowest (13 schools). On the

*
Professor & Head, Department of Educational Management Information System, NUEPA, New Delhi - 110016

Page 1 of 27
other hand, a few states, such as Karnataka (17.041 schools), Madhya Pradesh (13,042 schools),
Maharashtra (23,426 schools), Rajasthan (24,357 schools) and Uttar Pradesh (22,194 schools),
have more than 10 thousand schools/sections imparting Secondary and Higher Secondary
Schools. Distribution of schools/sections in 2012-13 further reveals that of the total 228.91
thousand schools, 21,88,57 are Secondary and remaining 1,22,368 are Higher Secondary
schools/sections. Rajasthan (24,354 schools) has the highest number of Secondary
schools/sections and Andhra Pradesh, with 21,796 schools/sections, has the highest number of
schools that impart Higher Secondary education in 2012-13.

New Schools Opened

Since 2006-07, a number of new schools are opened and percentage of such new schools is as
high as 12.05 percent of the total schools in 2012-13. About 11.24 and 10.57 percent of
Secondary and Higher Secondary schools/sections have been established since 2006-07 but
percentage of such schools is quite high in a few states such as, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh. A distribution of such
schools further reveals that about 4.86 percent Secondary and 3.37 percent Higher Secondary
schools under Government managements are established since 2006. This is expected to get
further momentum when RMSA is extended to all remaining secondary schools.

Ratio of Upper Primary to Secondary Schools/Sections

The ratio of Upper Primary to Secondary schools/sections reveals that there is an average one
Secondary school/section for every 2.64 sets of Upper Primary schools/sections compared to one
Higher Secondary schools for every set of 1.79 Secondary schools/sections (Table 3). As it looks
that access is not a major issue; however habitation-specific information with regard to distance
and population norms, when available from the all-India school education survey (2009-10), will
reveal more information about availability of Secondary and Higher Secondary schools across
the country. However, DISE 2012-13, reveals that there are only 0.67 Secondary and 0.36
Higher Secondary school per 10 sq. km. of schools. Compared to the high number of schools per
sq. km. in Chandigarh, Delhi, Lakshadweep and Puducherry, all other states have a much lower
number of schools. State-specific ratio of Upper Primary to Secondary schools/sections further
reveals that in many states the same is above three and in states, such as Jharkhand (4.39) and
Bihar (5.47), is even above four but the same in case of ratio of Secondary to Higher Secondary
schools/sections in these states is lower than three. Many of the north-eastern states, however has

Page 2 of 27
 Thematic Maps based on DISE Data

INDIA
Ratio of Upper Primary to Secondary
Schools/Sections
2012 - 13

RATIO OF UPPER PRIMARY TO

SECONDARY SCHOOLS/SECTIONS

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 1

Page 3 of 27
Table 1 : Number of Schools covered under DISE : 2012-13
Number of Schools covered under DISE Schools by Type
Density of Schools per 10 Sq. Km. Schools Located in Higher
State/UT Secondary
Secondary Higher Secondary All Schools Rural Areas Secondary
Secondary Higher Secondary Girls Girls
A & N Islands 94 64 101 0.11 0.08 77.23 0.00 0.00
Andhra Pradesh 21390 21796 25502 0.78 0.79 66.06 1.38 1.35
Arunachal Pradesh 357 159 357 0.04 0.02 74.79 2.24 0.00
Assam 6829 1579 7298 0.87 0.20 85.06 10.87 5.57
Bihar 5644 2523 5819 0.60 0.27 83.71 12.08 7.21
Chandigarh 145 82 145 10.07 5.69 13.10 3.45 7.32
Chhattisgarh 5995 3556 6043 0.44 0.26 74.78 4.90 4.67
D & N Haveli 35 15 37 0.71 0.31 67.57 0.00 0.00
Daman & Diu 40 25 41 3.28 2.05 53.66 10.00 8.00
Delhi 1965 1518 1965 13.25 10.24 3.31 21.68 25.96
Goa 391 99 466 1.06 0.27 69.10 1.79 3.03
Gujarat 9376 5197 9909 0.48 0.27 64.58 5.55 6.29
Haryana 7448 4364 7450 1.68 0.99 73.62 7.33 6.99
Himachal Pradesh 3334 1795 3343 0.60 0.32 88.78 1.41 1.62
Jammu & Kashmir 3920 1497 3923 0.18 0.07 72.44 3.65 4.41
Jharkhand 4153 1580 4376 0.52 0.20 77.54 8.98 9.05
Karnataka 14533 4725 17041 0.76 0.25 55.61 4.70 9.33
Kerala 4125 3007 4153 1.06 0.77 77.70 3.90 3.29
Lakshadweep 13 12 13 4.06 3.75 69.23 15.38 16.67
Madhya Pradesh 13033 7189 13042 0.42 0.23 61.44 4.18 5.29
Maharashtra 21930 8162 23426 0.71 0.27 64.15 3.41 3.41
Manipur 999 183 1053 0.45 0.08 73.60 2.40 3.28
Meghalaya 1096 178 1136 0.49 0.08 80.46 3.74 8.43
Mizoram 599 126 711 0.28 0.06 47.26 0.17 0.00
Nagaland 688 142 716 0.41 0.09 64.94 0.29 2.82
Odisha 9351 134 9351 0.60 0.01 88.81 9.81 2.24
Puducherry 313 132 316 6.36 2.68 46.20 7.67 13.64
Punjab 8818 4371 8892 1.75 0.87 65.85 3.64 6.22
Rajasthan 24354 10958 24357 0.71 0.32 73.53 3.47 5.19
Sikkim 195 74 195 0.27 0.10 86.15 1.54 4.05
Tamil Nadu 11577 11581 11587 0.89 0.89 62.40 7.80 7.80
Tripura 943 374 943 0.90 0.36 83.24 3.92 5.35
Uttar Pradesh 22176 15801 22194 0.93 0.66 82.67 7.26 8.08
Uttaranchal 3233 1956 3240 0.60 0.37 83.43 7.76 8.44
West Bengal 9765 7414 9773 1.10 0.84 72.26 11.06 7.86
All India 218857 122368 228914 0.67 0.37 70.37 5.62 5.76

