You are on page 1of 19

1

1 3 7 7 = ck ES pf / w ef a q m if rk ef ; v -y nfh a us mf ( 4 ) \ uf
vufyaH wmif;awmif aMu;eDprD uH ed ;f udk
qEj' ycJMh uaom oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf
jynforl sm;tm; tMurf;zufNzKd ciG ;f cJoh nfh
wefaqmifwikd nf jzpf&yf ok;H ESpjf ynfNh yD
2012 Ed0k ifbm 29&uf eHeuf 3em&D cefYwGif ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f a'oBuD;? qm;vif;BuD;NrKd Ue,fwiG f
&Sad om vufyaH wmif;awmif aMu;eDprD u H ed ;f udk uefYuGuq f E´jycJMh uonfh oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf jynfol
rsm;tm; &JwyfzGJU0ifrsm;utiftm;oHk;tMurf;zufNzdKcGif;cJhonfh jzpf&yfqkd;BuD;wpfckjzpfay:cJhonf/
vufyHawmif;awmif aMu;eDpDrHudef;rSm w½kwfEdkifiH 0rfaygifukrÜPDESifh jrefrmEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&;
OD;ydik v
f rd w
D ufwYdk yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af eaompDru H ed ;f BuD;jzpfonf/ tqkyd g pDru H ed ;f twGuf aus;&Gm
aygif; 22&GmrS ,majr{u 7000 ausmf todr;f cH&&m &Gmvk;H uRwf ajymif;a&TUay;&onfh &Gmrsm;yg0if
onf/ ,majrrsm; todrf;cH&jcif;? jyefvnfay;tyfaom avsmfaMu;aiGudpö auseyfrIr&Sdjcif;wkdY
aMumifh a'ocHrsm;u qE´xw k af zmfcMhJ uaomfvnf; jyefvnfajz&Si;f ay;jcif;r&So d nft h wGuf qE´jy&uf
MumjrifhcJhovdk qE´jyolrsm;ESifh vkHjcHKa&;wyfzGJUrsm;tMum; xdyfwdkuf&ifqkdifrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/
tpdk;&u Zlvdkifv 15&ufaeYwGif vufyHawmif;awmif aMu;eDpDrHudef;e,fajrtm; yk'fr

a'gufwmoef;xGef; &J Y
144 xkwfjyefí wm;jrpfe,fajrtjzpf owfrSwfcJhonf/
--- p m - 8 okdY - - -

b0&SifoefrI tEkynm
pm-4 - a e xG wf -

zm;uefhNrdKYe,fwGif pGefhypfajrpmykHNydKus&mrS
vlaygif;wpf&mausmf ajrjrKyfaoqkH;
&&Sdxm;aMumif;? ½kyftavmif;rsm;teuf 68OD; wm0ef&Sdolrsm;taejzifh jynfolwkdY\ touf
ucsifjynfe,f? zm;uefYNrdKUe,f? qefcwf tqdyk gae&monf ausmufrsuw f ;l azmfa&; udk trnfpm&if; twdtus&&Sad Mumif;? aysmuf tkd;tdrfpnf;pdrfvkHjcHKa&;twGuf xnhfoGif;
ul;aus;&Gmtykid &f dS pGeYf ypfajrpmykH NyKd usrI aMumifh vkyfief; vkyfukdifvsuf&Sdaom ukrÜPDrsm;u qkH;ol 100 ausmf &SdEdkifaMumif;od&onf/ pOf;pm;xm;jcif;r&Sdonfh oabmukdxif[yfae
tdraf jc 80cefY ajrjrKyfum vlaygif;&mcsD aysmuf ajrpmpGefYypf&ef pkaygif;0,f,lxm;onfh ae&m ucsijf ynfe,f zm;uefYa'orSm pGeYf ypfajr aMumif; a0zefokH;oyfonf/
qk;H oGm;cJoh nf/ jzpfaMumif;? ajrpmyk\H taemufbufjcrf; rDwm pmykNH yKd usrEI iS yhf wfoufí a':atmifqef;pkMunf zm;uefYpGeYf ypfajrpmykNH yKd usrEI iS hf ywfoufí
NyKd usomG ;onfh ajrpmykaH tmufajcwpf0u kd f 100 ywfvnfcefY&Sd ajrpmrsm;NydKusjcif;jzpf u RFA okdYajymMum;&mwGif ,ckESpfwGif yÍör jrefrmEdkifiHqkdif&m tar&duefoH½kH;u Edk0ifbm
wGif a&raq;ausmuf &SmazGonfhvkyfief; aMumif; ajrpmykHNydKus&mae&modkY wyfrawmf ajrmufajrpmykNH yKd usrjI zpfaMumif; tqkyd gjzpfpOf 23&ufwiG f pmemaxmufxm;aMumif; aMunm
vkyfukdifvsuf&SdMuonfh wJtrsm;tjym;&SdNyD; om;rsm;? &JwyfzUJG 0ifrsm;ESihf ausmufrsuu f rk P
Ü D rsm;onf zm;uefYausmufpdrf;e,fajrtwGif; csux f w
k jf yefcNhJ y;D awmiftmz&duor®w Jacob
ajrpmykHNydKuscsdefrSm Edk0ifbm 21&uf eHeuf rsm;rS buf[dk;,mOf 11pD;jzihf &SmazGrIrsm; vkyf w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;rIukd rsufuG,fjyKaeMujcif; Zuma u Ed0 k ifbm 25&ufwiG f 0rf;enf;aMumif;
3em&DccJG efYjzpfí a'ocHrsm;wJrsm;twGi;f tdyaf e aqmifchJMu&m Edk0ifbm 25&uf naeykdif;txd aMumifh ajrpmykHNydKusrIjzpfpOfrsKd; ykHrSefjzpfyGm; ajymMum;cJo h nf/
uscsdefjzpfojzifh vlaoqkH;rIrsm;cJhonf/ aoqk;H ol 114OD;\ ½kyt f avmif;rsm;udk wl;azmf wwfonfh rawmfwqrIrsm;jzpfvmaMumif;?
2 3

tpd;k &zGJ &Y mwGif NLD ygwD0ifr[kwo f nfh Akvd cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D a[mif; OD;oef;a&T\ Akvd cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D rif;atmifvidI uf a':atmifqef;pkMunfEiS hf awG qY rHk nfth pDtpOf
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;? Edik if thH usKd;jyKrnfo
h rl sm;
ygEdik rf nf[ak rQmfvifah Mumif;
rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D ESihf awG qU cHk ahJ Mumif; 'DZifbmvxJrmS jzpfEikd af Mumif; wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyEf iS hf
a':atmifqef;pkMunf twnfjyKajymMum; The Washington Post owif;pm awG q Y pHk Of ajymMum;
a':atmifqef;pkMunfu vGwv f yfwhJ tm&StoH (RFA)owif; AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;a[mif; OD;oef;a&T\ ajr;
wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AkdvfcsKyf bl;/ uReaf wmfwYkd jynfot l m;vk;H twGuf pOf;pm;

RFA awGq U aHk r;jref;cef;wGif ajymMum;


Xme\ 'Drdkua&pDc&D;Murf;ESifh a':atmif jzpfol ukdaea&TaoG;atmif(c)zdk;vjynfhu
rSL;BuD;rif;atmifvIdifonf Ekd0ifbm 21&uf Ny;D awmh a&;wJOh ya'jzpfw,f/ cifAsm;wdYk Edik if rH mS
qef;pkMunf tywfpOftpDtpOfwiG f Ed0k ifbm Edk0ifbm 19&uf nydkif;rSm aejynfawmf&Sd
nae 3em&Du aejynfawmf&Sd bk&ifhaemif vnf; vlwpfa,mufay:rlwnfNy;D a&;wJOh ya'
25&ufu ar;jref;cef;ü AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; ESi;f qDpt H rd o
f Ydk vma&mufawGUqkcH ahJ Mumif;
&dyo f mü The Washington Post owif;pmXme r&Sb d ;l qdw k m uReaf wmfwYkd xifygw,f/ uReaf wmf
a[mif; OD;oef;a&T\ rdom;pk0ifwpfOD;ESifh tzGJUcsKyfOuú|ukd,fwkdif twnfjyKajym
rS Senior Associate Editor jzpfol Elizabeth wdYk vnf; Oya'jy|mef;wJt h cgrSm vlwpfa,muf
vGwfvyfwJh tm&StoH(RFA)owif;Xme rnfodkYqufqHrnfudk pdk;&drfaeMuonfhtay: awGUqkcH ahJ Mumif; trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD tzGUJ Mum;Ny;D aemuf udak ea&TaoG;atmifu 4if;\
(Lally)Graham Wey-mouth tm; vufcHawGU tay:rlwnfNyD;awmh a&;wJh Oya'qkdwmr&Sdyg
\ 'Dru kd a&pDc&D;Murf;ESihf a':atmifqef;pkMunf ar;jref;rItm; a':atmifqef;pkMunfu ]tmPm csKyfOuú| a':atmifqef;pkMunfu twnf vlrIuGef&uf pmrsufESmrSm ]tefwDudk,f
qkHí ar;jref;rIrsm;udk jyefvnfajzMum;cJhonf/ bl;/ tm;vkH;udk jcHKNyD; awmhrSyJ? wpfEdkifiHvkH;&JU
tywfpOftpDtpOfwiG f Ed0k ifbm 25&ufu ar; jycsifwhJ yk*Kd¾ vfawGuakd wmh NLD u b,fawmh jyKajymMum;onf/ wdkif twnfjyKNyD;rSawmh uRefawmfhbuf
The Washington Post owif;pmXmerS tajctaeay: rlwnf Ny;D awmhryS J uReaf wmfwYkd
jref;cef;ü a':atmifqef;pkMunfu tpkd;&zGJU&m rS 0efBuD;ae&may;rSmr[kwyf gbl;/ tpuwnf; Ny;D cJw
h hJ &ufyidk ;f twGi;f tpfr Akv d cf sKyf uvnf; aus;Zl;wifygw,fvYdk omajym&ef
ar;jref;onfhar;cGef;rsm;tay: wyfrawmf a&;qGyJ gw,f/ 'gaMumifh 'geJYywfoufNy;D jyKjyif
wGif NLD ygwD0ifr[kwo f nfh wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;? u aoaocsmcsmajymxm;wmyg/ &mxl; cefY rSL;BuD;a[mif; OD;oef;a&Trdom;pkxJrS wpf &Sdygw,fcifAsm}[k a&;om;xm;onf/
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf\ ajzMum;csufrsm;wGif- ajymif;vJa&; qkdwmuawmh olY Procedure
EdkifiHhtusKd;jyKrnfholrsm;ygEdkifrnf[k arQmfvifh tyfrmS r[kwyf gbl;/ ae&may;rSm r[kwyf gbl;/ a,mufeJYawGUw,fqkdwm [kwfygovm; xdkYjyif Edk0ifbm 26&ufü ukdae
]a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifh awGUqkHa&;ESifhywf twdkif;yJoGm;wmydk aumif;ygvdrfhr,f}[k ajz
aMumif; ajymMum;onf/ wm0efyJay;rSm/ wm0efukdr,lwwffvkdY&Sd&if Asm}[k ar;jref;csuftay: a':atmifqef; a&TaoG;atmifu ]uRefawmfxyfNyD; a0h
oufí rMumcifrmS awGUzkYd &Syd gvdrrhf ,f/ vmr,fh Mum;onf/
]tpfrwdYk zGUJ r,fh tpd;k &xJrmS NLD r[kwf jynfolvlxkudk rav;pm;vkdY&Sd&if NLD tpdk;& pkMunfu ][kwyf gw,f}[k wpfceG ;f wnf; vnfaMumifywf xyfrvkyfcsifawmhygbl;?
'DZifbmavmuf jzpfEdkifygw,f/ 'DZifbmxJrSm Washington Post u ]taqG a wmf
wJh wdik ;f &if;om;awGvnf;ygr,f/ wjcm; Edik if u H dk tzGJU0ifwpfa,mufjzpfzdkYqkdwm rjzpfEkdifygbl;} ajzMum;cJNh y;D rnfoEl iS hf awGUqkíH rnfonfh tefwDuRefawmfhukd awGUwkef;u aEG;axG;
jzpf E d k i f y gw,f / uRef a wmf r S e f ; wmuawmh ajymcsifwmu rvkycf sifb;l / or®wrjzpfapcsif
tusKd;jyKEkdifr,fholawGvnf; ygEkdifvdrfhr,fvdkY [kvnf;aumif;? tpdk;&0efxrf;awG&JU tajc taMumif ; t&mrsm; ajymMum;aMumif ; &if;ES;D pGm qufqcH w hJ t
hJ ay:vnf; trsm;BuD;
'D Election Commission u owfrSwfxm;wJh bl;qkdwJh t"dyÜm,fvm;}[k qufvufar;jref;
tpfrwkYd arQmv h ,f}[kvnf;aumif;? ]NLD
f ifw taeawG b0awG wdk;wufEdkifzdkYqkdwm 'D ryg&Sad y/ 0rf;omrdygw,f/ wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf
vkyif ef;pOfawG Ny;D w,fq&dk ifawmh awGUrSmyg}[k &m ]olYukdawmh or®wrjzpfapcsifbl;ajymwm
ygwDwpfckwnf;eJY tpdk;&zGJUEdkifwJh tajctae 0efxrf;awGtwGuw f ifr[kwyf gbl; Edik if t
H wGuf Edk0ifbm 19&ufu AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; us&mu@uvnf; ulnaD qmif&u G yf ghr,f/
ajzMum;cJo h nf/ r[kwfygbl;/ Oya'twdkif;oGm;wm ydkaumif;
&Sad yr,fh trsK;d om;&ifMum;apha&;udk tajccHNy;D yg vdktyfw,f? 0efxrf;awGuvnf; EdkifiHudk a[mif; OD;oef;a&T\ ajr;jzpfol ukdaea&T jynfolrsm;vnf; 'Dowif;aMumifh 0rf;om
xdkYjyif yk'fr 59(p) ajymif;zkdY tpDtpOf ygvdrfhr,fvkdY uRefawmfajymvdkw,f}[k ajz
awmh 'Dvkdrvkyfbl;? EdkifvkdYrQNyD;awmh tm;vkH; cspwf phJ w d ?f Ekid if t
H wGuf igwdYk 0efxrf;yJqw dk phJ w
d f aoG;atmif u 4if;\ azhpb f wk cf f pmrsuEf mS vdrfhr,fvdkYarQmfvifhygw,f}[k xyfrH
&Syd govm; ar;cGe;f tay: ]'guawmh zGUJ pnf;ykH Mum;onf/
eJYtwlyl;aygif;NyD;vkyfr,fqkdwJh pdwf"mwfrsKd;eJY jzpfapatmifvYkd vnf; uRefrwkYd u 0dik ;f NyD;awmh wGif ]'DaeYn ordkif;0ifr,fhnwpfn}[k twnfjyK a&;om;onf/
tajccHOya'jyifw,fqw dk muawmh eHygwfwpf xkYd aemuf ]taqGawmftaeeJYtaqGawmf
vkyfr,f/ NLD uawmh OD;aqmifrSmaygh/ 'g BudK;pm;r,f/ jynfoal wGuvnf; 'D0efxrf;awG a&;om;cJh &mrS pí a':atmifqef;pkMunf ]OD;oef;a&TeJY a':atmifqef;pkMunf
tcsuf vTwfawmfu t&ifpNyD;awmh aqG;aEG; vufatmufrSm xdef;csKyfxm;wmawG trsm;
jynfolvlxku ay;xm;wJh wm0efyJ/ jynfol [m jynfoYl twGuf jynfoYl 0efux kd rf;wJh yk*Kd¾ vf ESifh AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;a[mif;OD;oef;a&TwdkY awGUqkHvm;vdkY ar;wJh Comment awGudk
rSmaygh/ vTwaf wmfuae vufcw H ,fq&dk if olY&JU BuD;&Sdygw,f/ vuf&SdvTwfawmfxJrSm 25
vlxku NLD udk rJay;w,fqkdwmum tpdk;& awGqw dk m ,kMH unfEikd af tmifvYdk vnf; 0efxrf; awGUqkcH ahJ Mumif;owif;? xkYd aemuf Akv d cf sKyf uReaf wmf No vdYk jywfjywfom;om; jiif;cJh
zGUJ pnf;ykt H ajccHOya' tcef;(12)rSm olY&JUjyifqif &mcdkifEIef;&Sdw,f/ trsKd;om;umuG,fa&;eJY
zGUJ zkYd twGuf wm0efay;wmyg}[k vnf;aumif; awGbufuvnf; vkyf&r,f? wpfzufowf rSL;BuD;a[mif; OD;oef;a&TEiS rfh [kw?f ajr;jzpf ygw,f/ owif;awG trsKd;rsKd;xGufwmudk
&wJhenf;vrf;awG &Sdygw,f/ 'DOya'uyJ oGm; vkHjcHKa&;aumifpDrSmvnf; ajcmufOD;u taqG
ajymMum;cJo h nf/ b,fawmhrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/ 'Dwdkif; EkdifiHwdk;wuf olEiS hf awGUqkcH ahJ Mumif; owif;rsm; xGuaf y: tm;vkH;jcHKNyD; aumvm[vvkdY ajymcJhjcif;
&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'ghaMumifh 'geJYywfoufNyD; awmfbufujzpfw,f/ ig;OD;u olwdkYbufu
xkYd jyif a':atmifqef;pkMunftm; vkv d m; a&;twGuf uRefrwpfa,mufwnf; aeaeom NyD;aemuf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfESifh jzpfygw,f/ uRefawmfhudk vmar;orQ
uReaf wmft h aeeJY wdu k ½f u kd qf ;Hk jzwfvYkd r&ygbl;} jzpfw,f/ tvm;wlyJ 0efBuD; okH;yg;udkvnf;
onfh 0efxrf;rsm;taejzihf ta&;,lc&H onfh 0#frS om NLD wpfckwnf;vnf; vkyfay;vdkYr&bl;/ eD;pyfolrsm;u tqkdygowif;tm; jiif;qkd vlawGudkvnf; facebook rSmyJ ajz&Sif;yg
[kajzonf/ taqGawmfcefYtyfEdkifw,f/ taqGawmftae
uRwf o G m ;NyD j zpf a omf v nf ; topf v mrnf h jynfolvlxktm;vkH;yg0ifrSjzpfr,f}[k vnf; cJo
h nf/ r,fvYkd omajymcJNh y;D b,fwek ;f urS tefweD YJ
xkdYjyif]taqGawmfrSmu vTwfawmfxJrSm eJY a':atmifqef;pkMunfeYJ yl;aygif;vkyaf qmifrmS
0efBuD;rsm; t&m&Sdrsm;u 0efxrf;rsm;tay: aumif; qufvufajzMum;cJhonf/ 2015ckESpf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJü rawGUbl;vdYk ,wdjywfjiif;qkcd jhJ cif; r&Scd yhJ g
25&mcdkifEIef; vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f&Sd aeyg vm;? 'gqkd&if Oya't& jzpfEdkifygovm;}[k
tEkdif&&Sdxm;aom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD bl; cifAsm}[kvnf; a&;om;xm;onf/
w,f/ 'DtwGufaMumifhrdkYvdkY 'D[meJYywfouf qufvufar;jref;&m AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;u ]'gu
tzGJUcsKyf Ouú| a':atmifqef;pkMunftm;
NyD; vkyfEdkifwJhtajctae&Sdygw,f/ vuf&SdrSm awmhvkyfwJh vkyfaqmifcsufay:rSmyJ trsm; vkyfEkdifrnf[k ,lqxm;ygovm;? ,kHMunfrI ajymvdkYawmh rjzpfEdkifbl;aygh/ 'guawmh
vnf; NLD tzGJUtaeeJYvnf; a':atmifqef; BuD;wnfvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh uRefawmfwdkYonf &Syd govm;}qko d nfh ar;cGe;f tay:rSmvnf; ]bm ESpfa,muf wu,faumif;r,fqdkwJh[mukd
pkMunf&JU olY&JUatmifjrifrIt& 'DEdkifiH&JU wu,fwrf;ajymvdkY&Sd&if EdkifiH&JUtusKd;ay:rSm vkdYr& &&rSmvJ/ wdkif;jynftwGuf tusKd;&Sd n§Ed idI ;f Ny;D vkyv
f Ykd &w,f/ enf;vrf;awG trsm;BuD;
csif;jynfe,f [m;cg;NrdKYwGif aps;opf&yfuGuf&Sd aetdrfwpftdrfüaygufuGJrIjzpfyGm;? vlig;OD;aoqkH;NyD; ckepfOD;'Pf&m&&Sd tBuD;tuJ jzpfvkdwJhqE´&Sdygw,f}[k ajym
Mum;csuftm; AkdvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;u ]'guawmh
vnf; rlwnfNyD;awmhrS vkyf&ygvdrfhr,f/ uRef
awmfb h mom ajcmufa,mufy&J &dS ?dS ckepfa,muf
atmifvkyfr,fqkdvdkY&Sd&if bmrSr,kHMunfp&m
taMumif;r&Sdygbl;/ 'gayrJh 'gawGtm;vkH;u
&Syd gw,f/ 'D[m xGuaf yguf wpfcw
ygbl;/ xGufaygufawGu trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f}
k nf;r[kwf

csi;f jynfe,f? [m;cg;NrKd U? aps;opf&yfuu G ?f wpfzufuMunfh&ifawmh rSefwmaygh/ 'gayrJh yJ&Sd&Sd? &Spfa,mufyJ&Sd&Sd cifAsm;bufrSm Major- awmh olY&JU pnf;eJYurf;eJYnDnDñGwfñGwf [kvnf;aumif;? ]'geJYywfoufNyD; qufvuf
oDwmvrf;&Sd? aetdrfwpftdrfwGif Edk0ifbm EdkifiHusawmh EdkifiH&JUwnf&SdrI taetxm;eJY ity yJ&Sd&Sd bmyJajymajym wdkif;jynftwGuf eJYjzpf&if ydak umif;wmaygh/ wpfa,mufwnf;&JU yl;aygif; vkyfaqmifoGm;r,fqkdwJh t"dyÜm,f
22&uf n 10em&DccJG efYu aygufurJG I jzpfymG ;cJh orkdif;aMumif;taetxm;ay: aoaocsmcsm tusKd;&Sdr,fhudpö? a&&SnftwGuf tusKd;&Sdr,fh qE´udkvdkufNyD;awmhrS vkyfaevdkY r&bl;/ uRef vm;}[k ar;jref;rItm; ]'guawmh wkdif;jynf
&m vl ig;OD;aoqkH;NyD; ckepfOD;'Pf&m&aMumif; csdefqNyD;awmhrS uRefawmfwdkYu vkyf&ygw,f/ udpö 'grsKd;qk&d ifawmh Oya'eJYtnDyJ uRefawmf awmfhqE´udk twif;awmif;qkdNyD;awmhrS 'gu twGuf tvkyfvkyfwJh[muawmh yl;aygif;
od&onf/ 'Dy'k rf ukjd yifEidk zf Ykd qkw
d uhJ pd eö YJ ywfouf&if 'D[mu wdkYoGm;rSmyg/ uRefawmfwkdYu tay;t,l awmhvkyfyg/ jyKygvdkY oGm;ajymvdkYr&bl;/ a&SU rvkyv f Ydk ? olvnf;u@aum pvkyv f Ykd r&ygbl;/
tqkdyg aygufuGJrIjzpfyGm;onfh tdrfrSm vnf; wpfEdkifiHvkH;&JU tajctaeay:rlwnf vkyfNyD;rS vkyfr,fqkdwmuawmh ae&mwum aemuf 'DvdkcsdefqNyD;awmhrS vkyfwmydkaumif; uRefawmfvnf; u@aum pvkyfvkdYr&ygbl;/
OD;a,meoef\ ESpfxyfaetdrfjzpfNyD; aetdrf ygw,f/ aemufwpfckuvnf; Oya'qkdwm wdkif;rjzpfEdkifbl;}[k ajzonf/ vdrfhr,f/ xdkYtwlyJ cifAsm;bufuvnf; 'gtwlwl n§dEIdif;NyD;awmh aqmif&GufoGm;rS
ESifh vl? plygumpwef,mOfESifh [dkifrTm,mOfwdkY vlwpfa,mufwnf;ay:rlwnfNy;D a&;jcif;r[kwf ]a':atmifqef;pkMunfESifhwGJNyD; tvkyf cifAsm;vkdcsifwJh[mudk twif;t"r®ZGwfw&Gwf jzpfEdkifrSmyg}[kvnf;aumif; ajzMum;cJhonf/
ysupf ;D qk;H ½I;H Ny;D 0Jbufuyfvsu&f dS a':Ekaxmif\
ESpxf yfaetdraf b;tum? tdraf &SUvrf;wpfzuf
&Sd rsufESmcsif;qkdifrS OD;ESD,mbdcf\ ESpfxyf
a&G;aumufyjJG zpfpOfEiS yhf wfoufí wkid Mf um;&rnfh aemufq;Hk &ufwiG f rEåav;wdik ;f a'oBuD;ü a&G;aumufyOJG ya'jzifh 44rI wdik Mf um;cJh
aetdrEf iS hf OD;&mvfauG;\ aetdraf &SUrsufEmS pm vQKdU0Sufo,faqmif xdef;odrf;xm;pOf rawmf
wkdY tenf;i,fysufpD;cJhNyD; OD;a,meoef\ wq aygufuGJrIjzpfyGm;EkdifaMumif;? Edk0ifbm usif;yNyD;pD;cJhaom a&G;aumufyGJqkdif&m tqdkyg wdkifMum;rIrsm;wGif wHwm;OD; udkifjcif;? rJ½kHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;u rJykH;teD;ESifh OD;ausmfjrifhu trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJUcsKyf
aetdrfatmufxyfwGif iSm;&rf;aexdkifonfh 23&uf eHeuf 6em&Du OD;ESD,mbdcf\ aetdrf jzpfpOfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí Ed0k ifbm 23&uf aemuf NrKd Ue,fwpfcw k nf; 19rI yg0ifNy;D csr;f at;ompH vQKdU0SufrJay;cef;teD;rSm xkdifjcif;? vkyfydkifcGifh ygwDukd rJxnfv h Qif Ak'b ¨ momuG,af ysmufrnf?
OD;eefusi;f (65)ESp?f a':zmefyif(63)ESp?f a':Asuf taemufbuf ay 20cefY tuGm&Sd 0ufjcx H wJ iG f qkH;xm;wkdifMum;&rnfjzpf&m rÅav;wdkif; NrdKUe,f? csrf;jrompnfNrdKUe,f? tr&yl&NrdKUe,f? r&SdbJ BudKwifqE´rJvufrSwfrsm; udkifwG,fa& AvDrsm; aqmufvrd rhf nf[v k nf;aumif;? jynf
vsef; (35)ESp?f a':aqGrif;(25)ESpEf iS hf rZdeEf iS ;f ,cifu a':Ekaxmif\ aetdrfü iSm;&rf;ae a'oBuD;twGi;f a&G;aumufyOJG ya'jzifh trIziG hf pOfu h ;l NrKd Ue,f? igef;ZGeNf rKd Ue,f? &rnf;oif;NrKd Ue,f? wGufay;jcif; ponfhjzpfpOfrsm; csrf;at;ompH axmifpMk uchH ikd af &;ESizhf UHG NzKd ;a&;ygwDudk rJxnfvh Qif
(7)ESpfwdkY ig;OD;rSm 'Pf&mrsm;&&SdaoqkH;cJhum xdkifcJhol? ,rf;BudK;acGrsm; odrf;qnf;&rdrIjzifh wkid Mf um;rI Ek0d ifbm 23&uf wpf&ufwnf; wkid f anmifOD;NrdKUe,frsm;\ a&G;aumufyGJaeY jzpfpOf NrKd Ue,ftwGi;f &Sd rJ½rHk sm;ü jzpfymG ;cJo
h nf[q
k u
dk m pmoifausmif;aqmiftopfrsm;ESifh bkef;awmf
aetdrt f ay:xyfwiG f iSm;&rf;aexdik o f nfh OD;xef jzpfpOfrSm csif;jynfe,frSwpfzufEdkifiHokdY jyKvkyfavh&SdaMumif;? ,rf;BudK;rsm;ESifhvQyfppf jypf'PfuscHzl;ol a':axmifoif;wvJGtm; Mum;rI 44rI &Scd NhJ y;D trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyf rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/ jynfaxmifpkMuHhcdkifa&;ESifhzGHUNzdK;a&;ygwDrS wkdif BuD;ausmif;rsm; aqmufay;rnf[k bmoma&;
tJ&f(79)ESpfyg okH;OD;ESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifaetdrf ta&mif;t0,foGm;a&mufoltcsKdUrSm vrf;ESifh 'Dwdkaewmrsm;zrf;qD;&rdí ta&;,lcJhonfh 'Pf&mrsm;jzihf aoqkH;vsufawGU&Sd&aMumif;ESifh ygwDrS rJ½u Hk , kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf ygwD0ifrsm;tm; wdkifMum;rIrsm;wGif aumfr&SifvkyfydkifcGifh Mum;rIvnf; yg0ifonf/ tokH;csa[majympnf;½Hk;aMumif; NLD ygwD rS
rsm;rS OD;ESD,mbdcf(72)ESpfyg av;OD; pkpkaygif; ausmufxkwfvkyfief;okH; ,rf;ESifhqufpyf trIrsm; ESppf Of&cdS ahJ Mumif;? ,ckaygufurJG jI zpfymG ; tjzpfrSefay:aygufa&; qufvufpkHprf;ppfaq; wdkifMum;onfhtrI 23rI yg0ifaMumif; owif; rsm;ukd ygwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&Gufjcif;? rJ½kHrSL; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwDuvnf; wkid Mf um;cJo
h nf/
ckepfOD;wdkY 'Pf&mrsm; &&SdcJhMuonf/ ypönf;rsm; vQKdU0SufpGm 0,f,la&mif;csrIrsm; jcif;rSmvnf; ,rf;ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; vsuf&SdaMumif; od&onf/ &&Sod nf/ vkyu f ikd &f rnft h vkyu f kd rJ½aHk pmifMh unfo
h u
l vkyf rÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD; vQyfppfESifhpufrI0efBuD; rif;cefY
4 5

