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6.641 Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Spring 2009

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 6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 5: Method of Images

I. Point Charge Above Ground Plane

1. Potential and Electric Field

⎡ ⎤
q ⎢ 1 1 ⎥
Φp = ⎢ − ⎥
4πε0
⎢⎣ x + y + ( z − d) x2 + y2 + ( z + d)
2 2 2 2
⎥⎦

⎡ ∂Φp _ ∂Φp _ ∂Φp _ ⎤

Ep = −∇Φp = − ⎢ ix+ iy+ i ⎥
⎢⎣ ∂x ∂y ∂z z ⎥⎦

⎡ ⎛ _ _ _ ⎞ ⎛ _ _ _ ⎞⎤
⎢ 2 ⎜ x i x + y i y + ( z − d) i z ⎟ 2 ⎜ x i x + y i y + ( z + d ) i z ⎟ ⎥
q ⎢ ⎝ ⎠− ⎝ ⎠⎥
=
4πε0 ⎢ 3 3 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎡ x2 + y2 + ( z − d)2 ⎤ 2 2 ⎡ x2 + y2 + ( z + d) ⎤
2 2
⎥
⎢⎣ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎦⎥ ⎦⎥

Ep ( z = 0 ) =
q ( −d) _
iz
2πε0 ⎡ 2 3
x + y2 + d2 ⎤ 2
⎣ ⎦

(perpendicular to equipotential ground plane)

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 1 of 11
 2. Gauss’s Law Boundary Condition

∫ ε E i da = ∫ ρdV
S
0
V

∫ ε E i da = ( ε E
S
0 0 1 i n1 )
+ ε0 E2 i n2 dS = σsdS (total charge inside pillbox)

σs = ε 0 n i ⎡E1 − E2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦

3. Back to Point Charge Above Ground Plane

At z=0:

_ −qd −qd
σs = ε 0 n i ⎣⎡ E1 − E2 ⎤⎦ = ε0 i z i E1 = ε0Ez = 3
= 3
2π ⎡x2 + y2 + d2 ⎤ 2
2π ⎡r2 + d2 ⎤ 2
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

r2 = x2 + y2

+∞ +∞ ∞ 2π ∞
−qd rdr
qT ( z = 0 ) = ∫ ∫ σs dxdy = ∫ ∫ σsrdrdφ =
2π
( 2π ) ∫ 3
y = −∞ x = −∞ r =0 φ= 0 ⎡
r = 0 r2 + d2 ⎤ 2
⎣ ⎦

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 2 of 11

 u = r2 + d2 ⇒ du = 2rdr

rdr du −1 1
∫⎡ 3
= ∫ 2u 3
= −u 2 =−
r + d2
2
r2 + d2 ⎤ 2 2
⎣ ⎦

∞
+qd
qT ( z = 0 ) = = −q
r2 + d2 0

_ −q2 _ −q2
fq = iz =
4πε0 (2d)
2
16πε0d2

II. Point Charge and Sphere

1. Grounded Sphere

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 3 of 11
 1 ⎛ q q' ⎞
Φ= +
4πε0 ⎜⎝ s s ' ⎠

1 1

s = ⎡r2 + D2 − 2rD cos θ ⎤ 2

, s ' = ⎡b2 + r2 − 2rb cos θ ⎤ 2

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

2 2
q −q' ⎛ q⎞ ⎛ q' ⎞

Φ (r = R ) = 0 ⇒ = ⇒⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
s s' s
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ s' ⎠

q2s '2 = q'2 s2 ⇒ q'2 ⎡R 2 + D2 − 2RD cos θ ⎤ = q2 ⎡b2 + R 2 − 2Rb cos θ ⎤

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

( )
q'2 R 2 + D2 = q2 b2 + R 2 ( )
q'2 b
+q'2 2 RD cos θ = +q2 2 Rb cos θ ⇒ 2
=
q D

⎛ R2 ⎞
b 2
D
( )
R + D2 = b2 + R 2 ⇒ b2 − b ⎜
⎜ D
+ D ⎟ + R2 = 0
⎟
⎝ ⎠

⎛ R2 ⎞
(b − D) ⎜⎜ b − D
⎟⎟ = 0
⎝ ⎠

R2
b=
D

b R2
q' 2 = q2 = q2 2 ⇒ q' = −qR D
D D

force on sphere

qq' −q2R D −q2RD

fx = = =
4πε0 (D − b ) ( )

2 2 2
⎛ R2 ⎞ 4πε0 D2 − R 2
4πε0 ⎜ D − ⎟
⎜ D ⎟⎠

2. Isolated Sphere [Put additional Image Charge +q' = +qR D at center]

(zero charge)

q' q
Φ (r = R ) = =
4πε0R 4πε0D

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 4 of 11
 force on sphere

⎤ qq' ⎡⎢D2 − (D − b ) ⎤⎥
2
⎡
q ⎢ q' q' ⎥ −q2R ⎡2bD − b2 ⎤
fx = − = ⎣ ⎦ = ⎣ ⎦
4πε0 ⎢ (D − b )2 D2 ⎥ 4π ε D 2
( D − b )2
⎛ R 2 ⎞
2