Page 4 of 27
Table 2 : Percentage of Secondary and Higher Secondary Schools by Management*
Secondary Schools* Higher Secondary Schools*
State/UT Government Government
Private Aided Private Unaided Private Aided Private Unaided
Managements management
A & N Islands 85.11 2.13 11.70 76.56 3.13 9.38
Andhra Pradesh 52.48 3.81 40.64 48.34 3.34 45.68
Arunachal Pradesh 78.15 0.84 19.89 80.50 0.00 16.98
Assam 41.66 34.34 15.32 58.52 19.32 14.63
Bihar 79.57 4.39 10.79 75.74 4.48 10.42
Chandigarh 60.69 4.83 34.48 51.22 7.32 41.46
Chhattisgarh 76.98 1.38 21.10 67.35 2.00 29.16
D & N Haveli 71.43 5.71 22.86 80.00 0.00 20.00
Daman & Diu 72.50 10.00 12.50 72.00 8.00 16.00
Delhi 51.60 9.41 38.98 55.73 10.54 33.73
Goa 25.32 68.54 3.84 18.18 73.74 4.04
Gujarat 12.46 45.69 41.22 8.83 35.62 55.26
Haryana 48.86 2.32 47.92 44.84 3.30 51.17
Himachal Pradesh 66.20 0.03 33.74 75.77 0.06 23.84
Jammu & Kashmir 58.39 0.18 39.77 56.51 0.27 38.94
Jharkhand 55.79 5.56 22.66 45.19 6.01 32.66
Karnataka 35.14 24.53 40.30 26.88 13.78 59.34
Kerala 31.95 29.09 30.72 35.38 26.90 30.53
Lakshadweep 100.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00 0.00
Madhya Pradesh 45.29 1.99 38.84 34.40 3.10 53.10
Maharashtra 12.17 59.82 23.88 9.20 60.73 28.35
Manipur 36.94 10.41 50.55 32.79 3.28 62.84
Meghalaya 4.01 56.48 38.78 17.42 51.12 30.90
Mizoram 47.75 21.87 28.05 19.05 15.87 54.76
Nagaland 45.06 0.00 54.94 29.58 0.00 70.42
Odisha 54.08 28.17 15.36 45.52 1.49 47.76
Puducherry 43.77 9.27 46.96 46.97 8.33 44.70
Punjab 44.48 4.07 26.96 43.42 4.94 29.22
Rajasthan 48.86 0.11 50.72 40.58 0.15 59.01
Sikkim 83.59 1.03 15.38 79.73 5.41 14.86
Tamil Nadu 49.62 15.38 34.94 49.60 15.35 35.00
Tripura 90.03 3.82 5.83 87.43 7.75 4.01
Uttar Pradesh 19.27 22.32 56.44 17.47 27.80 53.39
Uttaranchal 66.66 10.83 22.46 59.66 14.98 25.31
West Bengal 88.57 0.79 5.53 88.54 0.80 6.03
All India 43.53 17.32 35.06 41.70 13.99 41.04
* Total may not add to 100 because of no response and rounding of figures.

Page 5 of 27
a very high ratio, as high as 6.16 in Meghalaya and 4.32 in Assam (Table 3).

Schools by Location

All schools together further reveals that 70.37 percent of the total schools are located in the rural
areas. State-specific percentage of Secondary and Higher Secondary schools reveals that the
same is as low as 3.31 percent in case of Delhi compared to above 85 percent such schools in
Bihar (Table 1). In Kerala, percentage of schools in rural areas is 55.61 which is lower than the
same in many other states. Of the total Secondary and Higher Secondary schools, the percentage
of girls’ schools is 5.62 and 5.76 compared to 71.51 and 57.21 percent co-educational schools
respectively. However, percentage of girls schools both in case of Secondary as well as Higher
Secondary schools in a few states, such as, Bihar, Delhi, Lakshadweep, West Bengal etc. is much
Higher than in most of the other states.

Schools by Management

The Secondary and Higher Secondary schools together have a total enrolment of 54.56 million
compared to 1.77 million teachers (Tables 5 & 7). Of the total enrolment, the share of rural area
is 65.32 percent compared to 67.87 percent teachers. Distribution of Secondary schools by
management further reveals that 33.31 percent schools are being managed by the Department of
Education followed by Local Body (5.13 percent), Tribal/Social Welfare Department (2.95
percent) and Other Government managements (0.45 percent). All Government managements
together have a share of about 44 percent of the total schools/sections that impart Secondary
education. In addition, about 17.32 percent Secondary schools are being managed by the Private
Added managements compared to 35.06 percent Private Unaided managements (Table 2).

State-specific percentage of Secondary Schools by management (Table 2) further reveals that in

a few states, percentage of schools managed by the Private Unaided managements is much
higher than the same at the all-India level (35.06 percent). Gujarat (41.22 percent), Haryana
(47.92 percent), Rajasthan (50.72 percent), Uttar Pradesh (56.44 percent), Manipur (50.55
percent), Nagaland (54.94 percent) etc. are few such states. In addition, about 1.70 percent
schools are being managed by the Central Government. On the other hand, about 2.11 percent of
total Secondary schools are unrecognized and another 0.41 and 0.04 percent recognised and

Page 6 of 27
unrecognized Madarsas respectively. Almost similar picture emerges when percentage of Higher
Secondary schools by management is analysed which shows that about 41 percent Higher
Secondary schools/sections are being managed by the Government managements compared to
2.40 percent schools managed by the Central Government. The percentage of Higher Secondary
schools/sections being managed by the Private Aided and Unaided managements in 2012-13 is
13.99 and 41.04 respectively. In at least eight states, more than half of the total Higher
Secondary schools/sections are being managed by the Private Unaided managements and the
percentage of such schools is as high as 70.42 percent in Nagaland and 59 percent in Karnataka
and Rajasthan.

Single Classroom & Teacher Schools

A cursory look at schools with regard to facilities (Table 4) in Secondary and Higher Secondary
schools reveals that they are better placed than the same in case of elementary schools. However,
there are a few indicators which need further improvement. Of the total 228.9 thousand
Secondary and Higher Secondary schools, about 1.12 percent schools are single-classroom
schools compared to about 1.94 single-teacher schools. Percentage of single-teacher schools by
school category reveals that more than 5 percent of the total Secondary only schools are single-
teacher schools compared to 4.36 percent Secondary with Higher Secondary schools. Of the total
Secondary schools, 1.26 percent have single-classroom compared to 1.24 percent Higher
Secondary schools/sections. About 8.57 and 6.67 percent Secondary and Higher Secondary
Schools/sections in Dadra and Nagar Haveli has single-classroom compared to 6.62 and 5.41
percent Higher Secondary schools/sections respectively in Gujarat and Sikkim have single-
classroom. All such schools can be identified from the DISE data and necessary provisions can
be planned to improve classroom transactions.

Facilities in Schools

a) Schools with Building

On the other hand, about 99 percent of the total Secondary (98.86 percent) and Higher
Secondary (99.15 percent) schools have building. Most of the states have provided
building to all of its schools imparting Secondary and Higher Secondary education.
However, a few states, such as Goa, are yet to provide school building to many of its

Page 7 of 27
 Thematic Maps based on DISE Data

INDIA
Percentage of Single-Classroom Schools
All Secondary & Higher Secondary Schools
2012 - 13

PERCENTAGE SINGLE-CLASSROOM
SCHOOLS : ALL SECONDARY &
HIGHER SCHOOLS

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 2

Page 8 of 27
 schools. Further, it has been observed that the majority of Secondary and Higher
Secondary schools do not have ramp as percentage of such schools with ramp is as low as
17.58 ad 20.18 percent respectively. But in Delhi 64.17 percent such schools have ramp.
Tamil Nadu (34.57 percent), Uttar Pradesh (40.32 percent), Gujarat (23.41 percent),
Himachal Pradesh (35.84 percent) etc. also have high percentage of schools with ramp
(Table 4).

b) Schools with Toilet

More than 92 percent Secondary and Higher Secondary schools have girls’ toilet which is
higher than the same in case of elementary schools. All Primary with Upper Primary and
Secondary and Higher Secondary, Upper Primary with Secondary and Higher Secondary
and Secondary with Higher Secondary schools have girl’s toilet. On the other hand, 6.84
percent of the total 228.9 thousand schools have toilet for CWSN children. On the one
hand, a few states, such as, Chandigarh, Delhi, Goa and Lakshadweep, have provided
girls’ toilet to all schools that impart Secondary and Higher Secondary education. Other
states except a few such as, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Karnataka, Meghalaya etc; provided
girl’s toilet to above 90 percent schools. Compared to girls’ toilet, percentage of
Secondary (80.31 percent) and Higher Secondary (86.14 percent) schools having boys’
toilet is a bit lower than the girls’ toilet. Further, it is observed that more than 50 percent
Secondary and Higher Secondary schools do not have hand washing facility near toilet
(Table 4).

