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 n
230
a . llmi Objective Ch .
0.50 E P<ain why CuSO, and NH,CI give acidic solution
* ^

^
when puts
water ?
* :
apw 200T, IP «
5
Ans: CaSOi es a sat -ade up of a
-
?
*

* ' ^^ ^
NH ci Cus
5
base QjfOH) and strong acid H
orxzes r « to ere Cu* *and SO,- ions. Copper
, ;
'
5
O. *
° «
J jj
.
J!
• 10
_ * ?
°
J = aid H tons are set free m the solution So
- '
^
are hydn ions

.
®
^ ELECTROCHENUISTRY
^ —
<
S + solution .
ac
* ** NH NH«a a weak base. and HCI a strong B

-- - -
i I
add He*
trade
B up of
051
asnssrissu
be rmlnL Why? * . » a weak base
**
may net
.
DEFINmONS
( May be used in short questions with examples)

Ans: 4
ne and pIQ value o positive and negative are equal
pK ;
Ampere:
It is
(1)
the unit of electrical
f” *
current Wnen one coulomb of electricity ts passed through
* then the solution«1 a circuit in one second, then this is catted one ampere. 1 ampere = 1 coulomb x 1 sec.
neutra if the ndwdua ions have unequal pK and
Sdcr> solutions are not neutral In case of * pKt values, trer
(2 ) * Anode :
NhUCN the solution is base. The reasy That electrode which is positively charged being electron poor is called anode
is that «$ a stronger acid and OP is a weaker base, Oxidation take place at this electrode. In Daniel celt Zn acts as anode.
in case of NruF te
sc* jfcon $ aodc because KF is stronger acid while (3) Cathode:
NhUOH is a weaker base. That electrode which is negatively charged being electron rich is called cathode
052 Aqueous solution of a salt derived from a
strong acid and weak base 1
acidic. Why? Reduction takes place at this electrode. In Daniel cel! Cu acts as cathode.
(Guj 2015) P | (4) . Dry cell:
Ar electrochemical cell in which electrolytes are present as solids or in the form of
Ans: Suchisatts are NH4Ci, CuS04 etc. When they dissolve in water they give CIG paste. Leclancies cell used in torches is a dry cell.
S04 ^ ions m solution which are not hydrolysed. So H0 of H is set free and (5) jSr Electrochemical cell:
-
(D.G. Khan 2014)
20
solutions are acidic in nature. In other words we can say that NH CI and CuSO
4
are denied from HCI and H2S04 which are strong acids and hence their aqueous
l
- It is a cell in which the electrodes are dipped into an electrolyte in which non-
spontaneous redox reaction takes place by the passage of an electrical current It is also
defined as an arrangement in which electrical current is produced by a chemical reaction.
solutions are acidic. ^ ^ (6i Electrochemical series:
It is an arrangement of the electrodes in the order of increasing reduction
Potentials, on the basis of standard hydrogen electrode. The H ® /H is somewhere in the
middle of the series. The reduction potentials above SHE are negative and below SHE are
positive.
(7) Electrochemistry: (Faisalabad 2008, Lahore 2014, Guj. 2014)
That branch of chemistry, which deals with the change of electrical energy into
t

energy erjnical
or the change of chemical energy into electrical energy is called
e(Petrochemistry
. Electrolytic cells and electrochemical cells are the part of this subject.
'
•
*
Electrode :
Photoconducting substance which when placed in an electrolyte develops a
Rain electrical potential with respect to the bulk of the solution. Zn dipped in ZnS04
,oiution is called Zn electrode. Cu plate dipped in CuS04 solution is Cu electrode.
0) Electrode potential:
2010, F. Abad 2012, Multan 2012, Lahore 2014 , Guj. 2014 )
(Falsalabad 2008, Faisalabad
, ,
Electrode potential is that potential which
ions.
is developed
The
? ernent is in contact with the solution of its electrode potential.
own electrode
when electrode
potential of ZnlZn
of
*
an
2 in

m 2nS04 is 0.76 V at 25 C. It is called standard

I °
232
llmi Objective
Ch
II

-
(10 ) Electrochemistry
Electrolysis: (Rwp.
r 10 ]
It is the process in which the electrical current 2011 Sarg.
J
, .
~
is Oxidation: DrTi IT~
spontaneous oxidation-reduction reaction.
Electrolysis of aqueous
HZl Cl2 and NaOH solution. Molten NaCI on electrolysis gives Na andsotuton
used to cany
out a
of UaC\
2
^ (22)
»
Loss of electrons is called oxidation
s *c X
1
^ aisalabad 2008
^
X‘ f t E L
(11) Electrolyte:
That substance, which can allow the electrical current to
solution tate or molten state is called electrolyte. NaCI, HCI,
C
pass
\2.

throuah mth
^ n
number
«
and
Oxidizing
is oxidized
agents:
. " * : Hm s
"* J
“
increased its cMallori

.
^ 3) (Guj 2008)

^ A substance which oxidizes the other and is i

NaOH
—
etc are a
"
'

(12) Electrolytic cell: in a chemical reaction is

oxidizing agent. MO + C > M + CO
(B.P. 2008, Lahore 2009, Multan 2009, Lahore 2011
, Sarg. 2011, Lahore
2012 lah 20
called In this reaction the metal M is reduced afefS idized ca
A cell which uses the electrical current to carry
out a non-spontaneous' 41
reaction. The electrolysis of molten NaCI to get Na and Cl
Down's cell.
is
2 done in electrolytic cell L
'
redo)( (24)
Primary cells: .

