Lecture (5)

Gamma and Beta Functions

Prepared by
Prof. Dr. Adel Mohamed El-Refaey
Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics
College of Engineering & Technology
Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport
2021
The gamma function may be regarded as a
generalization of n! (n-factorial), where n is any
positive integer to x!, where x is any real number.


( n ) =  x n −1 − x
e dx n0
0
2
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
1-  (1) = 1
2- (n + 1) = n (n) For any real n > 0

3- ( n + 1) = n ! (n) positive integer


( n)
x
n −1 −a x
4- e dx = n
0
a


5- ( n) = 2  t 2 n −1
e −t2
dt
0
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 3
 n −1
1
 1
6-  ( n ) =   ln  dy
0 
y

7-  ( n )  (1 − n ) =
 (n) Not ± integer or zero
sin( n  )
8- (1/ 2) = 

1 1.3.5.... (2n − 1) 
9-  ( n + ) = n
2 2
10- If (n) is zero or negative integer then (n) = 
4
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
n  (n )
1.00 1.0000
1.10 0.9514
1.20 0.9182
1.30 0.8975
1.40 0.8873
1.50 0.8862
1.60 0.8935
1.70 0.9086
1.80 0.9314
1.90 0.9618
2.00 1.0000
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 5
Evaluate each of the following:
(6) ( 52 )
2(3) ( 12 )
(3)( 52 )
( 112 )
6( 83 )
5( 23 )
6
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
 7
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 8
 
(1/ 2) =  proof: ( ) =  x −1/2e − x dx
1
2
0

let x =u2 then dx = 2du

  

( ) =  u e 2udu = 2  e I =  e −u du
2
1 −1 −u 2
−u 2

2
du let
0 0 0

  
I 2 =  e − x dx  e − y dy =  e − ( x +y 2 )
2 2 2
dxdy
0 0 0 0

Using Polar coordinates

x = r cos y = r sin  x 2 + y 2 = r2 dxdy = r dr d 
 /2  
 /2  −1  − r 2 
 e rdr d  =  0
−r 2
I = 2
 e =
0 0  2  0
4


( ) = 2I = 2
1
2
= 
2
9
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
The Beta Function is a two-parameter composition of
gamma functions that has been useful enough in
application to gain its own name. Its definition is
1
 (m , n ) =  x m −1 n −1
(1 − x ) dx , m , n  0
0
 /2
 (m , n ) = 2  sin 2 m −1
 cos 2 n −1
 d
0 10
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
  ( m ) ( n )
1-  ( m , n ) =  ( n, m ) =
( m + n)

2-  (n ,1 − n ) =
sin( n  )
1 1 1 2 2 3
3- ( , ) = 4- ( , ) =
2 2 3 3 3
1 3
5- ( , ) = 2
4 4
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 11
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 12
 let y = tan 2 

Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 13

 14
Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT
Reference Theory and Problems of ADVANCED CALCULUS Schaum’s Outline Series

Dr Adel El Refaey Associate Prof. of Engineering Mathematics. AASTMT 15

Solution for Prob. 1

Prof. Dr. Adel Mohamed Elrefaey 16