c) Drinking Water, Electricity, Ramp, Laboratory & Other Facilities

One of the other facilities that every school should have is availability of drinking water
in school. DISE data reveals that more than 97 percent of the total schools that impart
Secondary (97.37 percent) and Higher Secondary (97.84 percent) education have
drinking water facility in school compared to 83.11 percent schools having electricity
connection (Table 4). States such as D & N Haveli, Lakshadweep, Puducherry and
Andaman & Nicobar Islands have provided electricity connection to all Secondary and

Page 9 of 27
Table : 3 Ratio of Upper Primary to Secondary Schools/Sections & Secondary to Higher Secondary Schools/Section : 2012-13
Ratio of Upper Primary to Ratio of Secondary to Student-Classroom Ratio Pupil-Teacher Ratio
State/UT Secondary Higher Secondary Higher Higher
Secondary All Schools Secondary All Schools
Schools/Sections Schools/Sections Secondary Secondary
A & N Islands 1.82 1.47 32 39 35 13 16 14
Andhra Pradesh 1.80 0.98 66 42 53 42 13 22
Arunachal Pradesh 3.96 2.25 45 64 50 36 33 35
Assam 2.30 4.32 43 72 48 15 24 17
Bihar 5.47 2.24 93 59 84 50 90 55
Chandigarh 1.20 1.77 48 53 50 41 35 38
Chhattisgarh 2.99 1.69 61 38 50 49 20 33
D & N Haveli 3.83 2.33 52 60 55 30 37 32
Daman & Diu 1.48 1.60 37 58 44 55 30 41
Delhi 1.28 1.29 48 48 48 21 52 30
Goa 1.19 3.95 36 32 34 22 17 20
Gujarat 3.34 1.80 50 55 52 36 47 40
Haryana 1.57 1.71 34 37 35 98 42 63
Himachal Pradesh 1.88 1.86 36 31 34 27 18 22
Jammu & Kashmir 3.45 2.62 37 55 42 34 43 37
Jharkhand 4.39 2.63 93 94 93 49 30 41
Karnataka 2.36 3.08 72 27 55 16 23 17
Kerala 1.90 1.37 47 53 49 66 18 33
Lakshadweep 2.00 1.08 34 33 33 28 28 28
Madhya Pradesh 3.92 1.81 53 44 50 56 53 55
Maharashtra 2.06 2.69 55 70 60 29 48 34
Manipur 1.90 5.46 35 57 42 17 26 20
Meghalaya 3.39 6.16 31 41 33 14 22 15
Mizoram 2.44 4.75 28 43 32 9 15 10
Nagaland 2.22 4.85 35 55 40 33 43 36
Odisha 3.23 - 104 50 103 17 31 17
Puducherry 1.36 2.37 36 38 37 31 68 39
Punjab 1.64 2.02 35 45 39 20 30 23
Rajasthan 2.53 2.22 45 46 45 31 50 36
Sikkim 2.75 2.64 39 34 37 19 21 20
Tamil Nadu 1.84 1.00 41 38 39 30 32 31
Tripura 2.34 2.52 66 44 59 35 10 20
Uttar Pradesh 3.85 1.40 54 71 60 18 165 29
Uttaranchal 2.33 1.65 53 52 53 36 50 41
West Bengal 1.78 1.32 92 85 89 41 54 45
All India 2.64 1.79 55 53 54 28 38 31

Page 10 of 27
Table : 4 Percentage of Schools (All Schools) by Facilities : 2012-13
% School % School
% School
% School with % School with % School
% Single- % School with % School % School % School % School
% School with Separate with Computer with
State/UT Classroom with Drinking with with with Boys' with Girls'
with Ramp Boundary Room for Electricity and Playground
School Building Water Computer Library Toilet Toilet
Wall Head Connection Internet Facility
Facility
Master Facility
A & N Islands 2.97 100.00 50.00 58.42 100.00 93.07 100.00 97.03 69.31 97.03 66.34 96.08 99.02
Andhra Pradesh 1.79 99.67 69.37 83.07 95.68 49.00 94.57 60.71 26.61 87.80 79.97 44.25 61.40
Arunachal Pradesh 3.64 99.16 37.50 75.35 95.24 70.03 84.59 85.15 29.41 50.14 74.23 59.95 94.85
Assam 0.19 100.00 34.58 54.74 90.05 40.31 56.39 29.35 3.60 56.07 71.03 64.08 73.37
Bihar 0.46 99.21 72.54 81.10 98.59 35.95 31.14 4.35 2.13 84.45 72.09 69.54 72.92
Chandigarh 0.69 100.00 97.14 100.00 100.00 97.24 100.00 99.31 93.79 96.55 97.24 100.00 100.00
Chhattisgarh 0.28 91.03 56.90 73.61 94.27 44.94 65.10 15.09 5.66 86.89 58.45 71.13 75.02
D & N Haveli 8.11 100.00 50.00 91.89 100.00 75.68 100.00 40.54 27.03 94.59 78.38 92.00 92.00
Daman & Diu 2.44 97.56 66.67 90.24 97.56 65.85 97.56 60.98 48.78 90.24 65.85 93.33 95.83
Delhi 0.25 100.00 99.68 98.93 100.00 98.63 100.00 77.35 73.54 91.96 81.93 100.00 100.00
Goa 1.29 95.49 23.21 81.33 97.85 81.33 97.85 81.76 54.72 95.71 64.38 92.50 99.23
Gujarat 1.49 97.86 64.52 89.79 98.27 80.21 96.09 32.98 24.65 75.32 80.08 96.81 97.50
Haryana 0.13 99.58 85.28 98.42 99.97 87.26 99.28 89.80 40.52 91.23 85.81 93.67 98.64
Himachal Pradesh 2.06 99.91 90.96 68.77 99.76 75.89 98.77 75.92 44.78 92.55 93.84 87.72 99.42
Jammu & Kashmir 1.78 100.00 64.09 72.37 98.09 72.37 70.02 57.30 16.08 76.73 77.62 58.40 94.03
Jharkhand 0.71 98.61 64.22 65.17 95.66 68.99 54.11 36.59 12.32 80.35 59.55 71.14 84.86
Karnataka 1.13 99.62 79.89 74.47 96.83 69.88 92.25 62.55 20.49 92.44 82.07 86.77 91.12
Kerala 1.06 97.71 78.95 86.97 98.80 74.43 97.28 96.03 83.12 85.50 86.03 82.37 98.85
Lakshadweep 0.00 100.00 100.00 69.23 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 92.31 100.00 69.23 100.00 100.00
Madhya Pradesh 0.64 95.97 59.76 78.32 95.84 27.30 65.30 28.88 13.22 29.35 61.23 29.42 86.89
Maharashtra 1.18 99.60 59.06 75.19 99.65 84.72 93.57 82.92 37.80 89.57 89.76 92.18 98.15
Manipur 1.71 99.81 63.79 65.62 93.45 81.20 75.78 67.33 17.19 68.66 70.75 88.73 98.02
Meghalaya 1.14 98.33 44.87 57.31 78.70 56.25 70.69 24.74 7.92 34.68 52.02 62.26 61.50
Mizoram 0.14 97.61 73.68 46.41 86.78 42.48 83.40 0.28 0.00 27.43 29.68 98.30 99.43
Nagaland 0.70 98.32 55.74 75.84 85.34 83.52 81.84 81.15 24.44 54.75 57.26 92.30 92.83
Odisha 0.89 99.39 69.54 73.47 92.00 37.80 59.89 21.33 3.39 82.08 65.68 26.95 81.58
Puducherry 0.32 97.15 100.00 96.52 100.00 88.29 100.00 99.37 77.85 94.30 82.91 95.51 99.72
Punjab 1.36 99.74 72.38 96.72 99.98 91.75 99.90 95.92 67.07 89.51 87.91 94.19 98.66
Rajasthan 1.73 99.98 50.23 94.63 98.43 79.42 88.19 51.87 21.68 83.03 71.18 88.77 99.00
Sikkim 1.03 100.00 71.43 45.13 98.46 92.31 90.77 95.38 38.46 66.67 83.08 87.20 99.40
Tamil Nadu 1.98 99.05 84.84 86.11 98.44 82.47 97.27 84.46 71.27 95.80 83.00 83.20 98.03
Tripura 3.61 99.89 86.29 43.80 97.99 66.07 64.79 50.05 6.26 32.77 81.34 55.10 97.75
Uttar Pradesh 0.32 97.84 91.91 94.21 98.04 82.14 78.14 26.73 6.97 79.97 62.11 94.92 95.61
Uttaranchal 1.76 97.65 67.30 71.30 94.29 70.31 89.17 77.72 28.64 74.88 59.75 78.31 95.39
West Bengal 0.28 100.00 87.40 72.63 99.39 32.16 92.95 57.79 16.84 70.44 62.35 86.32 97.21
All India 1.12 98.87 70.93 81.87 97.17 66.44 84.31 54.63 26.21 80.32 74.84 80.80 92.40

