Zone of Proximal Development (Vygotsky, 1978)

1. Appropriate assessment is committed to

a. ensuring learners’ success to move from guided to
independent display of knowledge, understanding,
and skills.
b. enabling learners to transfer knowledge,
understanding and skills successfully in future
situations.
2. Assessment facilitates the development of
learners’ higher order thinking and 21st-century
Skills.

Assessment in the K to 12 Basic Education

Program recognizes:
1. diversity of learners inside the classroom
2. the need for multiple ways of measuring their
varying abilities and learning potentials
3. the role of learners as co-participants in the
assessment process.

What is Classroom Assessment?

1. Assessment is a joint process that involves
both teachers and learners.
2. It should be in unity with instruction.
It is used to track learner progress in
relation to learning standards and
development of 21st-century skills.
4. It provides bases for the profiling of
student performance on the learning
competencies and standards of the
curriculum.
5. It promotes self-reflection and personal
accountability among students about their
own learning
6. Classroom assessment is a process of
identifying, gathering, organizing and
interpreting quantitative and qualitative
information about what learners know
and can do.
7. Classroom assessment methods should be
consistent with curriculum standards.
8. It measures achievement of competencies
by the learners.
How are learners assessed in the
classroom?

1. Formative Assessment

1. According to the UNESCO Program on Teaching and

Learning for a Sustainable Future (UNESCO-TLSF):
a. Formative assessment refers to ongoing forms of
assessment closely linked to the learning process.
b.It is informal.
2. It provides immediate feedback to both learner and
teacher.
3.It helps prepare learners for summative
assessments.
4.It is recorded but not included as basis for grading

A Formative assessment can be conducted before the lesson, during the lesson or
after the lesson.

2. Summative Assessment

1.Summative Assessment may be seen as

assessment of learning which occurs at the end of
a particular unit.
2.It usually occurs towards the end of a period of
learning in order to describe the standard reached
by the learner.
3.Results of summative assessment are recorded
and are included in the computation of the final
grade.

3. Individual Assessment

Individual reading assessments are assessments where the teacher spends time with
every student individually to assess their reading skills. This helps teachers fully
understand the progress of the students who can benefit with special undivided
attention.

4. Collaborative Assessment

Group assessments are assessments conducted across the class at the same time.
While the teacher may need to record or evaluate the results later, a lot of
classroom time is saved in this method. Group assessments are ideal for teachers
who need to understand the reading level of their students but do not have time to
assess each student individually.

Content Standard that is used to assessed in a K-12 curriculum.

Curriculum and instruction are the meat of the educational process. Real change in
education comes with changes in the content that teachers teach and students
learn, and in the instructional methods that teachers use.

Both curriculum and instruction in turn are shaped by expectations about the kinds
of educational outcomes that students should manifest by the time they graduate
from high school.

Now let’s talk about the content standard.

What is Content Standard? In a K-12 curriculum?

These cover a specified scope of sequential topics within each learning strand,
domain, theme or component.

A content standard in education is a statement that can be used to judge the quality
of curriculum content or as part of a method of evaluation . K-12 standards should
clearly describe the specific content that should be taught and learned during the K-
12 years, grade by grade.

Content standards articulate an essential core of knowledge and skills that students
should master.

Standards clarify what students are expected to know and be able to do at various
points in their K-12 academic career.

Content standards can accomplish three primary goals:

 Give students and teachers a clear and challenging target 

they help frame the education reform debate by identifying what is important for
schools to teach and for students to be able to demonstrate

 Help focus energy and resources on the bottom line: student achievement
they can guide the allocation of instructional resources by clarifying the goals of
instruction and motivating districts to identify how to use their resources to achieve
these goals
 Give all of us a tool for judging how well our students are learning and how well
our schools are performing
 content standards guide public school instruction, curriculum, and assessment in an
organized and meaningful manner—essentially providing a map of where the
curriculum should go and enabling schools and teachers to tailor their instruction to
fit the needs of diverse learners.

Thus, content standards are not simply a list of important knowledge and skills.
Rather, they are a ''vision of what … curriculum should include in terms of content
priority and emphasis. Content standards should provide a coherent structure to
guide curriculum and instruction" (McLaughlin and Shepard, 1995:20). The emphasis
is on guiding, not constricting, teaching, and learning