a'gufwmoef;xGef; &J Y
acwfrw
D ;kd wufzYkd qk&d if jyifyurÇmeJYul;vl;qufqrH rI sm;rSjzpfr,f
à 20&mpkESpf jrefrmEdkifiHrSm tBuD;tus,fqkH;yk*¾dKvf[m
&SifZeumbd0HovdkYq&mñTef;cJhygw,f/ uRefawmfu q&mhukd qkdwmMum;zl;ayr,fh &efukefwuúodkvfrSm
jznfNh yD;ar;csifygw,f/ rqkHvkduf&yg/ tif;vsm;aqmifa&SU olY
(1) 20&mpkESpf jrefrmEdkifiH&JU MoZmtBuD;rm;qkH;yk*¾dKvf aetdrfteD;tyg;rSm rMumcPawGUzl;vkdY
- a e xG wf -
b0&SifoefrI tEkynm
2005ckEpS f Ed0k ifbm 30&ufaeYonf jrefrmhorkid ;f (2) okawoeynm&Siw f pfa,muftaeeJY 20&mpkEpS f odaeygw,f/ vef'efukd 1952ukefumeD;
okawoee,fy,fwGif wpfacwfwpfa,mufqkd&avmuf jrefrmhorkdif;ukd jyKjyifcJhwJhyk*¾dKvf(3)OD; ukda&G;jyyg/ a&mufoGm;awmh uRefawmf a&mufoGm;wJh
aom urÇmod jrefrmhorkid ;f ynm&Sif q&mBuD;a'gufwm ● 20 &mpkESpf&JU xl;jcm;wJhyk*¾dKvf(jrefrm)tjzpf &SifZeum ta&SUwkdif;eJY tmz&duynmoif SOAS
oef;xGe;f uG,vf eG cf ahJ omaeYjzpfygonf/ q&mBuD;a'gufwm bd0Houdk a&G;cs,fcJhygw,f/ vlYorkdif;rSm EdkifiHa&;? vlrIa&;? ausmif;rSm {nfyh garmu t © jzpfeYJ ola&muf
oef;xGef;onf pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mrBuD; vlxk pD;yGm;a&;? awG;ac:ajrmfjrifrIqkdwJh tydkif;av;ydkif;rSm wpfydkif; aewm wpfEpS &f NdS yD/ a&mufwahJ eY aeYv,f
pDtwGuf ajym&ifav;a,mufjzpfr,f/ 'gayrJh tcsed t f cgMunfv h Ykd pmpm;zdkYxGuf&mrSm oleJYyufyif;qkHrdNyD;
a':trmarG;aeYyGJtwGuf rÅav;NrdKUokdYa&muf&SdaepOf
Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmif? vlraI &;acgif;aqmif? pD;yGm;a&;acgif;aqmif awGUqkHEIwfquf&mu aeYv,fpmpm;zkdY
rÅav;wuúov kd o
f rkid ;f XmewGif 30.11.2005&uf eHeuf oluzdwfac:vdkY vdkufoGm;ygw,f/
awGrmS uk;d uG,, f MHk unfrq I idk &f m acgif;aqmifut"du/ avmb?
2;30em&Dü ESvkH;a&m*gjzifh ½kwfw&ufuG,fvGefcJhjcif;jzpf ajym&r,f/ tawG;tac: taMumif;t&m a'govGefuJ? owfjzwfrIawGrsm;wJh &mpkESpfjzpfvdkY EdkifiHa&;udk ygarmu©vkYpfu rif;bmvkyfrvJ
onf/ q&mBuD;a'gufwmoef;xGe;f uG,v f eG jf cif; (10)ESpf wpfcu k dk vltrsm;vufxaJ &mufcsif&if olwYdk tav;ray;vd/k tJ'gawGukd ajyvnfatmifa[majym&mrSm xif&mS ; q&mBuD;a'gufwmoef;xGef;ESifh awGUqkHar;jref;cJhol q&maexGwf ar;w,f/ uRefawmfu t*Fvdyf? jrefrm
jynfth rSwwf &tjzpf 2000jynfEh pS f arv 12&ufaeYxkwf em;vnfEdkifwJh tajympum;eJYa&;rSydkxda&muf wJhyk*¾dKvfudk tBuD;tus,fqkH;vdkY uRefawmfqkH;jzwfcJhw,f/ rSww f rf;awGeYJ &Sr;f -jrefrmqufqaH &;orkid ;f
jrefrmopf*sme,frmS q&maexGwaf wGUqkaH r;jref;azmfjycJah om w,fqkdwJh tawG;tac:[m t&iftESpf 100 &SifZeumbd0Ho[m olwpfoufvkH;vkyfwJhvkyfief;BuD;wpfcku udk,fua&G;cs,fcJh&wm r[kwfyg? vkyfr,fajymawmh acwfa[mif;jrefrmorkdif;rvkyfcsifbl;vm;/
a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU b0&SifoefrItEkynmrS q&mBuD; avmufuwnf;u urÇmrSm ae&mtESHUtjym; awmh Ak'¨omoemt"GefY&SnfpGmwnfwHha&;jzpfw,f/ olvkyfwJh AkdvfrSL;b&Sifu tckvef'efrSmppfoHrSL;jzpfaew,f/ tvkyfrsm;
ukd,fwkdifajzqkdajymMum;cJhaom rSwfom;p&mtaMumif; hJ ,f/ 'gaMumifh Bible or®musrf;udk tajccH
&Scd w olYaqmif&Gufcsufudk omoemjyKjyifa&; Religious Reforma- udk,fhudka&G;cs,foGm;cJhwmomvQif jzpfygw,f vGe;f vdYk okawoebufrvkyEf ikd b f ;l / ightvkyu f kd qufcrH ,fo h l
t&mtcsKdUukd aumufEkwfazmfjyvkdufygonf/
t*Fvyd pf m(Basic English)eJY a&;wm&Syd gw,f/ tion vkdYrac:oifhbl;/ t&SnfwnfwHhcdkifjrJa&;om jzpfw,f/ à q&mBuD;[m b0rSma&SUaejzpf&r,fqw dk hJ &nf&, G cf sufeYJ r&Sjd zpfaew,f/ rif;vkyyf gvm;/ aumif;Nyv D yk rf ,f? bmvky&f r,f
pmwwfolOD;a& wdk;yGm;vmapzdkY b,fupd rö mS yJjzpfjzpf b,fvt kd cuftcJawGUawGU olq;Hk jzwfxm; B.L wufca hJ yr,fh a&SUaerjzpfbJ orkid ;f q&mjzpfc&hJ wJt h aMumif; qkw d m ajymyg/ ausmufpmawG zwf&r,f? pmtkyx f w k zf Ykd toifh
BudK;pm;MuwJhtcgrSmvnf; toufBuD;rS wJh rSwfwdkifukdta&mufydkYaqmifzdkY ZGJvkHYveJY tm;xkwfwJhyk*¾dKvf od&ygw,f/ b,fudpöeJYb,ftawG;aMumifh orkdif;q&mb0udk vkyfxm;wJh ausmufpmriful;(Estampages)rdwåLawGpkNyD;om;
ta&;oifwJholawGudk olwkdYajymovdkyJ jzpfw,f/ olYudak xmufcw H OhJ ;D a&tenf;trsm;udv k udk Nf y;D qk;H jzwf ausauseyfeyfBuD; cH,lcJhygovJ/ &Sdw,f/ vkyfr,fqkd&if eufjzefightcef;ukdvmcJh/ b,fausmuf
a&;apzkYd vdwk ,fvYkd owdxm;vmMuw,f/ wmr[kwfyg/ olY&nf&G,fcsuf av;eufBuD;us,fwmudkMunfhNyD; ● uReaf wmhf b0jzwfoef;rIuMdk unf&h if trsK;d om;a&;vIy&f mS ; pmu pzwf&r,fqdkwm ajymr,fwJh/
(Oyrm)vufrIv,f,mu pufrIv,f,m qk;H jzwfwmomjzpfw,f/ rIjyif;xefcsdefrSm vlvm;ajrmufvmcJhvdkY EdkifiHa&;yJvkyfcsifw,f/ uReaf wmfh Ph.D usr;f The Buddhist Church in Burma
pmvkH;aygif;a&mt"dyÜm,fyg acwftvdkufajymif;w,f jzpfatmif v,form;ukd xGefpufarmif; ordkif;wpfavQmufjrefrmawG[m tpOftvm"avh½dk;&m pmayudv k ;Hk 00goemryg/ wuúov dk af &mufawmh Edik if aH &;vky&f m during the Bagan Period 1044-1287 udk ygarmu©a[mvfu
à q&mBuD;a&;wJph mawGrmS owfyo Hk wfñeT ;f udk *½krxm;wJh enf;ynmoifMum;ay;r,fqkd&if em;vnf udk tpGt J vrf;BuD;w,f/ 'gaMumifh tpOftvmudk xde;f odr;f csif rSm taxmuftyHhjzpfapr,fh bmomwGJukda&G;cs,fw,f/ His- BuD;Muyfw,f/ wkw d &kd iS ;f &Si;f vG,v f , G af &;? [efrvkyef YJ ? urÇmOD;
taetxm;rSm&Syd gw,f/ owfyo Hk wfñeT ;f eJYywfoufvYkd 20&mpk vG,rf ,fh pum;ajymeJYa&;xm;wJh vrf;ñTef vkdY jyifyqufqHa&;udk wwfEdkifoavmufjzwfawmufw,f/ tory. Geography, Economic bmomwG J a ygh / aemuf x yf wnfwmurpeJY? yk*u H yJp? omoemtjyif Edik if aH &;? vlraI &;eJY
ESpfwpfckvkH; 'DykHpHomjzpf&r,fqkdwJht,ltqrsKd;udk q&mBuD; pmeJYoif&ifwwfv, G w f ,f/ tusK;d jzpfxeG ;f 'grSr[kwf tcsdefqGJNyD; jyifyqufoG,frIukd pdppfuefYowf tjrifwpfckwkd;vmwmu EdkifiHa&;rSm Oya'ynmwwfzdkYvnf; pD;yGm;a&;vnf; tusKH;0ifwwforQxnfha&;zkdY cdkif;ygw,f/
vufrcHb;l vdYk Mum;zl;ygw,f/ q&mBuD;&JU orkid ;f tjrifeYJ owfyHk r,fh rsKd;pyg;ukdpdkufzdkY v,form;ukd ynm xdef;csKyfw,f/ olpdrf;w&HqHudk ,kHMunfpdwfcsrIenf;w,f/ vdkw,f/ &SdNyD;Oya'? jyifqifjznfhpGuf xkwfEkwf&r,fh Oya'? ygarmu©a[mvfu Encyelopeadia Brittaniea 1952
owfñeT ;f pHux kd m;wJh oabmxm;udk tus,w f 0ifo h v
d ydk gw,f/ ay;wJhtcg tñTef;pm&Gufudk pum;ajymeJY tpOftvmaumif;&Sd ovdk raumif;wm&Sw d ,f/ raumif;wmudk 'gawGuo kd &d x dS m;zdYk vdw k ,fvYkd oabmaygufvmw,f/ B.A a&muf xJu jrefrmorkid ;f ukd G.E.Harvey a&;cJw h ,f/ tckighukd jyifa&;
● jrefrmawG[m ukvm;tu©&mudo k ;Hk Ny;D ud, k hf bmompum; a&;wmu ydNk y;D xda&mufw,f/1960 avmuf aumif;wJh pHeJY udkufNyD;jyif&JrS wkd;wufrI&Sdr,f/ ½dk;&mudk awmh Modern, European History, Political Science, Eco- zdkY wm0efay;aew,f/ rif;a&;uG,fvkdYcdkif;ygw,f/ 1958 ckESpf
udk pmeJYcsNyD;a&;wwfwm[m yk*Hacwf ted½k'¨(taemf&xm) rSm pdkufysKd;a&;Xmeu v,form;awG jyifwmjyifoifhwJhae&mrSmjyifwmudk qkdvkdw,f/ rjyif&J&if nomics ,lw,f/ Economics u q&meJYoifrSjzpfrSmrdkY Eco- xkwf jrefrmEdik if t H aMumif;udk uReaf wmfa&;&ygw,f/ 4 Zefe0g&D
rif;vufxufurS pw,f/ ausmufxuftu©&mwifxm;wJh twGufxkwfwJhpmtkyf pmwrf;awGrSm pm pmtkyfBuD;orm; (Slave of Tradition)vdkY urÇmu uJh&JUr,f/ nomics tpm; English Literature udkajymif;,lw,f/ B.A 1956 eHeuf 10em&DrmS ygarmu©a[mvfOuú|tjzpf aqmif&u G w f hJ
rSwfwrf;? ajrykH? bk&m;ykHawmfatmufrSma&;wJh rSwfwrf; tJ'g pum;eJYra&;bJ tajympum;eJYa&;wmudk 'Pfvnf; cH&r,f/ atmifawmh B.L qufajzw,f/ oabmuawmh atmifjrifwJh yg&*lpmppftzGUJ u uRefawmfu h akd c:NyD; EIwaf r;yGv J yk w f ,f/ Rec-
awGudkMunfhNyD; ajymwmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dvkdolrsm;tu©&mukd,lNyD; oabmaygufvmMuvdkYajymovdk a&;r,f tpOftvm"avh½dk;&mudk xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufrIeJY EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfzdkYvdktyfr,f xifwmawGudk jznfhqnf; ommended that it is fit for publication as Submitted qkdwJh
ukd,fhpum;ukd pmeJY a&;wJhtcg pmvkH;aygif; jyóemcsufcsif; vdkY aqmfMoMuwmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dudpö oabmwl acwfrw D ;kd wufr[I m wpfzufpeG ;f pD&adS eMuw,f/ acwfrD wd;k wuf avhvmwmygyJ/ taumif;qkH;rSwfcsufeJY rif;pmar;yGJatmifw,fvdkY vufqGJ
awGUygw,f/ (Oyrm)uReq f wdk hJ pum;vk;H udk ausmef ef YJ pa&;wmudk MuwJhtpktzGJUrSm uRefawmfu orkdif;tjrifeJYajyma[mcJhwm zdYk &mqk&d if jyifyurÇmeJYul;vl;qufqrH rI sm;zdYk vkw d ,f/ jrefrmordik ;f wu,fwrf;Edik if aH &;xJ ajcpkyH pf0ifr,fqadk wmh trsm;u EIwfqufMuygw,f/ tJ'Dnae vef'efjrefrmoH½kH;u ygarmu©
awGUw,f/ wjcm;pmvkH;awG trsm;BuD;vnf; 'DvdkyJ/ ,yif; a&;(Oyrm)rdkCf; ukd rdk; vkdYyJa&; jzpfw,f/ 'Doabmxm; tckxdrajymif;vJyg/ vpOfxkwf wpfavQmuf tpOftvmxdef;odrf;rIeJY acwfrDwdk;wufrI o[ oabmwlqkH;jzwfwmudk udk,fhqE´eJYrudkufnDvnf; tm;wuf a[mvfukd jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&;npm pm;zdYk zdww f ,f/ olu 0rf;om
xnfh&rvm;? &&pfxnfh&rvm;? vkH;BuD;wifxnfh&rvm;qkdwm (3) ukd,fhbmompum;r[kwfbJ wjcm;bmom pum;udk pme,fZif;awGrSm ajymovdka&;wmwGifus,fvmwm uRefawmf Zmwjzpfatmifvyk Ef ikd cf w hJ muawmh omvGerf if;? bk;d awmfb&k m; oa&m jzpfajrmufatmifaqmif&Guf&r,fqkdwmu ukd,fhyifudk tm;&eJY jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;ukd uRefawmf Ph.D &oGm;NyDvdkY
ra0cGEJ ikd wf thJ wGuf q&mqkw d phJ um;vk;H udk Nqsmd vdYk a&;wmawmif ,lNyD; toHxGuf&mrSm rl&if;bmompum;toHxGufudk *½kpdkuf owdjyKrdygw,f/ (A'kHrif;)eJY rif;wkef;rif;wdkYjzpfw,f/ obm0eJYrudkufnDwmudkawGUvm&w,f/ 'gaMumifh EdkifiHa&; ajymcJhw,f/ aemufwpfaeY wpfywftwGif; rD&moabFmeJY
awGY&ygw,f/ w&m;ukdvnf; Nwsm vdkYa&;wmawGUw,f/ tJ'g (Oyrm)Rome udk a&mr? Paris udk yg&D rvkyfawmhbl;vdkY pGefYvTwfvdkuf&w,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHudkjyefyg vdkY oH½kH;u trdefYpmxkwfygw,f/
bmudak jymcsifovJqadk wmh pmvk;H aygif;[m 'DwpfBudraf &;wmeJY tJ'grsK;d awGuadk wmh uReaf wmfoabmwlygw,f/ uReaf wmf wuúov kd rf mS q&mjzpfvmwmu tJ'aD cwfwuúov dk [
f m uRefawmfhudk ygarmu©vkYpfu ynm&yfwpfcktaeeJY
aemufwpfBudrfa&;wmrwlbJjzpfaeygw,f/ pmwpfaMumif; ajymwmawG[m pma&;enf;ynm(The Art of Writing)udk ordik ;f 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omr&Sd&m atmifjrifcsi&f if vlYb0oifcef;pmay;wJh orkid ;f uko
d x
d m;rSjzpfr,f oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfrIjzpfw,f/ q&m q&mrawGudk tpdk;&cefYeJY pepfwusoak woevkyw f wfatmif oifMum;ay;cJw h ,f/ ygarmu ©
wnf;rSmawmif a0g[m&wpfvkH;udk trsKd;rsKd;a&;w,f/ uGJjym;rI tjrifeJYajymwmjzpfw,f/ bmompum;wpfqifhxuf wpfqifh à EdkifiHwpfck&JUtvm;tvmudk q,fpkESpf wpfckpDjcm;NyD; à q&m[m rlvu Modern History udk pdw0f ifpm;cJw h ,fvYkd qDew d cf efYqkNd y;D &Sw d ,f/ qD;edwcf efYu wpfEpS pf pD mcsKyfeYJ cefYwmyg/ a[mvfu wwfxm;wJyh nm&yfeYJ vufawGUb0rSm tusK;d &Sad tmif
&Sdw,f/ aemufydkif;rS enf;enf;pnf;urf;0ifvmw,f/ 'g[m us,jf yefYvmwJt h cg tbd"mefvyk of al wG[m 'Dpum;vk;H a0g[m& okawoejyK&w,fvdkY q&mhpmwpfyk'frSm zwfzl;ygw,f/ od & ygw,f / Modern History [m vl w pf a ,muf & J U pmcsKyfoufwrf;jynfhvdkY xyfrcefY&if tvkdvkd &yfpJcH&NyD; jzpfyg tokH;jyKwwfzdkY vrf;ñTefoifMum;ay;cJhygw,f/ ]ta&;tBuD;
tu©&morkdif;yJ/ orkdif;aMumif;odwJholu acwftvdkuf pmvkH; udk b,facwfu b,fvkdpmvkH;aygif;w,f/ bmt"dyÜm,f 21&mpkESpfrSm bufpkHukHvkHwJh vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfzdkY 'DaeY b0aexdkifrIrSm b,favmufta&;ygovJ/ w,f/ ygarmu©a'qkdif;(Daisi)u uRefawmfhqE´udk ar;NyD; qkH;tcsufu b,folajymwmrS r,kHeJY ukd,fhbmomtaxmuf
aygif;rnDEkdifbl;qkdwm odaew,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dvkda&;rSrSefw,f? &Sdw,fqkdwm azmfjyMuw,f/ Oxford English Dictionary vli,fawG bmawGvkyfoifhw,fvdkY q&mjrifygovJ/ ● uRefawmftouf 10ESpf (1938)rSm jrefrmEkdfifiHrSm oabmwlwmeJY avQmufvmT wif? aiGpm&if;Xmeowif;ydYk ? tJ'geJY txm;&SmNyD;rS [kwf r[kwfqkH;jzwfyg}wJh/
rSm;&ifvufjzwfr,fqw dk hJ acwfawmif&cdS zhJ ;l ygw,f/ tJ'aD vmuf udk Munfh&ifawGUEdkifw,f/ pmvkH;aygif;[m acwftvdkuf ● orkdif;okawoe[m EdkifiHtvm;tvmudk tjrJppfaq; e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? trsKd;om;pdw"f mwfjr§iw hf ifa&;? vlwef;pm; ausmif;q&mtcsdeyf ikd ;f wpfv 60d^- eJYjzpfcw hJ myg/ wm0efus&m
xdvkyf&r,fh udpöawGr[kwfygbl;/ ajymif;w,f/ t"dyÜm,fvnf; acwftvdkufajymif;w,f/ wifjy&wJh tvkyf? tckrSvkyfwmr[kwfbl;/ taMumif;udpö wkdufyGJqkdwmawG ysHUESHUwGifus,faeygNyD/ 'Dt,ltqtawG; tydkif;udk oifjy&w,f/ Modern History udk aMunufae
jrefrmtbd"meftwGuf vkyfwJhaqG;aEG;yGJrSm uRefawmf wpfckawGUwkdif;? taMumif;&if;ubmvJ? tusKd;qufu bmvJ? tac:awGxJrSm BuD;jyif;vmcJhwJhuRefawmf[m EkdifiHa&;udkpdwfyg NyD;jzpfayr,f?h okawoebufukd tm;oefawmh? ydNk yD;tcuftcJ vkyfp&m&SdwmvkyfwmeJY cH,lwmomvQifjzpfygw,f
ESpBf udraf vmufwufa&mufNyD; yg0ifaqG;aEG;cJzh ;l w,f/ tcsKyfu tjrJ&SmNyD; xif&Sm;ay:vGifatmifa&;aewm orkdif;okawoe 0ifpm;vmcJhygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh udk,fhEdkifiHtjyif tjcm;EdkifiH MuKH awGU&Edik rf ,fh acwfa[mif;jrefrm udk txl;jyKtjzpfa&G;cs,Nf y;D à vlwpfa,muf&UJ wefz;kd uko d Yl Ny;D ajrmufausyeG rf I (Accom-
awmh owfykHuGJwm[m jyóemr[kwfbl;/ ukd,fajymcsifwmudk ajymovdka&;r,f ygyJ/ acwfwpfacwfu wpfacwfukdajymif;wmrSm csufcsif; awGrmS jzpfysuaf ewmawGuo dk cd siv
f Ykd acwfopfordik ;f ukd pdw0f if ,ckxd okawoejyKynm&SmaeqJyg/ wu,f0goemygwmu plishments)awGeYJ wkid ;f wmw,fvYkd uReaf wmfrw S o f m;&ygw,f/
wpfzufom;em;vnfatmif ajymEdkif&if NyD;wmyJqkdNyD;? vlxk à q&mu pma&;wmudk pum;ajymovdk a&;r,fqkdwJh e,fedrdwfowfrSwfNyD; tkwfwHwdkif;jcm;vdkY r&bl;/ wpfESpfpDudk pm;w,f/ okawoevkyzf Ykd pdw0f ifpm;cJw h m r[kwyf g/ Edik if aH &; okawoejyKvkyfief;? aqmif&Gufae&wmu ausmif;q&m/ q&m&JU (Accomplishments)awGu trsm;BuD;&Sdaeygw,f/
OD;vSykHjyif pmtkyfxJu ykHjyifwpfckudkukd;um;NyD; ajymcJhw,f/ pmwrf;udk 1965rSm OD;aqmifcw hJ ,fvYkd rSwo f m;&ygw,f/ 'Dpu
H kd uGufajym&ifvnf; trSefr&EdkifvdkY 10ESpf? ESpf20 ydkif;jcm;NyD; rvkyaf wmhvYdk pGeYf vTwNf y;D cgrS ordik ;f okawoetwGuf ordik ;f udk ausmif;q&mu toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;omjzpfygw,f/ q&m'Dvdkyk*¾dKvfrsKd;jzpfvmapzdkY aus;Zl;&SdcJhol qyfcGifh&Sd&if
bke;f BuD;wpfyg;ighausmif; ukd ,yif;aygif;aygif; &&pfaygif;aygif; q&mBuD; b,favmuftxd pHjyKxm;ygovJ/ oabmxm; ajymoifw h ,fvYkd qkv d w dk myg/ vlY"avhrmS vnf; 'Dtwdik ;f yJ/ tpm; avhvm&mrSm acwfOD;ydkif;a&mufav tcsuftvuf taxmuf udk,fu a&G;cs,fcJh&wmr[kwfyg/ ukd,fhudka&G;cs,foGm;cJhwm qyfcsiw f yhJ *k Kd¾ vfawG&&dS ifajymjyay;yg/ q&meJYqufE, T yf u Hk dk odvkd
b,folu Z&yfzwfrvJ qkdwJh yHkjyifyg/ ajymif;vJraI um&Syd gao;ovm;/ taomufudk vufeYJ ,lpm;aewm ESpaf xmifaygif;rsm;pGm&Sw d ,f/ txm;&SmazG&wmcufavrdkY awGUMuHK&orQ tcuftcJawGudk omvQif jzpfygw,f/ ygw,f/
jref r m&S i f b k & if v uf x uf u vT w f a wmf o k H ; owf y k H ? ● 1965 rS pw,fqkdwmu wu,fawmh r[kwfygbl;/ tck ZGef;? cuf&if;eJYpm;wJh acwfudkckESpfwyfNyD; ajymvdkYr&bl;/ ukd,fwkdif&SmazGajz&Sif; qkH;jzwfcsifwmawGaMumifh acwfa[mif; ● aus;Zl;&,fvkdYrcH,lyg/ udk,fvkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfay;wm
owfpkHqkdwmawG&Sdygw,f/ owfpkHqkdwmu apmapmuajymwJh pma&;enf;ynmukd avhvmwJhtcg vlawGpum;ajymwwfNyD; taemufu vlawGa&mufpu pw,f/ tckvnf; rysUH ESUH ao;bl;/ ordkif;udk okawoevkyfzdkY qkH;jzwfcJhwmyg/ eJY cH,w l momvQijf zpfygw,f/ bmrqkBd udK;pm;,l&ygw,f/ uk, d hf
q&ma&;ykrH sKd;ygyJ/ ok;H udk a&;&if okrH ;f qkNd y;D a&;w,f/ b,fvrkd S aemuf pmpwifa&;wmeJY ajymwJhtwdkif; a&;wmygyJ/ t&if vufeYJ pm;wke;f &Sad eMuwm/ ZGe;f ? cuf&if;acwfvYdk b,fvydk idk ;f jcm; b0aexdkifrItwGuf acwforkdif;ukd rodvdkYrjzpf? acwf vkYpfuenf;pepf? a[mvfutokH;csenf; udkESdyfpufapmfum;cJhwmawmif ukd,fuEdkifwJhtvSnfhrSmawmif
rrSm;atmif a&;wmrsKd;aygh/ tckawmhowfpkHqkdwmrsKd;vnf; tESpf wpfoef;okH;odef;avmufu vlawGpNyD; pum;ajymwwf owfrSwfrvJ/ tJ'DvkdyJ 20&mpkESpftqkH;eJY 21&mpkESpftp[m ordkif;rSm EdkifiHa&;omru vlrIa&;? pD;yGm;a&;awGvnf; ta&; à q&mhpmawGrSm q&mhtay:MoZmvTrf;rdk;cJhwJh yk*¾dKvfawG uvJph m;acsjcif;rjyK/rESyd pf ufyg/pdwrf qif;&Jap&yg/ tJ'gawGaMumifh
vkyzf Ykd rvdak wmhb;l / b,fvakd &;rS rSerf ,fqw dk mvnf; ZGwo f wf w,f/ jrefrmawG t&iftESpf 900 avmufupNyD; pma&; oD;jcm;uif;vGwfaewmrSr[kwfbJ/ aMumif;usKd;qufET,fae BuD;w,f/ rSefuefwJh ordkif;tajccHodrS atmifjrifcsif&if b,f taMumif; ygwwfygw,f/ q&mhb0rSm jyeftajymcsifqkH;? tusK;d cHpm;&wmawGvYkd cH,yl gw,f/ uk, d vf yk cf w hJ mawG&UJ toD;
rSwzf Ykd rvdbk ;l / bmompum;qkw d m tjr&J iS o f efajymif;vJw;kd wuf wwfw,f/ tJ'v D akd &;wJt
h cg ajymovkyd J pNy;D a&;wmyJ/ a&;wm wJhjzpfpOfw&m;BuD;yg/ tem*wftwGuf ypöKyÜefrSm bmawG vkdvkyfqkdwm vrf;ñTefEkdifr,f/ OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKEdkifr,f/ qkwf trSww f &t&Sq d ;Hk yk*Kd¾ vfawGtaMumif; vli,fawGtwGuf jyefajym tyGifhawGudk ukd,fcHpm;&wmyg/ aus;Zl;&,fvkdY twkHYtvSnfh
aewmyJ/ wpfrsKd;? ajymwm wpfrsKd;r&SEd ikd bf ;l / rsKd;qufwpfcuk aemufrsKd; vkyfaeovJ? twdwfu bmawGvkyfcJhovJ/ b,fvkdqk? b,f ,kwf&if taMumif;&if;udk odxm;rSb,fvkdwm;qD;&r,fqkdwm jyapvdyk gw,f/ rSwx f m;wmr&Syd g/ olvyk pf &m&Sw d m olvyk Nf y;D uk, d vf yk pf &m&Sw d m
a'gufwmarmifjzL;raocif aq;½kHrSm oGm;awGUwkef;u qufwpfckukd pma&;enf;oifMum;ay;&mrSm ESpf 20avmuf vkd'Pf cH&rvJ/ orkid ;f utajzay;r,f/ atmifjrifcsi&f if vlYb0oifcef;pmay;wJh ● ygarmu© G.H.Luce(20 January 1889-3 May 1979)eJY ukd,fcH,lwmomvQif jzpfygw,f/ tJ'DtwGuf rSwfom;xm;&
ajymoGm;wm&Sw d ,f/ uGm[rI&w dS t
hJ wGuf rsKd;quftvku d f pma&;ykpH ma&;enf; uGm[ orkid ;f oifwt hJ cgrSmvnf; 'DtajccHeYJ a&SU bmjzpfrvJqw dk m ordkif;ukd odxm;rSjzpfr,f/ ygarmu© D.G.E Hall (17 November 1891-12 October 1979) r,fvkdYoabmrxm;yg/ Mum;umjrifumeJY wwfwJhtavh&SdvkdY
(1) cifAsm;pma&;wJt h cg b,forl S rrSm;wmudk cifAsm;rSm;NyD; oGm;wmyJ jzpfr,f/ tjrJqufpyfpOf;pm;aewmyg/ qufpyfpOf;pm;rdorQudk a&;cJh acwfordkif;[m xif&Sm;olawG&JU tw¦KyÜwådjzpfvdkYvnf; wdYk jzpfygw,f/ vnf; oifMum;ay;olu BudK;pm;oifay;&rIr&Syd g/ uk, d uhf , dk u
f , dk f
ra&;eJY(Oyrm)ausmif;udk aMumif; vdkY ra&;eJY tawG;tac:jrifhrm;wJhtaMumif;t&m tus,fw0ifh w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh r*¾Zif;wpfapmifrmS 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omr&S&d m ud,
k t hf wGuf pHwif&olawG&UJ taMumif;udk odcsiw f ,f/ ordik ;f u ygarmu©vkYpf[m jrefrmordkif;udk odyfcufcJwJhtydkif; ,kMH unfpw d jf yif;xefojl zpfvYkd igvkyv f Ydk ig&wmvkYd ,lqygw,f/
(2) ynm&SdawGjiif;ckHaewJh pmvkH;aygif;qkd&if oufomwmyJ &Sif;vif;&r,fhvkyfief;awGrSm wwfEdkifoavmuf vG,fatmif vkdY a&;vdkufwmygyJ/ ajymjyaew,f/ 'gaMumifh acwfordkif;[m ta&;ygw,f/ taxmuftxm;r&Sdoavmufenf;yg;wJhtydkif;udk jyKpkaew,f ■ ■ ■
6 7

c&D;oGm;ukry PDEiS hf {nfvh rf;nTerf sm;tMum; &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; wyfrawmfESifU SSPP/SSA wdkh