Those voltaic or Galvanic cells which am mi rechargeable are called primary cells.
(13) Electrolytic conduction: (Lahore 2009, Rwp. 2011, F. Abad
^ (25) Redox reaction :
That chemical reaction which
<( (Guj. 2012)
pletes in an oxidation half reaction and a
This is the conduction in which electrical current is 2012 , Lahore
201«
carried by positively half reaction. Daniel cell is the iesl pie of redox reaction.
negatively charged ions formed in the solution due to ionization and reduction
or in the fused state of (26) Reducing agent: w (Guj. 2008)
electrolyte . When electrical current is passed in aqueous solution of ces the other and is oxidized itself in a redox reaction.
respective electrodes.
NaCI, the ions movelo That substancewvhic
(14)
MO + C > M + CO
Electroplating: • Here C has acted as a reducing agent.
It is the process of depositing a thin layer of one metal over the Reduction: (Faisalabad 2008, D.G. Khan 2012)
other with the help (27)
of an electrical current. Au can be plated over Ag or Cu metals. The gain of electrons is called reduction. In other words, the decrease in oxidation
(15) Galvanic or voltaic cell: (B.P. 2008, Multan 2009, Lahore 2011, Lahore 2012) number is called reduction.
That cell which produces electrical current from a spontaneous redox reaction. In MO + C > M + CO , M is reduced and carbon is oxidized.
Daniel cell is a voltaic cell.
(15A) E.M.F of a cell:
(28) Salt bridge:
It is a device which is used for keeping the internal continuity between two half
The force that causes the flow of electrons from one electrode to another electrode
Prevents ree m
^ x n ,
of the two solutions. It provides the respective ions to a
is called e.m.f of the cell. The e.m.f of Daniel cell is 1.1 V. , lfs
H
comPartment
9
*
and make that compartment neutral.
(16) Half cell potential:
It is the contribution of the cell voltage made by each half reaction in
. no
I^ y))
Secondary cells:
called secondary cell. Lead
That voltaic or Galvanic cell which is chargeable is
electrochemical cell. In Daniel cell Zn/Zn *2 produces half cell potential and is 0.7b iorage battery is best example of a secondary cell.
standard conditions. )
(17 ) Half reactions: Standard electrode potential:
(Gujranwala - 2006, Guj. 2008. Rwp. 2011, D.G 2014
. Khan 2013 , Lahore 2014 , Lahore )
There are those chemical reactions, which describe the oxidation or reduction The potential difference which is established between an electrode and 1 M solution
reaction in a redox reaction. In Daniel cell Zn -> Zn*2 + 2e , is a half reaction on anode its
side.
“

P| 0Wn ions at 298 K is called standard electrode potential. It is denoted by E° and

( 18 ) Inert electrode *
* noUeacf Sh^anV K, ' ° , ,
1316 f C3rry 0Ut he CUrren( in electrochemical cj (31)
standard hydrogelfelectrode
(SHE):
one atmosphenc pressure

^ as 25
Hydrogen electrode of hydrogen gas working at ° C,
but it does bs ance around hal Graphite and Pt , act electrode. Its
electrodes in various cells
Y
,
elertrconcentration
.
of H ions as 1 M is called
4 standard
po ential is considered to be 0.00 V. It is somewhere
hydrogen
in the middle of
(19 ) Ionizations -
It is a orocess 0 of Cni
sP «.,
^, ,
. ,
n9 UP of an ionic compound due to the
in presence
,
ol hornec
chars
thesojjjJ
(
32
!
elertr
Chemical
>
series
Strong electrolyte:
ST MetaniLUI? ' :°n , , ° ' ' , (Lahore
oarfirkx; uuhnrw A d S0 v«d 1 1 H NaC onizes to Na * and Cl ions in
? ^
2014, Lahore
20
and i* h. Tuhat
'

electrolyte which conducts relatively large quantity of the

NaCI
electrical
dissolved n ,
current
water
H :
SJS f hC ioni2ad i n hhe
solution state is called strong electrolyte.
II he condn
throughout he meScSSS ° ,
t
tect°,ons
movemenl
' o n

^ °
dU he free
'
i
° ong electrolyte.
T end
* ^ ' ," (33) iSas
^
^
?theditferenc of poieniial. ^ e
unde
move from
0
°" ° electrons to flow in a circuit.

.
tendency ofthe
Sarg. Jfjis unit for measuring
a the
(21)
' ^hi .
°«, ^
, .
(Sargodha 2010, D.G Khan 2014
fof
(34)
electrolyte: Quantity of electrical current and is
Kisan aDDareni 1 / 0 r nL a ive or Ztiro on an at m ( an e

^ = mall
molecule or an iorUn KMnO ^ tv ^
„ T' ‘
allon slate « ° ° number lleasl
oMion
< » k always zero.
* ' * “ *
 HUIST r
^T77 <L
234 llmi Objective Ch
SH 5
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS ^ try P
ss
n\
far

In
101 Electrochemistry
which of the following changes there is a 7. (b)
23 5

(EXERCISE OF THE TEXTBOOK ) 0

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
^

ANSWER wlTHREASniJ ' ' transfer of five electrons?

- » MnC>2
When MnO < is converted to Mn*!, Ihen
the oxidation number of Mn changes from
d) The cathodic reaction in the electrolysis of 1. (a) (Rwp. 2007rFd?2o
dil. H2SO4 with Pt electrodes is
(a)
zun , Lahore 2012 , Lahore 6n
2014, B. Pur 2014, Sara 2014 M n 9
.
> ^. (a) MnO
(b) MnO ^
"
» Mn 42
+7 to +2. It means five electrons are