Page 11 of 27
 Higher Secondary schools compared to only 29.11 and 38.13 percent such schools in
Bihar. State-specific analysis further reveals that most of states have provided
drinking water to its schools but corresponding percentage of such Secondary and
Higher Secondary schools in Haryana and Jammu and Kashmir is lower than the same
in other states.

Further, it is observed that ramp is available in only 37.44 percent of the total schools
and the percentage in case of Higher Secondary schools is as low as 17.27 percent.
More than 80 percent of the total schools have Library but only 16.10 percent schools
have full-time Librarian and the percentage is as low as 7.15 percent in case of Upper
Primary with Secondary schools. In most of the states, above 90 percent Secondary
and Higher Secondary schools have Library but the same is not true in case of
Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, states from the North
Eastern region, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal, as a good number of
schools in these states are yet to provide Library to its schools (Table 4).

d) Boundary Wall Playground Facility

Quite similar to situation at elementary level, not all the Secondary and Higher
Secondary schools have boundary wall as the percentage of such schools with
boundary wall is only 81.87. All the schools in Chandigarh has boundary wall
compared to 55.55 percent in Assam, 67.89 percent in Jharkhand, 46.67 percent in
Sikkim etc. Compared to Secondary schools (83.04 percent), more Higher Secondary
schools (88.32 percent) have boundary wall. Playground is one of the important
facilities which should be available in all schools but the same is available only in
case of 75 Secondary and 78 percent Higher Secondary schools (Table 4).

e) Head Master’s Room, Hostel, Internet & Computers

Distribution of Secondary and Higher Secondary schools by facilities further reveals

that only 7 percent schools have Laboratory Assistant compared to 66.44 percent
schools having separate room for Head Master. On the other hand, only 66.71and
68.65 percent Secondary and Higher Secondary schools have separate room for Head
Master in 2012-13 but percentage of such schools in many states is very high.
Lakshadweep provided Head Master’s room to all Secondary and Higher Secondary
schools. About 6.54 and 4.97 percent Secondary and Higher Secondary schools have
hostel for boys and girls respectively. More than half (51.91 percent) of the total
34,359 Primary with Upper Primary and Secondary and Higher Secondary schools

Page 12 of 27
 Thematic Maps based on DISE Data

INDIA
Percentage of Schools with Computer
All Secondary & Higher Secondary Schools
2012 - 13

PERCENTAGE OF SCHOOLS WITH

COMPUTER :ALL SECONDARY &
HIGHER SCHOOLS

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 3

Page 13 of 27
 have internet facility compared to 38.81 percent such Higher Secondary only schools.
All schools together have internet facility in 26.21 per cent schools (Secondary, 27.24
and Higher Secondary, 26.21 percent). Chandigarh and Lakshadweep have provided
internet facility to 9 out of 10 schools compared to only 2.13 percent such schools in
Bihar. It may also be observed that only 57 and 60 percent schools those imparting
Secondary and Higher Secondary education provided computers compared to only
29.11 and 38.13 percent such schools with computer in Bihar. On the other hand,
19.31 percent of the total schools have ICT laboratory.

f) First Aid, Auditorium, SMDC & PTA

Further, it has been revealed that not all the schools have separate room for indoor
game and percentage of such Upper Primary with Secondary schools is as low as
8.75. Further, it has been observed that about 18 percent Secondary and Higher
Secondary schools have first-aid room and 15.33 percent had auditorium in 2012-13
and percentage of such Higher Secondary schools is 27.15. It has also been observed
that all Secondary and Higher Secondary schools have not constituted SMDC and
percentage of such Higher Secondary schools is as low as 18.03 percent. About 21
percent schools have constituted school building committee. Further, it has been
observed that it is not that schools have not constituted SMDC but the majority of
schools even did not constitute PTA, as percentage of schools having PTA is as low
as 28.69.

g) Classroom Condition & Laboratory Facility

Percentage distribution of classrooms by condition reveals that majority of classrooms

both at Secondary (88.51 percent) and Higher Secondary (90.84 percent) level are of
good condition and only a few schools need major/minor repairs. Availability of
Laboratory at Secondary level is essential which reveals that only 21.49 percent
schools have Physics, 21.28 percent Chemistry, 26.86 percent Computer and 20.23
percent Biology Laboratories compared to which the percentage of schools having
Language, Geography, Home Science and Psychology Laboratory is much lower.

PTR & SCR

Pupil-teacher ratio (PTR) and student-classroom ratio (SCR) are the next indicators which
have been analysed. SCR reveals that as many as 54 students sit in one classroom which is as
high as 62 and 60 respectively in case of Upper Primary with Secondary and Higher
Secondary and Secondary and Higher Secondary schools. Further, SCR at Secondary and

Page 14 of 27
Higher Secondary level indicate that as many as 55 and 53 students sit in one classroom. In
many states, such as Bihar (93 in Secondary and 59 students in Higher Secondary), Jharkhand
(93 and 94 students), Uttar Pradesh (54 and 71 students) and West Bengal (92 and 85
students), SCR is very high. The lowest SCR, however is observed in Mizoram (28 students
per classroom) in case of Secondary and 27 students per classroom in Karnataka at Higher
Secondary level of education. The high SCR may have adverse impact on teaching-learning
process across school category and need immediate attention of planners.