ucsifjynfe,f rdk;n§if;NrdKYteD;
wkdufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;aejcif;aMumifU a'ocHtrsm;tjym; ppfab;wdrf;a&Smifae&
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm; avsmeh nf;ap&eftwGuf &Srf;jynfe,ftwGif; wyfrawmfESifh SSPP/SSA wyfzGJUwkdY &GmvkH;uRwfxGufajy;cJh&onf/ rdkif;½SL;&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif; okH;
wyfrawmfESifU KIA wdkhtMum;
ESpzf ufxad wGUwku d cf u kd rf rI sm;jzpfymG ;aeaomaMumifh a'ocHwidk ;f &if; ausmif;ESifh &yfuGuf-4 taemufbuf&Sd bkef;BuD;ausmif;
wkdufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;&m
- cdk if c efU a Z mf - vduk ef m&rnfh oabmwlncD surf sm; aqmif&uG vf su&f dS om;jynfolrsm; tvkH;t&if;jzifh ppfab;a&Smifwdrf;aeMu&aom
aMumifh usef;rma&;? ynma&;? pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJrsm;
jzpfay:aeonft h jyif vuf&t dS csderf mS pyg;?ajymif;ponfh pdu k yf sKd;
0if;twGif;rSm ,m,DwJwef;&SnfBuD;rsm;xdk;í aexdkifMu&onf/
vm;½I;d NrdKUodYk vnf; 0rfaqmh? 0rfxef aus;&Gmrsm;rS tdraf xmifpk
39ckrS rdom;pk 103OD;a&muf&v dS m&m oD&rd *Fvmrefq&l rS ;f ausmif; wyfrawmf(av)rS
oD;ESrH sm; &dwo f rd ;f csed jf zpfonft h wGuf pm;eyf&u d m© ysupf ;D qk;H ½I;H rnfh rSm ckdvIHMu&onf/
tajctaersm;vnf;&SdaeaMumif; od&onf/
atmufwb kd m 9&uf nbufu aus;oD;NrKd Ue,f? rdik ;f aemif
Edik if aH wmfor®wBuD;ESihf Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm; Ed0k ifbm 15&uf
uawGUqkHMu&mü &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwD avaMumif; ypfulay;&
wpf aeYu ... wl r av;wpf ckcu
k rdk vkycf ifrmS bJ rawmfvYdk rSm;cJ&h if tjypf
NrdKUe,fcGJbufwGif SSPP/SSA bufrS ypfcwf&m wyfrawmfu
atmufwdkbm 10&uf eHeufykdif;wGif 0rf[dkif;XmecsKyfukd wkduf
(SNLD) ESihf &Sr;f wdi k ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru
tpdk;&wyfrawmfESifh SSPP/SSA wkdYtMum; jzpfyGm;aeaom
kd &ufwpfygwD(SNDP)wdYk u
wyfrawmfEiS hf KIA wdYk zm;uefYa'o? qGryf &mbGraf 'oESihf
a,mufu a&SUuaevmaewJh aumifrav; awGukd ykHcsvkdY&r,fh oludk&Smxm;avh&Sd refpDNrdKUe,fwdkYwGif arvydkif;upwifí pufwifbmvukeftxd
cdu
k cf ahJ omaMumifh ESpv f ausmMf umxdawGUrIrsm;pGm jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;jzihf wku d yf rGJ sm; &yfqidk ;f a&;aqmif&u G af y;&efEiS hf ppfab;'kuo © nfrsm;
wpfa,mufudk vufn§dK;xdk;jyNyD; olY w,f/ olrsm; ajymrSm;qkrd mS ;? vkyrf mS ;udik rf mS ; ypfcwfwkdufcdkufrIrsm;jzpfyGm;NyD;aemuf Edk0ifbm 15&uf? 16&uf
a'ocHwkdif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; rdrdwdkYaexdkif&maus;&Gmrsm;udk udk tultnDay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhonf/
oli,fcsif;ukad r;w,f/ awGudk rSwx f m;avh&w dS ,f/ rSm;MuNyDq&dk if rsm;rSm rkd;n§if;NrdKUESifh 5rdkifcefYtuGm ta&SUawmifaMumay:rSm
pGeYf ajy;cJMh u&onf/ Edk0ifbm 14&uf eHeuf 10em&DcefYwGif 0rfaqmh?
]Munfhprf; ... a&SUuvmwJh aumif 'gawGudk ukdifNyD;ajymw,f/ rSefcJhvdkY awmf ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrIrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
Ed0k ifbm 9&uf n 7;45em&DcefYu &Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyidk ;f ? rdik ;f twfawmifaMum? 0rfavGbufrmS vufeufBuD;oHrsm;Mum;&Ny;D
rav;eJYigeJY b,folu ydk0vJ}vdkY ar; w,fvdkY csD;usL;&ifawmh olrsm;xuf a&SU Edk0ifbm 16&ufu KIA(ucsif)tzGJUrsm; tiftm;xyfrH
vdGKifv,fc½dkif? aus;oD;NrdKUe,f? rdkif;aemifNrdKU&Sd wyfXmecsKyfokdY rdkif;aemif? 0rf[dkif;? 0rfaqmh? 0rftwfawmifaMumESifh rdkif;½SL;
w,f/ olYab;em;u oli,fcsif;u jrHKpdpd uxGuv f mNyD; yl;aygif;í wyfrawmfppfaMumif;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkufvmrIaMumifh
SSA (0rf[i kd ;f tzGUJ rS)tiftm; 120cefYonf vufeufBuD; vufeuf wdkYwGif ypfcwfaerIrsm;aMumifh a'ocHtrsm;tjym; vJcsm;?
av;vkyaf e&muae oluyd0k wmaygh/ eifu ]'g olYtdkif'D,m} rGef;vGJykdif;rSm wyfrawmf(av)rS &[wf,mOfESpfpif;? av,mOf
i,frsm;jzihf wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf n 8em&DcGJcefYrSmvnf; usKdif;vef? 0rf0 ref0? vm;½Id;wdkYodkY ajy;Mu&onf/ Edk0ifbm
olYavmufr0ygbl;vdYk jyefajzw,f/ 'Dtajz ]'g olYtpDtpOf} ESppf if;jzifh wpfBudro f mG ;a&mufypfual y;? wku d cf u
kd af csreI ;f cJah Mumif;
rdkif;aemif&Jpcef;udk AkH;ypfavmifcsmrsm;jzihf ypfcwfcJhonf/ 17&ufwGif awmifBuD;NrdKUokdY 'ku©onfrsm; a&muf&Sdvmjyef&m
ukdMum;&awmh wlrav;u auseyfoGm; ]'g olOD;aqmifwm}qkdNyD; zsm0if rd;k n§i;f NrKd UteD;&Sd tajrmufpcef;rsm;rSvnf; pwifwu dk yf jJG zpfcsed rf S
qufvufí eHeuf 4em&DcGJwpfBudrf? 5em&DcGJwpfBudrf wyfXme awmifBuD;NrKd U? ausmif;pk&yf? a0VK0ef&rS ;f ausmif;wGif tdraf xmifpk
w,f/ pma&;olvnf; uk, d ef YJ rqkid bf J olwYkd cif;avh &Sdw,f/ pí tajrmufrsm;jzihf ypfulay;wdkufcdkufcJhaMumif; wyfrawmf
csKyfukd xyfrHypfcwfojzifh wyfrawmfu vufeufBuD;vufeuf aygif; 37ckrS rdom;pk0if 88OD; ae&mcsxm;ay;&aMumif;od&onf/
ajymwJhaumifrav;ukd vSrf;Munfhrdw,f/ 'Dvdkvkyfavh&Sdwm Mumvmawmh olY umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf½kH;rS owif;xkwfjyefcJhonf/
i,frsm; wyfrawmf&[wf,mOfrsm;jzifh wefjyefwu dk cf u
kd íf eHeuf Ed0k ifbm 22? 23 ESp&f ufqufwu dk f rdik ;f ½SL;teD;wpf0u
kd w
f iG f
wu,fawmh wlrav;uawmf awmfav; taygif;toif;awGu oleYJ twl oGm;twl Ed0k ifbm 19&uf eHeufyikd ;f wGif rd;k n§i;f NrdKUteD; vufeuf
8em&DcGJcefYwGif jyefvnfqkwfcGmoGm;cJhonf/ wku d yf rJG sm; qufwu dk jf zpfymG ;aeaMumif; od&onf/ &Sr;f jynfe,f
ukd ykd0w,f/ wlrav;&JU oli,fcsif;av; vmtwlvkyfMuzdkY vufa&SmifvmMuw,f/ BuD;ypfcwfrrI sm; qufwu kd jf zpfymG ;í a'ocHrbd rsm;onf pmoif
Ed0k ifbm 12&ufaeYwGif rdik ;f aemif? 0rf[ikd ;f ? 0rfaqmhEiS hf twGif; wyfrawmfESifh SSPP/SSA wyfzGJUwkdY wkdufyGJrsm;aMumifh
uawmh rif;vkdvdkuf rif;BudKufcpm;ae& wavmqDu ... ausmif;rsm;rS rdrw d Ykd &ifaoG;i,frsm;udk oGm;a&mufac:cJMh uaMumif;
rdkif;½SL;wdkYteD;tem;rSm &ifqkdifwdkufyGJrsm;ESifh wkdufyGJi,frsm; ESpfzufusqkH;rIrsm;? 'Pf&m&&SdrIrsm;? tjypfrJhwkdif;&if;om;
&SmwJh qif;qif;&J&Jav;qkdawmh wlrav; c&D;oGm;Mu&if; um;ay:u oDcsi;f av; ESifh rdk;n§if;NrdKUwGif aps;qkdifrsm;vnf;ydwfxm;aMumif;od&onf/
qufvufjzpfyGm;&ma'owGif; ppfab;a&Smifolrsm; wpfaomif; jynfolrsm; xdckdufaoqkH;rIrsm; rsm;pGm&SdcJhonf/
NidKjiifrSmudk rcH&Jbl;aygh/ 'Dawmhvnf; wpfyk'fzGifhw,f/ pma&;oltouft&G,feJY
cefYtxd jrifw h ufco hJ nf/ rdik ;f ½SL;ESihf 12rdik t f uGm 0rfaqmh&mG rSm
tBudKufvu dk af jym&awmhwmaygh/ 'DawmhrS 'DbufacwfocD sif;awGeYJ tH0ifciG u f s odyf
jyef p Of ; pm;Munf h r d w ,f / 'D w l r av;u rjzpfwwfvYdk wckww f & em;raxmifwwf c&D ; oG m ;uk r Ü P D E S i h f {nh f v rf ; nT e f r sm; aMumihf zsufodrf;jcif;cH&wmrsdK;awG {nhfvrf;
oleJY&G,fwl rdef;uav;awGjrifwkdif; ....
] oleYJ igeJY b,fou l tom;ydjk zLvJ}
ayr,fh um;ay:rSmqkdawmh um;uzGifhwJh
oDcsif;udk em;axmifjzpfw,f/ rSwfrdorQ
tMum; vdu k ef m&rnho f abmwlncD surf sm; xm;
&SdrIudk jrefrmEdkifiHc&D;oGm;vkyfief;tzGJYcsKyfESihf
nTefrsm;bufuvnf; c&D;pOfBuKdwifvufcH
xm;NyD; tjcm;&uf&Snfc&D;pOfudk vdkufygvdkjcif; vuf&SdjynfwGif;twGif;jzpfyGm;aeonfUppfyGJrsm; &yfwefhay;&eftwGuf
]oleJYigeJY b,folykdvSvJ} a&;jyr,faemf jrefrmEdkifiH{nhfvrf;nTefrsm;toif;wdkY yl;aygif; aMumihf rlvc&D;pOftwGuf vlpm;xdk;jcif;?
]oleJYigeJY b,folydk0vJ}
]olYyg;pyfeYJ ighyg;pyf b,fyg;pyf ykjd yJ
'Pf&mawG raMunmygbl; ...
a0'emawG ajymrjyygbl; ...
n§Ed iId ;f í rMumcPjzpfay:avh&o
rIrsm; avsmeh nf;vmap&eftwGuf oabmwlnD
dS nfh tjiif;yGm; y,fzsufjcif;awGudk vkyfaqmifwwfMuawmh
rvdkvm;tyfwJhjyoemawG jzpfvm&wmyg}[k
&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u rEåav;NrdKY vlxk[pfwdkifuGif;wGif qE´jyawmif;qdk
vJ} auseyfvdkY jzpfcJhwmyJ ... csu(f Agreement)xm;&Sjd cif;udk OD;pm;ay;ajz&Si;f jrefrmEdkifiH{nhfvrf;nTefrsm;toif;rS wm0ef
]olYESmacgif;eJY ighEmS acgif; b,fou l rif;bufu tjypfr[kwfygbl; ... ? ay;oGm;rnf[k jrefrmEdkifiH{nhfvrf;nTefrsm; &So
d w l pfO;D uajymonf/ vuf&Sd EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJESifh a&G; vJcsm;NrdKUe,f? rdkif;½SL;NrdKUe,fESifh vm;½dI;NrdKUe,f
ykjd ym;vJ} aeomovkd aeEkdifygw,f ... toif;rS od&onf/ tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;twGuf oabmwlnDcsuf aumufyGJtvGefumvtwGif; &Srf;jynfe,fwGif twGi;f odUk xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifrrI sm;jym;vmonf/
'DvdkawG tjrJar;avh&Sdw,f/ wpfcg t&iftcsdefawG owdr&ygeJY ... jrefrmEdkifiH\ zGUHNzdK;wdk;wufrIESifh yGifhvif; (Agreement)udk rESpu f wnf;u n§Ed iId ;f aewm? tpdk;&wyfrawmfESifh &Srf;jynfe,f SSPP/SSA ]uRefrwdkU tckvdk qE´jyawmif;qdkw,f
wpfcgqkd 'Dxufykdw,f/ auseyfvdkY cspfcJhwmyJ? vmonfhtaetxm;rsm;t& ESpfpOfurÇmvSnfh 'gayrJh c&D;oGm;&moDu jyefpwJt h wGuf ndE§ iId ;f tMum; wpfvausmMf umjzpfymG ;aeonfh ppfyrJG sm; qkdwm uGsefrwdkU &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;awGtaeeJU
]olYtuseÐ YJ ightusÐ b,f[mykv d vS }J ukd,fhtwGufeJY pdwfrnpfygeJY ... c&D;oGm;rsm; wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmvsuf&Sdjcif; rIu rNyD;jywfcb Jh ;l ? ckc&D;oGm;&moD High Sea- aMumifh a'ocHjynfolrsm; aoqHk;rIrsm;ESifh jynfwiG ;f rSm b,fvpkd pfyaJG wGrS rjzpfapcsifb;l ?
olYydu
k q f t H wd ef YJ ighyu dk q f t
H w d f b,f ... ... ... aMumifh rvdv k m;tyfaom jyóemrsm;jzpfay:rI son rwdkifrD Low Season tcsdefuwnf;u pm;0wfaea&;tcuftcJ &ifqikd af erIrsm;jzpfay: vlom;csif;pmemNyD; &Sr;f jynfe,frmS jzpfymG ;aewJh
[m ykdaumif;vJ} ... ... ... r&Sdapa&;twGuf c&D;oGm;ukrÜPDESihf {nhfvrf; aqG;aEG;n§dEIdif;rIrsm;udkjyKvkyfcJhNyD; {nfhvrf; vm&m tqdkygppfyGJrsm; &yfwefUay;&eftwGuf ppfyGJawGa&m? vuf&SdjzpfaewJh ppfyGJawGa&m
olYvufaumuf ighvufaumuf? olY ... ... ... nTerf sm;tMum;vdu k ef m&rnhf oabmwlncD suf nTef vdkifpiftwGuf {nfhvrf;nTefjyKvkyfvdkol rEåav;NrdKUa&muf &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;u &yfay;apcsifygw,f? &Srf;jynfe,fu a'ocH
zdeyfighzed yfuaeNyD; olY&nf;pm; igh&nf;pm; ... ... ... rsm;xm;&Su d m c&D;oGm;ukrP Ü ED iS fh {nhv
f rf;nTef rsm;onf {nfv h rf;nTepf mar;yGaJ jzqdMk u&Ny;D rdrd Edk0ifbm 24&uf eHeuf 10em&Du 62 vrf; jynfolawGcHpm;ae&wJh cHpm;csufawGudk wdkuf
awGxd a&mufukefatmif ,SOfNydKifNyD; ar; jrLwpfrIefawmif rNidKjiifygbl; ... rsm;tMum; rMumcPjzpfay:avh&adS om jyóem uGsrf;usif ydkifEdkifaombmompum;tay:rl raemf&rH®uGif;(vlxk[pfwdkifuGif;)wGif qE´jy ½du
k rf cHpm;&ayr,f xyfwcl pH m;&wJt h wGuf tck
wwfw,f/ rSefygw,f rif;rrSm;ygbl; ... rsm;ukd ajz&Sif;EdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ wnfí vkyfudkifMu&rnf[k od&onf/ awmif;qdkcJhaMumif; od&onf/ vdk qE´jyawmif;qdw k myg}[k rÅav; &Sr;f wdik ;f
jyefpOf;pm;Munfhavav owdxm;rd udk,fcspfvkdY jzpfcJhwmyJ ... ] tckjyKvkyw f hJ Agreement udk *du k af wG jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;twGuf c&D; &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif ppfab;'ku© &if;om;vli,ftzGUJ rS reef;pkMunfu ajymonf/
avavyJ/ 'gayrJh tJ'Dtar;awGxJrSm rif;vkH;0 tjypfr&Sdygbl; ... ? udk csjyxm;ygw,f/ UMTA uvnf; ukrÜPD vSnfhvnfa&;vdkifpif? c&D;oGm;ydkYaqmifa&; onf wpfaomif;ausmf&SdNyD; &Srf;jynfe,f ]uGsefawmfwUkd taeeJU 'DaeU qE´jyawmif;
]olYeJYig b,foyl , dk Ofaus;odraf rGUvJ} tJ'DoDcsif;av;yg em;axmifae&if; awGudk csjyxm;w,f? ta&;,lEdkifwJh tzGJY vdik pf if? {nfv h rf;nTev f ikd pf if[íl vkyif ef;vdik pf if ajrmufyikd ;f wGif ppfab;'kuo © nf ESpaf omif;&S&d m qdkcJhwm &Srf;wkdif;&if;om;awGtaeeJU typf
]oleJYig b,fol ykdtvkyfvkyfEdkifvJ} ESpfoufoGm;rdw,f/ tjypfwpfck jzpfoGm; tpnf;rsKd; r[kwfwJhtwGuf awmif;qdkvdkYyJ rsm; csxm;ay;vsuf&Sd&m ,cktcg c&D;vSnfh tqkdyg ppfab;'ku©onf trsm;pkwGif pm; tcwf&yfpJNyD; jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf;aexdkifEkdifzdkU
]oleYJ ig b,fou l rdbudk vkyaf uR; wmawmifolrsm;ukd tjypfrwifbJ? udk,fh &r,f/ wu,fwrf;jyóemjzpfvmvdYk toif; vnfa&;vdik pf iftwGuf Edik if jH cm;c&D;oGm; ukrP Ü D 0wfaea&;tcuftcJ &ifqdkifae&aMumif; od& twGuf qE´jyawmif;qdkwmyg? tjypfrJhwJh
vJ} tjypfvkdYyJ rSwf,lypfvkdufEdkifwJh pdwf"mwf udkvmNyD; &Sif;r,fqdk&if owfrSwfxm;wJh ESpfck? zufpyfc&D;oGm;ukrÜPD 34ck? jynfwGif; onf/&Sr;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f aus;oD;NrKd Ue,fEiS hf jynfolawGtaeeJUvnf; 'ku©ra&mufapcsifwJh
]oleJYig b,folu bk&m; w&m; av;udk oabmusoGm;rdw,f/ tcsufawGay:rSm tajccHNyD; ajz&Si;f ay;rSm jzpf c&D;oGm; ukrÜPD1487ck? c&D;oGm;ydkYaqmifa&; rdik ;f aemifNrdKUe,ftwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh ppfyrJG sm; twGuf &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;awGu tckvdkvkyf&
ykjd rJv}J wpfaeYuawmh tJ'DoDcsif;ygwJh pD'D ygw,f/ c&D;oGm;ukrÜPDESihf {nhfvrf;nTefrsm; vdkifpiftwGuf ukrÜPDaygif; 233ck? {nfhvrf; aMumifh vuf&SdtcsdefwGif ppfab; 'ku©onf wmyg? 'DqE´xkwfazmfyGJudk &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;
]oleJYig b,folu ydkBudK;pm;vJ} av;udk tJ'Dwlrav;udk vufaqmifay; tMum; tjiif;yGm;rIawGuawmh vkyfoufEk nTefvdkifpiftwGuf 3857cktxd&SdaMumif; wpfaomif;ausmf&SdvmNyD; awmifBuD;NrdKUe,f? wifrubl; b,fvdkvlrsKd;vmvm BudKqdkrSmyg?
'grsKd;awGar;wmawmh wpfcgrS rMum;zl; jzpfcJhw,f/ ]oleJYig b,folu ykdjrifhjrwf ukrÜPDawGeJY trsm;qHk;jzpf&wmyg? c&D;oGm; [dwk ,fEiS chf &D;oGm;vma&;0efBuD;Xme\ xkwjf yef
wm owdxm;rdw,f/ vJ}vdYk wpfaeYar;ygap? ajzwJo h u l vnf; ukrP Ü u D {nhv f rf;nTeu f kd c&D;pOfwpfct k wGuf aMunmaom pm&if;rsm;t&od&onf/
'Dvdkar;wmeJY qkdifvm;awmhrodbl;/ trSet f wdik ;f ]eifu ykjd rifjh rwfwmaygh}vdYk BuKdwifiSm;&rf;xm;NyD;rS taMumif;trsKd;rsKd; rif;cefY (rEåav;)
tJ'w D rl av;u tusiyhf gvmovm;yJ/ oleYJ tm;yg;w& ajzwmMum;csifvkdYyg/ ppfyGJudk &yfwefUapcsifwJh jynfolawG jidrfcsrf; vsuv f ma&mufonfh rEåav;NrKd Ua&muf &Sr;f wdik ;f
olrsm;eJY tvkyw f pfcv k yk v f Ykd rSm;&iforl sm; wlrav;rsm; vdr®mMuygap a&;udv k vkd m;wJh jynfoal wGtm;vH;k vma&muf &if;om;rsm;u ppfyGJrsm; &yfwefUap&eftwGuf
ukd tjypfykHcsavh&Sdw,f/ olrsm;aMumifh
rSm;wmaygh/ ol[molqkd rrSm;bl;qkdwm
cdkifcefYaZmf ppfab;oifUjynfolrsm;ulnD&ef aps;csKdawmfrSmtvSLcH NyD; uGsefawmfwdkUeJUtwl yl;aygif;Edkifygw,fvdkU vufrSwfxdk;cJhMuonf/ tqdkyg qE´jyawmif;
■ ■ ■ ajymcsifygw,f}[k &Srf;wdkif;&if;om; vli,f qdkrIwGif rEåav;NrdKUa&muf &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;
rsK;d awG tusijhf zpfvmwmawGU&w,f/ wpf &Srf;jynfe,fESifh ucsifjynfe,ftwGif;jzpfyGm;aeaomwkdufyGJrsm;aMumifh ppfab;'ku© tzGJUrS ukdpdkif;qef;vif;u ajymonf/ 100 cefU awmif;qdck jhJ cif;jzpfNy;D cGijhf yKrdeUf wifí
MuHKawGUaeMuaom a'ocHjynfolrsm;tm;ulnD&ef ArmEdkifiHvkH;qkdif&mausmif;om;rsm;or*¾ vlom;csif; pmemyg? jynfwGif;ppf ]&yf}? qE´jyjcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
tzGJUcsKyf(txufjrefrmjynf)? rÅav;c½dkif ausmif;om;rsm;or*¾tzGJUwdkYonf Edk0ifbm 18&ufu ppfyGJonf tajzr[kwf? ppfyGJrsm; csufcsif; rif;cefY(rEåav;)
aps;csKdawmfokdY oGm;a&muftvSLcHxGufcJhaMumif; od&onf/ ]&yf}ponfh pmom;yg qdik ;f bkwrf sm; udik af qmif
8 9
- - - pm - 1 rS t q uf - - -
vSn;f 0dik ;f rsm;jzihpf nfum;onfh ppfuikd ;f aumif;rIawmf zkdvf0if&Sif awmifawmfocifr jrefrm-*syefausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
a&pifaqmuf&onfh zdkvf0ifawmifyGJusif;y todynmzvS,yf JG usi;f y
wefaqmifrek ;f yGJ rd;k avuif;vGwof jzihf ydrk pkd nfum; ASEAN Eco Model School qk & trS w f ( 6)tajccH
ynmtxufausmif;ESihf *syefEdkifiH udwusL½INrdKUrS ud,wdkrdk
Unsesco School wdkYyl;aygif;rIjzihf yxrtBudrf jrefrm-*syef
wpfEpS o f ;Hk yG&J ppfuikd ;f aumif;rIawmf bk&m;
tv,fwef;tqihf ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm; todynmzvS,f
BuD;\ tpnfum;qkH;jzpfonfh wefaqmifrkef;
yGu
J kd Ed0k ifbm 20&ufu csr;f jrompnfNrKd Ue,f? trSw(f 26)tajccH
yGaJ wmfukd wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; 8&ufrS pwifí
ynm txufwef;ausmif;wGifusif;yjyKvkyfaMumif; od&onf/
aps;qdik cf ef;rsm;cif;usif;a&mif;cs&m ,ckEpS w f iG f
jrefrm-*syefausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u ESpfEdkifiH
rd;k avuif;vGwo f jzihf vSn;f 0dik ;f rsm;yg apmpD;pGm
ausmif;om;? ausmif;oltcsif;csif;rdwfqufí Skype Meet-
vma&mufaeMuNyDjzpfí ydrk pkd nfum;rI&adS Mumif;
ing jyKvky& f m ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;tusKd ;&v'frsm; rQa0jcif;?
od&onf/
aqG;aEG;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyMf uNy;D ? rÅav;NrKd U\ pGeYf ypftrIu d rf sm;tm;
aumif;rIawmfbk&m;BuD; wefaqmifrkef;
ywf0ef;usifxdef;odrf;a&;ynmay;vkyfief;tjzpf yl;aygif;aqmif
yGaJ wmfukd a&S;tcgu vqef;13&ufrS 15 &uf ae&mwus,?l yGNJ y;D rSjyefMuojzihf wcsKd UvSn;f jzihf
&Gucf MhJ uonf/
txd usi;f yonf/ yGaJ wmfoYdk bk&m;BuD;0ef;usif vma&mufolrsm;rSm 5&ufrS 7&uftxd bk&m;
*syefEdkifiHausmif;om;rsm;tzGJUrS *syefEdkifiH usL½INrdKU\
aus;&Gmrsm;? ppfuikd ;f NrKd Uajrmufbufaus;&Gmrsm;rS yGJawmfvSnf;&yfem;uGif;ü aexdkifrI&Sdonf/
vufyHawmif;awmif qE´jyrIrsm;twGif; onf/ vufyaH wmif;awmif oydwpf cef;NzKd cGi;f rI ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f rIaMumihf urÇmx h yd w
f ef;pm&if;0ifNrKd U\ jyKjyif
vSnf;jzihfvma&mufonfh yGJjzpfojzihf ESpfpOf aumif;rIawmfwefaqmifwikd yf rJG mS ppfuikd ;f
Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;? vlraI &;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm; onf trsKd ; om;'D r d k u a&pD t zG J U csKyf O uú | ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk tawGUtMuHKwpfcktjzpf&,lum rÅav;NrdKU
bk&m;yGJawmfuGif;ü vSnf;0dkif;BuD;rsm;zGJUum? NrKd Uay:ESifh aus;&Gmrsm;rS bk&m;yGv
J ma&mufr&I &dS m?
oGm;a&mufawGUqkHrIrsm;&SdcJhNyD; tzrf;tqD;rsm; a':atmifqef;pkMunfvma&mufrnfh c&D;pOf ausmif;rsm;ESit fh jrify;l aygif;aqmif&u G rf nft
h jyif 2016ckEpS w f iG f
yGaJ wmfumvtwGi;f aexdik Mf uonf/ yGaJ wmfoYkd awmifyikd ;f rS vma&muforl sm;jym;ojzihf awmus
vnf; &Sv d mcJo h nf/ rk&H mG NrKd UwGif qkawmif;jynfh rwkid rf D jzpfymG ;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ Ed0k ifbm 29&uf ausmif;rsm;üywf0ef;usifxed ;f odr;f a&; bmom&yfoifMum; ydYk cs
vma&mufonfhvSnf;rsm;jym;ojzihf aemufydkif; aumif;onfhyGJjzpfonf/ yGJawmfaps;wef;wGif
bk&m;ay:rSm 0wfjyKqkawmif;rnfh trsKd;orD; rGe;f vGyJ ikd ;f wGif rk&H mG NrKd UodYk a':atmifqef;pkMunf ay;jcif;ESihf pHerlem,lEdkif&eftwGuf *syefEdkifiH? usL½INrdKUodkY
wGif ae&m&&SdEdkif&ef aus;&GmwcsKdUu &ufapm awmifoo l ;Hk xef;avQmaf wmif;rsKd ;pk?H qefaum?
12OD;udk &Jpcef;uzrf;qD;cJo h nf/ tqkyd gzrf;qD;cH a&muf&SdvmcJhNyD; qm;vif;BuD;NrdKUe,f? uHukef; ac:aqmifavhvma&;c&D;pOfuykd g pDpOfaqmif&u G af y;oGm;rnfjzpf
vma&mufMu&m? ,cktcg yGJawmf&ufrwdkifrD qefcg? EGm;tvSqifypönf;rsdK;pkHrStp EGm;½dkuf
trsKd;orD;rsm; vGwaf jrmufa&;twGuf qE´jyrI aus;&GmwGif vlxkudk trSmpum;ajymMum;cJh aMumif; od&onf/ atmifaZ,sm
vqef; 8&ufrSmyif yGJawmfuGif;jynfhvSnf;0dkif; euef(wkw)f txd vma&mufa&mif;csonfh ypön;f
rsm; jzpfay:cJhonf/ ykvJNrdKUe,f jynfolY onf/ nydkif;ü rD;avmif'Pf&m& oHCmawmf
rsm; &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ rsm;rSm aus;vufo;Hk ypön;f rsm;jzpfojzihf awmus
vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f a':cifpef;vIdifonf
pufwifbmvtwGi;f rSm tmPmydik rf sm;ESihf awGU
qkHn§dEdIif;cJhonf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif vufyH
rsm; aq;ukorIc,
oGm;a&mufco
H al eaom rk&H mG aq;½kBH uD;odYk
hJ nf/ oydwpf cef;tm; tMurf;zuf
NzdKcGif;rIESifhywfoufí EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESifh
bk&m;yGJawmfusif;ycsdefwGif a'owGif;
awmifolrsm; xGef,ufysKd;BuJNyD;csdefjzpfojzihf
aumif;onfh aumif;rIawmfwefaqmifrkef;yGJrSm
pnfum;rI&Sdonfhtjyif aps;a&mif;olrsm;yg
tnma'obk & m;zl ; c&D ; pOf x J r S m
ygonfh zdkvf0ifawmifyGJawmfudk wef
rsm;\BuD;MuyfrjI zihf a&S;uwnf;u usi;f y
vmcJ&h m yGaJ wmftyk cf sKyfa&;ESiv fh jHk cKHa&;udk
ta&mif;qdkifrsm;yg vma&mufa&mif;csrI
&So d nf/
,ueygvtonf; apmihaf &SmufrtI pktzGrUJ S
awmifov l yk if ef; em;csed jf zpf&m? &GmrSb&k m;yGvJ m tqifajyonfhyGJBuD;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
awmif;awmif jynfolYnDvmcHudk awmifajc
&Sd qnfwnf;aus;&GmwGiu
26&yf xkwfjyefonf/ qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif
f si;f yNy;D qk;H jzwfcsuf
vlrIa&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u uefYuGuf½IwfcsMu
onf/ txufjrefrmjynfoHCmawmfrsm;tzGJUrS
EdkifiHawmftqihf 0efcsawmif;yefrI jyKvkyf&ef
olrsm;rSm bk&m;yGJapmapmvm? yGJawmfuGif;rSm atmifaZ,sm
aqmifrkef;vqef; 8&ufrS 15&uftxd
&uf&Snfusif;y&m okH;NrdKUe,fqkdif&m
bk&m;yGJjzpfonfhtjyif te,fe,f t&yf
a'owGif;oHCmawmfrsm;ESihf zkdvf0if
awmif,m,D&pJ cef;wdYk rS wm0ef,al pmihf
a&Smufay;cJMh uonf/
zdkvf0ifawmifyGJawmfudk a&S;tcg
u wefaqmifrkef;vqef; 13&ufrS
15&uftxdom usif;ycJh&m ,cktcg
vpOfbyD ;kd ? pDy;kd tcrJh ppfaq;ay;rnf
vufyHawmif;awmif aMu;eDpDrHudef; vkH;0&yf xkwfjyefaMunmonfhaemuf wpfEdkifiHvkH;wGif &yfu vma&mufonfyh jJG zpfojzihf pnfum; a'owGif;aus;&Gmrsm;rS zdkvf0if yGaJ ps;wef;tcif;tusi;f &Sv
d mjcif;? yGaJ wmf
qkid ;f &eftjyif b*FgvDta&;? ucsijf ynfe,fwiG f oHCmawmfrsm;ESifhtwl jynfolrsm;u qE´jy aMumif; od&onf/ awmifyGJawmfumvwGif zkdvf0ifawmif odkYvma&mufol rsm;jym;vmjcif;? vnf
jzpfymG ;aeaomppfy&JG yfqidk ;f a&;? zGUJ pnf;ykt H ajccH cJhonf/ 'DZifbm 5&ufwGif rÅav;awmifajc zdv
k 0f ifawmifyaJG wmfrmS oD;jcm;bk&m; awmfocifrBuD;eef;ü a&pifzdk;vSL'gef; ywfp&mae&mrsm;vmjcif;ESihf oGm;a&;
Oya'jyifqifa&;? 'Dru kd a&pDenf;us wuúov kd f r[mtwkva0,Hausmif;awmfBuD;wGif or®w yGJtjzpfusif;yjcif;r[kwfbJ ,if;rmyif t½dktaojyKMuum a&pifaomufMu vma&;vG,fulvmjcif;? ZmwfyGJBuD;rsm;
tufOya'rsm; ay:xGufvma&;? trsKd;orD; ½kH;0efBuD; OD;vSxGef;OD;aqmifNyD; usef;rma&; NrdKUe,f zdkvf0ifawmifESihf qm;vif;BuD; onf/ zkdvf0ifawmif bk&m;yGJawmfwGif xnfhoGif; usif;yvmjcif;rsm;aMumihf
rsm;ESihf uav;oli,fta&;rsm;yg yg0ifco hJ nf/ 0efBuD; a'gufwmazoufcif? ppfukdif;wkdif; NrdKUe,f a&TbawmifESihf teD;0ef;usif yGJawmfaps;wef;ü a'oxGufawmifay: ,cktcg vqef; 8&ufrS vqef; 15
Ekd0ifbm 17&ufwGif oydwfpcef; 6ck zGifh&m a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyf OD;omat;? rÅav;wdik ;f awmifrsm;tm; pkaygif;í zdkvf0ifawmif rQpcf sO?f &cdik if u
S af ysmoD;qdik rf sm;jym;rI&NdS y;D &uftxd usif;y&m 15&ufeHeufwGif
0rfaygif½kH; a&SUwpfckyg0ifonfh oydwfpcef; a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyf OD;&JjrifhESifh &JrSL;csKyf yGJtjzpf ac:a0:usif;yjcif;jzpfonf/ awm&ufcsnfxnfrsdK;pkH? awmifolokH; awmifay:oHCmawmfrsm;tm; qGrf;BuD;
rsm;okYd rÅav;? rk&H mG ESihf yckuLú NrKd Ursm;rS oHCm ausmfausmfxGef;wdkYu rÅav;? rkH&Gm? yckuúL ,if;rmyif? qm;vif;BuD;ESihf ykvJNrdKUe,f ypönf;rsdK;pkHESihf t0wftxnf? tpm; avmif;vSLaMumif; od&onf/
awmfrsm;yg <ua&mufyl;aygif;cJhonf/ Edk0ifbm NrdKUrsm;rS Mo0g'gp&d, q&mawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh rsm;rS oHCmawmfrsm;ESifh tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ taomuf? tdrfokH;vkyfief;okH; ypönf; atmifaZ,sm
23&ufwiG f a':cifpef;vIid u f vufyaH wmif;awmif xdcu dk 'f Pf&m&&Scd ahJ om oHCmawmfEiS hf omraP tonf;a&m*ga0'em&Sifrsm;tm; ulnDapmihfa&Smufay;
aMu;eD p D r H u d e f ; ES i f h y wf o uf í tusKd ; ouf tyg; 100 ausmfwdkYa&SUwGif 0efcsawmif;yef aeonfh ,ueygvtonf;apmihfa&SmufrI tpktzGJUu 2016
a&mufrItay: vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHawmftqifh
aumfr&Sifwpf&yfzGJUpnf;ppfaq;&ef jynfolY
vTwfawmfrSm ta&;BuD;tqkdwpf&yf wifoGif;
cJo h nf/
tpdk;&u a':atmifqef;pkMunf acgif;
aqmifaom pkpH rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sif wpf&yf
bmom&yf 18rsKd ; oifMum;ay;rnfh av,mOfarmif? av,mOfr,foifwef;zGirfh nf ckEpS t
f wGuf vpOf,ueygvbDy;kd ? pDy;kd tcrJh prf;oyfppfaq;rIrsm;
udk rÅav;NrdKU? 84vrf;? 31vrf;axmihf&Sd "r®omvmcef;rwGif
uRrf;usifq&m0efBuD;rsm;jzihf tcrJhaqmif&Gufay;rnfjzpfonf/
cJo h nf/ zGUJ pnf;ay;onf/ vli,fESihfvlvwfydkif;rsm;udk av wpfOD;u ausmif;tkyfBuD;wm0ef,lrnf ,ueygvtonf;apmihaf &SmufrI tpktzGUJ udk rÅav;NrKd U?
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;XmerS Ekd0ifbm 27&uf ppfudkif;wkdif;a'oBuD;? qm;vif;BuD; ,mOfarmif? av,mOfr,ftjzpfuRr;f usif jzpfonf/ oifwef;wGif t*Fvdyfpum; rd;k aumif;wdu k ?f jrpdr;f ausmif;q&mawmf b'´Å0g,r\ OD;aqmif
n 12em&D aemufq;Hk xm;í oydwpf cef;tm;vk;H NrdKUe,f? vufyHawmif;awmif aMu;eDpDrHudef; pGm wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkifrnfh av,mOf ajymoifwef; bmom&yf? a&S;OD;olemjyK
ydwfodrf;&ef trdefYxkwfonf/ oHCmawmfrsm;
u Nid r f ; csrf ; pG m qE´ j yoG m ;rnf j zpf a Mumif ;
ta&;onf ok;H ESpo f ;Hk rd;k MumcJo
jynfolrsm; auseyfvufcHrI&&Sdonftxd ajy
h nfwh ikd f a'ocH ppfudkif;aumif;rIawmf bk&m;yGJwGif r,f? av,mOfarmifoifwef;udk 'DZifbm
7&ufrSpwifí &efukefNrdKU? ykZGefawmif
tygt0if bmom&yf 18rsK;d oifMum;ay;
rnfjzpf&m oifwef;qif;Ny;D ygu uRr;f usif
rIjzihf 2013ckEpS f atmufwb
tonf;apmihaf &Smufrt
kd m 14&ufrmS pwifxal xmifco hJ nf/
I pktzGUJ udk tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D wpfv 1000usyf
vSL'gef;aiGjzihzf UJG pnf;cJ&h m ,cktcgrÅav;tygt0iftjcm; NrKd U&Gm
taMumif;jyefMum;onf/
1374 wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhn (Ekd0ifbm
vnfrrI &Sad o;bJ a'ocHjynforl sm;ESihf &JwyfzUJG
wdYk xdyw f u kd af wGUqkrH rI sm;vnf; jzpfay:cJo h nf/
uGef'kH; ESpfaomif; tcrJha0iS NrdKUe,f? Adkvfwaxmifbk&m;vrf;ESihf
taemf & xmvrf ; axmih f & S d ORCHID
onfh av,mOfarmif? av,mOfr,f
rsm;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifEdkifMurnf
rsm;rS toif;0ifOD;a& 3339OD; &SdNyDjzpfonf/ bDydk;? pDydk; tcrJh
ppfaq; rIudk 2016ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwpfvwnf;om 17&ufrS
29 eHeuf 3em&D)wGif &JwyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf txl;ojzihf 2014ckESpf 'DZifbm 22&uf ppfuikd ;f NrKd U txifu&aumif;rIawmfb&k m; uGef'kH;rsm; tcrJha0iSay;onf/ HotelwGif zGiv fh pS yf Ykd csrnfjzpf&m Ed0k ifbm jzpfonf/ 20&uftxdaqmif&Gufay;rnfjzpfNyD; usef 11 vudk vpOf 21
oydwpf cef;rsm;tm; rD;owfyu kd rf sm;jzifh pwifNzKd eHeufyikd ;f u jrefrm0rfaygifurk P Ü u
D avsmaf Mu; BuD; wefaqmifrek ;f yGaJ wmfumvwGif rÅav;NrKd U? aumif;rIawmfwefaqmifrkef;yGJrSm wef 22&ufu rÅav;pme,fZif;rdwfquf tqdyk goifwef;udk &efuek Nf rKd Uü ESpv f &ufrS 24&uftxd ppfaq;ay;rnfjzpfonf/
cGif;cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf rD;avmifAkH;rsm;jzihf r,laom a'ocHrsm;\ ae&mrsm;udk ukrP Ü u
D jynfBuD;wHceG Nf rKd Ue,f&dS Marie Stopes Myanmar aqmifrkef;vqef; 8&ufrSpwif&m vqef; yGu
J kd 84vrf;? 32-33Mum;&Sd D&G Food MumzGiv fh pS yf Ykd csrnfjzpf&m e,fro S ifwef; bDy;kd ? pDy;kd ppfaq;Ny;D ygu a&m*gawGU&So d rl sm;udk xyfrrH wd;k
ypfcwfvlpkcGJonf/ rD;avmifAkH;aMumifh oydwf e,ferd w d o f wfrw S jf cHpnf;½d;k cwf&ef jyifqifru I kd u ppfuikd ;f NrKd Ue,f MuufajceDtoif;\ ylaygif; 12&ufrS 15&ufrsm;wGif pnfum;rI&Sdonf/ Center wGif jyKvkyfaMumif; od&onf/ om;rsm;tm; wnf;cdkaexdkifa&; wm0ef atmif aq;tnTe;f ay;jcif;? aq;0,f,&l eftwGuf axmufcpH m
pcef;rsm; rD;avmifuRrf;oGm;cJhNyD; oHCmawmf a'ocHrsm;u wm;jrpf&mrS y#dyu© pwifjzpf yg0ifrjI zihf HIV/AIDS use;f rma&;todynmay; yGJawmf&ufrsm;wGif aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS oifwef;zGiv fh pS f rdwq f ufywJG iG f a&T ,lrnfjzpfonf/ oifwef;udk oifwef; a&;ay;jcif;rsm;jyKvkyu f m tonf;a&m*ga0'em&Sirf sm; a&Smif&ef?
rsm; rD;avmif'Pf&mrsm; tjyif;txef&&SdcJh yGm;rIESihftwl a'ocHawmifoltrsKd;orD;BuD; jycef;zGihfvSpfum? uGef'kH;ESpfaomif; tcrJha0iS vma&mufolrsm;jym;&m aus;vufae jynfol rÅav;owif;*sme,f t,f'DwmcsKyf? aMu;aiGusyf ud;k ode;f jzihf vufco H ifMum; wnf;cdkp&dwfrsm;udk oifwef;rS uscHay; aqmif&efESihf tpm;taomufvrf;nTefrIrsm;udkygtcrJhjyKvkyf
Muonf/ rkH&Gmaq;½kHBuD;odkY 'Pf&mjyif;xefpGm wpfO;D aoqk;H rIrmS tpd;k &twGuf rsuEf mS ysuNf y;D aMumif;od&onf/ rsm; usef;rma&;todynmwdk;yGm;ap&efESihf q&modu k x f eG ;f oufEiS fh The International ay;rnfjzpf&m oifwef;qif;rsm;twGuf rnfjzpfNyD; pmar;yG0J ifaMu;udk ajzqdrk nfh ay;rnfjzpfonf/ ,ueygv tonf;apmihfa&SmufrItpktzGJUrS
jzihf oHCmawmf 51yg; a&muf&SdcJhonf/ jrefrm &if; ysufp&m jzpfcJhonf/ tqkdygaeY rGef;vGJ wefaqmifrek ;f vqef; 13? 14? 15&ufrsm;ü a&m*ga0'emqdik &f m odaumif;p&mrsm;? aqmif Air Tansport AssociationrS 'g½dkufwm tvkyftudkif&&Sdap&ef EdkifiHwum av oifwef;om;u uscH&rnfjzpfonf/ e,fvn S phf pfaq;&mwGif &Sr;f jynfe,f?ucsifjynfe,f? ppfuikd ;f ESihf
Ak'¨bmom0ifrsm;\ aeYxl;aeYjrwfrSm &[ef; 2em&DcefYwGif a'ocHawmifolrsm;ESifh &JwyfzGJU jycef;zGihfvSpfcJh&m ckcHtm;usa&m*g todynm &efa&Smif&efESihf BudKwifumuG,fa&;qdkif&mrsm; oGe;f aepd;k wdYk uav,mOfyso H ef;rIqikd &f mESifh aMumif;vdik ;f rsm;jzihf csw d qf ufaqmif&u G f rÅav;NrKd UrS pdwyf g0ifpm;olrsm; tm; weoFm&Dwdkif;a'oBuD; paoma'orsm;txda&muf&SdNyD; ,aeY
oHCmawmfrsm;tay: tMurf;zufNzdKcGif;cJhonfh odYk ESpzf ufxyd w f u kd af wGUNy;D ypfcwfrrI sm;jzpfymG ; ay;ESihf om;qufjcm;todynmay; pm&Gufrsm; twGuf Marie Stopes Myanmar u yGJawmf av,mOfr,f? av,mOfarmif oifwef; ay;rnf jzpfonf/ tjynfjynfqdkif&m 'DZifbm 4&uf? 5&ufrsm;wGif eHeuf txd bDy;kd ? pDy;kd ppfaq;ay;NyD;ol wpfaomif;ausmf&NdS yDjzpfonf/
jzpf&yfrSm tpdk;&twGuftrnf;pufjzpfcJhonf/ cJh&m rdk;BudK;jyiftv,f&GmrS touf 50 ausmf tcrJha0iSjcif;ESihftwl vma&mufppfaq;cHol &uftjynfh aqmif&GufEdkifjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; qdkif&mrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajymMum;onf/ avaMumif;o,f,yl Ykd aqmifa&; toif; 10em&D r S rG e f ; vG J 2em&D t xd Hotel ,ueygvtpktzGJUu tpktzGJU0ifrsm;tm; pnf;½kH;a&;
EdkifiHawmfowif;xkwfjyefa&;tzGJUu ta&;,l t&G,f a':cif0if;aoqk;H cJo h nf/ vufyaH wmif; rsm;udk a&m*gydk;&Sd^r&Sd aoG;azmufppfaq;jcif;? vmrnfhESpfyGJawmfumvwGif yGJawmf&uf tp av,mOfr,f? av,mOfarmifoifwef;udk BuD;\ todtrSwfjyKvufrSwftwGuf Mandalay cef;rwGif oifwef;taMumif; toGijf zihf zGUJ pnf;ay;jcif;jzpf&m toif;om; OD;a& 100jynfah tmif
aqmif&u G rf rI sm;onf Oya'ESit hf nDjzpfaMumif; awmifta&;onf tpdk;&opftwGuf ajz&Sif;& a&m*gqdkif&mtodynmay; a[majymjcif;rsm; tqk;H todynmay;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G of mG ; urÇ m ausmf a vaMumif ; vd k i f ; BuD ; rsm;ü xdkif;EdkifiHwGif oGm;a&mufajzqdk&rnf &Sif;vif;ajymMum;jcif;ESihf oifwef;om; pnf;½k;H Edik of tl m; ,ueygvyg&rDbUJG ? 1000jynfah tmif pnf;½k;H
&Sif;vif;cJhNyD;aemuf em&Dtenf;i,ftMumrSm cufaom 0efxyk 0f efy;dk wpfcjk zpfvmrnf[v k nf; jyKvkyfNyD; yGJawmfvmolrsm;tm;a&m*gBudKwif rnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ armif;ESicf NhJ y;D em&Daygif; 9600 ausm&f &Sd jzpfojzihf xdik ;f Edik if w
H iG f pmar;yGaJ jzqdrk nfh vufcjH cif;rsm;udk aqmif&u G o
f mG ;rnfjzpf Edkifoltm; ,ueygvy&rwåyg&rDbGJUESihf toif;0ifwpfaomif;?
yif tqkdyg&Sif;vif;csufudk y,fzsufoGm;cJh Edik if aH &;tuJcwforl sm;u cefYrSe;f xm;Muonf/ umuG,fzdkY? ul;pufrI r&SdzkdY todynmay;um atmifaZ,sm xm;NyD;jzpfonfh 0g&ihfav,mOfrSL;BuD; c&D;pOftwGuf toGm;tjyefc&D;p&dwfESihf aMumif;od&onf/ atmifaZ,sm wpfoed ;f &&Sad tmif pkpnf;Edik o f rl sm;udk owfrw
S bf UJG xl;? *kPx
f ;l rsm;
ay;tyfcsD;jr§ihfaMumif; od&onf/ atmifaZ,sm
10 11