?
transferred to other specie by MnO .
reduction (b) oxidation 2015, Rwp. 2015, Sahiwal 2015 W (c) CrO 3'
> Cr 3
(c) We should remember 2015 ) ’
both oxidation and reduction that J-
2 Cr 3
(d) happens at cathode . When fe<w (d) Cr207 ->
neither oxidation nor reduction of H2SO4 is electrolysed dilute soin?
by usinq
electrodes tike platinum, then (8) In the reaction 3CI2 + 6NaOH > 5NaCI 8. (c) .
In the given reaction, CI2 is oxidized and
H* ions1 + NaCI03 + H20, chlorine is:
discharged at cathode and H2 gas reduced simultaneously. This is a seif -
s
• i
, '
2H® + 2e0 evolves (a) oxidized (b) reduced oxfdation-reduction reaction.
> H2 (cathode) both (a) and (b)
Oxidation number of H* decreases (c) 53
from -*1-
to zero, hence it is a reduction process (d) none
(2) Which of the following statements incorrect 2. (b) (Model Paper-2006-07,Guj . 9- (c) (Sarg. 2011)
Oxidation number of oxygen is ig:
about Galvanic cell?
(a) anode is negatively charged
The reduction always happens at 2014)
and oxidation at anode. In the cathode
. (9)
(a) Na20
N9202
(b) F20
(d) Cl20
^ r
The oxidation number of oxygen is -1 in
Na202. The reason is that 02 is more
electronegative than oxygen.
(b) reduction occurs at anode cell, the electrons enter the cellGalatvanic (c)
(Rwp. 2010)
10. (b)
(c) cathode is positively charged cathode and reduction takes place at the
the
(10) Sulphur has the highest oxidation state in: The maximum oxidation number is of .‘•a
cathode. (a) S02 (b) SO3 .
sulphur l e., +6 in S03, from all the given
(d) reduction occurs at cathode
(c) H2S (d) H2S03 choices.
(3) Stronger the oxidizing agent, greater is the 3. (| b) .
(B Pur 2008, Multan 2009
.
11 (c) (Lahore 2014)
(a) oxidation potential Lahore 2013, Lahore 2014, Guj. 2014 B. (11) Oxidation state of oxygen in OF2 is:
F is more electronegative with O.N as -1.
(b) reduction potential Pur 2014, Sarg. 2014, B. Pur 2015) 1
For example E2 is a very strong oxidizing (a) y> (b) 2 So oxygen is in +2 state.
(c) redox potential agent and it has a very high value d
(d) -1
(d) E.M.F. of cell. reduction potential in electrochemd
series. (12)
T*
(c)
031
In the conversion of Br2 to Br , the
12. (d) (Sarg. 2010)
In this conversion, the oxidation number of
(4 ) If the salt bridge is not used between two 4. (d) (Sargodha Board 2005,
half cells, then the voltage: B.P. 2007, F.Abad 2007, B.P. 2008 F. . oxidation state of bromine changes from: Br2 is zero, but in BrO ?, it has -»5
Abad 2012, D.G. Khan 2014, Guj. 2015) (a) 2 to 5 (b) 1 to 5 oxidation number. So the oxidation number
(a ) decrease rapidly
(b) decrease slowly In the absence of salt bridge the voltage (c) 0 to -3 (d) 0 to 5 changes from zero to *5.
drops to zero. This means the ionic curre': 13. (a) (Multan Board 2005,
(C) does not change (13) Oxidation number of carbon in NaHC03 is Bahawalpur 2005)
(d) drops to zero stops, hence electronic current also slops (b) - 6
(a) +4 The oxidation number of C in NaHC03 is +
(5) If a strip of Cu metal is placed in a solution 5. ( d) (Bahawalpur 2011, D.G. Khan (c) +6 (d) + 2 4.
of FeS04 2014, F. Abad 2014, Lahore 2014) 14 (c)
Cu is lower in electrochemical series tw (14) The +1 oxidation state of P is found in: The phosphorus shows oxidation state +1
( a) Cu will be deposited (a) H3PO3 (b) H3PO4
Fe. it has less tendency lo Tie in H3PO2.
(b) Fe is precipitated out electrons than Fe . So Cu will not beo> (c) H3PO2 (d) H4P207
(c) Cu and Fe both dissolve ® ® solutionisnoj (15) Oxidation state of oxygen atom in sodium .
15 (d)
(d) No reaction takes place.
Cu and Fe of FeS04 in
is The oxidation state of oxygen in NaC>2 is -
converted to Fe°. Hence , Fe superoxide is: 1
precipitated down. 1 2'
(a) - 2 (b) + 2 .‘
V
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS '4 a
1
__ ( ADDITIONAL ) (c) 0 (d) -5

Oxidation Number and Balancing of Equations 1

FafMhbtT
(16)
(a) +4
042
Oxidation state of Mn is Mn is:
(b) +6
16. (b)
MnO
x - 8 = -2
(Lahore 2011)
?
(6) The reaction
2K2Mn04 1 Cl2
* 2KMn04 + 2KCI is:
(a) chlorination of K2Mn04
6 (dj
The given reaction
(
is oxidalion
process . Clj is reduced and
from -»6 to +7 oxidation stale.
Mn
-r
is 0^^
ed (c) +5
The oxidation number
(d) -6
of
(b
nitrogen
) - 3
in HN03 is
”
x = +6

w-
+1 + x 6=0
..
i G Khan 2011)

(b) neither oxidation nor reduction (a) + 3

(d ) +5 -
x 5=0 1
(c) neutralisation reaction (c) -5 x =5

(d) oxidation reduction reaction

 236 llmi Objective Ch
22
(18)
Jn the reaction 2Fe + 3CI2 > 2FeCI3 18. (b) (Multan
2004
Lahore 2005, Rwp- 2007,
,
stry
^ [ ChapW .10) Electrochemistry 237
Fe is reduced (b) Fe is oxidized Fe is in zero
6
oxidation
ui. 20 2
Z ^. Electrolysis Processes
(c) CI2 is oxidized (d) None of these reaction. It develops +3 state bet
FeCl3 So, Fe is oxidized.oxidation stT
. ®
6» Graphite is an inert electrode. When the 26, (a)
(19) The oxidation number of chromium in .
19. (c) (Rwp 2005, Rwp. (26) electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCI is
When aqueous solution of NaCI Is
K2Cr2C>7 is: 2010, Guj. 2010, Lahore 2009, U „ . carried out by using graphite electrode , then
electrolysed, then hydrogen gas is

(a) 2014) 2012, Sahi . ' collected at cathode and Cl? at the anode.
4 (b) 2 the substance collected at the cathode is: Na is not discharged at cathode in
4"

The oxidation number of

(c) 6 (d) 3 K2Cr207 is -*6 because K is inchromium hydrogen gas (b ) sodiuirj metal comparison to H*.
( a )
O iS in -2 state. The overall
+1 slate
of
ami * (c) sodium hydroxide \. ' 4
number of molecule is zero. oxidation (d) chlorine gas IP