On the other hand, PTR reveals that on an average a teacher is teaching 31 students in
Secondary and Higher Secondary classes but there are a few school types, such as Secondary
with Higher Secondary and Higher Secondary only schools where a teacher is teaching 64
and 50 students respectively. All schools together has a PTR of 28 students per teacher at
Secondary and 38 students per teacher at Higher Secondary level of education but like SCR,
pupil-teacher ratio is also very high both at Secondary and Higher Secondary levels of
education in Bihar (50 and 90 students), because of which it might be difficult for teacher to
manage the affairs of class. In Kerala too, a teacher is teaching 66 students at Secondary level
compared to 68 students in case of Puducherry.

Further, it has also been observed that irrespective of school type, Secondary and Higher
Secondary school has an average of 8 teachers which is 9 and 8 teachers respectively in case
of Upper Primary with Secondary and Higher Secondary and Secondary with Higher
Secondary schools.

Enrolment-based Indicators

In addition to indicators presented above a variety of enrolment based indictors have also
been analysed which has got direct relevance in achieving the goal of universal secondary
education. One such indicators is the percentage of girls’ enrolment which is 46.89 percent
but the same in a few school category is as low as 43.76 and 44.50 respectively in case of
Primary with Upper Primary and Secondary and Primary with Upper Primary and Secondary
and Higher Secondary schools. Needless to observe that without bringing all remaining girls
under the umbrella of education, neither the goal of universal elementary nor secondary
education can be achieved. It is also possible that many children of age group 15+ to 16+ and
17+ to 18+ are still out of school or a few of them are in elementary classes. It may also be
observed that only elementary school graduates can be admitted in Grade IX, which is the
first grade of the next Higher level i.e. Secondary level. This means that enrolment in
Secondary level is not a function of corresponding age-specific population i.e. 15+ to 16+ but
is a function of elementary graduates.

Page 15 of 27
Table 5 : Regular Teachers at Secondary and Higher Secondary Level of Education : 2012-13
Number of Teachers
Secondary Level Higher Secondary Level All Teachers

State/UT Total %
Total Teachers % Female Regular Contractual Total
Teachers Female
A & N Islands 924 51.52 684 47.08 1608 177 1785
Andhra Pradesh 50330 37.88 99610 37.28 149940 16101 166041
Arunachal
Pradesh 1330 23.38 914 22.43 2244 18 2262
Assam 56935 29.53 12961 32.33 69896 988 70884
Bihar 48229 25.65 6678 23.11 54907 176 55083
Chandigarh 841 81.21 999 79.58 1840 45 1885
Chhattisgarh 16787 43.02 20412 40.20 37199 3556 40755
D & N Haveli 357 55.46 160 53.75 517 0 517
Daman & Diu 95 26.32 130 39.23 225 4 229
Delhi 30045 65.04 11091 60.35 41136 0 41136
Goa 2065 66.10 1475 61.69 3540 25 3565
Gujarat 41421 29.16 18877 31.57 60298 1225 61523
Haryana 7957 50.67 13472 42.44 21429 796 22225
Himachal Pradesh 10085 46.10 11902 37.01 21987 910 22897
Jammu & Kashmir 9659 39.12 4898 36.44 14557 239 14796
Jharkhand 13431 30.49 11660 33.38 25091 6687 31778
Karnataka 104945 40.42 16246 37.70 121191 706 121897
Kerala 15610 69.08 34608 68.74 50218 811 51029
Lakshadweep 85 50.59 51 47.06 136 26 162
Madhya Pradesh 38587 38.19 17274 34.47 55861 143 56004
Maharashtra 117504 34.45 43270 32.83 160774 4358 165132
Manipur 4272 41.74 2159 44.74 6431 74 6505
Meghalaya 5849 46.79 988 52.94 6837 81 6918
Mizoram 4330 34.97 1379 43.87 5709 38 5747
Nagaland 1630 43.19 668 53.59 2298 13 2311
Odisha 68452 28.98 469 36.46 68921 1628 70549
Puducherry 1463 51.54 433 54.97 1896 70 1966
Punjab 39926 66.12 20323 63.98 60249 4032 64281
Rajasthan 71349 26.13 25533 27.38 96882 2146 99028
Sikkim 998 46.59 586 47.44 1584 77 1661
Tamil Nadu 73314 62.76 50278 53.50 123592 1836 125428
Tripura 3894 26.50 5161 37.03 9055 21 9076
Uttar Pradesh 261392 32.26 25620 25.31 287012 51694 338706
Uttaranchal 10780 31.27 5806 29.40 16586 172 16758
West Bengal 59374 35.67 27194 36.45 86568 170 86738
All India 1174245 37.80 493969 40.90 1668214 99043 1767257

As has already been indicated that together Secondary and Higher Secondary levels of
education has a total enrolment of 54.56 million of which the share of Secondary level is
34.60 million and that of Higher Secondary level, 19.92 million. Within Secondary classes,
the percentage of girls enrolment is 47.11 compared to 46.51 percent in Higher Secondary
classes. It is of interest to know that as many as 1.42 million students repeated either
Secondary (1.03 million) or Higher Secondary classes (0.40 million). About 0.58 and 0.45

Page 16 of 27
million students repeated Grades IX and X respectively. Of the total 54.56 million students,
the share of CWSN students is 5,14,045 (0.94 percent).

Table 6 : Teachers Educational & Professional Qualification : 2012-13

% Professionally Qualified
% Teachers by Educational Qualification
Teachers
Secondary Level* Higher Secondary Level* Higher Total
Secondar
State/UT Below Post Below Post Secondar Teacher
Graduate Graduate y
Graduate Graduate Graduate Graduate y s