aMu;wl&,d m armif;rsm;ukd oHrsm;jzifxh wk vf yk Ef idk &f ef pDrvH su&f &dS m a&G;aumufyGJESifU wdkufyGJrsm;aMumifU
c&D;oGm;jynforl sm; ab;uif;vkjH cKH r&I adS p&ef NrKd U BuD;okH;ckwGif ITS uGyuf aJ &;pifwmrsm; xm;&Sad qmif&uG rf nf jynfBuD;r*Fvmukefwif,mOf&yfem;pcef; ukefum;*dwftcsKdY
uke;f vrf;f ykYd aqmifa&;OD;pD;Xme\ tpDtpOf &efpDpOfaeaMumif; od&onf/
2016ckEpS wf iG f aps;uGutf wGi;f pwif0ifa&mufrnf[k od& &yfem;xm;&jcif;rSm aumvm[v[k
jzifch &D;oGm;,mOfrsm;wGicf &D;onfrsm;ab;uif;
vkHjcHKrI&Sd&ef? ,mOfoGm;vmaepOf tÅ&m,f
]EkdifiHwumu um;awGrSmawmh Walk-
ing Talking ygw,f? uGyfuJa&;pifwmawGrSm
rEåav;NrdKU? csrfjrompnfNrdKUe,f? wrÜ0wD
&yfuGufwGif ]aMu;? BudK;? om;a&? av?
xGuf rSeaf tmifyjJ yKvkyEf idk yf gw,f? *DwtoHawG
Oyrm- ajcmufaygufoH&atmiftwGufqdk&if
ta0;ajy;ukefpnf0efaqmiftoif; Ouú|u ajymMum;
uif;&efESihf ,mOfrawmfwqrIrsm;avsmhenf; Walking Talking wkdifawG axmifxm;ay;& vufcyk }f [k ac:onfh jrefrmhw&l , d mypön;f wGif aMu;armif;awGvdk toHazmf? toHxnfhEdkifwJh
oGm;&ef? ,mOfrawmfwqjzpfay:vmyguvnf; w,f? ,mOfarmif;eJYuGyfuJa&;pifwmeJY tNrJ yg0ifonfh aMu;wl&d,mrSarmif;rsm;udk oHjzifh ynm&Sifvdktyfygw,f? wl&d,mtjzpftoHk;jyK
jzpfpOfrsm;tm; jyefvnfMunh½f EI idk Nf y;D taxmuf wrf; tquftoG,f&Sdaew,f? ,mOfarmif;u prf;oyfjyKvkyv f su&f &dS m ,cktcg atmifjrifomG ; Ekdifatmiftxd prf;oyfoGm;zdkY &Sdygw,f}[k
txm;rsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf &nf&G,fí Interna- armif;aeayr,fh wpfcgwavtdyfidkufwJhtcsdef NyDjzpfojzifh 2016ckEpS w f iG f aps;uGut f wGi;f odYk 4if;u qufvufajymonf/
tional T echnology System (ITS)jzihf rÅav;? rSm owday;vkdY&w,f? c&D;onfvkHjcHKa&;ukd a&muf&v dS mawmhrnf[k oHarmif;rsm;udk prf;oyf oHarmif;rsm;udk prf;oyfjyKvkyf&mwGif ESpf
&efuek ?f aejynfawmfNrKd Ursm;wGif Control Center vnf;apmihMf unhaf y;zkYd twGuf ok;H xm;Muw,f? jyKvkyaf eonfh aMu;oGe;f ynm&Sif udak tmifoef; ayt&G,o f aH rmif;rsm;udk pwifprf;oyfcjhJ cif;jzpf
(uGyfuJa&;pifwm)rsm;xm;&Sdum vkyfief;rsm; 'DrmS u tifwmeufvidk ;f ? zke;f vkid ;f awGu aumif; armfu ajymonf/ Ny;D oHxnfjzpfonft h wGuf qdu k rf sm;udk vdt k yf
tjrefq;Hk vkyaf qmifEidk &f efwyfqifrrI sm;jyKvkyf zkdY trsm;BuD;vkdao;w,f? csufcsif;taMumif; ]armif;wl&d,mu ußGefawmfwdkYEdkifiHu onfht&G,ftpm;txdjyKvkyfEdkifNyD; aMu;jzihf
aeaMumif; od&Sd&onf/ Mum;zkdYaES;aeao;w,f? Xmeqkdif&mcGihfjyKcsuf xGu&f w dS hJ uk, d yf ikd yf pön;f yg? armif;udk aMu;eJYyJ jyKvkyo f nfah rmif;rsm;onf vdt k yfonfh t&G,f
]okH;ae&muae wpfjynfvkH;rSm&SdwJh ukef; awGeYJ wyfqiftok;H jyKapcsiw f ,f}[k wm0ef,l jyKvkyfMuwmyg? oHarmif;awGudk xdkif;EdkifiHu tpm;BuD;rm;vmvQif ukeMf urf;&Sm;yg;jcif;? ynm a&G;aumufyGJumvESifh vuf&Sd jzpfyGm;cJh rsm;aeawmh ukefpnfwifydkUc aps;awGusae
vrf;ykdYaqmifa&;,mOfawGtm;vkH;ukd control wyfqifay;aeolwpfOD;u ajymonf/ ae xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaewmudkawGU&w,f? ydkif;eufeJjcif;? ukefusp&dwfrsm;jym;jcif;aMumifh onfh wdkufyGJrsm;aMumifh rEåav;NrdKU jynfBuD; wmyg? tvkyfodyfrjzpfawmh ukefum;*dwf 10
vkyfzkdY &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdw,f? vuf&SdrSmawmh uke;f vrf;ykYd aqmifa&;vufatmuf&dS uke;f ud, k Ehf ikd if rH mS jyKvkyEf ikd yf gvsuef YJ jynfyuae0,f vkyaf qmif&mwGif tcuftcJrsm;&Su d m oHxnf r*Fvmukefwif,mOf&yfem;pcef;wGif ukefum; *dwfausmf ydwfxm;&w,f}[k ta0;ajy;
tarmif;oif,mOfawGrSmwyfqifxm;wJhtjyif ITS pepfjzifh armfawmf,mOfarmif;ESifrIudk Munhf½IEdkifrnfh uGyfuJa&;pifwm vrf;ykYd aqmifa&;XmeeJY rdwzf ufajy;qGaJ eonhf ,lae&wmudk jrifawGU&wJhtwGuf tckvdk oH jzifhjyKvkyfonfharmif;rsm;onf a&&SnfcdkifcHhap *dwftcsKdU &yfem;xm;&jcif;rSm aumvm[v ukefpnfydkUaqmifa&; 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;&Sif
uy& vufatmuf&dS pcef;awG&UJ vkjH cKH a&;twGuf rEåav;-&efukef? aejynfawmf-&efukefajy; armif;awGudk prf;oyfjyKvkyf&jcif;jzpfygw,f? &ef OD;pm;ay;vkyaf qmifrEI iS t hf wl ukeu f sp&dwf jzpfaMumif; ta0;ajy;ukefpnfydkUaqmifa&; rsm;toif; twGif;a&;rSL; OD;ausmfol&u
uifr&mawGwyfqifNyD; tcsuftvufawG qGJaeonhf c&D;onf,mOfrsm;ESifh*dwfcef;rsm; tckq&kd if oHarmif;udk pyfoyfaewm atmifjrif oufomjcif;rsm;aMumifh aps;uGuf xdk;azmuf 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;&Sifrsm; toif;Ouú| OD;0if; ajymonf/
pkaqmif;zdkY pDpOfxm;ygw,f? fiber cable vdkif; qufNyD; rdrdwkdYajy;qGJaeonhf ,mOfrsm;wGif wG i f v nf ; wyf q if t ok H ; jyKaeNyD j zpf a Mumif ; oGm;ygNyD? armif;wpfvHk;xGuf&Sd&r,fhtoHudk rIwiG f aps;uGuaf 0pk&&Sv d mEkid o f nf[k od&onf/ jrifhu ajymonf/ ]tcef;cay;p&m r&Sdbl;qdkawmh? ay;p&m
awG&&ifaumif;aumif;vkyv f Ydk &ygNyD? tckawmh ITS pepfukd wyfqiftokH;jyKygu rawmfwq od&onf/ &&SdvmNyDjzpfwmaMumifh rMumrDtcsdefrSm aps; ]oHarmif;prf;oyfcJhwmrSm pGefYpm;&rIu ]um;uGif;xJrSm tm;vHk; yHkrSeftwdkif; r&SdwJh taMumif;t&if;u wpfaeUvkyfvdkU&wJh
Phone Card ModemeJ Y yJ ok H ; aeao;wm? jzpfay:Ekid o f nhf tÅ&m,frsm;tm;tcsdeef YJ wpf ]Network vkyfNyD;oGm;NyD? jyifyyk*¾vdu uGux f u J kd jzefYEdik af wmhrmS jzpfygw,f}[k aMu; BuD;BuD;rm;rm;r&Sdygbl;? aMu;oGef;ynm&yf vnfywfaeygw,f? um;uGif;xJMunfhvdkufyg 0ifaiGuae tcef;cawmifay;avmufatmif
rÅav; uaetxufydkif;NrdKUawGjzpfwJh oydwf ajy; nDBudKwiftoday;Ekdifovkd jzpfay:cJhygu ,mOfykdif&SifawGuvnf; uRefawmfwkdY&JU net- oGef;ynm&Sif udkatmifoef;armfu ajymonf/ avmuf pGeYf pm;rIrBuD;rm;bl;qdak yr,fh ap;suu G f ukefum;awG &Sif;aewmtjrifygyJ}[k 4if;u r&bl;qdkwJh ukefum;*dwfawG rMum;rdygbl;?
usi;f ? vm;½I;d ? usKid ;f wk?H awmifBuD;? vGKd ifaumf? vnf; odrf;xm;onhfrSwfwrf;rsm;ukd jyefvnf armfawmf,mOfwGif wyfqifxm;&rnfh
work xJ0ifNy;D olwYdk &JU*dwe f YJ ,mOfarmif;wmawG ]oHarmif;udk prf;oyfjyKvkyfwmu aMu; a0pk&zdYk twGuf rvG,u f w l maMumifh rprf;oyf qufvufajymonf/ Oyrm-ukefum;*dwfwpfcku wpfaeUudk yHkrSef
a&Tb?dk yckuLú ? rdwv D¦ m? atmufq&dk if awmifil MunhNf y;D jzpfay:vmonhf jyóemtay:wpfzuf Receiver ukd apmihaf &Smufay;zkYd ajymvm&ifvnf; ukeu f s armif;aps;uGuu f kd xdcu kd af tmif&nf&, G jf yKvkyf Muwmjzpfygw,f? oHarmif;awGukd vuf&adS tmif jynfBuD;r*Fvm ukew f if,mOf&yfem; pcef; wpfodef;0if&if wpfaomif;udk tcef;cay;zdkU
txdygr,f? aejynfawmfu ½k;H csKyfeYJ teD;0ef; wpfvrf;rSvnf; ajz&Sif;ay;EdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; p&dwfawGukd wGufcsufNyD; ESpfOD;ESpfzufnd§EdIif; wmrsKd ;r[kwyf gbl;? oHarmif;awGukd olrsm;Edik if H armif; tqifu h ae qdik ;f 0dik ;f oH;k armif;wl&, d m wGif 2014 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvu &efuek -f rEåav; csefxm;&if bmtcuftcJrS&SdrSm r[kwfbl;?
usi?f &efuek uf awmhatmufyikd ;f rSm&Sw d hJ [oFmw? od&onf/ ESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&u G t f ok;H jyKEkid af Mumif;? vk y f z k d Y twG u f v nf ; &nf & G , f x m;ygw,f ? uae0,f,lae&wmaMumifh oGif;ukeftpm;xdk; tjzpfx&d &Sad tmif BudK;pm;oGm;ygr,f}[k aMu; ukefpnfwifydkUc wpfydómvSsif usyf 30 ukef*dwfawG tcef;wpfcef;udk wpfv usyf
armfvNrdKiftxdygr,f}[k rÅav;NrdKU ukef; ]t"duuawmh tjrefvrf;ray:rSm oGm; wyfqiftokH;jyK&mwGif ukefusrIoufomNyD; yk*¾vdu,mOf*dwfawG ,mOfydkif&SifawGudkvnf; ae&m,lEkdifapzdkYqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufeJY jyKvkyf& oGef;ynm&Sif udkatmifoef;armfu ajymonf/ 0ef;usif &Scd ahJ omfvnf; ,ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmvwGif oH;k ode;f ay;&wmyg? tm;vH;k tqifajyatmif
vrf;ykdYaqmifa&;tajcpdkuf tvkyf½kHtrSwf(4) aewJh Highway Bus awG&JU ,mOfwdkufrI t&nftaoG;rD uk&d ;D ,m;Ekid if x H wk f CCTVrsm; BudKqkyd gw,f}[k rEåav;NrKd U uke;f vrf; ykYd aqmif jcif;jzpfygw,f? armif;toH&&SdzdkY trsKd;rsKd; tqdyk goHarmif;rsm;onf xdik ;f Edik if v H yk f oH ukefpnfwifydkUc wpfydómvQif usyf 20 0ef; ajcmufvwpfcgoGif;&wJh tajctaejzpfatmif
rS wm0ef&SdolwpfOD;u ajymonf/ tÅ&m,f? &mZ0wfrItEå&m,fawGuif;&Sif;ap ESihf qufpyfypönf;rsm;ukdom tokH;jyKoGm;rnf a&;tajcpdkuf tvkyf½kHtrSwf(4)rS wm0ef&Sdol prf;oyfc&hJ ygw,f? oHjym;txltyg;ay:rlwnfNy;D armif;rsm;xuf aps;EIef;csKdomEdkifNyD; aps;uGuf usifxad ps;&S&d m ,cifEpS x f uf aps;EIe;f usqif; zefwD;ay;xm;ygw,f}[k ta0;ajy;ukefpnf
ITSuGyfuJa&;pifwmrsm; xm;&Sdjcif;jzifh zkdY twGuf&nf&G,fwyfqifxm;wmyg? 'Dwkdif; jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ wpfOD;u ajymonf/ toHxu G u f jJG ym;ygw,f? vuf&t dS csed rf mS wl&, d m wGijf zefYcsEd ikd &f eftwGuf aps;EIe;f rowfrw S &f ao; cJo
h jzifh ukeu f m;*dwt
f csKUd &yfem;xm;&aMumif; ydkUaqmifa&;0efaqmifrI vkyfief;&Sifrsm;toif;
ukef;vrf;ykdYaqmifa&;vufatmuf&Sd Global wyfxm;wmxuf uGyu f aJ &;pifwmawGxm;NyD; ]um;armif;aewJhtcsdef billu trsm;BuD; rEåav; jynfBuD;wHcGefNrdKUe,f? uaemif tjzpftoHk;jyKvdkY&Edkifatmiftxd atmifjrifrI aomfvnf; aMu;armif;rsm;xuf aps;EIe;f csKo d m owif;xGufay:aejcif; jzpfonf/ OuúX OD;0if;jrifhu ajymonf/
Positional System (GPS)pepfwyfqifxm; uGyfuJae&ifup to date rIcif;awGukdBudKwif rukefbl;? uGyfuJa&;pifwmuae download vrf;rBuD;? pufrIZkef(1)? OD;yknvrf;? vrf;60? r&ao;ayr,fh atmifarmif;tjzpf toH;k jyKvdYk rnfjzpfum oHxnfypönf;rsm;jzpfaomaMumifh ]tck yGifhvif;&moDjzpfaeNyD; um;cawG jynfBuD;r*Fvm ukew f if,mOf&yfem; pcef;
onhf c&D;onfwif,mOfrsm;oGm;vm&mwGif umuG,o f mG ; Edik rf mS yg? Control Center awGu vkyfaewJh tcsdefeJY? tcsdefjynhfMunhfaecsdefu atvrf;ESihfbDvrf;Mum;&Sd &xm;ykdYaqmifa&; &EdkifNyDjzpfygw,f? wl&d,mtjzpftoHk;jyKEdkifzdkY aMu;armif;uJhodkY ruGJEdkifonfh tm;omcsuf aps;aumif;&oifhayr,fh aps;usaew,f? a&G; wGif ,mOfvdkif;aygif; 200 ausmf&SdNyD; tqdkyg
vrf;aMumif;wpfavQmufrw S wf rf;rsm;?vkjH cHKa&; ae CCTV awGukd tifwmeufeJYcsdwfqufNyD; awmhukefrSm? um;rSm GPS pepfvnf;ygw,f? 0efBuD;Xme? ukef;vrf;ykdYaqmifa&;tajcpdkuf qd&k if toHawGux kd nfEh ikd w
f hJ ynm&Sief YJ yl;aygif; ESifhtwl a&S&SnfcdkifcHhrIudk OD;pm;ay;jyKvkyfxm; aumufyGJ&SdcJhawmh ukefonfawG pdwf0ifpm;rI ukefwif,mOf&yfem;pcef;rS ukef*dwfrsm;onf
uifr &mrsm;wyfqifxm;onhf XmecGrJ sm;twGuf okH;xm;w,f? um;awGrSmu Phone Card Internet live vnf; ygw,f? GPS uawmh tvky½f t Hk rSw(f 4)tay: xyfwiG f International zdkY vdktyfygw,f? ußGefawmfwdkYu armif;toH onf[k od&onf/ rif;cefY(rEåav;) enf;cJwh ,f? ukerf &Sad wmh rajy;qG&J wJh um;awG rEåav;NrdKUrS jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0Srf;odkU ukefpnf
control vkyv f Ydk &rnht f jyif yk*v ¾ u
d ,mOfyidk &f iS f Modem okH; tifwmeufvkdif;ukdokH;&w,f? um;oGm;aewJh vrf;aMumif;ukd ajrykeH YJ Munhv f Ydk Technology System jzifhuGyfuJa&;pifwmukd ydkUaqmifay;vsuf&SdaMumif; od&onf/
rsm;u yl;aygif;yg0ifvmyguvnf; tcaMu; zGihfvSpfxm;aMumif;? pifwmwGif tpnf;ta0;
aiGjzihf 0efaqmifrrI sm; ay;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif;?
uGyfuJrIpifwmrSmvnf; tifwmeuf fiber
vkid ;f awGr&ao;vkYd Phone ModemeJYyJo;Hk ae&
&w,f? um;&yfomG ;wm LCD Wall rSmvmjyae
&if ,mOfarmif;eJY wdu k ½f ukd qf ufo, G af r;Munhf jyKvkyEf idk o f nht f at;cef;? ITS pepfjzifh vIy&f mS ; rdkbdkif;u@ zGHY NzdK;wdk;wufa&;ESifUxl;cRefxufjrufonfU vli,frsm;tm;qkcsD;jr§ifU rif;cefY(rEåav;)

