HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS

12.1 TESTS CONCERNING TWO MEANS

Ho Value of test statistic HA Critical region

μ1−μ 2=δ σ 1 and σ 2 known μ1−μ 2> δ Reject H0 if z ≥ zα

( x́ 1−x́ 2 )−δ μ1−μ 2< δ Reject H0 if z ≤−z α
z= μ1−μ 2 ≠ δ Reject H0 if z ≥ z α / 2 or
σ 21 σ 22

μ1−μ 2=δ
√
σ 1 = σ 2 but unknown
+
n1 n2
μ1−μ 2> δ
z ≤−z α / 2

Reject H0 if t ≥ t α ,ν
( x́ 1−x́ 2) −δ μ1−μ 2< δ Reject H0 if t ≤−t α , ν
t= μ1−μ 2 ≠ δ Reject H0 if t ≥ t α / 2, ν and
1 1

where
sp
√ +
n 1 n2
t ≤−t α /2 , ν

where ν=n1 +n2 −2

2 ( n1−1 ) s 21+(n2 −1) s 22
s=
p
n1 +n 2−2
μ1−μ 2=δ σ 1 ≠ σ 2 but unknown μ1−μ 2> δ Reject H0 if t ≥ t α ,ν
( x́ 1−x́ 2) −δ μ1−μ 2< δ Reject H0 if t ≤−t α , ν
t= μ1−μ 2 ≠ δ Reject H0 if t ≥ t α / 2, ν and
s12 s 22
√ +
n1 n2
t ≤−t α /2 , ν
where
s s 2

ν=
( n1
12

2
+
n2
22
) 2
( s 12 / n1 ) + ( s22 / n2 )
n1 −1 n2 −1
μ D=δ d́−δ μ D >δ Reject H0 if t ≥ t α ,ν .
t=
sd μ D <δ Reject H0 if t ≤−t α , ν.
√n μD ≠ δ Reject H0 if t ≥ t α / 2, ν or
where: t ≤−t α /2 , ν.
where:
δ =hypothesized
n( ∑ d 2 )−(∑ d )2
difference
s d=
√ n(n−1)
where:
ν=n−1
n =number of paired
d=
∑d observations
n
d=difference of two dependent
values

μ1=mean of population 1 s1=standard deviation of sample 1

μ2=mean of population 2 s2=standard deviation of sample 2
σ 1 =standard deviation of population 1 δ =hypothesized difference of μ1 and μ2
σ 2=standard deviation of population 2 s2p=pooled variance
x́ 1=mean of sample taken from population 1 ν=degrees of freedom
x́ 2=mean of sample taken from population 2
**Computational conditions for the t-test:

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 HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS
For the equal-variance t test, the observations should be independent, random samples from normal distributions with the
same population variance. For the unequal-variance t test, the observations should be independent, random samples from
normal distributions.
(1) The level of measurement for the dependent variable must be interval or ratio, e.g, weight, income, degrees of self-care,
and level of treatment effect can be used as dependent variables.
(2) The level of measurement for the independent variable must be nominal, e.g., “minority and nonminority groups”,
“race”, “gender”, and “experimental and control groups.”
Exercises: test, a group of 128 teenagers were shown commercials
1. The following data represent the running times of films featuring rock music, and their purchasing frequency of the
produced by two different motion picture companies: advertised products over the following month were recorded
Company Time (in minutes) as a single score for each person in the group. Then a group
A 102 68 98 109 92 of 212 teenagers were shown commercials for the same
B 81 165 97 143 92 78 114 products, but with the music replaced by verbal persuasion.
The purchase frequency scores of this group were computed
Test hypothesis that the average running time of films as well. The results for the music group were x́=23.5 and
produced by Company B exceeds the average running time of s=12.2; and the results for the verbal group were x́=18.0
films produced by Company A by 10 minutes against the and s=10.5. Assume that the two groups were randomly
alternative that the difference is more than 10 minutes. Use a
selected from the entire teenager consumer population. Using
0.05 level of significance and assume the distribution of times
the α =0.01 level of significance, test the null hypothesis
to be approximately normal and the population variances are
equal. that both methods are equally effective versus the alternative
hypothesis that they are not equally effective.
2. Two Groups X and Y of freshman students, 28 in each
group, are paired for age and score on Form A of the Otis 5. The resting heart rates were measured in sample of women
Group Intelligence Scale. Three weeks later, both groups are smokers and non-smokers at a state university. Was there a
given Form B of the same test. Before the second test, Group significant difference in the resting heart rates of the two
X, the experimental group, is praised for its performance on groups? Use 5% level of significance?
the first test and urged to try to score better than the other Smokers Non-smokers
group. Group Y, the control group, was given the second test 78 100 88 90 72 62 82 78 80
without comment. Will the incentive (praise) cause the final 62 94 88 68 66 62 68 76 64
scores of group X and Group Y to differ significantly? Test the 76 90 85 84 96 61 69
hypotheses at 0.01 level of significance given the information 82 77 91 58 68 87 72
below:
Mean Scores on Form Standard Deviation on 6. An instructor is choosing between two mobile applications
B Final Test Form B Final Test that scan student responses and instantly determine the score.
Group X Group Y Group X Group Y Suppose that she and her colleagues scanned papers for 15
88.63 83.24 24.36 21.62 minutes using application 1 and for 15 minutes using
application 2, with the following results:
3. A researcher wishes to determine if vitamin E supplements Instructor
could increase cognitive ability among elderly women. In 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1999, the researcher recruits a sample of elderly women age A1 53 60 58 48 46 54 62 49
75-80. At the time of the enrollment of the study, the women A2 50 55 56 44 45 50 57 47
were randomized to either take Vitamin E or a placebo for six Assuming normality, perform a hypothesis test to determine
months. At the end of the six month period, the women were whether there is a difference between 15-min scan outputs of
given a cognition test. Higher scores on this test indicate better the two applications. Use  equal to 0.05.
cognition. The mean and standard deviation of the test scores
of 81 women who took vitamin E supplements was 27 and 6.9 7. The photography department of a glamour magazine needs
respectively. The mean and standard deviation of the test to choose a camera. Of the two models the department is
scores of the 90 women who took placebo supplements was 24 considering, one is made by Nikon and one by Minolta. The
and 6.2. Compute a 95% confidence level for the mean department contracts with an agency to determine if one of the
difference in cognition test scores between Vitamin E and two models gets a higher average performance rating by the
placebo groups. What would you conclude from these study professional photographers, or whether the average
results? Assume unequal variances. performance ratings of these two cameras are not statistically
different. The agency asks 60 different professional
4. Many companies that cater to teenagers have learned that photographers to rate one of the cameras (30 photographers
young people respond to commercials that provide dance-beat rate each model). The ratings are on a scale of 1 to 10. The
music, adventure, and a fast pace, rather than words. In one average sample rating for Nikon is 8.5, and the standard