Oxidation and Reduction (27) , When

solution
CuSCh
using
is electrolysed
copper electrodes
in
, then
ieous
the
27. (a)
When CuSOi is electrolysed in aqueous
solution by using Cu-electrodes, then Cu
( 20) substance which deposits at the cathode is: dissolves from the anode and is deposited
According to classical concept, oxidation 20. (d) (Sarg. 2010)
(a) copper metal (b) copper ions at the cathode. This helps to purify Cu-
involves: According lo classical concept, (he
(a) addition of oxygen
addi
of oxygen, addition of electronegative t i o n
(c) hydrogen ^ ( d) oxygen metal electronically.
28. (c) (Multan 2008, B. Pur 2015)
(b) addition of electronegative radical radical, removal of H2 or removal of
some (28) The electrolysis of aqueous solution of NaCI Aqueous solution of NaCI is electrolysed to
(c)
electropositive radical is called oxidation. is employed to prepare caustic soda on prepare NaOH on commercial scale. H2 is
removal of hydrogen or some
commercial scale . The reaction at the collected at the cathode and CI2 at the
electropositive radical • 0
(d) all are correct cathode is: anode. Cl is oxidized at the anode.
(21) Oxidation in a chemical reaction involves: 21. (b) (a) formation of water molecule
(a) decrease in oxidation number of an
element
In a chemical reaction the increase of
oxidation number of any one of the
(b)
(c)
°
oxidation of Cl ions
reduction of H ions
0
elements is called oxidation of lhai ® ions
(b) increase in oxidation number of an element. (d) reductionof Na
element deposited on the surface 29. (d) (Rawalpindi 2009, Rwp 2011)
(29) When one metal is The deposition of a metal on the surface of
(c) neither increase nor decrease in of the other by the process of electrical another metal by the process of
This is
oxidation number . current, then it is called: electrolysis is called electroplating.
(d) increase of oxidation number of all the (a) electrolytic refining used to protect the metals.
elements on reactant side (b) electrolytic purification
When an atom reacts chemically and gains 22. (b) (c) electrolysis
(22)
one or more electrons, it is said to have Gain of electrons is called reduction When. one (d) electroplating
30. (b)
an atom reads chemically and it gains takes place at:
been: (80) in electrolysis , reduction During electrolysis, oxidation takes place at
or more electrons , then it is reduced .
(b) cathode reduction at the cathode .
(a) decomposed (b) reduced (a) anode the anode and
(c) both anode and cathode
(c) oxidised (d) catalysed upon the nature of electrode
23 (d) .( Q G . Khan 2011
) (d) depends
( 23) The best reducing agent is: material
I ' is one o « «
'5*2,$ 31. (d) (Lahore 2008)
- 0
(b) CP
(a) F
(c) Br -'
1 ( d) I -1 *
among all the halide ions ,
polarizability .
(81) Electrolysis is used for:
(a) Electroplating
All there processes
of electrolysis .
involve the techniques

digger size and high 2004, metal

. b) ( Mirpure Board (b) Manufacture of sodium
(24) Reduction always takes place 24 (
2005 , Lahore m of Al
(b) at cathode Lahore Board in 0 (c ) Manufacture
( a) at anode Electron enter the cathode
and 93
(d) All of these
. , the 32. (b)
(c) at both electrodes electrons is called reduction (82) During the electrolysis of molten NaCI During the electrolysis of mollen NaCI,
(d) none of above ion which is reduced is: Na
® is reduced into Na-metal , and Is
2007 ) ® . This
(25) In the rusting of iron, 25 -
When
( d )
iron
( Multan
is rusted it is converted '
fe
to
3C (a) Cl
0 (b) Na
©1
deposited at cathode
is one of the best
in molten
methods to
state
prepare Na
4Fe + 302 > 2Fo203, iron is: this ®
(b) reduced
in
oxide, so iron is oxidized increases . (c)
®
Na or Cl
0 (d) Na and Cl scale .
metal on commercial 2007, 2008)
(a) precipitated The oxidation number of Fe
electrolytic cell 33 . ( a) ( Bahawalpur
electrolytic cell
(c) hydrolysed (d) oxidized (33) Cu metal can be purified in ,
Cu- metal can be purified
using CuSOi solution
in
as an electrolyte.
impure Cu as : by
by making the

j
 238
llmi Objective Ch
V \ N ^'

electrochemistry
- •
- ,
fflH
1( )j 239
(a) anode (b) cathode Impure Cu-metal is
(c) anode or cathode made as (c) zero
transfers to the cathode.
In this
anofe T M\ depen ds upon the situati on
(d) depends upon nature of solution impure Cu is purified. statements about SHE is 42.
Which one of the (c)
(34) Electrolysis is the process in which a 34. (b) (Lahore Board (42) The jaxidation potential and reduction
chemical reaction takes place at the When electrical current is 2004) correct? oxidation potential is zero but I potential,of SHE are both zero.
the electrolytic solutions, passed
throw, (a) Its
expense of reduction potential is positive
(a) chemical energy
then
reaction takes place. Actually cheS reduc tion potent ial is zero buf
energy is converted to el e cl r i c a (b) Us
(b) electrical energy chemical energy. oxidation potential is negative -T 4
(c) heat energy (c) Its oxidation and reduction potentials \
(d) none of these both are zero L
( 35) That cell in which electrical energy is Wahore 2005, Mtn-2007, solutio in the 0.1
converted into chemical energy is called:
(a) Galvanic cell (b) Electrolytic cell
35.
^ N. Guj. 2008)
The cell or battery in which the
electiic ai
(d)

In
The
molar HCI
order to
n

have stani hydrog i 43. ( a)