uGyfuJa&;½kH;rS apmihfMunhfum owif;tcsuf ao;w,f? tckcsdefrSm tifwmeufvkdif;aES; vkYd &w,f? tckavmavmq,f ,mOfarmif;ol&UJ rIrsm;ukd uptodate Munhf½IEkdifonhf armfeDwm
tvufrsm;ukd tcsdefumvwpfcktwGif; odrf; aeawmh wpfzufuvIyf&Sm;rIukd 10puúefY zkef;eJYuGyfuJa&;pifwmu zkef;eJYcsdwfqufxm; tcef;ESiefh m;aecef;wkYd yg0ifaMumif;? vkyif ef;&Sif qrfaqmif;jrefrmrS xl;cRefxufjrufonfh vli,f Mo- World AIDS daytxdrf;trSwfusif;yrnf
qnf;ay;oGm;rnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ ITS avmuf aemufusNyD;rS jrif&w,f? Fiber w,f}[k wm0ef,lwyfqifay;aeolwpfOD;u rsm;taejzihf tcaMu;aiGay;oGif;NyD; tpnf; bile App Developer rsm; ydr
k akd y:xGuv
f mapa&;twGuf rÅav; HIV Positive uav;i,frsm;tm; jyKpkapmihfa&Smuf
jzihfuGyfuJa&;pifwmrsm;wGif enf;ynmrsm;? vkid ;f awG&vm&ifawmh ESppf uúeYf avmufyaJ emuf ajymonf/ ta0;cef;ukdvnf;tokH;jyKEkdifaMumif;? ITSESihf uGefysLwmwuúodkvfwGif atmufwdkbm 22&ufrS Edk0ifbm ay;aeonfh okc&dyfNrKH(rÅav;) vli,fzGHUNzdK;a&; y&[dw
LCD wallrsm;ESifh pufu& d,
d mypön;f rsm; wyfqif usNyD;rS jrif&rSm}[k Spring Yangon rS wm0ef ITS pepfjzihf uGyfuJa&;pifwmrsm;zGihfvSpf ywfoufNyD; uGyfuJa&;pifwmwGif yl;aygif; 22&uftxd oifMum;ayaeonfh Samsung Tech Institute An- a*[m&Sd uav;i,frsm;tm; pdwftm[m&jzpfap&ef
jcif;rsm;ukd pifumylEidk if rH S wif'gatmifjrifxm; &SdolwpfOD;u ajymonf/ í CCTVuif r &mrsm;uk d tif w meuf E S i h f aqmif&u G v f ydk guvnf; uke;f vrf;ykYd aqmifa&; droid Mobile Application Developmet Training Program 'DZifbm 5&ufwiG f azsmaf jza&;yGrJ sm; usi;f yrnfjzpfaMumif;
onhf Spring Yangon rS uefx½dkufpepfjzihf yk * ¾ v d u ,mOf y d k i f & S i f r sm;taejzif h rd r d csdwq f uftok;H jyKjcif;rSm jrefrmEdik if w H iG f yxr tajcpdu k t f vky½f t Hk rSw(f 4) zke;f 09-5154920? 2015 oifwef;qif;yGu J kd Ed0k ifbm 24&ufu rÅav;uGeyf sLwm od&onf/
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufaeaMumif; armfawmf,mOftm; pD;eif;tok;H jyKaeonhf c&D; OD;qk;H jzpfaMumif;? Ekid if w
H umenf;wl uGyu f aJ &; 09-5154921wdkYodkY qufoG,far;jref;Ekdif wuúodkvfü usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaMumif; od&onf/ okc&dyfNrKH(rÅav;) vli,fy&[dwa*[mwGif
od&onf/ onfrsm;\ vkjH cKH a&;ESifh ,mOftÅ&m,fuif;&Si;f pifwmESi, fh mOfarmif;rsm;tm; tcsed Ef iS w fh pfajy; aMumif; od&onf/ ]tckoifwef;rSm ausmif;om; ausmif;ol 75a,muf rdbrJhESihfcdkudk;&mrJh HIVul;pufcHuav;i,frsm;tm; apmihf
yk*¾vduum;*dwfrsm;taejzifh ,mOfrsm; a&;twGuf uifr&mrsm;ESihf qufpyfypön;f rsm; nD csw d q
f ufajymqkEd idk rf nhf pum;ajympuf Walk- rsKd;ausmfausmf wufa&mufNy;D ok;H a,mufwpfzUJG eJY Application awGukd zefw;D jyK a&Smufxm;&S&d m a*[mrSaexdik pf m;aomufa&;? use;f rma&;
tm; uy&uGyfuJa&;pifwmeJY yl;aygif;csdwf ukd vkdtyfovkdwyfqifNyD; uGyfuJa&;pifwm ing Talking rsm;ukdvnf; wyfqiftokH;jyKoGm; vkyfcdkif;NyD; ,SOfNydKifapcJhygw,f? tzGJU 25zGJU&SdwmaMumifh Appli- tjyif twef;ynmoifMum;a&;rsm;udyk g wm0ef,al qmif&u G f
cation 25ck xGua f y:vmygw,f? ausmif;om;awG zefw;D xm;wJh Data rsm;tm; tcse d rf a&G; Access/Update vkyEf ikd &f ef &nf&, G f vsuf&Sdonf/ a*[mrS uav;i,frsm;tm; vufcH&mwGif
Application awGukd *l*v J 0f ufbq f u kd rf mS wifay;oGm;rSm jzpfwm a&;qGx J m;aom DC Helper Application u'kw, d qk? uGeyf sLwm touf wpfESpfcGJrS 12ESpftwGif;udkomvufcHapmihfa&Smuf

ESmap; ? ESm,kd&if b,fvdknS pf rvJ


aMumifh rnforl qdak 'gif;vkyq f NJG y;D toH;k jyKEdik rf mS jzpfygw,f? tck wuúodkvf(rHk&Gm)rS armifrsdK;olatmif? armif&Jxufatmif? ay;&m? HIVa&m*gyd;k ul;pufcrH b d rJu
h av;i,frsm;tm; pepf
vdk jrefrmvli,fawG udk,fwdkif Application awGudk zefwD;vm armifz;kd i,fwYkd u jrefrmEdik if w
H pf0rS ;f vH;k &Sd wuúov
kd 0f ifwef;ajz wus jyKpkapmihfa&SmufrIudk rdom;pkykHpHjzihf aexdkifBuD;jyif;
Edkifovdk enf;ynm&SifawG ay:xGufvmapzdkYtxd &nf&G,fxm; qdMk urnfh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;twGuf ar;cGeaf [mif;rsm; ap&ef apmihfa&Smufay;vsuf &Sdonf/
ygw,f}[k Samsung Myanmar \ refae*sif;'g½dkufwm avhvmEdik af p&efEiS hf pmar;yGaJ jzqd&k mwGif taxmuftul&ap&ef uav;i,frsm; pdwt f yef;ajz vGwv f yfaysm&f iT af p&ef
Mr.Nam Sik Ahn u ajymonf/ &nf&, J m;aom Grade 11 QA Application u yxrqk
G af &;qGx okc&dyjf rKH(rÅav;)rS tcgtm;avsmpf mG aysmyf &JG iT yf ?JG tm;upm;
ESm&nf,kdwJhtcg ESmacgif;ayguf ESpfzufpvkH;ukd n§pfNyD; rSm&SdwJh av*vkdifaygufxJukd ESm&nfawGjyefrpD;apbJ ESmacgif; rÅav;uGeyf sLwmwuúov kd w f iG f jyKvkyo f nfh Samsung &&SdcJhNyD;qk&&Sdolrsm;udk owfrSwfxm;onfhqkaMu;rsm;twdkif; yGrJ sm; aqmif&u h nf/ World AIDS day txdr;f trSwf
G af y;cJo
xkw&f if tqifrajyygbl;/ pkyH w d n
f p§ &f if em;ESpzf ufuae avawG tjyifbuf vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfxGufxGufapygw,f/ Tech Institute NydKifyü JG uGeyf sLwmwuúov kd (f vm;&d;I )rS armifpikd ;f ay;tyfcsD;jrSifhcJhaMumif; od&onf/ jzpfonfh 'DZifbm 3&ufwGifrusif;ybJ yl;aygif;yg0ifrnfh
xGuNf y;D [Ge;f wD;ovkd toHawGMum;&vkYd tae&cufapygw,f/ ESmacgif;twGi;f t&nfawGjynfNh y;D ESm&nf,w dk moufom pdk;[ef? armifpdkif;atmifrdef;? reef;,dif;qdkifavm0fwdkYu r*Fvm tqdkygoifwef;wGif ausmif;om;rsm; zefwD;jyKvkyfxm; NGO y&[dwtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;yg0ifEi kd &f ef 'DZifbm 5&ufrmS
ESmacgif;aygufwpfzufukd zdxm;NyD; usefwpfzufuaen§pf atmif ESmacgif;aygufwpfzufyw d Nf y;D useEf mS acgif;aygufwpfzuf aqmifrnfo h rl sm;twGuf vdt k yfonf0h efaqmifrrI sm;udk wpfae&m onfh Application rsm;udk trSwaf y;pnf;rsO;f rsm;jzifh ,SONf yKd ifapNy;D usif;y &efpDpOfMujcif; jzpfonf/
xkwf&if ESm&nfxGufapygw,f/ 'g[m t&nfn§pfzkdY trSefuef uae ESm&nfukd nifnifomomn§pcf syg/ 'Dvv dk yk v
f Ydk rS ESmydwaf e wnf; od&SdEdkifap&efESifh ukefusp&dwfrsm;udk wGufcsufay;Edkif&ef tar&duefa':vm 2000ESihf Samsung Product rsm;udk yxrqk? okc&dyfNrKH(rÅav;)udk bkHysHawm&?jr0wDrif;BuD;
qkH;enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvkdYvJqkdawmh ESmacgif;wpfzuf ao;w,fq&dk ifawmh ESm½SLaq;ok;H yg/ 'gqkd cPcPESmn§pf p&m &nf & G , f a &;qG J x m;onf h Wedding Info Application u tar&duefa':vm 1500ESifh Samsung Product rsm;udk ausmif;wdu k 0f if; 64vrf;(yef;jcv H rf;)? jynfBuD;wHceG Nf rKd Ue,fü
ay:tkyNf y;D zdwhJ zdtm;[m em;tluudk rf jzpfap½krH u ESmacgif; t&if; rvkad wmhygbl;/ wwd,qk? uGeyf sLwmwuúov kd (f rEåav;)rS armifaZmfviG f armif? 'kw, d qk? tar&duefa':vm 1000ESihf Samsung Product rsm;udk wnfaxmifziG v fh pS x
f m;&m? a*[m&Su d av;rsm;udk tvSL&Sif
rif;xufausmf armifrif;ol? armif&EJ ikd w f Ykd u wuúov kd ?f aumvdy?f oifwef;ausmif; wwd,qkrsm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcsD;jr§ifhay;aMumif; od&onf/ rsm;vSL'gef;axmufyrhH jI zihaf *[mapmihaf &Smufa&;tzGUJ uwm0ef
rsm;&Sd ausmif;om;? ausmif;ol? q&m? q&mrrsm; vdktyfonhf rif;cefY(rEåav;) ,laqmif&Gufay;vsuf&SdaMumif;od&onf/ atmifaZ,sm
12
12 13

ordkif;ygarmuc owif;pmq&m
a'guwf moef;xGe;f uG,vf eG jf cif; pma&;q&mrBuD;
(10)ESpfjynfhpmwrf;zwfyGJ? vlxka':trm
tESpf 100jynfU
a[majymyGJ usif;yrnf
arG;aehtxdrf;trSwf
tcrf;tem; usif;y Nidrf;csrf;a&;
om;tz
à ½IyGm;p&m olrl&mum; w&m;wkYd jzifh yk*jH ynfojl ynfom;wdYk
usefppfom;onf udk pnf;½kH;cJhygw,f/ owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxk
usm;ukwfusm;cJ ppfyGJwkef;u vufeufryg vufcsn;f omjzihf a':trm tESpf 100jynfharG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf
xkd;Mu ckwfMu owfMuypfcwf csrf;ajrhMunfEl;zG,f&mEdkifiHpnf;vkH; tcrf;tem;udk vlxkBuD;yGm;a&;pmtkyfwkduf
wpf&yfwpfaus;? toufab;aMumifh a&; wkdif;&if;om;nDñGwfa&;udk rdom;pku OD;pD;í rÅav;NrKd UESihf tr&yl&NrKd UwGif owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxka':trm
ppfajy;jzpfol? a0;a&mufoludk azmfaqmifjcif;jzpfygw,f/ 4&ufwdkifusif;y&m jrefrmEdkifiHwpf0ef;&Sd q&m tESpf100jynfU arG;aehtxdrf;trSwf
ulnDvdkufac:? aejynfawmfü jrefrm rGef ysL? vlrsK;d a&;rcGjJ cm; rBuD;vlxka':trm\ rdwfaqG pmayynm&Sif "mwfykHESifh pmtkyfjyyGJwGif jyoxm;onfU
bJ wpfaoG;wpfom;wnf; awmif rsm;? owif;pmq&m? pma&;q&m? uAsmq&m?
aysmfMuygap? qkHMuap[k jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf rqkwfrepfBudK;yrf;cJhMuaom
rdefYa>confygh? ESvkH;vS ay:ajrjyefY rcGjJ cm;bJ pkpnf;aygif;qkH umwGe;f q&m paom pmaytEkynme,fy,f
toD;oD;u yk*¾dKvfrsm;? pmaytEkynmjrwfEdk; q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrdIif;ESifU vlxka':trmwkdh\
cJw h myg/ ordkif;ynm&SifBuD; ygarmu©a'gufwm &Sm;yg;"mwfykHwpfykH
à pD;usrsuf&nf? okwfay;rnf[k EdkifiHawmfudk wnfaxmifol olrsm; yg0ifqifETJMuonf/
oef;xGef; uG,fvGef;jcif; (10)ESpfjynfhtxdrf;
qefqDpm;p&m? awmfvuf,mjzihf rif;ok;H yg;(taemf&xm? bk&ifah emif? Edk0ifbm 26&ufwGif rÅav;NrdKU 31vrf;
trSwf pmwrf;zwfyGJ? a[majymyGJESihf q&mBuD;
0wfp&mcsnf&uf? awmfvuf0JESifh tavmif;bk&m;)xJrSm ryg0ifaomf ESihf 84vrf;axmif&h dS "r®omvmcef;rwGif vlxk
tm;&nfpl;í qGrf;auR;y&dwfw&m;em,lyGJudk
&ufa&momMunf? ay;urf;rnf[k vnf; usefppfom;[mwdik ;f &if;om; a':trmtESpf 100jynfh arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf
Edk0ifbm 30&ufESihf 'DZifbm 1&ufrsm;wGif
ajreDajraumif;? tkd;pavmif;wkdY pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;eJY EdkifiHawmf "mwfykHESifhpmtkyfjyyGJ trSwfw&ypönf;rsm;
rÅav;wuúov kd ?f ordik ;f Xmer[mpnfocl ef;r
vnfa&mif;&Gufonf? yifyef;zG,fwnf at;csrf;a&;udkwnfaqmuf&mrSm a&mif;csyGJzGifhyGJtcrf;tem;usif;y&m q&moifh
ESifh rÅav;wuúov kd f tif;0taqmif (9)wGif
t&G,f,Gif;,dk? tr,ftkdonf vufeufrukdifpGJbJ wdkif;jynfwnf aemfu tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&u G íf q&m
usif;yrnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/
tvdjk ynfah Mumif; axmifco hJ w l pfO;D omjzpfygw,f/ ukad v;(tif;0*kP&f nf)ESifh q&mBuD;vlxOk ;D vS+
q&mBuD;a'gufwmoef;xGe;f rSm rÅav;NrKd U
a&mif;aumif;ygap? &ygap[k tJ'Dbk&ifvdkygyJ/ vufeuf vlxka':trmwkdY\ om;jzpfol q&mnDykav;
rS owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mrBuD; vlxk
rdefYa>confy? ESvkH;vS rygbJ wdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vk;H nDñw G f wdYk u trSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
a':trm\ tESpf 90jynhfarG;aeYtcrf;tem;
a&;udkwnfaqmufcJhol aemufwpfOD;uawmh jzpfovkd vlemjyKpkaeoluawmh ,aeYjynfolY tqkdyg "r®omvmcef;rrSmyif n 7em&D
wufa&mufNyD;? nydkif;wGifwnf;cdk&m rÅav;
à bdodufcrf;em;? rif;tyg;0,f Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;ygyJ/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m acgif;aqmifjzpfrnfh a':atmifqef;pkMunf wGif jynfocl spaf omvlxak ':trmESihf tEkynm
wuúov kd f ordik ;f XmerSm uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/ q&m
ausmom;&ifom;? rcGJjcm;bJ AkdvfawZb0 (*syefacwf)AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; yJ jzpfygw,f/ onfrsm; a[majymwifqufrItpDtpOfpwif
BuD;\ <uif;use&f pfaom ½kyu f vmyfukd tr&yl&?
wpfom;wnf;om; aygif;rdvmatmif b0(ppfNyD;acwf 1947) ig;ESpfavmufrSmom OD;pdk;ñGefY(xDvmppfol)u vlrIa&;t& &m uk&d eT ;f NrKd if(NrKd Ur)a&;om;í NrKd Urarmifr,frsm;
awmifav;vk;H ausmif;taemufbuf&dS vif;Zif;
jrefrm rGef ysL? cGifha&;wlatmif ppfom;b0udk &,lcJhNyD;? ocifatmifqef;b0? aum wm0eft&vnf;jzpfEikd w f hJ vlrrmar;&if; oDqkdaom rdcifokdY ESpf 100jynfh wrf;csif;
uke;f okomefwiG f wynfrh sm;ESirfh w d af qG taygif;
vlrsKd;ra&G; ae&may;onf jynfolYacgif;aqmif OD;atmifqef;b0awGrSm vuf&EdS ikd if aH wmfukd tkycf sKyfaewJh acgif;aqmif oDcsif;jzifh zGifhvSpfonf/ qufvufí q&m
toif;rsm;u Ed0k ifbm 30&ufü *loiG ;f oN*ØK[f
jynfa&;pHjy? ESvkH;vS/ Edik if aH &;orm; wnfaxmifob l 0ud&k ,lcw hJ myg/ BuD;awG? yk*Kd¾ vfBuD;awG? Akv d cf sKyfBuD;awG txl; nDaprif;a&;zGJUaom &mjynfharmfuGef;udk rif;
cJo h nf/
( q&maZmf*sD ? jynfoYl acgif;aqmifb0ukd &,lcsed rf mS awmh ojzifh OD;ae0if;taMumif;awGukd csD;usL;*kPf om;BuD; ig;rnf&wifodef;u wuúokdvfcifjr
q&mBuD;uG,fvGefjcif; (10)ESpfjynfh qGrf;
vuf½kH;tm;ESifh ESvkH;tm;rS) vufeufryg wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIeJY azmfajymMum;(odapvkdvdkY 0g'jzefYwmvnf; vGiEf iS whf íJG &Gwq f odk nf/ qufvufí rÅav;
uyf w&m;awmfemtcrf;tem;udk Ek0d ifbm 30
q&mBuD;aZmf*su D yk*zH UJG uAsmrsm;xJrmS usef &ifMum;apha&;? wdik ;f &if;om;aygif;pkH awmifay: jzpfEikd yf gw,f)Mum;ygw,fw/hJ NrdKUrwl&d,mtzGJU? pdefwifhvGif(qkdif;tzGJU)?
&ufwGif rÅav;wuúodkvf? orkdif;Xme? r[m
ppfom;rif;rjzpfrD yk*HjynfBuD;udk pnf;½kH;pkpnf; ajrjyefYrcGJjcm;bJ nDñGwfpGmvufwGJa&;awGukd csD;rGrf;cef;awG NyD;awmh *½kpdkufem;axmif wuúokdvfcifjrvGif? tuynm&Sif(a':)cif0if;
pnfocl ef;rwGiu f si;f yrnfjzpfNy;D tqdyk gaeYwGif
cJ h y k H u d k xnf h o G i f ; a&;om;azmf j ycJ h y gw,f / vSnv hf nfpnf;½k;H vIYH aqmfcyhJ gw,f/ aemufq;Hk aewJh a':atmifqef;pkMunfu jyefajymcJhwm EG,f? yefwsm(a':)aX;aX;jrifh? vl&Tifawmf
rÅav;wuúov kd f tif;0taqmif(9)ü pmwrf;
wkid ;f jynfukd xlaxmifumpu acwfwpfavQmuf awmh wkid ;f &if;om;aygif;pkyH g0ifwhJ yifvn Hk v D mcH uawmh ... (OD;)xifay:? (ud)k xifausm?f wG,w f mwk?H rif;om;
&Sifrsm;rS pmwrf;zwfMum;Murnfjzpfonf/
vkH;rSm ppfrufxlajym aoaMuqkH;½IH;rIrsm; &SdcJh BuD;udk usif;yEdkifcJhygw,f/ wdkif;jynfwnf ]uRefr usefppfom;eJY uRefrazazukdyJ av;nDw;dk atmif?tqkad wmf(a':)0if;0if;atmif?
'DZifbm 1&ufwGif rÅav;wuúodkvftif;0
ovdk ppfab;a&Smifjynfoltrsm;udkvnf; jyef axmifol ½kyw f ok ;Hk ckxrJ mS Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;ykH av;pm;w,f} (a':)&D&DcifwkdYESifhwGJzufí q&mql;iSufu
(9)ü q&mBuD;ESihfywfoufonfh a[majymyGJ
vnfac:,l pdwf0rf;ESvkH;csrf;ajrhapcJhygw,f/ xnfo h iG ;f ryg0ifcahJ omfvnf; Akv d cf sKyf[m usef ]uRefrbmaMumifh usefppfom;eJY uRefr o½kyfjya[majymrItpDtpOfukd crf;crf;em;em;
usif;yrnfjzpf&m q&mBuD;\rdwfaqGtaygif;
ppfruf&efaMumifh rdbaqGrsKd; uGJjym; ppfom;vdk vufeufrpGJukdifbJ wdkif;&if;om; azazudk av;pm;txifBuD;&ovJqkdawmh tESpo f m&&S&d u dS sif;ycJ&h m n 12em&DausmfrS yGJ
toif;rsm;? wynfhrsm;? av;pm;wefzdk;xm;
wpf&yfwpfaus;ae jynforl sm;eJY 'ku a© omu pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&;udk &,lEdkifcJhygw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vkH;nDñGwfa&; wnfaqmuf odr;f cJoh nf/
onfh vli,frsm; pdwyf g0ifpm;olrsm; wufa&muf
a0'emaMumifh pD;usvmaom rsuf&nfwkdYudk 1988ckESpfrwdkifrD &ufwpf&ufrSm ,Of &mrSm vufeufrygvkdY}wJh/ Edk0ifbm 27? 28&uf rGef;vGJydkif;wGif
Edik Nf yD; 0dZmÆ bmom&yfqikd &f m okawoepmwrf;
vnf; u½kPmjzihf aq;aMumokwfay;avtHh/ aus;rIO;D pD;XmerS ñTecf sKyfO;D pd;k ñGeYf (xDvmppfo)l tJ'D pum;av;rSm vlxkacgif;aqmif "r®omvmcef;rü pmwrf;zwfyt JG pDtpOfrsm;ukd
rsm;ESihf q&mBuD;ESihfxdawGUcHpm;rIrsm;udk udk,f
qD qef qm;? &du©mwkdYudk vuf,mvufjzihf eJY yef;csDOD;vSwifxGef;wkdY[m jynfolYaq;½kH rjzpfrDuwnf;u a':atmifqef;pkMunf cH,l qufvufusif;yNyD; ESpfpOfusif;yjrJjzpfaom
wdik pf mwrf;zwfMum;Edik af Mumif;od&onf/
ay;vwåH? t0wfwefqmqif jref;p&mwkdYudk BuD;udk vlemar;wm0eft& oGm;a&mufcyhJ gw,f/ xm;csufwpfckygyJ/ av½l; arG;aeYyJt G crf;tem;udk tr&yl&awmifav;vk;H
atmifaZ,sm
vnf; vuf0Jvufjzihfay;vwåH[laom arwåm vlemu Akv d cf sKyfatmifqef;uawmf a':cifMunf ausmif;wkdufwGif usif;ycJhonf/

ygawmfral eY atmufarhowd& trQtwrf;ay;a0jcif;ESihf yihof CH mawmf tyg; 130tm; qGr;f qufuyfjcif;tcrf;tem; &wemrmefatmif 0gcif;uke;f apwDwiG f usi;f yrnf
q&mawmft&SifaqudE´\ vrf;ñTefrIjzifh vSLyGt J crf;tem;ukd wefaqmifrek ;f vqkwf 8&uf u yifhoHCmawmftyg;130ukd aeYqGrf;uyf rÅav;NrdKU &wemrmefatmif 0gcif;ukef;
t&SifESpfyg;jzpfaomoDaygrif;Mwm;BuD;+rdzk&m; ('DZifbm 4&uf)ü rÅav; csrf;at;ompH vSL'gef;oGm;rSmyg? NyD;awmh trQay;wJh&wkykd'fpkH wGif jyKvkyrf nhf oDaygrif;Mwm;BuD;ygawmfral eY
acgifBuD; pkzk&m;vwfwkdY\jrpfawmf OD;pkd;0if; NrKd Ue,f&dS &wemrmefatmif 0gcif;uke;f apwDwiG f zwfzkdY? "r®aw;eJYylaZmfzkdYvnf; pDpOfxm;w,f? atmufarhowd& trSstwef;ay;a0jcif;tcrf;
(r[mpE´ukrm&)uOD;aqmifí oDaygrif;Mwm; usif;yoGm;&ef pDpOfaeaMumif; od&onf/ nydkif;rSmqDrD;wpfaxmifeJY ylaZmfr,f? ukef; tem;ukd 'DZifbm 4&uf eHeuf 9em&DrSpwif
BuD; ygawmfral eYatmufarhowd& trQtwef; ]t&SiEf pS yf g; aumif;rIawmfjzpfwhJ &wem abmifarmifESrawGu yl;aygif;0ef;&HNyD;ulnD jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfNyD; rEåav;NrdKUwGif 'kwd,
ay;a0jcif;ESifh yiho
f C
H mtyg; 130wkYd tm; qGr;f ? rmefatmif 0gcif;uke;f apwDrmS jyKvkyo f mG ;rSmyg? ay;wm}[k uke;f abmifrif;qufarmifErS rsm;rS tBudraf jrmufjyKvkyjf cif;jzpfum oDaygrif;Mwm;
ouFe;f vSLzG,yf pön;f rsm;tm; qufuyfavmif; ESpf 130 jzpfwt hJ wGuaf Mumifh av;jyifav;&yf xdyfwifNidrf;u ajymMum;onf/ BuD;\ tEG,fawmfrsm;? ukef;abmifquf
armifESrrsm; wufa&mufMurnf[k od&onf/
14 15

]jynfocl spfaom tEkynmonfrsm;} pmtkyuf kd zwfNyD;