⎣ ⎦ 0
4πε0D3 ⎜ D −
⎜ ⎟
⎝ D ⎟⎠

−q2RD2 R2 ⎡ R2 ⎤ −q2R 3
⎡2D2 − R2 ⎤
fx = ⎢2D − ⎥= ⎣ ⎦

(D ) ( )
2 D ⎢⎣ D ⎥⎦ 2

4πε0D 3 2
−R 2
4πε0D3 D2 − R2

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 5 of 11

III. Demonstration 4.7.1 – Charge Induced in Ground Plane by Overhead Conductor

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

1
⎡( a − x )2 + y2 ⎤ 2 ⎡ ( a − x )2 + y2 ⎤
−λ ⎢ ⎥⎦ −λ
Φ= ln ⎣ = ln
⎢ ⎥
2πε0 ⎡( a + x )2 + y2 ⎤ 2
1 4πε0 ⎢ ( a + x )2 + y2 ⎥

⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

λ λ 2πε0
C' = = = , Φ ( x = l − R, y = 0 ) = U
Φ ( x = l − R, y = 0 ) −λ a−l+R ⎡ l2 − R 2 + l ⎤
ln
2πε0 a + l − R ln ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ R ⎥⎦

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 6 of 11
 ∂Φ
σs = ε0Ex ( x = 0 ) = −ε0
∂x x =0

+ ε0 λ d ⎡
ln ⎡( a − x ) + y2 ⎤ − ln ⎡( a + x ) + y2 ⎤ ⎤⎥
2 2
= ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎦
4π ε0 dx ⎣ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣

λ ⎡⎢ −2 ( a − x ) 2 (a + x) ⎤
= − ⎥
4π ⎢ ( a − x )2 + y2 ( a + x )2 + y2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦ x =0

−λa
=
(
π a2 + y2 )
Total Charge per unit length on ground plane is:

∞
∞ ∞
−λa −λ a 1 y
λ T ( x = 0) = ∫ σsdy = ∫ π (a dy = tan−1
y = −∞ −∞
2
+y2
) π a a
π −∞

= −λ

dq dσs −aA dλ −aAC ' dU

is = ≈A = =

dt dt 2
π a +y 2 dt
( )
π a2 + y2 dt
( )
take U = U0 cos ωt

C ' Aa
v0 = −isR s = − U0 ω sin ωt
(
π a2 + y2 )

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 7 of 11
IV. Point Electric Dipole

1. Potential

q ⎡1 1⎤
Φ= ⎢ − ⎥
4πε0 ⎣ r+ r− ⎦

2
2 ⎛
2 d⎞
r+ = x + y + ⎜z − ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

2
⎛ d⎞
r− = x2 + y2 + ⎜ z + ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠

Note: Φ ( z = 0 ) = 0

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 8 of 11
 2. Point Electric Dipole (r>>d)

d ⎡ d ⎤
r+ ≈ r − cos θ ≈ r ⎢1 − cos θ ⎥
2 ⎣ 2r ⎦

d ⎡ d ⎤
r− ≈ r + cos θ ≈ r ⎢1 + cos θ ⎥
2 ⎣ 2r ⎦

⎡ ⎤
q ⎢ 1 1 ⎥ q ⎡ d ⎛ d ⎞⎤
Φ≈ ⎢ − ⎥≈ ⎢1 + cos θ − ⎜ 1 − cos θ ⎟ ⎥
4πε0r ⎢ d d 4πε0r ⎣ 2r ⎝ 2r ⎠⎦
1− cos θ 1 + cos θ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2r 2r ⎥⎦

qd cos θ
≈
4πε0r2

p cos θ
lim p = qd (dipole moment) ⇒ Φ ≈
d→ 0
q →∞
4πε0r2

⎡ ∂Φ _ 1 ∂Φ _ 1 ∂Φ _ ⎤
E = −∇Φ = − ⎢ ir + iθ+ i ⎥
⎣ ∂r r ∂θ r sin θ ∂φ φ ⎦

p ⎡ _ _ ⎤
= ⎢2 cos θ i + sin θ iθ⎥
4πε0r3 ⎣ r
⎦

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 9 of 11
 dr E 2 cos θ
3. Field Lines: = r = = 2 cot θ
rdθ Eθ sin θ

dr
= 2 cot θdθ ⇒ lnr = 2 ln ( sin θ ) + C
r

r = r0 sin2 θ

(
r0 = r θ = π
2 )

q
=1
4πε0d

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 10 of 11
 V. Line Current Above a Perfect Conductor

( )
_ _
f I = I × µ0 H Newton/meter [force per unit length]

_ ⎛ I _ ⎞ µ0I2 _

= I i z × ⎜ µ0 i ⎟= i

⎝ 4πd x ⎠ 4πd y

6.641, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion Lecture 5

Prof. Markus Zahn Page 11 of 11