(c)
energy is conwyted to chemical
energy (43) . condit ions are ; For standar d hydroge n electrode the
Fuel cell (d) Daniel cell calledelectrolyte cell.
is electrode , the temperature is 25°C, pressure is 1 atm.
(36) When a non-spontaneous redox reaction is 36. (d) (Lahore Board 2005) (a) tempe rature 25 °C , pressu re 1 atm , and concentration of HCI solution is 1
carried out by using the electrical current, When a non-spotaneous redox reaction is
i
®
and H concentration 1 M molar .
then the process is called: carried out by using the electrical current, and
then the process is called electrolysis. (b) tempe rature 0 ° C , pressu re 1 atm
(a) decomposition of the substrnces ®
H concentration 1 M
(b) cracking C, press ure 2 atm ,
(c) tempe rature 25 °
(c) hydrolysis (d) electrolysis ®
( 37) Nelson's cell, Down' s cell are example of: 37. (c) We use the electrical current to and H concentration 1 M •
25 C , press ure 1 atm ,
(a) Electro chemical cell do a chemical reactions in these cells, so (d) tempe rature °
they are electrolytic cells . ®
(b) Galvanic cell (Faisalabad 2009; and H concentration 2 M
(c) Electrolytic (d) None of these
Electrochemical Series
Electromotive Force of Cells The reduction potential of lead electrode
44. (d)
i«) The reduction potentia l of Ag electrod e is +
(38) Electrode potential of SHE arbitrarily taken 38. (a) (Gujranwala 2011, Lahore 2012) (Pb*2/Pb) is -0.13 V. The reduction potential 0.8 V and that of lead electrod e is - 0.13
+ Ag) is +0.8 V. Which
in volts is: It is taken as 0.00V. of silver electrode (Ag / V. It means that lead has a capabilit y to
and Ag has a capabili ty
of the cell reactions is correct? loose the electrons
« (a) 0.00 (b) 1.00
(a) » Ag* + Pb to gain the electron . So option (d ) is correct
(c) 0.01 (d) 0.50 Ag + Pb*1 is reduce d and lead is
Ag + Pb * in which Ag
39. (d) The sum of electro de potenti als (b) Ag* + Pb -> oxidized.
(39) Electromotive force of Zn - Cu cell is:
(a) 0.0V (b) 0.5V of Zn °
/Zn ~
and Cu /Cu ~ ° Hv
is .
(Lahore 2010 ) (c) Ag + 2Pb* -> Ag * 2 + 2Pb
2 + 2Ag
S (d) 2Ag* + Pb Pb *
. Oxidation potenti al is the power
(c) 1.0V (d) 1.1V (45) 45.
40. (b) Stronger the oxidizi ng agent , greate r is tne
to oxidize others
(40) The two half cells of the galvanic cell are carry the 2010, F. Abad 2012)
lc The purpose of salt bridge is to (a) oxidation potential (Rawalpindi
connected with each other through a salt '
other . It
ions from one half cell to the in r c (b) reduction potential
c bridge which: maintains the electri cal neutrali ty * (c) redox potential W:
(a) carries the electrons from one half half cells. (d) E.M.F of cell
(46) u 46. (b) of reducti on
cell to the other The reduction potential of alur Greater the negativ e value
the
When electro de , greater
(b) carries the bn: from one half cell to -1.66 V and that of Sn is - 0.14 V potential of an
and that
throug releasing capabil ity
the other these two electrodes are connected electron anode . Other electro de
(c) indicates the value of the e.m.f. of a salt bridge, then which of these electrodes electrode act as the electrons and it will
will have lo receive tin electrode ads as
cell act as cathode: act as cathod e. So
(d) carries ou* he electrolysis (a) Al electrode (b ) tin elect rode cathode in this combination
.

(41) tempe rature of ce

The electrode potential of standard (c)
hydrogen etectrod; - > an ari. j-arily taken as:
41. (C)
The electrode potential of SHE
ic
is arbit ^ W)
depends upon the
depen ds upon the conc entration o f
chosen as zero.
(a) a positive vaic
^ solution in the salt bridge
(b) a negative value J *
 \ U im; -^
240 llmi Objective Ch
(47) The overall positive values for the cell 47. (a) ml Electrochemistry
P fer 241
potential predicts that the process is When the overall cell ^
[C
Oxidation number is the apparent charge (MJM , ifiua „
then it means thatPotentialJSp
^ LbJ 'ItmT?*
i Rn
energetically: the6 pr( %e ° Ans: of an element . Oxygen has its oxidation

^ an atom of 2 of lts
(a)
(c)
feasible
not possible
(b) not feasible
energetically feasible. eSs
* compounds. Well, in per oxides the oxidation nu ier of oxygen is -1, and in
superoxide, it is - 1/2 while in OF2 it is + 2.
‘
(d) cannot be predicted Calculate the oxidation number of Mn in KMnO aid M , MnOJ? ?
(48) Electrochemical series is the arrangement 48. (a) (Model Paper
- 2006-07)
Q .2
(Gujranwa
la 2005. Multan 2008, Lahore 2008, Lahore 2010 D.G. Klrf
D.G. Khan 2014, Guj. . Abad
2014 , . Pur 2014 , F
B 2014 ,
1, R-
ire
°
2012, B. Pure 2012, Lahore 2013,
2014, Lahore 2015, Guj. 2015,
of the electrodes in: Electrochemical series arranges . 2015, 5, Sah'iwal 2015, F. Abad 2015)
(a) increasing order of reduction electrodes in the increasing Hie
u
n02 KMn04 •2
potentials reduction potentials from negativeorder «
charge
^
itive or negative which an atom
(b)
lo positive. yaJues
Ans: The oxidation number is the
decreasing order of reduction has in a molecule
(c)

(d)
potentials
increasing order of oxidation reduction
potential
KMnOa
K+
+1 +
& =0
In02
Mn + 20 = 0
Mn + 2(-2) = 0
Mn - 4 = 0
there is no fixed arrangement. =0
(49) The highest reduction potential in the 49. (b) (Faisalabad 2010, Rwp. 2011) ln = + 7 Mn = + 4
electrochemical series is of F2 and its value The highest reduction potential in
the
is: electrochemical series is of fluorine and its Electrolysis
value is 2.87 V. High value of reduction
(a) - 2.87 V
(c) + 3.87 V
(b) + 2.87 V potential means lhat F2 is a s fon ,9
Q.3 ' What is electrolysis? Give example.
. , , . 2012, .
Guj 2013 , D.G. Khan 2014,
(Guj. 2008, Fci Abad 2009,
.
(d) - 3.87 V oxjuizing agent and it is reduced very Guj 2010 Multan 2011 M Pure
easily. Lahore 2015, Sarg. 2015, B. Pur 2015)
-3
Batteries and Fuel Cells Ans. When electrical current is passed through the solution of an electrolyte or the *
(50) Fuel cells are fhe means by which chemica electrolyte in the molten state, then the migration ) of the ions takes place ,
50. (d) (Sargodha 2005, Lhr 2007 -
energy may be converted into: Bahawalpur 2011) towards the respective electrodes ( lf This process is called
(a) Heat energy In fuel cells one of the substance is electrolysis. Molten NaCI is electrolysed^ in Down ’s cell to prepare Na on
oxidized which is called a fuel It loses gives Pb
(b) Magnetic energy electrons and so chemical energy
commercial scale. This cell is called electrolytic cell. PbCl 2 in molten state
(c) Sound energy converted into electrical energy. and Cl2 at respective electrodes.
Q.4 Why the positively charged ions move towards the cathode and negatively
(d) Electric energy in
charged ions go to the anode to complete the oxidation reduction process
(51) The electrolyte used in fuel cell is: 51. (c)
(a) Aqueous NaCI (b) Molten NaCI In alkaline fuel cells, KOH is used, as an electrolytic cell? #
(D . G. Khan 2012 , Faisalabad 2013 )

(c) KOH an electrolyte.