awmh vlBuD;awG pum;0dkif;rSmvl&m0ifvmonf/ olwdkYajym
a':a':ajymwJh ] ArmoH } - ql ; iS uf -
q&mBu;D OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZZ m)\ arG;aeYtxdr;f trSwf pmwrf;zwfyJG usi;f yrnf
ESpfpOfusif;yjrJjzpfaom q&mBuD;OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZÆm)\ arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf pmwrf;zwfyGJudk
'DZifbm 20&uf (ewfawmfvjynfhausmf 9&uf) rGef;vGJ 1em&DwGif jrif;0efausmif;wdkuf? a&Tausmif;"r®m½kHü usif;yrnfjzpfaMumif;
od&onf/
tqdkygarG;aeYyGJwGifzwfMum;rnfh pmwrf;rsm;udk 'DZifbm 10&uf aemufqkH;xm;í
Muaom aemufydkif; ZmwfawmfBuD;awGxJu tylwdkuf idkcsif; q&moihfaemf(Owå&vGifjyif pmtkyfqkdif)? 81vrf;? 31vrf;ESifh 32vrf;Mum; rÅav;NrdKUodkY ay;ydkY&rnfjzpfaMumif;
awGtaMumif; oabmaygufvmonf/ tylidk? tat; idkqkdwm arG;aeYyGJjzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwDu xkwfjyefaMunmxm;onf/
awG cGw J wfvmonf/ Zmwfobif\ ]&o}oabmudk wD;acguf
rdvmonf/
]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;}[laom pmtkyf
acgif;pD;ESifhtwl a&;om;jyKpkol ]vlxka':trm}[laom
uavmiftrnfudkvnf; pmtkyfzwfwdkif; wEkHYEkHYaus;Zl;wifum
½dak oMunfnKd aerdawmhonf/
bk&m;yG\ J tBudKaeYnwdik ;f wGif yg0ifaom pnfawmfBuD;tzGUJ a&SU&Sd vlxak ':trm tESpf 100
]'Dupd eö YJ ywfoufvYdk wd;k vlusu J syJ g;yg; Mum;wGi0f ifxikd &f if; pnfawmfBuD;\ &mZ0iftcif;
vlxkowif;pmawGudkpkaqmif;xm;ol OD;av;wpfa,muf
tusif;rsm;udk pdwf0ifpm;vm\/ lvkxa':trm tSefp 100jyfhn aGr;ahe tdxfr;tSrfw aqmfi;gy;srm;
u ]vlxka':trm&JU vIyf&Sm;aeaom urÇm}qkdwJh yifwdkif wufwhJ Arm(jrefrm)jynfoal wG
tvG e f a v;pm;jrwf E d k ; MuwJ h ]ukef;abmifyv’ifh? bkef;a&mifwifhwJh jyqifhe&def? a&oGef; vlxBk uD;yGm;a&;pmtkyw f udk rf S vlxk xGe;f &Sed ?f 0if;az?armifprG ;f &nf? armifr;dk ol?
aqmif;yg;cef;awGukd rif;taeeJY tck jyefzwf&r,fu?G urÇmah &;
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; e*g;oGJU? aerGef;rwJhwJh 11 Budrf? odrfoa&avsm? wpf&mZ0if? a':trm tESpf 100? vlxka':trm pE´&m;odr;f armif?zd;k oH(vlx)k ? a'gufwm
&mawGudk vlwef;pm;tjrifeJY okH;oyfa&;om;xm;wm ..}
jyooGm;wJh erlemBuD;wpf&yf tñTef;MunhfvkdYzwfMuawmh .. ? tESpf 100jynfh arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf jrrÍÆL? a'gufwmatmifBuD;? a'gufwm
[kajymonfukd xkpd Ofu uRefawmfvu dk rf rDEikd cf /hJ vlxo k wif;pm
udk uRefrwdkYtav;xm;NyD; Arm(jrefrm)bk&if wpfuRef;xd tyf&aomfvnf; rSwfawmh aqmif;yg;rsm;pmtkyfudk yxrtBudrf pd;k wif?h a'gufwmvGP;f aqG? armifoef;aqG
u qufrxGufawmhbJ &yfem;cH&um owif;pma[mif;awG
okH;oyfoifhygw,f/ q&mBuD; aemufaemif .. ? xkwaf 0onf/ (xm;0,f)? Munfpdk;xGef;? armif0PÖ?
yJrdkY vwfwavmjzpf&yfrsm;avmuf tm½kHr&wmvnf;jzpfrnf/
u e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; trsKd; a&S;uvdk pum;tok;H rrSeaf omaMumifh trsm;xk;H pHwpfem&D owif;pmq&m pma&;q&mrBuD; okarmif?MunfEikd ?f jr0if;('óe)? ñGeYf opf?
(aemufrS xdkaqmif;yg;rsm;\ wefzdk;udk ykdrdkodvmonf/)OD;av;
om;vGwfvyfa&; ta&;awmf vdkygojzihf ? Arm(jrefrm)jynf y[dk&fatmifajrt&yfu .. ? vl x k a ':trm arG ; aeYtxd r f ; trS w f ukdav;jrwf? OD;atmifrGef? 0if;wifh?
u ]jynfolcspfaom tEkynmonfrsm;udk zwfNyD;&if rif;quf
ykHBuD;rSm olYuavmifukd wpf ta&mifawGvQycf g tjrefwpfenf;aqmifcahJ om pHx;D abmif oajy aqmif;yg;rsm;pmtkyfwGif nDykav;\ ausm&f ifjrif?h odu k x f eG ;f ouf? ndKxGe;f vl?
zwf&r,fh pmwrf;wpfapmif &Sad o;w,f}[k qko d nf/ uReaf wmf
wyfwpftm; yg0ifqifEw JT udk yf JG qkdwJh *kdPf;&,feJY? trSmpm? b'´ÅrmedwoD&b d 0d o
H \ tarG armifomydk? ql;iSuf? &JoQrf;? udk½dk;uGefY?
pdwf0ifpm;oGm;\/ OD;av;u olYpum;ukd qufonf/
0ifvdkw,f/ 'ghaMumifh pmay &efBuD;atmif a&ndK0kid ;f ygowJ?h a&Tbo kd rkid ;f acgifr[DeYJ eD;wJh tESp?f q&mBuD; OD;aomfaumif;\ o0Pf w&m;vTwaf wmfa&SUaewpfO;D ? nDaprif;?
]pmqkad wmfaeYvdYk tpOftqufowfrw S cf MhJ uwJh ewfawmf
wyfOD;rSm olu rm;rm;0if&yf atmif&Gmpm; .. ? atmifpnfwD;yg .. }[laom pnfawmfqifh vTm?a':atmifqef;pkMunf\vlxak ':trm pd;k Edik (f rÅav;wuúov dk )f ?oifah emf? atmif
vqef; 1&ufaeYa&mufwidk ;f txufArm(jrefrm)Edik if pH ma&;q&m
cJhw,f/ 'Dvdk&yfwJhtcg q&m vuFmrsm;udk t&omcHwwfvmonf/ &mjynfhtrSwfw&pmpkwkdY tzGifhyg&SdNyD; wdw?f av;udw k if? aersKd;? armifnKd jym?
toif;u taemufusKH;vrf; "r®AdrmefrSm pmwrf;zwfyGJawG
BuD; udkifpGJoGm;wJh wkdufyGJenf; vlxka':trm\ tqdkygpmwrf;wGif yg0ifaom 'dk;? 'dk;ywf arG;aeYtxdrf;trSwf aqmif;yg; wpf&m apma0?atmifrLS ;?udrk if;&m?bkb d v
dk ef;pif?
usi;f yw,f/ ewfawmfvqef; 1&uf? 2&uf? 3&uf nrsK;d awGrmS
y&d,m,f[m tvGefrSrSefuef 0dkif;? tdk;pnf? aAsm? pnfawmfBuD;? AsKdif;awmifpnf[laom wdwd yg&Sdonf/ rif;ausmo f uf? pl;jrifo h ed ;f ? armifoif;xkH
qufwkdufusif;yMuwm/ pmaypmwrf;awG zwfMu? aqG;aEG;
aumif;rGew f mudk awGU&ygr,f/ taMumif; t&mrsm;wGif ]AsKdif;awmifpnf}u xl;jcm;aeonf/ tqd k y gaqmif ; yg;rsm;ud k b'´ Å (ausmufrJ)? 0if;Nidrf;? rsKd;jrifhndrf;?
MuwJt h cg pdwt f m;xufxufoefoef apwemaumif;aumif;eJY
q&mBu;D u v,form;? tvkyf tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf ... usefaom 'dk;? 'dk;ywf0dkif;? tdk;pnf? omoembd0oH(jrawmifausmif;wkduf)? armifacwfxeG ;f ? uHval iG? vSausmfaZmf?
yg0ifaqG;aEG;Mu? ar;jref;Muw,f/ &yfa0;&yfe;D u pmwrf;zwfcsif
orm;eJY qif;&Jom;rsm;yg &Gwf aAsmESifh pnfawmfBuD;teuf? AsKdif;awmifpnfudk uRefawmfwkdY udyk nm(tr&yl&)?r[m"r®ygvq&mawmf? pdefpdef&D? jraESmif;ndK? rdcsrf;a0? Nidrf;
olawGrsm;vdkY tukefrzwfEdkifMubl;/ &ufu enf;aewmudk;/
Edkif qkdEdkif zwfEdkif nnf;EdkifwJh rjrifz;l cJ/h rMum;zl;cJ/h uReaf wmfwYdk vlvm;ajrmufcsed w f iG f tokb OD;pE´dr(pvif;)? t&Sifokr*Fv(ppfukdif;)? (a&Tv)D ?NrKd Uomr&mxd?k cifcifx;l ?ESi;f qDatmif?
tJ'D pmwrf;awGxu J vlxak ':trm&JU rsm;ü pnftzGJUrsm;rygawmh/ tnmESifhajrvwfydkif;&Sd aus;vuf wefzdk; - 7500 usyf
uAsmykHpHwpfckudk &Smw,f/ armifxif? '*kew f m&m? yg&*l? armifomEd;k ? roDwm(prf;acsmif;)? 0if;0if;jrifh(eef;
]Arm(jrefrm)oHawGaysmufuek Nf y}D qkw d hJ &Smawmh av;csKd;ykHpHudk awGU rsm;üom twD;trIwrf sm;ESihf tokbcsaqmifonfh tpOftvm
pmwrf;u odyfaumif;w,f/ tJ'D vlxpk ed 0f if;? OD;oef;xGw(f ygarmu© Nird ;f )? awmfa&SU)? r&Da0? r0ifh(jrpfi,f)? rudk?
w,f/ 'Dav;csKd;ykHpHudk r[m &Sad ejcif;jzpfonf/ a&Tbrkd rd Bd uD;? OD;pdeaf rmifO;D ? jrefrmhtvif; cifEiS ;f OD;? rk;d olZm? rsK;d jrif(h armifrsK;d jrwf)?
pmwrf;u 1970ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 29 av;csKd;rsm;tjzpf rGrf;rHjyKjyif xkpd Ofu rÅav;wGif xif&mS ;cJah om ysO;f rem;ud, k af wmfBuD;
&ufaeYrSmpNyD;usif;ywJh pmqkad wmfaeY oef;ñGeYf ? vif;,keaf rmifarmif? armifopf armifMunfaomf(aumvif;)? armfvif;? man, Nilanjna Sengupta, Ma
zef w D ; ygw,f / q&mBuD ; &J U \ ema&;wGif ]romawmf}tcrf;tem;rsm;jzihf AsKdif;awmifpnf vGif(vlxk)? &JabmfrsKd;xG#f(udkudk;uRef; Edik jf riho f pf?[HviG (f rD;armif;)?armifxed 0f if; Thanegi, Myint Zan, Geoff Myint,
tcrf;tem;rSmzwfcJhwmuG/ aemufESpf av;csKd;BuD;awGudkzwfwJhtcg rsm; ygcJo h nf[k Mum;zl;cJ\ h / vlxak ':trm\ pmwrf;wGiyf g&Sad om
1971ck Edk0ifbmvrSm ]pmayvkyo f m; jyef)? armifcifrif("EkjzL)? armifodef;Ekdif (rÅav;)?pdik ;f (ref;)? a&Taemif½;kd (rÅav;)? udak tmifjrifOh ;D (vlxpk mMunfw
h u
kd )f wdYk jzpf
pdwfxJuwif zwf&½kHeJY tm;r AsKdif;awmifpnfrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfha&;om;csufrsm;wGif .... (*kPx f ;l -OD;ode;f Edik )f ?a':uvsm?ewfarmuf Khin Myo Chit, Anna Allot, Vicky Bow- Muonf/
tiftm;opf}qdkNyD;xkwfa0wJh pmtkyf &bl;/ toHxu G Nf y;D b,forl qdk ]'gaMumifh pnfwYkd AsKid ;f awmifwYkd [m awmfo;Hk b0uaeNy;D
xJrSmygw,f}[k qdkonf/ zwfrdwmcsnf;yJ/ 'DtoHudk qif;&Jom;ok;H awmok;H jzpfvmw,f/ vkyif ef;odyrf aumif;awmh
"r®Adrmefpmwrf;zwfyJGawG tm; pnform;awGuvnf; rÅav;rSm raeMuawmhbJ &efukefqif;
aumif; armif;oefjzpfcsed u f uReaf wmf
i,fao;onf/ aemufydkif;usif;yaom
armifu ]vli,fwpfpk&JU pmayvIyf&Sm;
rIwpf&yf}wJ/h vlxak ':trmu ]Arm(jrefrm)
oHawG aysmufukefNyD}wJh/ odef;oef;xGef;
vnf; vlwdkif;u vG,fvG,fululxGufwwfMuw,f/ ]ta<u;
wpf&mudk a'G;cguvnf; awmif;jyefayghwq
b,folrqkdxGufvdkY&wmudk;}[k qkdonf/
hJ wdk hJ toHxu G rf sK;d udk ajy;NyD; A[ef;ukef;awmfrSm 0ifckdNyD;tiSm;vdkufMuowJh/ tJ'D
a&mufawmh romvnf;wD;? tvSLvnf;wD; jzpfukefwmaygh/
vlxak ':trm tESpf 100
yGJawGodkY OD;av;rsm; tpfukdrsm;ESifh u ]tif;om;rsm;&JU wdkufaw;tEkynm} q&mrBuD;vlxak ':trmu þokYd vlwidk ;f u vG,v f , G u f u l l ckawmh uG,foavmuf aysmufoavmuf &SdaeygNyD/ lvkxa':trm tSefp 100jyfhn aGr;ahe tdxfr;tSrfw usAmsrm;
a&muf z l ; onf / em;rvnf v S a o;/ wJh/ uAsmq&marmifpGrf;&nfu ]'DaeY toHxGuf&GwfqkdEdkifojzihf vlxkMum;us,fjyefYum xda&mufrI rÅav;rSm vkH;vkH;r&Sdawmhbl;/ pnform; tquftEG,f
wpfcg wpf&Hpmwrf;&SifESifh pmzwf uAsmjyóem}wJ/h zwfygavh tm;yg;w& &SdykHukdvnf; þokdY qufvufa&;om;cJhonf/ awGu rÅav;rSm tokbum; axmifpm;aeMuygNyD}[laom vlxBk uD;yGm;a&; pmtkyw f u dk rf S vlxk uvihf(rÅav;)? armifwdu©(qm;xkH;)?
y&dowfwpfO;D p ESpOf ;D pwdYk tjyeftvSef .. / okYd aomf vlxak ':trm\ pmwrf; ]'gaMumifh uRefrwdkYwpfawG c&D;a0;xGufMunhfwJhtcg a&;om;csufudk rSwfrSwfom;om; &SdvSonf/ a':trm tESpf 100? vlxak ':trm tESpf ve,kerf ;kd ? atmifjrifrh ;kd ? udx k uf(a&OD;)?
ar;jref;ajzMum; jiif;ckefMuwmvnf; udyk J t&ifq;Hk vSeuf m tirf;r&zwf½jI zpf tvGefacgifwJha'o? tBudKtMum;awGudka&muf&if NrdKUay:u uRef a wmf o nf ]jynf o l c spf a om tEk y nmonf r sm;} 100jynfh arG;aeYtxdr;f trSwf uAsmrsm; xGef;vGifoG,f(ql;jzL&dyf)? rif;aqGESpf
rSwfrdonf/ wu,fwrf; uRefawmf onf/ EdkifiHa&;orm;awG&JU emrnfawGudk rMum;zl; rodzl;Muayr,fh pmtkyEf iS t hf wl ]Arm(jrefrm)oHawG aysmufuek Nf y}D pmwrf;ukd zwf½I pmtkyfudk yxrtBudrfxkwfa0onf/ (rkH&Gm)? wifñGefYNrdKif(ompnf)? ausmf&if
aumif;aumif;BuD;odrDcJhonfu [Hom0wD paepmay0dkif;yJ 1970 0ef;usiu f wifaompmwrf;rdYk xkad cwf xdt k csed u
f yif q&mBuD;taMumif;udkawmh Mum;zl;Muwmcsnf; awGU&w,f/ Ny;D onfEiS hf rÅav;ESiyhf wfoufaom okcrk qkid &f mudpaö wG xJxJ tqkyd gpmtkyw f iG f pDpOfou l ]uAsm armif(a&OD;)? armifaqGquf? *sKdaZmf?
jzpfyg\/ uJ ... xm;ygawmh/ pwifí tajymif;tvJtqpftcsKd;jzpfawmhrnfh ,Ofaus;rI ]q&mvGef;BuD;vm;? rpöwmarmifrIdif;BuD;vm;}vdkYajymNyD; q&m 0if0if tawmftwefo&d o dS mG ;onf/ t&G,Ef iS rhf vdu k f vlyw Hk ;kd um 100 pm 100qkdNyD; OD;wnfcJhygw,f/ Edik jf riho
f pf? xGe;f az0if;(rk&H mG )? a'gufwm
uRefawmf .. ]pmayvkyfom; tiftm;opf}pmtkyfudk a&;&mrsm;tay: pd;k &drw
f BuD; owday;aompmwrf;jzpf\/ odYk aomf BuD;a&;wJh av;csK;d BuD;awGxu
J wpfy'dk pf ESpyf 'dk pf ukd &Gwjf yEdik Mf u vl&m0ifvmonf/ xdkrS wpfqifh jrefrmpmñGefYaygif;usrf;vkd ..? aqmif;yg;om 100ausmo f mG ;Ny;D uAsmu vGPf;aqG? ndKOD;vGif? aearmf[def;?
&SmazGzwf½I&onf/ ]tm; .. 'DpmtkyfxJrSm uRefawmfodcsif ]tESpf}udk tajccHNyD;oabmxm; wpf&yftay:qkyfqkyfudkifudkif wJh &Sifvl&[ef;trsm;BuD;awGU&wwfygw,f/ 'gudk axmuf&if uAsm bPfwdkufvkd? uAsmhyef;ukH;vdk pmtkyfawGtjyif ½dk;&m 100rjynfhcJhygbl;/ a&;tm;aumif;ol rdo
k Qe;f ? atmifausmq f ef;? aEGO;D ae? aendK
wmawG trsm;BuD;ygvm;/ pmtkyftzkH;uvnf; qGJaqmifrI&Sd\/ jyKum okH;oyfonfrdkY pum;vkH;tokH;tEIef;xuf ]apwem}u q&mBuD;&JUuavmif&UJ uAsmeJYpnf;½k;H a&;? q&mBuD;&JU wyfveS Yf ,Ofaus;rIqidk &f mpmtkyaf wGudk &SmazGzwf½v I mjzpfonf/ ]pmwrf;} wcsKdUawmhvnf; uavmifcGJeJYjzpfjzpf? atmif?tJrif;ydkif(ov’m)? armifvGrf;PD?
vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; wkdufxkwfpmtkyfrsm; xkH;pHtwdkif; udk,fhrl xif;xif;BuD; ay:vGifaeonf/ csuf jynfoltMum; b,favmufeufeufBuD; pdrfh0ifxdk;azmuf qkdif&m pmtkyfrsm;\ wefzkd;ukdvnf;od&Sdvm\/ txl;ojzifh rcGJbJjzpfjzpf 4? 5? 10yk'fykdYay;Mu ae&pfaomf([oFmw)? aqGZifjrihf0if;
ukd,fh[efESifhjzpfonf/ jrif½HkESifh qef;opfaom tzkH;rsm;aMumifh ]wd;k wufwhJ vlYabmiftopfudk wu,fwrf;wnfaqmuf xm;ovJqkdwm em;vnfoabmaygufEdkifygw,f/ txufArm(jrefrm)Edik if pH ma&;q&mtoif;\ pmqkad wmfaeYpmwrf; tm;jznfhMuwmrsKd;&Sdayr,fh owfrSwf (ynma&;)? &J&ifyh idk af tmif? aexufxeG ;f
vlxkBuD;yGm;a&; wdkufxkwfqdkwm odomjrifomonf/ aemuf awmhr,fqkd&if t&if;&SiftawG;tac:eJY trlt&mrSeforQudk q&mBuD; bmvdkY 'DvdkatmifjrifovJ/ tvG,fqkH;tajz rsm;u uRefawmfhtodÓPfukd trsm;BuD; ]qG}ay;oGm;cJhonf/ pnf;urf;t& wpfO;D wpfy'k Ef eI ;f yJ a&G;cs,f (uefYbvl)?cifprf;a&?vif;a0(aumvif;)?
vdkufr[kwfcJh/ a&SUu OD;aqmifonfh zefwD;rIrsm;jzpfonf/ y,f&Sm;okwfoif&rSmyJ/ NyD;awmhrS jynfolu awmif;qkdwJh b0 uawmh trsKd;om;[eftjynfht0&SdwJh ½dk;&mArm(jrefrm)oHudk vlxka':trmtygt0if vlxkOD;vS OD;aqmifaom txuf pDpOfjzpf&ygw,f}[k trSmpmrSm a&;xm; ae,k? ausmfodef;pdk;(tif;0)? rif;0Pf?
acgif;pD;pmvkH;rsm;? a&cHtjyiftqif? aqmif;yg; acgif;pD;awGu opfwnfaqmufa&;twGuf vdktyfcsufawGudk trsKd;om;[ef q&mBuD;u tajccHxm;udkifpGJoGm;NyD;rS olYwDxGif qef;opfcsuf Arm(jrefrm)Edik if H pma&;q&mrsm;\ pmrsm;(0g)oabmxm;rsm; onf/ pD;jrpf(RR)? nDrkd;? csrf;jr? armifckdifrGef?
tp wDxGifrI&Sdonf/ pmtkyfyg pmwrf;taMumif;t&mawG tay:tajccHNyD; qef;opfwJh wDxGifcsufawGudk zefwD;Mu& awGudk ½dk;&moHay:rSm wnfaqmufvdkYygyJ}[lvkdY ... / tay: ñTwfudkif;av;pm;vmonf/ olwdkY w&m;udkrifvmNyD/ Aef;armfndKEGJU?wifrdk;? armifayguf ZmenfaoG;(yvdyf)? a0;vGifh? 'Drdkpdk;ol
MunfhygOD;/ q&mawmf a&Tudkif;om;u ]pmtaMumif; ay rSmyJ}[laom a&;om;csufurSeu f efonfh oabmxm;jzpfonf/ vly*k Kd¾ vfrsm;ukad wmh "mwfyrHk sm;rSvíJG tjyifrmS rjrifz;l ao;/ pnf ( ref ; wuú o k d v f ) ?armif p G r f ; &nf ? (aumvif;)? ud;k ESp(f jrif;jc)H ? Prince Taw
taMumif;}wJh/ armifodef;Edkif? armifopfvGif(vlxk)? wuúodkvf apwemjzpfonf/ r[mAsL[m[kyJ ajymMuygpdYk ... / 'D r[m - _ _ _ _ _ - jrifzl;csifvS? xdkrSwpfqifh oduRrf;csifvSygbd/ tHharmif(rkH&Gm)? armifpdk;csdef? rmrmat;? Phaya Galae, Devi Thant Cin wdkY\
armifxGef;a0wdkYu ]jrrsKd;vGif&JUpm}wJh/ armifomEdk;ESifh uAsm AsL[mudk xdk;xGif;odjrifaom vlBuD;olrawGu b,fvdk ]enf; uRefawmfu ]Arm(jrefrm)oHawG aysmufuek Nf yD}pmwrf;udk oduRrf;zdkYqkdwmu udk,fhtqifhESifh rwefr&m ... zkd;oH(vlxk)? ausmfaqG? pdk;Edkif(rÅav; uAsm 53yk'f yg0ifonf/ wefzdk; - 1500 usyf
q&mwifr;kd u ]a'gufwmarmifjzL;? olYb0 olYpm}wJh a'gufwm AsL[majrmuf}aqmif&u G cf MhJ uovJ/ 'gudvk nf; vlxak ':trmu zwfNy;D rÅav;NrKd U\ bk&m;yGw
J ikd ;f wGi(f xkpd Ofu)rygrjzpfygcJah om jrifzl;&vQifyif ]tm*vl}[k ukd,fhukd,fudk,f *kPf,lrdrSm wuúokdvf)? armifoif;yef? atmifa0;?
oef;xGef;u ]Arm(jrefrm)EdkifiHausmufacwfordkif;}wJ/h aZ,sm olYpmwrf;rSm quf&Sif;onf/ ]pnfawmfBuD;tzGJU}rsm;ukd wefzdk;xm;&aumif;rSef; odvmonf/ taotcsm ... / ql;iSuf
■ ■ ■
16 17
18 19

t&ifuawmh ta&;ygNy;D t&mra&mufcJ&h wmawG &Sdw,f/


owif;jzpfoGm;onfh ,aeY vlrIuGef&ufpmrsufESmrsm;ESifhywfoufí aumif;usKd; qkd;jypf
a0zefrIrsm;&Sdaecsdef? vlrIuGef&ufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif azmfjyonfh tcsuftvufrsm;
tck ta&;ygNy;D t&ma&mufatmif jynfoltwGuxf dxda&mufa&mufvyk af qmifaeygNyD
azhpfbkwfcfay:u owif;rSefrsm;ESifh rckdifvkH raocsmtwnfrjyKEdkifao;onfh owif;rsm;tMum;
r[kwfrrSefaomowif;trSm;rsm;udk wrifvkyfMuHa&;om;aeolrsm; &SdaecsdefrSmyif
'kwd,NrdKYawmf0ef OD;ñGefYarmifeJY wpfcPwm ...
vlrIuGef&ufpmrsufESmrsm;ay:a&muf&Sdvmaom tcsuftvufrsm;uae aeYpOf