A & N Islands 12.23 39.98 47.79 4.99 20.22 74.79 97.93 99.58 98.60
Andhra Pradesh 3.97 45.76 50.27 4.72 39.93 55.35 98.78 93.60 95.21
Arunachal 5.89 49.11 45.01 8.15 21.85 70 66.10 82.61 72.81
Pradesh
Assam 6.96 81.14 11.9 1.62 16.99 81.4 16.16 16.69 16.26
Bihar 36.01 27.52 36.46 19.88 12.81 67.31 58.22 50.36 57.26
Chandigarh 1.84 18.55 79.61 2.26 9.54 88.2 99.19 98.13 98.62
Chhattisgarh 7.75 14.55 77.71 8.91 15.55 75.54 60.16 63.80 62.20
D & N Haveli 5.04 63.87 31.09 1.25 15.63 83.13 94.68 90.63 93.42
Daman & Diu 11.11 40.40 48.48 3.08 20.77 76.15 96.97 97.69 97.38
Delhi 1.40 19.92 78.69 0.69 2.96 96.36 100.00 100.00 100.0
0
Goa 3.95 55.59 40.45 4.96 15.16 79.88 98.02 91.35 95.23
Gujarat 16.11 45.64 38.25 12.43 20.81 66.76 98.61 98.05 98.43
Haryana 8.50 33.55 57.95 2.45 6.98 90.57 96.43 92.12 93.74
Himachal Pradesh 15.62 30.91 53.47 3.35 8.58 88.06 96.48 90.32 93.18
Jammu & 5.41 33.88 60.7 2.08 13.67 84.25 77.09 77.03 77.07
Kashmir
Jharkhand 19.38 48.27 32.35 7.66 41.87 50.48 74.78 75.48 75.06
Karnataka 63.56 18.82 17.6 20.92 14.55 64.53 97.74 74.44 94.60
Kerala 15.96 49.95 34.09 9.65 35.52 54.84 94.46 95.04 94.86
Lakshadweep 26.14 47.73 26.14 5.41 8.11 86.49 100.00 97.30 98.77
Madhya Pradesh 9.32 33.98 56.68 7.13 19.08 73.78 76.59 80.08 77.67
Maharashtra 10.78 62.26 26.96 7.28 14.57 78.15 98.72 98.03 98.53
Manipur 3.80 64.25 31.95 0.83 5.55 93.61 50.51 42.85 47.96
Meghalaya 5.79 72.33 21.88 1.20 15.03 83.77 39.12 40.18 39.27
Mizoram 5.18 69.75 25.07 0.94 6.79 92.27 41.97 41.40 41.83
Nagaland 6.80 64.36 28.84 1.33 13.86 84.81 42.93 25.22 37.73
Odisha 15.96 64.41 19.62 57.80 30.60 11.6 81.02 73.80 80.97
Puducherry 6.60 20.25 73.15 7.33 19.33 73.33 96.83 96.67 96.80
Punjab 7.13 33.93 58.94 4.32 18.51 77.16 92.03 93.88 92.65
Rajasthan 10.79 45.53 43.68 9.39 32.70 57.91 92.58 92.47 92.55
Sikkim 7.09 63.80 29.11 2.82 13.93 83.25 54.35 55.89 54.91
Tamil Nadu 5.75 32.80 61.38 3.87 10.74 85.14 97.90 96.82 97.46
Tripura 0.82 77.14 22.04 0.14 7.55 92.31 52.44 63.35 58.65
Uttar Pradesh 27.05 32.97 39.98 8.71 13.77 77.52 68.25 77.20 68.94
Uttaranchal 4.76 13.65 81.59 3.71 12.98 83.31 90.91 83.09 88.17
West Bengal 1.79 40.58 57.63 1.93 29.29 68.77 72.99 73.26 73.08
All India 19.14 40.84 40.01 6.47 23.41 70.09 79.89 86.18 81.74
* Total May not add to 100 because of rounding of figures and missing values.

Percentage of enrolment by social category further reveals that they are in the tune of their
share in the population (Table 8). As against the share of 16.6 percent in population, the
percentage of SC students stands at 18.24 and 17.33 percent respectively at Secondary and

Page 17 of 27
 Thematic Maps based on DISE Data

INDIA
Percentage of Professionally
Qualified Teachers : Secondary Level
2012 - 13

PERCENTAGE OF PROFESSIONALLY
QUALIFIED TEACHERS
SECONDARY LEVEL

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 4

Page 18 of 27
Higher Secondary levels of education. The corresponding percentage of ST enrolment is 8.42
and 6.19 percent, and that of Muslims, 9.05 and 7.14 percent respectively at Secondary and
Higher Secondary levels of education which is a bit lower than their share in the population
(ST=8.6 & Muslim=13.43 Percent). Within the SC and ST

Table 7 : Total Enrolment at Secondary & Higher Secondary Levels of Education : 2012-13
Enrolment
State/UT Secondary Level Higher Secondary Level Total
Boys % Girls Total Boys % Girls Total Boys % Girls Total

A & N Islands 7271 47.15 13759 6055 47.40 11511 13326 47.27 25270
Andhra Pradesh 1089597 49.17 2143756 780036 47.60 1488628 1869633 48.53 3632384
Arunachal Pradesh 25289 47.57 48238 16167 47.53 30812 41456 47.56 79050
Assam 413177 52.22 864717 161935 48.68 315553 575112 51.27 1180270
Bihar 1268999 47.73 2427855 330453 45.21 603150 1599452 47.23 3031005
Chandigarh 20190 43.56 35773 20207 43.94 36046 40397 43.75 71819
Chhattisgarh 441903 50.03 884293 237986 47.44 452756 679889 49.15 1337049
D & N Haveli 5889 44.44 10599 3406 42.80 5955 9295 43.85 16554
Daman & Diu 2823 48.06 5435 2124 45.61 3905 4947 47.03 9340
Delhi 350476 45.60 644272 307973 46.91 580117 658449 46.22 1224389
Goa 23750 47.36 45121 13412 48.59 26086 37162 47.81 71207
Gujarat 902000 41.09 1531170 517414 43.11 909446 1419414 41.84 2440616
Haryana 453065 44.41 814967 326194 44.50 587774 779259 44.45 1402741
Himachal Pradesh 152671 46.76 286786 116557 47.90 223712 269228 47.26 510498
Jammu & Kashmir 178892 45.83 330212 117796 44.11 210762 296688 45.16 540974
Jharkhand 480412 48.19 927333 210728 45.62 387537 691140 47.44 1314870
Karnataka 864067 48.15 1666595 189585 50.81 385377 1053652 48.65 2051972
Kerala 540544 48.23 1044100 302642 52.21 633212 843186 49.73 1677312
Lakshadweep 1203 50.60 2435 1059 48.39 2052 2262 49.59 4487
Madhya Pradesh 1141021 47.25 2163242 521540 43.31 919999 1662561 46.08 3083241
Maharashtra 1855045 45.77 3420798 1176653 46.62 2204502 3031698 46.11 5625300
Manipur 37643 49.84 75051 29451 47.95 56578 67094 49.03 131629
Meghalaya 37434 53.86 81138 9259 57.86 21973 46693 54.72 103111
Mizoram 19809 49.83 39485 10211 49.55 20240 30020 49.74 59725
Nagaland 26742 49.78 53250 15205 47.33 28868 41947 48.92 82118
Odisha 603979 49.76 1202214 8622 43.80 15343 612601 49.69 1217557
Puducherry 24013 48.45 46585 14115 53.73 30504 38128 50.54 77089
Punjab 477866 44.29 857762 355342 45.44 651236 833208 44.78 1508998
Rajasthan 1321174 41.16 2245437 804796 38.49 1308461 2125970 40.18 3553898
Sikkim 9419 53.77 20373 5954 53.84 12898 15373 53.79 33271
Tamil Nadu 1136847 48.39 2202727 761193 53.58 1639713 1898040 50.60 3842440
Tripura 69632 48.80 135990 28129 43.00 49348 97761 47.25 185338
Uttar Pradesh 2990588 46.25 5563779 2324283 45.94 4299110 5314871 46.11 9862889
Uttaranchal 202467 48.10 390118 149293 48.76 291339 351760 48.38 681457
West Bengal 1144103 52.62 2414738 780839 47.21 1479279 1924942 50.57 3894017
All India 18320000 47.11 34640103 10656614 46.51 19923782 28976614 46.89 54563885

Page 19 of 27
 Thematic Maps based on DISE Data

INDIA
Percentage of Muslim Enrolment
All Secondary & Higher Secondary Schools
2012 - 13

PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL MUSLIM

ENROLMENT : ALL SECONDARY &
HIGHER SCHOOLS

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 5

Page 20 of 27
Table 8 : Enrolment by Castes at Secondary & Higher Secondary Levels of Education : 2012-13
Enrolment by Caste