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 HYPOTHESIS TESTS FOR DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO MEANS
deviation is 2.1. For the Minolta sample, the mean is 7.8, and
the standard deviation is 1.8. Is there a difference between the
average population ratings of the two cameras? Use 0.05 level 11. Kindergarten students were the participants in a study
of significance. conducted by Susan Bazyk et al. (A-39). The researchers
studied the fine motor skills of 37 children receiving
occupational therapy. They used an index of fine motor skills
8. The following table is from Gist, Rosen, and Schwoerer that measured hand use, eye–hand coordination, and manual
(1988). Participants in this study were trained on a particular dexterity before and after 7 months of occupational therapy.
computer skill by one of two methods, and were classified into Higher values indicate stronger fine motor skills. The scores
one of two age groups. Mean performance (along with stdev appear in the following table.
and n ) on the computer task is given for each of the four Subject Pre Post Subject Pre Post
subgroups. 1 91 94 20 76 112
Younger Older 2 61 94 21 79 91
Modeling Tutorial Modeling Tutorial 3 85 103 22 97 100
Mean 36.74 32.14 29.63 26.04 4 88 112 23 109 112
Stdev 6.59 7.19 8.51 7.29 5 94 91 24 70 70
n 52 45 20 30 6 112 112 25 58 76
Calculate the four t-tests that make sense (i.e., compare the two 7 109 112 26 97 97
age levels for each method, and compare the two methods for 8 79 97 27 112 112
each age level). If the method comparison is significant at 0.05 9 109 100 28 97 112
level for one age level but not the other, can you conclude that 10 115 106 29 112 106
age affects the difference between the two methods? 11 46 46 30 85 112
12 45 41 31 112 112
9. Ten individuals have participated in a diet-modification 13 106 112 32 103 106
program to stimulate weight loss. Their weight both before and 14 112 112 33 100 100
after participation in the program is shown in the following 15 91 94 34 88 88
list. Is there evidence to support the claim that this particular 16 115 112 35 109 112
diet-modification program is effective in producing a mean 17 59 94 36 85 112
weight reduction? Use 0.05 level of significance. 18 85 109 37 88 97
Subject Before After
19 112 112      
1 195 187 Source: Data provided courtesy of Susan Bazyk, M.H.S.
2 213 195 Can one conclude on the basis of these data that after 7
3 247 221 months, the fine motor skills in a population of similar subjects
4 201 190 would be stronger? Let α =0. 05.
5 187 175
6 210 197
7 215 199
8 246 221
9 294 278
10 310 295

10. An instructor wanted to measure the basic math skills of

his students before and after his college algebra course. A
skills test was administered at the beginning of the semester,
and the scores were recorded. At the end of the semester, he
administered the same test and recorded the scores. The table
below shows the before-and-after scores for the test for the
students who remained in the course until the end of the
semester. The maximum possible score on the test was 100
points.
Student # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Before 61 58 79 69 62 71 25 48 53
After 68 62 83 65 62 74 31 52 51
Test the hypothesis that learning took place at 0.01 level of
significance.

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