(d) NaN03 , Guj. 2010) charged ions will
(Lahore 2009 Ans: The anode has a deficiency (J ) of electrons so the negatively
(52) When Pb accumulator is recharged, then the 52. (c) efficiency (JAJ ) of electrons , so the positively
When lead accumulalor is recharged , then move towards it. Cathode has
density of H2SC>4 becomes: electron from it . In this way , circuit is
- the density of H2SO4 is regenerated an<M charged ions move towards it and get the at the
(a) 2.15 gem 3 (b) 1.81 gem 3 this way oxidation happens
completed and electrolysis takes place. In ,
”

becomes .f ).
(c) 1.25 gem 3 (d) 1.15 gem” 3
”

1.25 g cm' 3.
yjk
is anode and reduction at the cathode from the
(53) Cathode in NICAD is: 53 . (b) in Ni - Cd cell the anode Q.5 of electrolysis in molten electrolyte are different
is of NiO Why the products
(a) Ag20 (b) Ni02 made up of Cd , while cathode electrolysis in the solution state ?
2011) products of
(Multan 2009, Faisalabad (Multan 2012, D.G. Khan 2012 , Faisalabad 2013 )
(c) Cd (d) Zn
ANSWERS TO THE SHORT QUESTIONS
at the electrodes after
Oxidation Number Ans: In the molten state the ions of the electrolyte are deposited
t
Q.1 The oxidation number of some of the elements vary from comp 0 nd ° discharging.
In solution state the molecules of the solvent or the ions of solvent are
electrolyte, so
also
the
compound. Justify it. .1 present. These ions feel competition
may be
(t
different
r AU
from
*)
-
with the ions of
^ the simple molten electrolyte.
products of electrolysis
 - ML
— -
^ m «

242 llmi Objective Ch

Q.6 How the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of KNOj gives n, 101 Electrochemistry 243
oxygen at cathode and anode, respectively ? hydrogen How the ch em ica l en er gy is co nv er ted int o electrical energy in a Galvanic
(Lahore
2015
.
Q 11
^
Ans: KN03 gives K and N03 ® along with the very little dissociation of water
®
Ans:
other is reduced. They have
® ® ® ® to give their re du cti on po ten tia ls The tion potentials are due to
H and OH . H and OH are discharge at cathode and anode
* re sp ec tiv el y to in he re nt te nd en cie s t0 be oxidized and reduced
give H2 gas at cathode and O2 at anode. K an NO3 are not
d can produce electrical
preferab|y tf). So thejendency to do the chemical
discharged ( sU Qs )-
Q.7 ’^ current
The electrolysis in the presence of inert electrodes gives different
re
than the situation when the electrodes also take part in the reaction. Why? su lts V

•7
^
Ans :
2
(Ra wa
What is salt ,br
lpin di 200 7,
idge?
Rwp. 2010, Guj. 2011,
B.P. 2008

It is consisted of a ia ; ie and
.
2013, Faisitibad 2013, D G. Khan 2014, Guj. 2014, Guj. 2015)

J
filled with a jelly ( ?) having dilute
-12

Its two ends are dipped in two half

Ans: The elements which act as inert electrodes (;j
^iLJ>do not take
part in the redox reactions and simply cany the electrical cunent. When CuS0
electrolysed by using Pt or graphite electrodes, then Cu is deposited at the
< is
solution of a stroi
cells
the anodi
me ci n\
e
through it (<$ - ift 67 from cathode to

cathode and oxygen at the anode. When CUSO4 is electrolysed in H2SO4 by using Q.13 A salt int ain s the ele ctr ica l ne utr ali ty in the ce ll. Ju sti fy it
- 20 06 , Rw p. 20 08, B.P . 20 08 , La h . 20 09 , Mu lta n 20 09 , Rw p . 20 10 ,
(Model Pa pe r- 20 06- 07, Fe de ra l
Cu electrodes, then the Cu is transfened from anode to the cathode. In 20 12 , Gu j. 20 12 , F . Ab ad 20 12, La ho re 20 12 ,
Guj. 2010, Faisalabad 2010, Rwp. 2011, M. Pure 20 14 La ho re 20 14 ,
this way the anode dissolves and cathode is built up ( t u x J i). . r 20 14 , Rw p . ,
Q.8 How copper can be purified electrolytically?
r
^ ^ Guj. 2013, Faisalabad 2013, B. Pure 2013, Sarg
Guj. 2014, Multan
. 20
20
14
14
,
,
B
Sa
Pu
rg . 20 15 , Mu lta n 20 15 , B . Pu r 20 15)
(Model Paper-2006-07, Faisalabad 2007, B.Pur 2009, Guj. 2009, Sargodha 2010, D.G. Khan 2011,
B. Pure 2012, Lahore 2012, Faisalabad 2013, Multan 2013, Guj. 2014 , Sahiwal 2014, Guj. 2011,
Ans: Sa lt br idg e is a U - sh ap ed gla ss tub e ha vin g a sa tur ate d so lut ion (
" -
M /? )
Sahiwal 2014 , Guj. 2015 , B. Pur 2015) pr ev en ts ( p f
\ » ) the
of so me str on g elec tro lyt e lik e KC I, K 2SO 4 or KN O 3. It < j