State/UT Secondary Level Higher Secondary Level

% %
%SC % ST % OBC %Muslim %SC % ST % OBC %Muslim
General General
A & N Islands 75.21 0.00 7.62 17.17 6.53 74.65 0.00 7.18 18.17 7.03
Andhra Pradesh 26.48 18.31 7.03 48.18 8.26 29.03 19.51 8.24 43.22 4.76
Arunachal
24.64 0.30 74.53 0.52 0.44 22.18 0.32 77.19 0.31 0.44
Pradesh
Assam 43.30 9.96 17.66 29.08 22.30 47.70 8.27 18.07 25.97 17.87
Bihar 23.08 13.64 1.60 61.68 9.41 30.40 11.50 1.67 56.43 9.77
Chandigarh 84.28 13.53 0.02 2.17 3.84 86.52 12.50 0.00 0.98 2.15
Chhattisgarh 8.29 15.26 27.35 49.10 1.68 11.89 14.53 23.89 49.69 1.61
D & N Haveli 28.78 2.62 67.24 1.36 3.12 32.48 3.53 62.89 1.11 2.96
Daman & Diu 25.83 5.72 13.03 55.42 7.87 20.90 6.89 13.03 59.18 6.15
Delhi 83.99 12.02 0.41 3.57 12.42 80.91 14.11 0.42 4.56 10.48
Goa 76.28 1.80 10.22 11.70 7.51 75.44 2.42 9.51 12.63 4.30
Gujarat 33.22 8.14 14.19 44.45 5.62 39.15 7.61 14.31 38.93 4.42
Haryana 47.94 22.70 0.00 29.36 2.74 55.00 17.10 0.00 27.90 1.91
Himachal Pradesh 51.03 26.97 6.01 15.99 1.38 55.45 22.27 5.77 16.51 0.92
Jammu & Kashmir 72.66 8.97 10.75 7.63 60.23 80.18 5.77 6.77 7.29 62.43
Jharkhand 16.66 11.87 23.47 48.00 10.69 34.47 10.16 18.89 36.48 8.23
Karnataka 20.94 17.55 6.56 54.95 12.89 15.55 15.43 7.48 61.54 9.17
Kerala 26.59 10.04 1.55 61.82 28.54 31.87 9.99 1.37 56.76 21.76
Lakshadweep 0.25 0.00 99.38 0.37 99.47 0.54 0.00 99.27 0.19 -
Madhya Pradesh 17.49 17.86 19.17 45.49 3.22 25.70 15.35 12.74 46.21 3.55
Maharashtra 41.67 14.10 8.22 36.01 10.38 45.11 12.71 6.58 35.60 6.96
Manipur 41.21 3.72 37.41 17.66 6.88 45.77 4.82 33.29 16.13 5.19
Meghalaya 9.08 1.65 88.33 0.94 3.05 14.65 1.43 82.83 1.09 3.43
Mizoram 0.80 0.35 98.55 0.29 0.04 0.54 0.33 97.95 1.17 0.01
Nagaland 7.65 0.85 90.25 1.26 0.00 8.12 0.77 90.00 1.11 0.00
Odisha 18.28 18.75 17.92 45.05 1.79 64.42 9.71 17.38 8.49 2.35
Puducherry 9.52 19.88 0.09 70.52 1.92 9.91 17.09 0.10 72.90 0.78
Punjab 51.48 33.81 0.01 14.71 1.13 57.20 27.74 0.02 15.04 0.87
Rajasthan 19.51 17.94 13.55 49.00 4.81 24.11 15.01 11.30 49.58 3.74
Sikkim 13.58 6.25 36.19 43.99 0.80 12.44 5.44 37.32 44.80 0.65
Tamil Nadu 3.98 24.48 1.01 70.53 5.72 4.63 22.19 0.77 72.41 5.30
Tripura 23.87 20.89 33.62 21.61 9.21 31.86 20.21 22.52 25.41 7.46
Uttar Pradesh 27.77 22.64 0.82 48.78 3.26 29.26 21.44 0.68 48.62 2.97
Uttaranchal 55.43 21.19 3.43 19.96 6.94 61.77 17.08 3.68 17.47 5.13
West Bengal 55.98 27.01 5.26 11.75 24.45 58.90 24.63 4.50 11.97 19.88
All India 30.20 18.24 8.42 43.15 9.05 35.59 17.33 6.19 40.90 7.14

Page 21 of 27
Table 9 : Examination Results at Secondary & Higher Secondary Levels of Education : 2012-13
Secondary Level Higher Secondary Level
State/UT
Boys Girls Total Boys Girls Total
A & N Islands 96.77 98.05 97.38 68.54 73.96 71.28
Andhra Pradesh 89.30 89.05 89.18 67.83 73.04 70.28
Arunachal
Pradesh 87.55 88.81 88.14 71.27 63.76 67.60
Assam 72.17 66.71 69.41 70.82 69.92 70.37
Bihar 73.44 69.88 71.81 86.38 87.85 87.02
Chandigarh 98.04 97.70 97.89 72.85 81.15 76.51
Chhattisgarh 59.23 56.76 57.96 75.47 78.78 76.96
D & N Haveli 42.25 47.47 44.43 63.18 68.19 65.41
Daman & Diu 87.59 89.23 88.38 54.23 79.57 66.19
Delhi 99.10 99.71 99.38 86.35 93.92 89.97
Goa 77.56 72.97 75.38 84.91 89.30 87.20
Gujarat 75.71 79.66 77.29 70.00 77.32 73.15
Haryana 73.24 73.56 73.38 68.64 79.42 73.41
Himachal Pradesh 75.73 75.54 75.64 78.58 82.30 80.38
Jammu & Kashmir 57.63 56.47 57.11 56.50 53.92 55.33
Jharkhand 77.14 70.76 74.13 76.05 79.58 77.54
Karnataka 84.32 85.25 84.78 65.61 75.11 70.30
Kerala 93.25 94.01 93.62 82.05 88.21 85.27
Lakshadweep 72.19 93.21 82.12 47.95 63.03 55.69
Madhya Pradesh 61.93 59.62 60.85 73.25 77.35 75.07
Maharashtra 80.82 83.48 82.05 20.96 21.67 21.29
Manipur 86.20 80.50 83.38 82.40 81.04 81.74
Meghalaya 74.45 72.08 73.17 77.92 85.64 82.53
Mizoram 80.29 78.93 79.60 73.25 72.59 72.91
Nagaland 76.23 71.25 73.82 74.85 77.22 76.03
Odisha 73.46 68.39 70.90 83.02 85.35 84.02
Puducherry 90.71 94.04 92.45 78.37 88.36 83.80
Punjab 89.48 91.80 90.54 82.42 88.44 85.29
Rajasthan 67.28 64.72 66.24 79.55 87.65 82.54
Sikkim * * * * * *
Tamil Nadu 82.16 88.82 85.45 82.57 89.10 86.05
Tripura 67.82 59.84 63.96 75.16 75.25 75.20
Uttar Pradesh 83.65 88.68 85.91 83.08 90.50 86.41
Uttaranchal 73.45 79.94 76.56 76.66 82.75 79.63
West Bengal 86.67 78.79 82.68 76.12 77.47 76.73
All India 79.32 79.88 79.58 72.46 77.93 74.98