ydkYpfrsm;
owif;pmrsm;ay:odkY trsm;jynfolpdwf0ifpm;p&m owif;tjzpful;ajymif;oGm;um ,cifu rÅav;NrdKUawmfpnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD\ tMuHay;tzGJU0ifwpfOD;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol
wm0ef&Sdolrsm; ta&;w,laqmif&GufcJhMu&onfhjzpfpOfrsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ atmifajrompHNrdKUe,frS OD;nGefYarmifrSm pnfyifom,ma&;aumfrwD0iftjzpf a&G;cs,fyGJwGif atmifajrompHNrdKUe,frS
0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifta&G;cs,fcHcJh&m jynfoltrsm;\axmufcHrIjzihf pnfyifom,mwGif aumfrwD0ifwpfOD;jzpfcJhjyef
onf/ pnfyifom,mOya'ESifhtnD 'kwd,NrdKUawmf0efae&m a&G;cs,f&mwGifvnf;aumfrwD0ifrsm;\ axmufcHrIjzihf
'kwd,NrdKUawmf0efjzpfvmonf/ pnfyiftMuHay;wpfOD;rS 'kwd,NrdKUawmf0efae&mtxd a&mufvmol OD;nGefYarmifESifh
a&TrÅav;owif;*sme,fwkdYawGUqkHum rÅav;NrdKUawmfpnfyifzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf a&;vkyfief;rsm;ESifh ½kH;wGif;vkyfief;rsm;
&SpfESpft&G,f rdef;uav;wpfOD;tm; ukd,fwkH;vkH;cRwfNyD; a':,Of,OfE, G \f cifyeG ;f rSm trsK;d om;vTwaf wmfrS wyfrawmfom; w&m;vGefvmvkdY uav;udkausmif;yg xkwfypf vdkuf&ygawmh
vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,f AkdvfrSL;ausmfEkarmfjzpfonf/ tdrf&Sif w,f}[k a&;om;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ tqdkyg azhpfbkwfcfpmrsufESm taMumif;ESifh ywfoufí awGUqkHar;jref;cJh&mwGif ....
BudK;ESifhwkyfaESmif ½dkufESufonfhjzpfpOf trsKd;orD;rSm rD;zGm;NyD;onfrSm ESpfywfcefYom&Sdao;NyD; touf ü a&;om;csuft& &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD; ynma&;rSL;½kH;u
&SpfESpft&G,f r .... ukd BudK;jzihfwkwfNyD; ½dkufESufqkH;rolrSm r pkpH rf;ppfaq;vsu&f NdS y;D tjzpfreS yf gu ta&;,lomG ;rnfjzpfaMumif;
.... \ ta': a':oef;EGJUqkdoljzpfaMumif;udk Edk0ifbm 19&uf od&onf/ SMDY - tMuHay;wpfa,muftaeeJYwkef;u Munfh½INyD;rS vufrSwfxdk;ay;&wm/ cif;wJh
Edk0ifbm 19&ufaeYu vlrIuGef&uf Facebook ay:wGif
eHeuf 10em&DcefYwGif &JwyfzGJUu vma&mufar;jref;pOf tdrf&Sif ukd,fu pnfyifudk vkyfief;vkyfaqmifrIeJY ywf vkyif ef;cGiu f v kd nf; qif;Ny;D ppfaq;&w,f/ ol
touf &SpfESpfcefY&Sd rdef;uav;wpfOD;tm; udk,fwkH;vkH;cRwfjzihf
trsKd;orD;u ajzMum;cJhonf/ nae 3em&DcefYwGif &JwyfzGJUu oufNyD; tMuHay;cJ&h w,f/ tck uk, d u
f ,
dk wf ikd f wifjyvmwJhtwkdif; vkyf? rvkyfaygh? uGm[
BudK;ESiw hf yk af ESmifaeonfh trsK;d orD;ESihf tjcm;trsK;d orD;wdYk yg0if
vma&mufppfaq;jyef&m eHeuf 11em&DcefYu 4if;\ ta': pnfyifom,mxJudk a&mufvmwJt h cg tvkyef YJ aeNyD q k d & if Oya'twd k i f ; ta&;,l o G m ;rS m /
aom "mwfykHESifhtwl tESdyfpufcHae&aom rdef;uav;i,ftm;
a':oef;EGJUu aiGwpfaomif;awmif;NyD; awmifilukd jyefac:oGm;
wef;pD;rsm;u tcsKyfom;rsm;ukd ywfoufNy;D b,fvt dk cuftcJawG awGUMuKH ae& t&ifxJuvnf; pm&if;tif;udk rSefrSefuefuef
u,fxw k af y;yg&ef a&;om;xm;onfh pmrsm;yg0ifaom ydYk pfwpfck
ysHYESYH cJo
h nf/ aMumif; ajzMum;cJhonf/ okdYaomf a':oef;EGJUonf r ..... n§Of;yef;ESdyfpufaeonfh AD'D,dkzkdif ovJ/ wifjyygvdkY ajymxm;w,f/ uGif;qif;MunfhrS
tm; 4if;\&GmokYd jyefrydYk ao;aMumif; owif;rsm;xGuaf y:cJo h nf/ UNM - rSefygw,f/ t&iftMuHay;wkef;u uGm[ae&if ta&;,laqmif&Gufr,fqkdwm
tqkyd gaetdrrf mS A[ef;NrKd Ue,f? q&mpH&yfuuG ?f wuúov dk f
tqkyd gjzpfpOfukd A[ef;NrdKUe,f &JwyfzUJG tygt0if vluek f pnfyifudk vkyfief;aqmifwmawGeJYywfoufNyD; ajymxm;NyD;om;/ 'DvdkyJ wHwm;wpfckaqmuf
&dyof mvrf;oG,&f dS jcHtrSw-f 25(5C)jzpfonf/ tdr&f iS t f rsKd;orD; Edk0ifbm 20&ufwGif Ma Naw Myay trnf&Sd Account
ul;rIwm;qD;ESrd ef if;a&; &JwyfzUJG rS uav;oli,f umuG,af pmifh tMuHay;aqG;aEG;cJh&wm&Sdw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u r,fqkd&if twGif;uokH;r,fh oHvkH; t&G,f
jzifh Facebook pmrsufESmay: wGif &Jpcef;tcsKyfcef;twGif;
a&Smufa&;wyfzGJUpkuvnf; ppfaq;aqmif&GufcJhonf/ awmh ta&;ygNy;D t&mra&mufwmawG &Sad umif; tpm;udk aoaocsmcsmwifjyEdik w f ,f/ vJv G Ykd r&
wef;pD;rsm;u tcsKyfom;rsm;ukd n§O;f yef;ESyd pf ufaeonfh AD', D zkd ikd f
Ekd0ifbm 22&uf nae 3em&DcGJwGif AdkvfrSL;ausmfEkarmf &SdcJhw,f/ tck uRefawmfudk,fwkdif pnfyif bl;/ "mwfykHrSwfwrf;udkvnf; tqifhqifh tydik ;f awGu wjznf;jznf;eJYtuRrf;w0if&v dS m avhvmw,f/ owfrSwfxm;wJh txyfxuf
wpfck ysHUESHUvmonf/ ]zm;uefYNrdKUe,f &Jpcef; tcsKyfcef;xJrS
ud,k wf idk f A[ef;NrKd Ue,f &Jpcef;odYk 4if;trsK;d orD;tm; vma&muf om,mxJudk a&mufvmwJhtcgrSm ta&;ygNyD; wifckdif;w,f/ 'grS jynfol&JUaiG tv[ó NyDav/ 'gaMumifh b,folYukdawmhjzihf b,fvdk ausmfvGefae&if zsufcdkif;r,f/ r&&if pnfyif
tcsKyfom;rsm;ukd ykpH BH uD; 36 qkv d m; vkycf ikd ;f Ny;D tcsKyfom;xde;f
tyfESHcJhojzihf uav;oli,fOya' yk'fr66(C)jzifh trIzGifhxm; t&ma&muf atmifvyk Ef ikd cf yhJ gw,f/ tcsKUd ae&m rjzpfrSm/ 'DXmeu awmfawmfav; tvkyf a&G;cs,f&if&r,fqkdwm odaeNyDav/ 'gaMumifh Oya'eJYtnD ta&;,lvyk af qmifzYdk &Sw d ,f/ 'Dvkd
wef;pD;rsm;uESyd pf ufaeMuonfukd awGUjrif&pOf abmfabmfrsm;ESihf
aMumif; od&onf/ awGrSm tcuftcJwcsKdU&Sdayr,fh NrdKUawmf0ef vkyf&w,f/ rSm;vdkYr&ygbl;/ rdkY wpfvausmfMumrS a&G;cs,fjzpfwmvkdYxifyg yJ ajrpvpfawG? *&efawGxyfaewmawG&SdMu
2015 ckESpf ? Edk0ifbm 30 &uf jynfolrsm; þrkADav;ukd Munfh½Ia0zefay;MuygOD;Asm}[k
a':oef;EGUJ ? 42ESpo f nf awmifiNl rKd Ue,f? yJcsuu f ek ;f tkypf ?k tygt0if aumfrwD0ifawGeJY yl;aygif;nd§EIdif; SMDY - jynfola&G;cs,fNyD; wufvmwJh aumf w,f/ w,f/ 'gudkvnf; aoaocsmcsmppfaq;zdkY
t,f'DwmcsKyf ■ odkufxGef;ouf
pmom;vnf; a&;xm;onf/
xef;okH;yif aus;&GmaeoljzpfaMumif;? uav;\ ta':r[kwf aqmif&GufrIeJY tqifajyatmif aqmif&Gufae rwD0ifawGtaeeJY t&if&SdNyD;om;aumfrwD0if SMDY - 'kwd,NrdKUawmf0eftaeeJY vkyfief; vdv k mygNy/D b,ft&mrqkd w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k zdYk u
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm ■ xGef;0if;(rÅav;) wef;pD;[k ,lq&ol ok;H OD;u tcsKyfom;ok;H OD;udk ykpH BH uD;-
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; ■ OD;oef;0if; aMumif;? uav;i,f\ rdcifrSm a':oÅmcsKdjzpfNyD; 4if;\ ygw,f/ awGeYJ vufwv JG yk af qmif&wJt
h ay:rSma&m tcuf ae&mrSm b,fvdkwm0ef,lae&ovJqkdwm t"dutaMumif;t&if;yg/ 'ghaMumifh Oya'
36qkdonfh vkyfckdif;&m ykHpHrusonfh tcsKyfom;wpfOD;udka&m
½kH;tzGJUrSL; ■ jzLpif0if; SMDY - aumfrwD0if(1)ae&muae vkya f qmif tcJ&Sdovm; ... odcsifygw,f/ twdkif;rsufESmrvdkufbJ vkyfaqmifoGm;rSmyg/
aemuftrd af xmifrmS ppfom;jzpfaMumif;? Akv d rf LS ;ausmEf ak rmfwYdk u rvkyw f wfonfh tcsKyfom;wpfO;D udyk g yg;½du k jf cif;? uefausmuf
■ Oya'tMuHay; ■ rdcift&if;jzpfol a':oÅmcsKdtm; axmufyHhaiG usyf 10odef; &wJh vkyfief;wm0efawGua&m ... UNM - r&Syd gbl;/ tm;vk;H wkid w f idk yf ifyif ndn § d§ UNM - 'kNrKd Uawmf0efqadk yr,fh t&ifaumfrwD SMDY - jynfoludk jznfhpGufajymcsifwmrsm;
jcif; jyKvkyfaeykHrsm;yg&Sdonf/ tqkdyg AD'D,dkzkdifESifhywfoufí
OD;0if;vdIif LL.B, D.B.L (txufwef;a&SUaeY) ay;tyfNy;D uav;udak rG;pm;cJah Mumif; aemufqufwo JG wif;rsm; UNM - aumfrwD0if 1, 2, 3 qdkwm pnfyif EIdif;EIdif; vkyfMuygw,f/ vkyfaqmifzkdY tusyf 0if(1)&JU vkyfaqmifcsuf ppfaq;a&;ae&meJY &Sdr,fqkd&if ajymjyygOD;/
tcsKyfcef;ykpH H uGv
J aJG eykrH sm;udk axmufjyí zm;uefYNrKd Ur&Jpcef;u
■ t,f'DwmtzGJU ■ xGuaf y:cJo h nf/ aumfrwD0ifa&G;cs,fyJGwkef;u rJqE´e,fajreJY twnf;wpfckawGUvmNyDqkd&ifvnf; tm;vkH; yl;wGJwm0ef,lvkyfaqmifaeygw,f/ uGif;qif; UNM - pnfyifom,mqdkwm vlxkeJY teD;
jiif;qkx
d m;onf/
pD;yGm;ESifhvli,fu@t,f'Dwm - cdkifcefYaZmf tqkdyg jzpfpOfESifhywfoufí AkdvfrSL;ausmfEkarmfwdkYu oGm;wmyg/ uReaf wmfu atmifajrompHNrKd Ue,f tpnf;ta0;xdkifNyD; taumif;qkH;vkyfEdkifr,fh ppfaq;&r,fhtydkif;&Sd&ifvnf; aumfrwD0if pyfq;Hk Xmewpfcyk g/ tckq&dk if pnfyifeYJ ywfouf
EdkifiHwumowif;t,f'Dwm - vif;opf uav;udk arG;pm;pOf csKyfqcdk ahJ om pmcsKyf"mwfyrHk mS Facebook uqkdawmh rJqE´e,fajr (1)yg/ 'gaMumifh enf;vrf;ukd &SmazGNyD;vkyfaqmifMuygw,f/ awGeJY twloGm;ygw,f/ NyD;cJhwJhwpfywfuyJ wJh vkyfief;aqmifwmawG tjrefNyD;pD;EdkifzdkY
pmjyift,f'Dwm - jrifhrkd;ckdif aumfrwD0if(1)ae&m &wmyg/ *Pef;eHygwf xdyf wpfzufu aumfrwD0ifawGuvnf; uRefawmf 12vrf; cif;wJhae&mudk udk,fwkdifuGif;qif;NyD; NrKd Ue,fpnfyifom,mtkycf sKyfa&;rSL;½k;H awGrmS Xme
&efukef½kH;cGJt,f'Dwm - &efaemifpkd; ay: a&muf&SdcJhNyD; uav;oli,ftcGifhta&;qdkif&m ar;cGef;rsm;? tm&ADjyu©'def ½dkufESdyfxkwfa0onfh
'DZkdif;tjyiftqift,f'Dwm - ukdbkef; vluek u f ;l rIqidk &f mar;cGe;f rsm;?a0zefcsufrsm; a&;om;cJMh uonf/ a&mufwmeJY ae&mXmeBuD;wm r[kwfygbl;/ wkYd udk ypfy,fxm;wmr&Syd gbl;/ tm;vk;H pkaygif; jynfolwcsKdUMum;xJrSm vGJrSm;aewJh txif tvdkuf vkyfaqmifay;Edkifr,fh aumifwmawG
ykHESdyfwkdufydkif&Siftygt0if ig;OD;tm; w&m;pGJqkdjcif; tm;vk;H twlwyl gyJ/ tck uReaf wmfaumfrwD0if NyD; vkyfaqmifMuwmyg/ tjrifukd ajz&Sif;ay;cJhw,f/ &moDOwkaMumifh &SdNyD;om;yg/ jynfolawGtaeeJY qufoG,f
t,f'DwmtzGJU - zkef; (1) ae&mu ppfaq;a&;udk vkyaf qmif&w,f/ SMDY - bmaMumif h pnf y if o m,mxJ u d k cPem;aewJh 12vrf;udpöudk tjrifvGJrSm;pGm aqmif&GufvkdY&aeygNyD/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfwdkY
09 - 2010226, 43147022 pnfyifXme(14)cku wifjyvmwmawG? awmif; wpfvausmfavmufa&mufNyD;rS 'kNrdKUawmf0ef ajymvmwmawG&SdvkdY cPem;aewJh&ufawG pnfyif0efxrf;awGukdvnf; jynfolu cspfcif
E-mail: royal.smdy2@gmail.com tGefvdkif;ay:rS t½dkufMurf;onfh q&mrudpö vlrIuGef&uf pmrsufESmwGif atmifcif(ppfawG)qkdonfh qkv d mwmawGukd ppfaq;Munf½h &I w,f/ Xmeu ae&mudk a&G;&wmvJ/ aumfrwD0ifa&G;NyD;u tpm; tvkyform;awGtaeeJY tcsdefydkxyf vm&r,fh 0efxrf;aumif;awGjzpfEikd zf Ykd vkyaf qmif
■ owif;tzGJU ■ Account rS 2016ckESpf jrefrm-t*Fvdyf-tm&AD okH;bmomjzifh
vkyfief;awGtwGuf awmif;cHvmwJhaiGaMu; wnf;u qufa&G;&ifa&m r&bl;vm; ... aqmif;qif;NyD; vrf;tjrefqkH;NyD;zkdY ajymqkdcJh& ay;oGm;rSmyg/ 0efxrf;eJYjynfol wpfaoG;
rsKd;ausmfausmf? atmifaZ,sm?
Ed0k ifbm 20&ufu a&TwcH g;rSL;cspo f l rD',
D m\ Facebook jyu©'ed f ½du k Ef ydS xf m;aom tpövmrfbmom0if ½d[ k if*smrsm;tm; awGudk umvwefzdk;eJY ukdufnDatmifpdppfNyD; UNM - 'guawmh qufqaH &;tydik ;f ? vkyif ef; wmawG&w dS ,f/ 'geJYywfoufNy;D rÅav;aeYpOf wpfom;wnf;jzpfrS vkyif ef;awG tqifajyrSmyg/
rif;cefY? rsKd;0if;xGef;(rkH&Gm)? Edik if o
H m;jzpfciG jhf yKa&; vIYH aqmfazmfjyrIjyu©'ed rf sm; ½du k Ef ydS x
f wk af 0
atmifausmfrdk;? atmifvif;? nvrif;? vGrf; A rdik f pmrsufESmay:wGif t½dkufMurf;wJh tru(5)? '*kHta&SU yxr csay;&w,f/ wcsKUd t&mawGusawmh uGi;f qif; tydkif;awG ygr,fxifygw,f/ aumfrwD0ifjzpf owif;pmrSmvnf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkY jynfoleJY trsm;qkH;xdawGUae&wJh
wef;oifwhJ q&mr(tm;vk;H odomG ;atmif &S,af y;Muyg) pmom; aMumif;owif;t& ykZGefawmifNrdKUe,f &JwyfzGJUu ykZGefawmif Munfh&w,f/ qkdygpdkY vrf;wpfvrf;udk cif; jzpfcsif; a&G;vdkuf&if udk,fhtaMumif; olrod? 'Dvykd gyJ wcsKdUxyfjrifh taqmufttkaH wGq&dk if 0efxrf;awGudk pdwfydkif;qkdif&ma&m? vkyfief;
uGefysLwmpmpD ■ racsmpk
ESifhtwl uav;wpfOD;\wifyg;wGif tndKtrnf;pGJaeaom NrdKUe,f (2)&yfuGuf? 54vrf;? tv,fbavmuf&Sd ausmfykHESdyf usif;awmhr,fqkd&if vrf;tus,fu b,f olYtaMumif; ukd,frod jzpfEdkifw,f/ vkyfief; owfrSwfxm;wJhtxyfudk xyfwdk;NyD; aqmuf ydkif;qkdif&myg tqifajyacsmarGUzdkY twwfEkdif
aMumfjimtzGJU ■ orD;okH;azmfrD'D,m*½kzf
zk e f ; - 09-402643997, 789777144, 43072735 tvQK;d &mrsm;ESihf "mwfywHk pfyyHk g ydYk pfwpfcw k ufvmcJo h nf/ ]abbD wkduftm; Edk0ifbm 21&ufaeYwGif 0ifa&mufppfaq;&SmazGNyD; avmuf? vrf;xku b,favmuf taetxm; cGifrSmvnf; xdkenf;wlygyJ/ wpfvausmfMum vkyaf ewmawG&w dS ,f/ uReaf wmfpnfyiftMuaH y; qk;H 0dik ;f 0ef;vkyaf qmifay;oGm;MuygvdYk ajymcsif
qkav;&JU q&mryg/ ausmif;pwufuwnf;u tJ'Dq&mr&JU zvifcsyfrsm;ESihf jyu©'ed pf uúLrsm; odr;f qnf;&rdco hJ nf/ Ed0k ifbm eJYcif;r,f/ tJ'DrSm tppt&m&mukefusEdkifr,fh rS a&G;cs,fwmu aumfrwD0iftcsif;csif;&JU uwnf;u awGUMuHKae&/ wifjyae&wJhudpö ygw,f/
jyifywm0efcH ■ &mZmatmif
rsufESmzkH; ■ yef;ork'´&m taMumif;ukdvnf; Mum;rdygw,f/ t½dkufMurf;wJhtaMumif;? 23&ufwGif ykZGefawmifNrdKUe,f w&m;½kH;wGif ykHESdyfwdkufydkif&Sif p&dwu f kd wifvmw,fq&dk if ud, k uf uGi;f qif; taMumif;t&mawG? qufqrH t I ydik ;f awG? vkyif ef; awGyg/ tck 'gawGukd ukd,fudk,fwdkifuGif;qif; SM-D
■ xkwfa0ol ■ bufvdkufwJhtaMumif;/ 'gayrJh q&mru toiftjy t&rf; OD;ausmfausmf? refae*sm OD;&Joal tmif ? OD;0if;Edik ?f OD;aZmfrif;OD;?
OD;odef;aZmf(01025) aumif;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh abbDqkudk ausmif;rajymif;bJ tJ'D OD;0if;axG;wkdY ig;OD;tm; w&m;pGJqkdcJh&m w&m;½kH;u w&m;
a&TrÅav;owif;*sme,fwkduf pGJqkdwJhaeYrSmyif ykHESdyfjcif;ESifhxkwfa0jcif; vkyfief;Oya' yk'fr
34vrf;? 84-85vrf;Mum;? csrf;at;ompHNrdKUe,f? rÅav;NrdKU?
zvif ■ King
ausmif;rSmyJ qufxm;cJhygw,f/ &Spfvydkif;avmufu wpfcg
q&mr½du k v f u
kd w
f m ausmuke;f rSm tvQK;d &mtBuD;BuD; awGUvdu k wf hJ 20t& wpfO;D vQif usyf 10ode;f pD ay;aqmif&ef ysufuu G yf gu rEåav; rsupf ?d em;?EmS acgi;f aq;½kBH u;D wGif Ed0k ifbm30&ufrS 'DZifbm3&uftxd rsupf t
d wGi;f wdrf tcrJu
U o
k ay;rnf
tcg uav;udk ar;Munfah wmh pmr&vkYd ½du k wf mr[kwyf gbl;wJ?h axmif'Pf 2ESpu f sc&H rnfjzpfaMumif; trdeYf csrw S cf o hJ nf/ xdYk jyif
■ yk
HES
dyf ■ Edk0ifbm 24&uf naeydkif;wGif ausmf ykHESdyfwkdufykdif&SifESifh
OD;0if;pk;d OD; aqmhvYkd ygwJ/h tJ'aD vmufawmif½u kd pf &mvm;? pmr&vkYd ½duk &f if rÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD;tpkd;&tzGJY\ BuD;MuyfpDpOfrIjzifh ul;vl;qufqrH I wk;d jr§iahf &;toif;\ jrefrmhtvif;a&mif c&D;pOf ESifhrsufpdtxl;uk orm;awmfBuD; Ms.Mei Wan OD;aqmifaom
plygvmumykHESdyfwkduf ( NrJ -00202) vufcHygw,f/ tJ'g q&mrudk wpftdrfvkH; bmrSrajymygbl;/ av;OD;tm; yk'fr 505(c)jzifh xyfrHw&m;pGJqkdxm;aMumif; od&
32-33vrf;Mum;?85-86vrf;Mum;?rvGefMuufoGefwef;?rÅav;/ onf/ use;f rma&;0efBuD;XmeESihf w½kwEf idk if H ,leefjynfe,f vlraI &;tzGYJ tjzpf rsupf td wGi;f wdraf 0'em&Sirf sm;udk rÅav;NrKd UwGif wwd, rsupf td xl;ukq&m0efBuD;rsm;?olemjyKrsm;onf Ek0d ifbm 30&ufrS
q&mrBuD;ukv d nf;rajymcJyh gbl;/ tckwpfcguawmh awmfawmfukd tpnf; Ekid if w
H umul;vl;qufqrH w I ;dk jri§ ahf &;toif;wkYd \ wwd, tBudrfajrmuf vma&mufcGJpdwfukoay;jcif;jzpfNyD; yxrtBudrf 'DZifbm 3&uftxd rÅav;NrKd U rsupf ?d em;? ESmacgif;? vnfacsmif;
■rÅav;jzefYcsda&; ■ tBudrfajrmuf rsufpdtwGif;wdrf tcrJhcGJpdwfukoay;jcif;ukd wGif vlem 200 ausmf? 'kwd,tBudrfwGif vlem 250cefYtxd aq;½kHBuD;wGif tcrJhvma&muf cGJpdwfukoay;rnfjzpf&m rsufpd
xGef;OD; pmay Ekd0ifbm 30&ufrSpwifí rÅav;NrdKU&Sd rsufpd? em;? ESmacgif;? cGJpdwfukoay;NyD;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ twGif;wdrf a&m*ga0'em&Sifrsm;taejzifh rÅav;NrdKU rsufpd?
29_84 vrf;axmifh? rÅav;NrdKY/ zkef; 02 - 39801
vnfacsmif;aq;½HkBuD;wGif cGJpdwfukoay;oGm;rnf[k od&onf/ tqdyk g wwd,tBudraf jrmuf jrefrmhtvif;a&mifvyI &f mS ;rI em;? ESmacgif;? vnfacsmif; aq;½HktkyfBuD;½kH;cef;wGif BudKwif
apmifa& ■ 500
w½kwEf idk if H ,leefjynfe,f vlraI &;tzGYJ tpnf;Ekid if w H um wGif ,leefjynfe,f trSwf(1)aq;½HkBuD;rS 'kwd,aq;½HktkyfBuD; pm&if;ay;í ukorIcH,lEkdifaMumif; od&onf/ rif;cefY (rEåav;)
20 21

uRefawmft&SifqE´m"du&JY pmwpfyk'fzwfNyD; &Sufrdjcif; twkYd txd ...


yfe;sDcDO;at;armfi
tjynfjynfqkdif&m roefpGrf;olrsm;aeY t[d t[d
*kPfjyKvIHYaqmfaw;oDcsif;rsm;jzifh - a r m if vdI if a rT ; -
'Dq&mawmfav;udk pdwf0ifpm;aecJhwm xGuo f rQ r0,fEikd cf ahJ yr,fh 0,fEikd of a&GU Edik if aH &;rSm ruRrf;avmufb;l vdYk txifa&muf
vSnhfvnfazsmfajzoGm;rnf 0,fvkdYvG,fykH
MumvSNyD/ vl0wfeJYwkef;u ArmwpfjynfvkH; 0,fwmudku uRefawmfhqDrSm tkyf 50 ausmf aecJhwmqkdawmh 'DvdkEdkifiHa&;udpörSm xdxd ar;orQjyóemawGukd q&mawmfu jyef
rSm ajcmufbmom*kPfxl;eJY atmifcJhwJh *kPf &Sw
d ,f/ a&mufa&muf xJxJ0if0ifajymjyvdkufawmhrS vnfajzMum;wJh tmabmfawGqkdwm ajym& ● tdro f Ydk tvnfvmaom wlawmfarmifudk a':acG;r
xl;&Si/f q&mawmfav;u ta[mtajymaumif; uRefawmfvnf; tHhMoukefEkdifzG,f jzpf&w,f/ r,fqkd&if 'Drdkua&pD atmifjrifEdkifa&;twGuf 'DZifbm 3&ufwGif usa&mufrnhf tjynf urÇmv h yk if ef;pOf}ukd 1982ckEpS f 'DZifbm 3&uf u ar;onf/
t&G,faumif;? ynmuaumif;? ½kyf&nf ovdk ta&;tom;usawmhvnf; nufw,f/ 'gwifvm;qkdawmh r[kwfao;bl;/ a&G; a&SUajy;pnf;½k;H a&;ygyJ/ jynfqdkif&m roefpGrf;olrsm;aeYukd *kPfjyK wGif taxGaxGnv D mcHq;Hk jzwfcsujf zifh twnf [Jh.. zkd;ckdif...? [kdvrf;xdyfu i½kwfoD;? Muuf
uwifhw,f? tbufbufu jynfhpkHaecJhwm 'DvkdeJYzwf&if; rSwf&if; q&mawmfav;ukd aumufyGJaeYxuf wpf&ufBudKNyD; pHawmfcsdef bk&m;&Sif&JU0g'uvnf; 'Drdkua&pD0g'yJ onhftaejzihf 'DZifbm2&ufwGif roefpGrf;ol jyKcsrSwfEkdifcJhaMumif; od&onf/ oG e f w k d Y rD ; zk d a csmif o k H ; ypö n f ; awG a &mif ; wJ h q k d i f u d k
q&m0efvkyfrSmvm;? tif*sifeD,mvkyfrSmvm; ykdNyD; MunfndKonfxuf MunfndKvmrdw,f/ rsufESmzkH;rSm ]rJay;&if; yg&rDjznfhr,f}qkdNyD; qkad wmh bk&m;&Si&f UJ om;wynfjh zpfwhJ q&mawmf rsm;tzGUJ u rEåav;NrdKUtwGi;f *kPjf yK vIYH aqmf urÇmhukvor*¾rS 2006ckESpf 'DZifbm odovm;..
aw;oDcsif;rsm;jzifh vSnv fh nfoq D adk zsmfajzoGm; 3&ufwGif roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm; ] odw,fcifAs.. uRefawmfbm0,fay;&rvJ }
qkw d t hJ cgrSm Ak'b ¨ momrSm&[ef;0wf&wm trGef wpfaeYuvnf; Ed0k ifbm 1&ufaeYu xkwf a&;om;azmfjyay;vdu k af o;w,f/ tJ'gudak wmh onfvnf; 'Drdkua&pDudktm;ay;wJh 'Drdkua&pD
rnfjzpfaMumif;od&onf/ qkdif&m oabmwlpmcsKyfukd taxGaxGnDvmcH zkef;aiGjznfhuwf...
jrwfq;Hk yJqNdk yD; omoemhabmifuadk &G;cs,fvu dk f wJ h pH a wmf c sd e f o wif ; pmxJ r S m q&mawmf aumufEkwfazmfjyraeawmhygbl;/ olY&JU rl&if; bufawmfom;yJaygh/
w,f/ t&Siq f E´m"duukd owif;pmq&mwpfO;D u Edik if H twkdif; rdwåLyGm;ay;vdkufygw,f/ 'gaMumifrh Ykd vnf; q&mawmf&UJ &ifxEJ v S ;Hk xJ *kPfjyKvIHYaqmfaw;oDcsif;rsm;jzihf vSnfh qkH;jzwfcsufjzifh oabmwlcsrSwfay;cJhaMumif;?
a&G;cs,fvu dk wf t hJ wdik ;f rdb&JUcGijhf yKcsufeYJ a&;eJYywfoufwhJ ar;jref;avQmufxm;wJt h ay: udef;aewJh t,ltqawGeJYtwl ckvdkar;jref; vnfoDqkdazsmfajzjcif;ukd 'DZifbm 2&ufaeY jrefrmEkdifiHrS 2011ckESpf 'DZifbm 7&ufwGif
tr&yl& r[m*E¨m½kHausmif;wkdufrSm &[ef; rSm q&mawmfu &Sif;vif;ajzMum;xm;wm orQ jyóem[loa&GU rqkid ;f rwGajzMum;awmf eHeufyidk ;f wGif csrf;at;ompHNrdKUe,f 32vrf;ESifh pmcsKyfukd oabmwltwnfjyKvufrSwfa&; tvkt,uf ausmfíwufrnf
jyKvku d w f ,f/ &[ef;jyKvdu k wf ahJ usmif;uvnf; awGudk av;&ufwdkifwdkif ESpfrsufESmaygufjyef rJay;&if; yg&rDjznfhr,f rlcJhEdkifwmyJ r[kwfvm;/ 33vrf; Mum;? 68vrf;ESifh 69vrf;Mum;&Sd vlxk xk;d cJah Mumif;? 2015ckEpS f Ek0d ifbm 15 &uftxd ● tdraf &muf a&mufcsif; OD;rJwu l rausreyf ajym
omoemrSm aevdk vvdk xGef;awmufNyD; pdwf vnf a&;om;xm;wJah qmif;yg;&SnBf uD;udk &uf ]Ed k i f i H a &;tvk y f q d k w m tif r wef q&mawmfajymorQ a[morQ ajzMum; ae&m (Community Center)a&S U rS p xG u f N yD ; oabmwlpmcsKyfukd EkdifiHaygif; 160 EkdifiHu onf/
aumif;&Szd Ykd om yxrqkw d hJ aqmify'k ef YJ pnf;urf; quf tm;&yg;& zwfvdkuf&w,f/ BuD ; rm;us,f j yef Y wJ h y&[d w tvk y f j zpf w J h orQ a&;om;cJhorQawGtay: auseyftm;& 62vrf;rBuD;twkdif; raemf[&Dvrf;txd? xkdrS vufrSwfa&;xkd;cJhNyD; twnfjyKNyD;jzpfaMumif;? [l;... &ifxyd yf gh...? 84vrf;rBuD;ay:rSm ,mOfawG
usifh0wfukd vdkufemaeMuwJhausmif;/ aqmif;yg;&JU acgif;pD;emrnfu ]EdkifiHa&; twGuf EkdifiHudkOD;aqmifr,fh tzGJUtpnf; MunfndKaecJhwJh uRefawmf? udk,fhudk,fudk,f 78vrf;twkdif; 'kdif;rGef;yvmZmtxd? xkdrS aemufqufwJG oabmwlpmcsKyfudk 92 Edik if u H ysm;yef;cyfrQ ½Iyf,Sufcwfaewmawmif vkdufwrf;
&[ef;bJGUu t&SifqE´m"duwJh/ txuf tvkyfqkdwm tBuD;pm;vlrIa&;tvkyf? vlrI a&G;cs,fwJhae&mrSm vlwpfpkaumif;usKd;ukdyJ aemufjyefvSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh vJaocsif 26bDvrf;twkdif; 86vrf; aps;csdKawmftxd? vufrSwfa&;xkd;í 88EdkifiHu twnfjyKNyD;jzpf ajy;wrf;upm;aeMuw,f... ?
utaMumif;uav;awGukd Mum;od&wmeJY pdwf a&;tvkyq f w dk m tao;pm;Edik if aH &;tvkyw f }hJ / MunfhwJhtzGJUtpnf;ukd a&G;cs,frd&if EdkifiH avmufatmifudk &Sufrdw,f/ 86vrf ; twk d i f ; 22vrf ; twk d i f ; vrf ; 80 aMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHtaejzifh 1998ckESpfrS ] uav;awGvm;[if..}
xJrSm MunfndKvdkuf&wm? tJ'Dvdk MunfndK q&mawmfajzMum;xm;wmawGudk a&; om;tm;vkH;&JUaumif;usKd;udk zsufqD;ypf&m rEdiI ;f ,SOo
f ifw
h q
hJ &mawmft h mabmf awGeYJ rS usKH;ab;rS 12vrf;? xkdrS 66vrf;twkdif; pwifum tjynfjynfqidk &f m roefprG ;f olrsm;aeY r[kwfbl;? vkdif;um;awG...
xkdufoludk MunfndK&wm[m tvkdvdkae&if; om;xm;wJh aqmif;yg;av;u zwf&wm nif a&mufwJhtwGuf tukodkvftBuD;tus,f oGm;NyD; EIdif;,SOfMunfhrdwmudk;/ 19vrf;eef;a&SUtxd? xkrd S 62vrf;twkid ;f vrf; ukd ESpfpOfusif;ycJhaMumif;od&onf/
pdwfcsrf;ajrhNyD; ukodkvfyGm;&w,f/ omwJt h jyif odro f rd af rGUarGU ,Of,Ofaus;aus; jzpf y gw,f / vl x k a umif ; usKd ; ud k M unf h w J h &Sufrdwmvnf; rajymeJY/ b,fhES,fAsm 30txd? xkdrS 68vrf;twkdif; pxGufcJhonhf vlYtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f yg0ifaeaom roef
'ghaMumifhrdkYvnf; ajymMuwmyJ/ yg&rD eJYrodwmudkodatmif ajz&Sif;xm;wJh ykHpH[m tzGJUtpnf;udka&G;cs,frd&ifawmh EdkifiHom; uk, d u f tckqdk touf87ESpaf wmifa&mufaeNyD ae&mwGif NyD;qkH;rnfjzpfaMumif; od&onf/ pGrf;olrsm;&JU pGrf;aqmif&nfrsm;azmfxkwfNyD; 'gaMumifhudk;
ESpfpOf 'DZifbm 3&ufukd tjynfjynf vlxt k wGi;f us,jf yefYpGm yl;aygif;aqmif&u G Ef idk Mf u ● armifviId af rT;u ukx d eG ;f OD;udak jymonf/
qkw d m jrihjf rwfow l Ydk &JUvkyif ef;vdYk / olvdk uk, d f a'gooHqkdvdkY b,fae&mrSmrSrygbl;/ tm;vkH; tm;vkH;&JU aumif;usKd;ukd o,fydk;vdkuf&m yJ/ ukdk,fa&;aewJh pmawGqkdwm £órpä&d,
qkdif&mroefpGrf;olrsm;aeYtjzpf urÇmhukv ap&ef? roefpGrf;olrsm;ESihfywfoufonhf pGrf; uRefawmf reufapmapmvrf;avQmuf&if a&'D,kd
vdk vlawGqw dk m rpOf;pm;eJY/ awmfvnf; awmf arwåmoabmudk aqmifxm;w,f/ a&mufwJhtwGuf yg&rDukokdvftBuD;tus,f awG tjynfheJY yk*¾dKvfpGJ? ygwDpGJawGeJY t&om
or*¾tzGJUBuD;u owfrSwfxm;aMumif;? roef aqmif&nfrsm;? t,ltqtawG;tac:rsm;ESihf av;ukid Nf y;D em;axmif&if; vrf;avQmufw,f? uReaf wmfh
&r,f? wwfvnf; wwf&r,f? odvnf; od&r,f pdwf&Snfvuf&SnfeJY zwfwJholawG rsufpd jzpfygw,f/ tzGJUtpnf;wpfckrSm acgif;aqmif awGUaewke;f oufawmf 50 om&Sad o;wJh q&m
pGrf;olrsm;twGuf wef;wlnDrSstcGifhta&;&&Sd roefpGrf;olrsm; aeYpOf&ifqkdifaeMu&onhf a&'D,kdu wufqeftrsKd;tpm;? ao;ao;av;..
qkdwJh ynm&yfawGeJYvnf; ywfoufaew,f/ xJ uGuu f u G u f iG ;f uGi;f jrifvmatmif xifvm u t"d u uswJ h t wG u f ud k , f u sif h w &m; awmfuav;&JU aqmif;yg;u tmCmwuif;uif; ] usKyfvnf; cifAsm;vkdyJ ..? 'gayrJh usKyfa&'D,dk
NyD;awmh pdwfaumif;&SdzdkYuvnf; a&SUqkH;u atmif ay:vGifvmwJhtwGuf q&mawmfhudk aumif;rGef? arwåmjynfh0? ÓPfynmtajrmf eJY awGUjrifae&avawmh uRefawmft h zdYk r&Suf a&;? vlYtzGUJ tpnf;twGi;f tjynht f 0yl;aygif; tcuftcJtwm;tqD;rsm;ukd vlxktwGif;
aqmif&u G cf iG &fh &Sad &;wkYd twGuf roefprG ;f acgif; od&SdEkdifMuap&ef&nf&G,fNyD; vlom;tm;vkH; u [DwmcsD...}
&Sdaeao;w,f r[kwfvm;/ tBudrBf udrv f uftyk cf sDryd gw,f/ tjrifBuD;rm;? OD;aqmifEdkifpGrf;xufjrufwJh bJaevkdYrS r&awmhwm Opöm/ NyD;awmhvnf; jyprf;yg...
r[m*E¨ m ½k H a usmif ; wk d u f r S m w&m;"r® tajymif;tvJqkdwJhtokH;tEIef;udk em; acgif;aqmifaumif; OD;aqmifwJhtzGJUtpnf; ud, k thf oufu ar;csw d af eNy/D 'Dt&G,af &mufcg aqmifrsm;ESihf roefpGrf;olrsm;qkdif&m tzGJU tusKH;0ifzkdY roefpGrf;olrsm;\ pGrf;aqmif&nf
tpnf;rsm;u 1970 jynhaf emufyikd ;f wGif vIy&f mS ; rsm;azmfxkwfpkdY}acgif;pOfjzifh roefpGrf;rIESihf udxk eG ;f OD;a&'D,u
dk jkd rif&aomtcg trav;wrdawmh
usifhMuHtm;xkwfNyD; a&Tyg&rDawm&udk a&muf r&Sif;MuwJholawGtwGuf &Sif;vif;jyvdkufwJh udk a&G;cs,frSom tJ'DtzGJUtpnf;u EdkifiH rS rqifjcif&if aemifwawG ao&Gmygawmhr,f/ onf/ enf;wJ[ h mBuD;r[kw/f þwGiaf rmifviId af rT;u
oGm;w,f/ tJ'DusrS NrdKUawGe,fawGrSm "r® ykHrsm;? jynfolawGu rMunfhcsifMuwJh rsufESm aumif;usKd;? EdkifiHom;awG&JU aumif;usKd;udk oefY&Sif;wJhem; tMum;rsm;onf? awmif;qkrd rI sm; jyKvkycf MhJ uaMumif;? roefprG ;f ol ywfoufaom 0w¦Kwk?d uAsm? aqmif;yg;NyKd ifyrJG S
rsm;yg0if aqmif&u G cf iG &hf &Sad &; wef;wlnrD Qa&; qk&&Sdolrsm;ukdvnf; qkrsm;csD;jr§ihf oGm;rnfjzpf ajymrdawmhonf/
uxdutaeeJY w&m;awGvSnfhNyD; a[mMum; awGudk ,leDazmif;ajymif;xm;ayr,fh rsufESm rSefuefxda&mufpGm tpGrf;ukefo,fydk;&Guf MunfvifwJhrsufpd tjrifrsm;onf? cifAsm;vufarmif;<uufom;awGbmjzpfvkdY 'D
cJw
h ,f/ uawmh jynfolawG rMunhfcsifMuwJh rsufESmyJ aqmifEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ pifMu,fwJh pdwf todrsm;onf/ ESifh roefprG ;f rsm;\ tcGit fh a&;rsm;ukd umuG,f aMumif;od&onf/
ay;zkYd twGu]f roefprG ;f olrsm;ESiyfh wfoufaom rsKd;ausmfausmf avmufawmif oefrmBuD;xGm;&w,fqkdwmudk ckrSyJ
a[mMum;NyD ; orQ w&m;awG u d k v nf ; jzpfaewJhtaMumif; wifjyoGm;wJhykHuav;u rJay;rSm;&if tukokdvf? t&SifZeumbd0Ho\ oabmaygufawmhw,fAsm...
w&m;wpfy'k v f kd pmwpftyk t f jzpf a&Tyg&rDawm& vSvu kd w f m/ rJay;rSef&if ukodkvf/ } Mo0g'uxm/
u xkwfa0cJhwJhpmtkyfawGqkdwm enf;wmrS tpuawmh q&mawmfudk w&m;"r®uo kd m q&mawmft&SifqE´m"du
r[kwyf gyJ/ ta[mtajymaumif;wmvdYk xifaerdcw hJ mud;k / (a&Tyg&rDawm&) yef;csDOD;at;armif udkawG armifawG vkyfrae
● tysKd a v;b0uk d vG e f a jrmuf v mcJ h N yD j zpf a om
trsKd;orD;wpfOD;u tdrfaxmifa&;t0g;0aeNyDjzpfaom
r Eå a v ; u o ½k yf a q m if o pf uRefawmf yg0ifo½kyfaqmifxm;wJh AD'D,dk &,faewmawGu uRefawmft h wGuf cufcJ cJyh g
rde;f rBuD;wpfa,mufudk ar;onf/