•8 e of
tw o ele ctr oly tic so lut ion s . At the tim
Ans. The arrangement is done in such a way that the impure copper is made the anode
ph ys ica l co nt ac t (
^
it u - ) be tw ee n the
mo ve fro m ca tho de
nt in the ou ter cir cu it ne ga tiv e ion s
re co pp er ca tho de . Th es e ele ctr od es ar e dip pe d ( tV UJ ) in Cu SO i electronic cu ne
ha lf ce lls
an d pu at ,K co mp art me nt. In thi s wa y, the so lut ion s of bo th
compart me nt to an od ic
solution. Copper from the anode is remov ed in the for m of Cu ^ion
Z
s an
l
d go es
l
to
n
?
remain neutral ( t
ca tho de an d de po sit s ( t .
* £?•)
the re by ac ce pti ng the ele ctr on s (
Q.14 How can we say that a vo lta ic ce ll is re ve rsi ble ce ll?
this way it is purified
<
^ , Lahore 2014, Lahore 2015)
(Lahore 2007
Q.9 How is Al anodized in an electrolytic cell ? 2015)
-14
13 , Mu lta n 20 14, Sa hiw al is ap pli ed in the re ve rs e dir ec tio n
(B.Pur. 2007, 2008, 2009, Sargodha 2010, D.G. Kh an 20 11, Mu lta n 20
9 Ans: When an external source of e .m . f. ( (> Ke mf)
re ac tio n
/VC^U AlJ? rs e
•
?U2 )
vo lta ge tha n tha t of ce ll the n the re ve
L with gr ea ter
is m ^de
Zl i V\ - re ge ne ra te d (Ivr U »A » ) an d the co nc en tra tio ns of
Ans : Fo r the pr ep ar at ion of an od ize d Al ( tfe j JA I O
2 3 / i/i / te xi / M ) . Al m et al happens. The electrodes are '
d rev ers ibi lity ( iu jX i / bi) of
O . In th is wa y , a lay er of the original solutions ar e m ain ta ine d . Th is is ca lle ^
the anode in an electrolytic cell having H2SO4 or H2O2 4
oxide is produced at Al. This Al-oxide lay makes Al
er as an an od ize d Al. the cell . ed by an ex te rn al so ur ce of e.m.f ? .
Q.15 How the qalvanic cell can be re ve rs
(Model Paper)
Voltaic C el l
1/
-15

. How is the Daniel cell represented ? (Model Paper, Multanwi .f is ap pli ed in the re ve rs e direction, then copper
Q 10
Daniel and Ans. When an external so ur ce of e .m
ca tho de in Da nie l ce ll. Th e re ac tio ns ar e
an d zin c as
Ans . This cell is consisted of zinc as anotf Zn) wh ich los es th e el ec
so
tro
lu
ns
lio nS *
electrode acts as
reversed.
an od e
0

. „
xiXr , the electrons Th e @ > Zn (s)
copper at cathode Zn + 2e

,
the half cell are one molar each at 25°C
a(S |2 « ®
C ) II G m cUl , ,,
 **r r
,VSJS ,
- L
244 llmi Objective Ch
] Electrochemistry
Q.16 Sodium metal is sorter than ronoer
coppe but both are very good
u rGM£2 r 10 245
electrodes above SHE in electrochemical
conductors. Explain why? (Guj. etectri c Ti The series have negative reduction
/.,(,1 B Pure
, JW ;
Ans potential and positive oxidation potential. They have greater tendency to

^^^
deliver the
Ans: Both have free etectmn
/ ^. CuJ Na ^ electrons to SHE. 4
P, ^^ are responsible for flow of
Electrode Potential
electric
^ ®
2H + 2e
Zn
0
> Zn
> H2
^ + 2e 0
(oxidation at anode)
(reduction at cathode)
What is SHE? The electrodes below SHE in electrochemical series have negative oxidation
(Lahore-2006, Rwp. 2008.
potential. They accept the electrons fi
Ans. ,, stands to, standard hydrogen electrode Its'yoltage is
4 Multan
* 2o j
^ ®
Cu * 2e
®
SB* I
(reduction at cathode)
sapposed h te ® 0
W ) ,
PPin9 1 » I
» H2 > 2H + 2e (oxidation at anode)
I t S b y e t a 10
' ;
Q.18
^
solution at 25°C.
'
i lMHCI solution Hydrogen gas at 1 atmosphenc pressure rs '
bubbled Mr tea
Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is the reference electrode to
reduction potential to the electrodes. Comment upon it.
assign the
** Q.22 How does electrochemical series tell us the distinction between the oxidizing
and reducing agents?

^
(Mirpure Board 2004) (Model Paper, Sargodha 2008, Guj. 2012, Lahore 2012)
-22
Ans. The electrodes below SHE are having high positive values of reduction potentials
(Faisalabad 2008, Faisalabad 2009, F. Abad 2014, Guj. as F2» CI2, Br2 etc. They are very good oxidizing agents. The elements like K, Ca,
2014)
Na, Mg etc. have high negative values of reduction potentials. They are good
Ans: In order to measure the relative tendency ( U&J jui) of the electrode to reducing agents, j
donate or acids but Pt, Pd and Cu cannot Why ?
accept the electrons, we need a reference electrode ( jjsfPufJis ). S.H.E. has been Q.23 Na and K can displace hydrogen from
( Model Paper- 2006- 07, Rawalpindi 2007, B.Pur 2009, Guj. 2009, Faisalabad 2011,
selected as the reference electrode. The electrode potential of SHE is zero. When
another electrode is connected with SHE, then the emf of the cell is the electrode
WjPLff^ Cu^iPd R , 4- /
i H2 ?Z ;u /cr _ ^
Multan 2011, Bahawalpur 2011, M. Pure 2012, Sarg. 2014)
iJ^;Oiiw lC/JiNa
*
-
23
^ of reduction
potential of that electrode.
Ans: ^
The metals like Pt, Pd and Cu have sufficiently high positive value
Q.19 What are electrochemical series?
(Lahore 2005, Lahore 2007, B.Pur 2009, Guj. 2012, Lahore 2013, Guj. 2013, F. Abad 2014, Sarg. 2014)
potentials, therefore, they cannot liberate (t/tf ) hydrogen from acids. On the other
hand Na and K
, are close to top of the electrochemical series and have very low
Vctfi/Jdrjtfjs&i - 19
reduction potentials and can liberate hydrogen.
Ans: It is the systematic arrangement / ~2yH) of various electrodes in the increasing
Q.24 The standard oxidation potential of Zn is 0.76 V and its reduction potential is
order of reduction potentials. Hydrogen electrode is almost in the middle of the -0.76 V. Justify it. 2008 , Lahore 2012 )
_ (Lahore
/^ -
series having electrode potential zero. It is called SHE The electrodes
above SHE have negative reduction potentials
are below SHE have positive reduction potentials.
and those which Ans:
0.76 i/ Wi / M -^
0.76
The standard reduction potential of Zn for the reaction
Zn © + 2e 0
> °Zn is - 0.76 V
Vj