Page 22 of 27
Table 10 : Gross Enrolment & Net Enrolment Ratio : 2012-13
Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)* Net Enrolment Ratio (NER)*
Higher Higher
State/UT Secondary Secondary
Secondary Secondary
Total Total Total Total
A & N Islands 129.17 121.52 64.71 49.44
Andhra Pradesh 65.98 46.31 41.32 27.60
Arunachal Pradesh 76.65 51.21 42.83 26.98
Assam 61.86 23.86 43.80 16.39
Bihar 46.01 13.93 26.30 7.84
Chandigarh 109.01 112.94 61.72 64.52
Chhattisgarh 78.81 41.49 41.49 21.88
D & N Haveli 78.04 48.66 48.80 26.41
Daman & Diu 81.52 56.80 52.66 40.07
Delhi 110.01 104.94 64.44 55.01
Goa 119.41 66.44 73.52 39.06
Gujarat 63.22 38.04 41.94 24.17
Haryana 83.43 61.07 46.24 31.52
Himachal Pradesh 117.85 94.57 68.56 51.50
Jammu & Kashmir 60.34 39.75 36.99 23.23
Jharkhand 56.32 26.29 36.01 15.55
Karnataka 74.11 17.08 60.29 14.60
Kerala 94.15 61.35 68.50 42.74
Lakshadweep 106.66 107.55 77.15 71.20
Madhya Pradesh 65.21 29.22 32.88 15.43
Maharashtra 82.31 52.72 52.97 31.96
Manipur 72.65 55.26 59.53 46.08
Meghalaya 56.56 15.89 30.24 8.95
Mizoram 99.24 62.80 47.54 19.68
Nagaland 61.35 33.07 29.65 15.47
Odisha 69.85 - 59.07 -
Puducherry 113.44 73.58 76.99 49.44
Punjab 84.61 60.66 50.60 33.78
Rajasthan 68.58 41.58 36.50 21.40
Sikkim 85.19 58.16 23.11 14.27
Tamil Nadu 90.17 65.50 59.80 43.28
Tripura 98.02 37.12 67.07 23.92
Uttar Pradesh 55.97 42.80 33.29 25.68
Uttaranchal 92.19 70.28 52.25 35.37
West Bengal 66.44 41.18 40.46 24.43
All India 67.35 40.03 41.93 23.79
* Child population projected is based on 2011 actual Census single-age population.

Page 23 of 27
Secondary Education In India

INDIA
Gross Enrolment Ratio
Secondary Level
2012 - 13

GROSS ENROLMENT RATIO

SECONDARY LEVEL

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 6

Page 24 of 27
Table 11 : Transition Rate and Ratio of Girl’s to Boy’s Enrolment : 2012-13
Transition Rate from Ratio of Girls to Boys Enrolment
Upper Primary to Higher
State/UT Secondary Level Secondary
Secondary Total
Total Level
Level
A & N Islands 97.79 0.89 0.90 0.90
Andhra Pradesh 95.21 0.97 0.91 0.94
Arunachal Pradesh 88.74 0.91 0.91 0.91
Assam 77.30 1.09 0.95 1.05
Bihar 92.54 0.91 0.83 0.90
Chandigarh ** 0.77 0.78 0.78
Chhattisgarh 87.58 1.00 0.90 0.97
D & N Haveli 93.24 0.80 0.75 0.78
Daman & Diu 94.43 0.93 0.84 0.89
Delhi ** 0.84 0.88 0.86
Goa ** 0.90 0.94 0.92
Gujarat ** 0.70 0.76 0.72
Haryana 99.38 0.80 0.80 0.80
Himachal Pradesh ** 0.88 0.92 0.90
Jammu & Kashmir 82.98 0.85 0.79 0.82
Jharkhand 81.55 0.93 0.84 0.90
Karnataka 91.53 0.93 1.03 0.95
Kerala ** 0.93 1.09 0.99
Lakshadweep ** 1.02 0.94 0.98
Madhya Pradesh 75.62 0.90 0.76 0.85
Maharashtra 99.44 0.84 0.87 0.86
Manipur 87.17 0.99 0.92 0.96
Meghalaya 83.66 1.17 1.37 1.21
Mizoram 85.48 0.99 0.98 0.99
Nagaland 73.05 0.99 0.90 0.96
Odisha 91.14 0.99 0.78 0.99
Puducherry 97.27 0.94 1.16 1.02
Punjab 94.51 0.79 0.83 0.81
Rajasthan 90.11 0.70 0.63 0.67
Sikkim ** 1.16 1.17 1.16
Tamil Nadu 89.29 0.94 1.15 1.02
Tripura ** 0.95 0.75 0.90
Uttar Pradesh 91.76 0.86 0.85 0.86
Uttaranchal ** 0.93 0.95 0.94
West Bengal 83.80 1.11 0.89 1.02
All India 92.67 0.89 0.87 0.88
Note: State showing above 100 rates are not reported.

categories, the percentage of girls is much lower than their counterpart boys but the same in
case of Muslims, is higher for girls at Secondary level of education. Quite similar picture
also emerges when Muslim enrolment at elementary level of education is analysed. On the
other hand, gender parity index in case of Secondary and Higher Secondary enrolment is 0.89
and 0.87 which is much lower than the same in case of Primary and Upper Primary levels of
education.

Page 25 of 27
Secondary Education In India

INDIA
Ratio of Girls’ to Boys’ Enrolment
Secondary Level
2012 - 13

RATION OF GIRLS’ TO BOYS’

ENROLMENT : SECONDARY LEVEL

Note: Map not to scale Source : DISE 2012-13

Map 7

Page 26 of 27
Concluding Observations

Other important indicators which have got direct relevance on universal secondary enrolment
are enrolment ratio and transition rate. Both Gross and Net enrolment ratios are low at 66.43
and 41.90 percent at Secondary and 38.96 and 23.73 percent at Higher Secondary level of
education. Even though enrolling all children is a necessary condition but the sufficient
condition is that whosoever enter into the education system must continue and transit from
one level to the next level of education. The transition rate from elementary to secondary
level is as high as 92.67 percent, which is even higher than the transition from primary to
upper primary level of education but the same is not true for transition from secondary to
higher secondary level of education which is as low as 58.34 percent and is also evident in
the low pass percentage, especially in case of SC, ST and OBC students. High transition from
elementary to secondary and low gross and net enrolment ratio at secondary level of
education indicate that elementary level of education is not providing enough elementary
graduates to the first grade i.e. Grade IX of the next stage. Even though GER and NER is
quite high at primary level of education but the same is not true for upper primary level of
education despite high transition rate from primary to upper primary level of education. The
main reason why Secondary level is not receiving enough number of elementary graduates is
because of low efficiency of primary level of education. Total enrolment in Primary classes
was 137.10 million in 2011-12 which has gone down to134.78 million in 2012-13; thus
showing a decline of 2.22 million (1.62 percent). The average annual drop-out rate at
primary level is around 5.67 percent (Boys, 5.62 percent & Girls, 5.89 percent). Compared to
average annual drop-out rate at primary level, the same is quite low at upper primary level of
education (All, 2.65 percent, Boys, 2.13 percent and Girls 3.20 percent). An average of 5.67
percent annual drop-out rate at primary level otherwise indicates that over a period of five
years, roughly about 23 percent children those enrolled in Grade I couldn’t able to remain in
the system which is also reflected in retention rate at primary level of education (80.07
percent). Grade-wise drop-out rate, further reveals that it is the highest in Grade V. Thus,
unless the efficiency of primary level of education is improved significantly, neither the goal
of universal primary nor elementary level of education is likely to be achieved in the near
future. Unless that happen, we may not move towards achieving the goal of Universal
Secondary Education.

Page 27 of 27