. When
^ ^
i Ji

this
TJ

reaction
IsZn

is reversed
24

,
,
Q.20 The electrodes above SHE in electrochemical series undergo oxidation then it is an oxidation half reaction.
. .
when connected with SHE. The e m.f of the cell so obtained is equal to Zn > Zn © + 2 e 0
* E° = + 0.76 V
standard reduction potential of the electrode. Why ? The value of oxidation potential will be the same but sign is reversed , /.a, +0.76 V.

yjbjr* Ki / hemfltJ
^ ^ SIHE /u1 LJs./ry1 SH. IE ^ IS it true that Mg^ + Zn ° g +
° Zn ^ is spontaneous reaction ?
tflf/J ^ (D.G. Khap 2-013 , Federal Board 2013 )

Ans: All those electrodes which are above SHE have positive oxidation Poten ^
negative reduction potentials. The electrode potential of SHE is zera ©
Mg^ + oM 0 + Zn ^
^negative -
. > Mg
electrodes above SHE should deliver (t> ) electrons to SHE. When
j

electrodes are under standard conditions, then emf of the cell obtained is eQ
these
a lto A s.
" The reduction potential
to loose the elec sthan
...

Mg
„is
.
more
So
^
ijhe above
than
reaction
Zn
is
. So
non
zinc
-
has less
spontaneous
tendency
.

the oxidation potential of the electrodes.

bot ?
Q.21 How in electroch mical cells , SHE can act as anode and cathode
^
i
(Multan 2008, Sardogha 2010,Guj. 2011, Multan 2011, B. hu
^
 *- -rrr ’Hd
'
1

^ r r'
^* 4Pgmb:a
246 llmi Objective Ch mKm BHrM - . Electrochemistry
r l O]
}
lCj* Z
P
batteries we always get the electrical energy from the chemical
Modern Batteries In energy.
What are the electrode reactions in lead stage battery?
(Fd. 2009, Faisalabad 2013, Multan 2013 Write down the reactions in alkaline battery. What it its voltage?
Sahi, , Q.32. taad Jammu & Kashmir 2005, Multan 2008, Lahore 2012, Multan 2014, B. Pur 2014, Sahlwal 2015)
(

Lead is acting as anode and Pb02 is acting as cathode in lead storage "
j j l i l/l-i T -32
A! anode Pb ,„ ®,
> Pb * 2e ®
batte
fcidafa ) ! Ans:
At anode
20
:
H
Q
Zn(OH ) + 2
°
e oxidation
,„
+ 2

At cathode PbOi > 4H

* „ 2
®
* ee Pb ® 2H 0 (
* reduction)
Zn
At Cathode
( aq
:
)

.27 Lead accumulator is a chargeable battery. Comment on it.

(Muftan 2005, Sargodha 2008, Rwp. 2010, Lahore 2011, Uhore 2013, Multan 2013, Sahiwal 2014,
.
F AbaU 2015)
2Mn
It's
02 +
voltage
2 H
is
20
1.5
+ 2
V
e
.
( OH ) + 20
° H ^ reduction

-/l/ V '. Q.33 How

power is generated by using the fuel cell ? (Lahore 2005), (Model Paper,
Ans: The lead accumulator is a secondary cell. It is charged by passage of 27 Rawalpindi 2007 , Bahawalpur 2008, Rwp. 2009, Lahore 2011, Lahore 2014, Lahore 2015)
a direct ( f
y 33 *
current through it. For this purpose, the anode and cathode of an external
are joined to the anode and the cathode of the cell, respectively. The
source .
Ans: |n fuel cells, oxidation reduction reactions take place. The fuel is oxidized,
This
releases
flow of
redox the electrons and oxygen is reduced by accepting the electrons .
reactions at respective electrodes are reversed (t electrical current and power is generated .
electrons develops the
.,
Overall reaction during charging is:
2PbS04( + 2H20(D
Hence lead accumulator is a chargeable battery
.
> Pb( ) + Pb02(s) + 4H (tq) + 2SO«r (,
4

^
02(g) + 2H20(|j + 4e
> 2H20(i) + 2e
> 40H(aq)
~
(oxidation)

(reduction)

.
Q 28 A porous plate or a salt bridge is not required in lead storage cell. Why? Overall reaction
(Faisalabad 2007, Multan 2007 , Sarg. 2009, Lahore 2009, Lahore 2010, Faisalabad 2011, » 2H20(()
Bahawalpur 2011, D.G. Khan 2012, R . Pindi 2012, Sarg. 2014, B. Pur 2015)
7 y jJis
. -28
H2(g) +
°
2(g)

Ans:
^
\J [ j /Z
^
The oxidizing agents and reducing agents in lead storage cell are in the solid state,
and they do not come in contact with each other in the absence of salt bridge. The
internal resistance o f the cell is very low.
Q.29 What are the electrode reactions of dry cell? (Lahore 2007, Rwp. 2013)
‘29
Ans. Zinc rod acts as anode and Mn02 as cathode. KOH is used as an electrolyte.
0 ) 0 (oxidation)
At anode Zn<s) + 2OH > Zn ( OH 2 (S) + 2e
0 ® (reduction)
At cathode 2Mn04 + 2H20(aq) + 2e » 2MnO(OH)(s) + 20 H
.
Q 30 What are the electrode reactions of silver oxide battery? ..
(Sargodha 2008, R. Pindi 2012, B. Pure 2012, Rwp. 2013 , Lahore 2 Qi I
'
Z
Ag20 »
A
Ans. The electrolyte used is basic in character. Zinc acts as anode and
cathode.
)
At anode Zn(s) + 20H © ( aq)
-> Zn(OH) 2(s) + 2e ° (oxidation
At cathode Ag20 + HAaj + 2e > 2Ag(s) + 20H
® (reduction)
Q.31 What is the dif rence between a ceil and a battery?
2n09i
( Rawalpindi Board 2005, Model Paper-2006 - 07, Multan

Ans: A cell can be electrochen. ;3i or electrolytic depending upon the fact, that whether
(r>aj.
the electrical energy is converted to chemical or chemical is converted to e e 1
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