ZGJ0óef
o½kyfaqmiftopfawG&JU xkH;pHtwkdif; rD;xdk;? rSefxdk;NyD; uifr&m tefwD... ukd,f,lr,fha,musfm;u udk,fhtaz
Zmwfum; &Spu f m;avmuf½u kd x
f m;NyD;ygNyD/ tJ'D w,f/ tckawmh tm;vkH;ukd oif,lavhvm t&G,fa&muf&SdaeNyDqkd&if b,fvkdac:&rvJ[if..
csdefvdkufwmeJY 'dkif,mavmhawG arhoGm;wwfovkd vkyf&r,fh trl AD',
D &kd pS u
f m;&JU Zmwfum;emrnfeYJ yg0ifwhJ o½kyf avhusiNhf y;D tm;vk;H uReaf wmft
h wGuf tqifajy
t&mawGvnf; aysmufoGm;wwfw,f/ 'DtxJrSm tjrJaysmfaysmf&Tif&TifeJY ] ½dk½dkaoao wGJac:yg ...}
aqmifawGuawmh ... oGm;ygNyD/
jyHK;NyD;aewwfwJh ZGJ0óefuawmh tvGrf;taqG;cef;awG? pdwfqkd;NyD; 1/ Online side effect - ukdrif;&mZm? uRefawmftEkynmay: xm;&SdwJhpdwfu
a'gojzpf&r,fh tcef;awGrSm jyHK;&,faewwfvkdY tcufawGU&ygw,fvkdY n v r if ; rSL;ocif? aryef;csD ukd,f0goemygwJh tEkynmeJY y&dowfudk
qkdygw,f/ 'DtcuftcJawGudk ausmfjzwfNyD; o½kyfaqmifavmuxJ 2/ a&Ttqdyf - ukrd if;&mZm? aZ,smatmif? taumif;qk;H ay;qyfcsifwmyg/ tEkynmtjyif
b,fvakd &SUqufavQmufaew,fqw dk mudk vrif; &JUtEkynmtifwmAsL; pdkif;oD[? qkyefxGm GYM Play wm&,f? abmvkH;uef&wm&,fukd
av;udk y&dowfBuD; zwfMunfhay;MuygOD; ...
arS;arS;oGm;cJw h ,f/ tJ'gudk awmfawmfav;udk avhusihf
3/ 'd k i f ; -ukdrif;&mZm? aZ,smatmif? vnf; t&rf;udk uRefawmfESpfoufygw,f/ yg;pyfudpö[Jh
zl;yGio hf cif y&dowfBuD;udk uRefawmf ZGJ0óef ajym ● ukdomtkd;&JUorD;av; tpm;rSm;vkdY aq;½kHwif
uReaf wmfeh mrnf&if;u pnfoal usmyf g/ tEkynmemrnfu Ny;D jyifc&hJ ygw,f/ aysm&f iT cf &hJ wJh trSww
f &uawmh uRef
4/ wdkufppfrSL; bausmf- ukdrif;&mZm? csifwJh pum;u uRefawmfwkdYvkd rsufESmopf vkduf&owJh..
ZGJ0óefyg/ azazeJYarar emrnfu OD;oef;ausmfaX;+a':armf awmf&h UJ Photo awG *sme,f? r*¾Zif;awGxrJ mS ygvm&if
aZ,smatmif? zl;yGifhocif o½kyaf qmifav;awGukd tm;ay;MuygOD;vdYk ajym ] 'g[m olYukdoifwJhq&m t½dkufMurf;vkdY
armf0if;yg/ uReaf wmfrh mS armifErS ESpaf ,muf&ydS gw,f/ uReaf wmf t&rf;udk aysmcf &hJ ygw,f/ 'gav;awGuawmh uReaf wmf&h UJ
5/ aorif;eJYrsufESmcsif;qkdif- ukrd if;&mZm? csifygw,f/ y&dowfBuD;&JU tm;ay;rI[m uRef jzpf&r,f ...}
u om;tBuD;qkH;yg/ usefwJh wpfa,mufu nDrav;yg/ trSww f &av;awGyg/
aZ,smatmif? zl;yGifhocif awmfwYdk twGuf cGet f m;awGyg/ y&dowfBuD;tm; [J.h . acG;eD? aomuf&rf;rvkyef YJ tckupd u
ö ocsFm
uRefawmfh&JU vufukdifaqmifyk'fuawmh ... tEkynm&Siaf wGxrJ mS uReaf wmftm;uswhJ olawG
6/ tEdkifvkyGJ- ukdrif;&mZm? e'D0ifhEkdif vkH; qE´eJYb0wpfxyfwnf; usygapvdkY uRef eJYbmrS rqkid b f ;l ?
uk,d f bmyJvyk vf yk f ud,
k vf yk af ewJh tvkyaf y:rSm apwem uawmh udkrif;&mZmeJY tu,f'rDa'G;(c)ukdom;BuD;udk
7/ toJuGJrdpäm- udkrif;&mZm? e'D0ifhEdkif awmfZGJ0óefu qkawmif;ay;aeygw,f/ y&d
xm;vkyv f ukd yf g/ apwemxm;NyD; vkyw f t hJ vkyu f ud, k u hf jkd yefNyD; tm;usro d vk?d usew
f thJ Ekynm&Sif twwfynm&Sif o½kyf
8/ tazmfrygwJh ausmfpGm- ukdrif;&mZm? owfBuD;tm;vkH; usef;rm? csrf;om? pD;yGm;a&;
apwemxm;vmygvdrrhf ,f/ aqmifawGtm;vkH;udkvnf; tm;usrdygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkY
c&pöw;D em;/ rsm;vnf; tjrJw;dk wufMuygapvdYk vnf; xyfrH
tEkynmavmuudk uReaf wmf p0ifcw hJ hJ &uf? v? ckEpS u f tm;uswmvJqkdawmh tEkynm&Siftwwf ynm&SifawG
'D AD', D Zkd mwfum; &Spu
f m;vk;H rSm uReaf wmf qkawmif;ay;ygw,f/ wpfckuawmh jynfhpkHNyD
awmh 23.9.2013ckEpS u f jzpfygw,f/ Model avmu&JU vufO;D tm;vk;H [m uReaf wmfZ0JG óef&UJ oifq&m? jrifq&m? Mum;
vnf; yg0ifo½kyaf qmifxm;ygw,f/ Zmwfum; uRefawmf ZGJ0óef &JU ae&yfvdyfpmu
q&mu Star & Model Int'll Agency u ukdausmfrsKd;Akdvfyg/ q&mawGygyJ/ olwdkYawGvkd awmfatmif wwfatmif uRefawmf ● aps;ujyefvmaom ZeD;udk orD;ESio hf rufuefawmh
awG&UJ emrnfawGu xGucf geD;&if wpfcgwav 16_17vrf;Mum;? 89vrf;? rÅav;NrdKU/ zkef;eH
o½kyaf qmifavmu&JU vufO;D q&muawmh ½ky&f iS ef YJ AD', D o kd ½kyf tjrJavhvm? oif,l? BudK;pm;oGm;rSmyg/ oGm;aomypön;f udjk yvsuf OD;bausmfu ajymonf/
awmh Zmwfum;emrnfawG ajymif;oGm;wwfMu ygwfu 09-400004565/
aqmif udkrif;&mZmyg/ vwfwavm uReaf wmf&h UJ tEkynmvIy&f mS ;rIawGu ukrd if; rde;f ra&.. om;eJYorD;u aq;jcif;BuD;eJY uefawmh
ygw,f/ þpmpktwGuf o½kyfaqmiftopfjzpfwJh oGm;w,fu, G .f ..
uReaf wmftEkynmavmuxJp0ifcw hJ hJ tcsed w
f ek ;f utrSwf &mZmeJY Zmwfum;awG½dkufjzpfaeygw,f/ MTV taeeJY av;yk'f
AD'D,dkZmwfum;awG ½dkufwJhtcsdefrSm uRef ZGJ0óefukd vrif; txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdygw,f/ ] 'gqkdusKyfwkdYrSm a&m*gyJvkdawmhrSmayghaemf ...}
w& tcuftcJu Photo p½du k wf thJ csed rf mS uReaf wmf&h UJ rsuv f ;Hk u avmufvnf; ½dkufxm;ygao;w,f/
awmfwYdk vdk o½kyaf qmiftopfawGtaeeJY 'dik , f m nvrif;
avmharhw,f? pdwfqkd;wJhae&mrSm pdwfrqkd;bJ
22 23

yxrqkH;tBudrfusif;yonfh
q & m OD ; p uf tk ef ; ? a t m if a jr & yf ? y vd yf NrdKY ? zk ef ; - 0 6 6 - 4 2 3 3 4

a&TrEåav;a [ m p m w rf ; edAÁmefaps;yGJawmfwGif _idrf;csrf;a\;twGuf yef;rsm;yGifhygap - y P m r -


tvSL&Sif 150 ausmf yg0if y
JG w
kd i
f ;asum
f rMav;Zmfwy
JG
2 0 1 5 - Edk 0 if b m 3 0 & uf rS 'D Z if b m 6 & uf t xd
vSL'gef;auR;arG; rfi;om;-kdefiasufm?J7dkcfi
rlvZmwmuawmh ynm&SdolaX;yJ? jzpfEkdifajc&Sdygw,f? jzpfatmifvkyfzkdYyJvkdygonf/ tcsdefjzKef;raeoifh a t m if a t m if ( rsKd ; q uf o pf )
awmhyg/ taMumif;jycsufawG rvkdyg/ vkyfEkdifwmu pvkyfyg/ vkyfcsifwmawG vkyfEkdifvmrnf/ &nfrSef;
csufyef;wkid af &mufzYdk wpfvrS ;f NyD;wpfvrS ;f eD;vmrnf/ yef;wkid u
f awmh vIyaf eygonf/ rdru
d om &yfrae
ESifh? xkdifraeESifh ikdifraeESifh? cvkwfMunfha&Smif/
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 0? 3 / ,Mwm - t½kPfqGrf;? aeYqGrf; bk&m;uyfvSLyg/
a&S;vlBuD;awGu wpf
aeYrSm &ok;H & tenf;qk;H wpfck
BuD;uJ? rdbaumif;usKd;&rnf? vkdtifqE´jynfhrnf/ *kPfwufrnf/ vkdcsifwJholawGvnf; awGUaernf/ awmh&ygapvdYk qk½d ;kd qk;H rpum;
&SdvkdY vkdcsifMuwmaygh/ vmbfaumif;aecsdef pkwfa&Smifyg/ &efa&Smifyg/ aysmfyg;aomufpm; rvGefoifhyg/ ukd em;xJpGJaerdygw,f/ Opöm?
toGm;tvm qifjcifyg/ qD;a0'em rjzpf&ef*½kpkdufyg/ a&TnHh r0,foifh r0wfoifhyg/ ynm? ukodkvfwdkYjzpfygw,f/
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 3? 8 / ,Mwm - EdkYrvkdifygaomrkefY bk&m;uyfvSLyg/ owdxm;ok;H oyfrw d hJ aeYawG
avmuDp;D yGm;a&; rdom;pkta&; vlraI &;awGab;z,fNy;D avmukw&å mpD;yGm;yJ&mS vkad wmhwmvm;? avmuD &Sdovkd owdvufvGwf arh
pD;yGm;a&;awG tbufbufujynfhpkHNyD; aemufqHrwif;&rS avmukwå&mpD;yGm;udkom tm½kHpkduf&SmEkdifrSm avsmhcJhwJh aeYawGvnf;&SdcJh
aygh/ usef;rmrS ÓPfaumif;rnf? ÓPfaumif;rS vkdcsifwm &atmif&SmEdkifrnf/ oihfwm pm;aomufyg/ wmygyJ/ ykxkZOfobm0t&
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 3 / ,Mwm - &moDra&G;yGifhaomyef; bk&m;vSLyg/ wefaqmifwkdifyGJawmfaeY txdrf;trSwf edAÁmefaps; pdwq f E´aemuf vdu k yf gpD;arsm
yGJawmf auR;arG;vSL'gef;rIudk ppfudkif;NrdKU? pdefukef;wkdufe,f &if; tcsdefawGukefoGm;wwf
toGm;rawmfwpfvSrf;wJh? taMumif;r&Sd taMumif;&SmroGm;oifh? aocsifwJhusm;awmajymif;wJh? ewfbkH &yfuGufrsm;u yxrqkH;tBudrf pkaygif;usif;y&m? tvSL&Sif ygw,f/
vnf; rajymif;csifygESifh/ vkyfcsif&mudk tBuD;tuJESifh wkdifyifvkyfyg (okdY)rdom;pkESifh wkdifyifvkyfyg/ 150ausmfwYdk uvma&mufonfh {nfyh &dowfrsm;udk nae 3em&D Zmwf obif tEkynm 0goem ygwJh bm0emeJYrMunfhwwfao;wmrdkY ukodkvf&zdkY wifqufjcif;u y&dowftwGuf auseyfryI w kd hJ awG apwemawG _ _ _ Edkifausmf &ifxJ
atmifjriftusKd;ay;rnf/ tm;ud;k rrSm;zkYd vdyk gonf/ rdwaf umif;aqGaumif; ynm&So d al wmfaumif;awGU tcsdefrSpwifí auR;arG;vSL'gef;MuaMumif; od&onf/ uRefawmfhtwGuf rÅav;NrdKUBuD;u y#d½ly twGufuvnf; cufcJygw,f/ 'gayrJh tod tjyif todynmay;a0cJhwmrdkY rQa0cHpm;ap tpOftjrq J ak wmif;ae _ _ _ &Jcikd f tjrw J idk f
NyD; bkef;uHwufvmrnf/ ajcrSma0'emr&atmif *½kpkdufoGm;vmyg/ edAmÁ efaps;yGaJ wmfudk pdeu f ek ;f wdu
k ef ,f av;uRef;ajrvrf; jzpfw,fvkdYqkdcsifrdygw,f/ oDwif;uRwf ynm&zdkY tcGifhta&;awmh&Sdaeygao;w,f/ csifryd gw,f/ qE´jyKw,fav Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yef;rsm;
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 3? 5 / ,Mwm - &moDra&G;oD;aom opfoD;bk&m;vSLyg/ qkHrS &yfuGuf½kH;oGm;vrf;rwef;wpfavQmuf vrf;ab;aps;wef; vupvdkY waygif;vtxd &yfuGufwdkif;rSm 'guvnf; Zmwfobif&UJ wifqufryI MJG unfh ]Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yef;rsm;yGifhygap} yGiyhf gap _ _ _
tdraf xmif&o dS al &m r&So
d yl g pef;yGichf sed v
f mbfaumif;csed af &mufaeygNy/D vkt d yfwm&zkYd todÓPfEiS hf a&G;,lyg/ zGifhvSpfí cif;usif;vSL'gef;auR;arG;jcif;jzpfonf/ usif;yonfh "r®m½kb H &k m;yGaJ wmfusi;f yMuygw,f/ rsm;aom ol&JUcHpm;rItay:rlwnfygw,f/ yGJwkdif;ausmf urÇmBuD;Nidrf;csrf;zdkYraoG _ _ _ ,rf; "mwkypön;f rsm;eJY urÇmxkzsuq f ;D Mur,fh
aiGvcdk siv
f Ydk ajrra&mif;ESihf a&Tnw hH myJ a&mif;vkud yf g/ ukov kd v
f cdkf siv
f Ydk vm;? vSL&usK;d eyfatmif vSLwwf ae&mrSm NrdKUay:&yfuGufBuD;twGif;jzpfojzihf NrdKUay:&yfuGufrsm; tm;jzihf ZmwftNidrfhrsm;eJY bk&m;yGJawmfukd rÅav;ZmwfyGJ&JU todynmay;tEkynm aoewfu yef;rsm;yGiyhf gap_ _ _ tem*wf ,rf;aoewf&JU ted|m½kHawG _ _ _
yg/ wifhw,fjynfhpkH<u,f0csrf;ompGm aeEdkifatmif tusKd;ay;csdefa&mufaeNyD/ tdyfraeESifh ysif;arG;awG uyg vma&mufpm;okH;Muonf/ ETJaysmfMuygw,f/ &nf&G,fcsufuawmh jrwf wifqufrIuawmh auseyfapcJhwm tao uav;rsm; wdYk &JU&ifaoG;awG wkid ;f jynftwGuf trdwuGJ tzwuGJ(taMumif;xJu)2
aygufvmrnf/ ]edAÁmefaps;yGJawmfwpfBudrfrS rvkyfzl;bl;/ tm;&yg;& Ak'y¨ al ZmfyrJG mS a0ae,sowå0gtaygif; ukov kd f tcsmyg/ ESpo f ufcwhJ mu Nird ;f csr;f a&;twGuf cGetf m;jzpfygap _ _ _ rat;csrf;aom tusKd;rsm;awG _ _ _
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 5? 7 / ,Mwm - oD;>ywfoD;bk&m;vSL/ vmpm;wJh y&dowfukdEdkifatmifauR;&w,f/ aysmfp&maumif;wJh yg0ifapcsifwJhtwGuf pnfpnfum;um;eJY yef;rsm;yGifhygapvdkY trnf&wJhyPmruyGJ rNird ;f csr;f aom wkYd &JUurÇmajr? ,rf;eHYwdYk vGihf trdaotzao uav;i,fb0 a<u
ukov kd yf yJG g/ aemifEpS rf sm;rSm vkyrf ,fq&dk ifvnf; uRerf wdYk yg0if aysmfyGJobifqif,ifETJw,fvdkY xifjrifrdyg jzpfygw,f/ OD;aqmifyg0ifujycJhwJh rif;om; aysmufygap _ _ _ vGifh&ay _ _ _
aiGvcdk sifvYdk aiG&atmif ÓPftm; vkYH v 0D&,
d tm;ESihf ½d;k om;pGmBudK;pm;r&SmbJ ud,
k jf zpfcsifwm ud, k v
f dk vSL'gef;jzpfrSmyg}[k pdefukef;wkdufe,f ompnf&yfrS tvSL&Sif w,f/ OD;zk;d pde?f a&Tref;(OD;)wifarmif?(OD;)a&TBuD; av;rsm;u Edik af usm?f rsK;d qufopf?&Jcikd rf ;dk ukud dk twåvrT ;f aom a'gormefawG ysuo f Ok ;f azmufczJG Ykd ,rf;awGtpm;av tem*wf
csifwm&zkYd &Sw d m a&mif;pm;wwfwmvm;? rdom;pktusKd; a&SUwef;wifNy;D uk, d t
hf m;ud,
k u f ;dk BudK;pm;jyvkud f wpfO;D u yg0ifvLS 'gef;&jcif;twGuf 0rf;ompum;ajymMum;onf/ ndK pwJh rif;om;BuD;awGvufxufrmS bmom xdkufwefeJY yGJwdkif;ausmf&JU tEkynm&Sifrsm; vdYk trke;f aysmufygap _ _ _ obm0avmu uav;rsm; aomuuif;ygap_ _ _
prf;yg/ vlBuD;rif;wkdY twk,lNyD; tm;vkH;uHaumif;vmrnf? ajrBuD;u &wema&Trkd;aiGrdk;&Gmvmrnf/ pdefukef;wdkufe,f edAÁmefaps;yJGawmfwGif &yfuGuftwGif; a&; pD;yGm;a&; EdkifiHa&;todynmay; tEk jzpfygw,f/ urÇmajr vlom;wkdYtwGuf pHXmae _ _ _ vlom;wkYd tpGr;f tpuk, d pf aD wG Nidr;f csrf;
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 5? 4 / ,Mwm - tckdifvkdufyGifhaomyef; bk&m;vSLyg/ tvSL&Sirf sm;u rkeYf [if;cg;? aumfjyefYaMumf? xyfw&m? vufzuf ynmtpDtpOfrsm;wifqufazsmaf jz&if;wkid ;f jyK yPmrtzGifhrSm wkdufyGJaoewfoHawG udk,fpDwwfuRrf; tpGrf;tpawG yef;&eHYodkY a&;twGuf yef;rsm;yGifhygap _ _ _
use;f rma&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;? tcspaf &;? tdraf xmifa&; olrsm;aMumifh rdrad Mumifh qk;d wmrjzpfatmif &nf? aumufn§if;aygif;? taMumfvufzufokyf paom jrefrm jynfjyK wnfrh wfraI wG vkycf MhJ uw,fvYkd rSwf udk *DweJYaygif;pyfNyD; pdwf0ifpm;apcJhygw,f/ arT;ygap_ _ _ ucsif u,m; u&if csif; 'DurÇmBuD; Nird ;f csr;f ygap jrefrmEdik if v
H nf;
owd tod&Sdyg/ atmufvlvm; awmfvSefwwfonf/ wynfhaumif;vm; rNrJyg/ rvkdol &efvm; &Sdae oa&pm pm;p&mrkeYf rsm;udv k morQ y&dowftm; rpm;&r&S&d av om;&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifv h nf; Zmwform;BuD; ppfaMumifah y;cJ&h wJh toufawGppfaMumifh rdw Arm rGef &cdkif &Srf;_ _ _ wpfvrf;xJoGm; Nidr;f csrf;ygap _ _ _
onf/ om;?orD;awGvm; pdwfwkdif;rusjzpfaernf/ 'Dqkd;usKd;awGtpm; aumif;usKd;jzpfvkdvQifawmh atmif vSL'gef;auR;arG;&m? rkeYf [if;cg;? aumfjyefYaMumf? acgufqJG awG vlaooGm;ayr,fh emrnfuawmh &Sio f ef uGJ zwuGJjzpf&ykHawG ppfaMumifhb0ysufcJh& wpfavSwnf;pD; csprf Ni;D MuwJh nDtpfuadk rmif y&dowfBuD;vnf; Nird ;f csr;f Muygap yGw J ikd ;f
r*Fvokwfwpf&uf wpfacguf toHxGufNyD; &Gwfyg/ okyf auR;arG;onfah e&mrsm;wGif vma&mufpm;ok;H olrsm;jym; ojzihf aeqJjzpfaejcif;eJYtwl wpfpkHwpfck&&SdcJhwJh ykaH wG ppfaMumifu h av;rsm;&JU pdwt f ñGeYf usK;d ESrawG_ _ _ qE´ukd,fpDwlnDvdkYav Nidrf; ausmfvnf; Nidrf;csrf;ygap _ _ _
tusKd;ay;*Pef; - 4? 2/ ,Mwm - arG;aeYrSm EdkYqGrf;bk&m;uyfvSLyg/ apmifq h idk ;f pm;aomufMu&aMumif;od&onf/ y&dowfawG&ifxJrSm av;pm;jrwfEdk;aewm cJ&h ykaH wG ppf&UJ ted|mef½aHk wGukd wifqufcNhJ yD; csrf;a&;twGuf yef;rsm;yGifhygap_ _ _ vlom;tm;vkH;Nidrf;csrf;ygap ppfyGJawG
atmifaZ,sm jzpfygw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;aygif;pkH&JU&ifxJu wlnDwJhqE´ wdYk rsm;ucsiaf ygh rsK;d EG,pf ak wG wpfoabm tm;vkH; &yfwefYygap / /
aemufydkif;rSmawmh ZmwfobifawGu &csifMuwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk ½dk;&mtutvS xJ arQmfvifhumae_ _ _ pnfurf;&Sdae yGJwdkif;ausmfrÅav;ZmwfyGJqkdwm wdk
azsmfajza&;toGifqefvmjcif;eJY Zmwform; aw;oDcsif;pmom;rsm;eJYykHazmfvkdY qkawmif; pnf;vkH;Muav jrefrmEdkifiHwkd;wufrSmraoG awmif;vSwJhumvtwGif;rSm a&SUwef;udk

tu,f'rDaemifaemifu *syefc&D;pOfukd tm;&auseyfaMumif; ajymqkd jyefwt hJ cg rSwo f m;p&mcserf xm;Edik cf MhJ uawmh
ygbl;/ olYtdk;eJYolYqefqkdovdkygyJ y&dowf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;uvnf; tysif;ajytaysmf
cJhMuygw,f/ yPmr&JU&nf&G,fcsufu
]wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
pkaygif;aexdik w f hJ
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yef;rsm;yGifhygap _ _ _
a[; zm;pnfoHa0 ZGJuyifajr 'kH;,drf;
u[ef xl;umav_ _ _ wdYk u&if aoG;csi;f
a&muf&SdcJhjcif;&JUtajzu wkdif;jyKjynfjyK tEk
ynmrsm;azsmaf jzwifqufjcif;? acwftBudKuf
ukdodwwfjcif; y&dowftay: apwemjynfh0
t"duxm;MunfhMuwm awGU&jyefygw,f/ trd jrefrmEdkifiHrSm wdkYa& vufcsif;wGJvdkY avQmufvSrf;pdkYav jcif;wdYk aMumifv h Ykd xifjrifryd gw,f/ wpfaeYwm
xm0&tvif;wef;rsm; ½kyf&SifZmwfum;eJY ao;bl;/ 'gaMumifh reufpmpm;zdYk pDpOfvu dk Mf u reufyidk ;f emrnfausmf urmuk&bk&m;ukd oGm; y&dowfBudKufrS yG&J ? yG&J rS pm;0wfaea&;tqif aoG;pnf;nDñw G jf cif;eJY _ _ _Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf yef;rsm;yGifhygap &JU &okH;&rSm todynm&apcJhwJh yGJwdkif;ausmf
taumif;qkH;trsKd;om;Zmwfaqmifqk qGwfcl; w,f/ pm;wJhae&meJY bk&m;u vSrf;oGm;awmh zl;Muw,f/ aeYv,fyikd ;f avmufrmS ½ky&f iS yf aJG wmf ajy&wJh Zmwform;b0rSm y&dowfvnf; Nidrf;csrf;a&; rÅav;ZmwfyGJudk yPmruyGJqkawmif;av;
Edik cf w
hJ hJ o½kyaf qmifaemifaemifu olyg0ifo½kyf bk&m;ukd oGm;rzl;jzpfawmhbl;/ pm;NyD;awmh ukd a&mufw,f/ 'DyGJudk jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;eJY auseyfapZmwftwGufvnf; rSwfwdkifusefcJh wnfaqmufMuygpkdY}jzpfygw,f/ yGJwdkif; avmuygvw&m;eJYtnDae [D&Md owåyÜ twkdif; Nidrf;csrf;ygapvdkY qE´jyKvdkufygw,f
aqmif a y;xm;wJ h xm0&tvif ; wef ; rsm; wnf;r,f[ h w
kd ,fukd oGm;vdu k Mf uw,f/ wpfem&D ZeD;wdYk vnf;vmMunfMh uw,f/ yxrqk;H jywm ap&if taumif;qkH;jzpfygw,f/ ausmf rÅav;ZmwfyGJ&JU tpOftvmtwdkif; wJh odMuygap_ _ _ r[kwfrrSef vkyfMuH Asm / /
Zmwfum;udk *syefEikd if rH mS usi;f ywJh *syef-jrefrm cGJavmufarmif;&w,f/ tcef;u nae 3em&D u vufyHZmwfum;udk t&ifjywm/ NyD;awmh uRefawmfhtjrif yGJMunfhy&dowfwpf wD;0dkif;? qkdif;? rD;? qufwif? o½kyfaqmif oabmawG rjrifyg&apeJY rMum;yg&apeJY atmifatmif(rsKd;qufopf)
½kyf&SifyGJawmfrSmjyovkdY zdwfMum;jcif;cH&wm avmufrS tcef;&w,f/ NyD;awmhbPfrSm aiG rS uRefawmf&h UJ xm0&tvif;wef;rsm;udk qufjy a,muftaeeJY Opöm&p&mtaMumif;r&Syd gbl;/ apwem tiftm;aumif;aumif;eJY azsmfajz _ _ _ rajymyg&apeJY yGw
J ikd ;f ausm&f UJ apwem
aMumifh olY&JUzcifjzpfol &Djrifh ½kyf&Sifxkwfvkyf oGm;vJMuw,f/ wnf;cdk&wJhae&mu emrnf wm/ ½ky&f iS ½f u
Hk tus,Bf uD;awmh r[kwyf gbl;/ ■ ■ ■

a&;ydik &f iS f OD;aZmfjrif?h OD;av;awmfpyfol 'g½duk f BuD;acG;½kyfblwmem;rSmyg/ *syefrSm vli,fawG vl 60avmufyJqhHwm/ tJ'DyGJudk *syefrSm
wm pifa&mfarmifarmifwYkd eJY *syef-jrefrm½ky&f iS f trsm;qkH; pnfum;wJhNrdKUaygh/ aiGvJNyD;awmh a&mufaewJh jrefrmawGa&m? jrefrm ½kyf&Sifudk
yGJawmfudk oGm;a&mufjzpfygw,f/ [dw k ,fjyefvmw,f/ rDpt k pd vH nf; ygvmw,f/ pdwf0ifpm;wJh *syefawGa&m vmMunfhMuw,f/
*syef-jrefrm½kyf&SifyGJawmfeJYywfoufNyD; npmauR;zdYk vdu k v
f mwm/ uReaf wmfwYkd udk *syef Zmwfum;NyD;awmh ar;cGef;awGar;Muw,f/
aemifaemifuajymjy&mrSm ]uRefawmfwdkY Edk0if rS m tul t nD a y;wmu OD ; armif ( pif a &mf tJ'Dtar;awGudk uRefawmfhtazu 'dkifcHajz
bm 1&uf n 11em&DcGJavmufrSm *syefEdkifiH armifarmif)&JU todwpfa,mufjzpfwhJ uko d efY w,f/ MunfEl;p&maumif;wmu jrefrm½kyf&Sif ao;i,faomrsufvkH;rsm;ukd rdwfuyfjzifhvSatmif jyKvkyfenf;
avaMumif;vkdif;eJY jrefrmEdkifiHu xGufcGmNyD; aZmfvif;u tultnDawGay;ygw,f/ vkdtyf um;udk *syefawGu pdwf0ifwpm;&SdMuw,f/
*syefEdkifiH wkdusKdNrdKU em&Dwmavqdyfudk 2&uf wmawG vkdufvkyfay;w,f/ rDpktdpHeJYtwl ½kyf&SifeJYywfoufNyD; odvkdwmawGvnf; ar; ,aeYacwfwGif rdwfuyfwHqdyfaygif;rsm;pGm&SdaeNyD jzpf rsufvkH;ESifhqkdifaom rdwfuyfypönf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKzkdYvdkonf/
aeY reuf 6em&DrmS a&mufw,f/ uReaf wmfwYkd udk vkdufvmwJh"mwfykHq&meJY NHK owif;Xmeu w,f/ olwkdYpdwf0ifwpm;ar;MuvdkY tm;&SdoGm; onf/ ½kyfvSvS rvSvS rdwfuyfvdrf;vdkufvQif Munfhaumif; yxrOD;pGm teufa&mifcw J jH zifh rsuv
f ;Hk wpf0u
kd u
f jdk c,fyg/
*syefrmS a&mufaewJh rÅav;urdwaf qG OD;ode;f jrefrmemrnf OD;a&TbvdkY trnfay;xm;wJh wmu *syefrmS jrefrmh½yk &f iS af ps;uGuf &SmEdik &f if xkwv f yk af &;u ½du
k u
f ;l r,fh ESi;f qDyefol ½ky&f iS f vmonf/ rsuv f ;Hk ao;vQiaf wmifrS vSyapaom rdwu f yfypön;f xdYk aemuf rsufawmifarG;eufapaom tvSuek jf zihf rsufawmif
Edkif&,f? uRefawmfwkdYudkzdwfMum;wJh rDpktdpHeJY jrefrmpmwwfwJh *syefvlrsKd;wpfa,mufvnf; &NyDvdkY awGUvdkufwmyJ}vdkY ajymygw,f/ Zmwfum;twGuf acgif;aqmifrif;om;ae&mu rsm;&Sod nf/ arT;udkjc,fyg/ NyD;vQif rsufvkH;&JUab;bufukd ta&mifrsm;ESifh
"mwf y k H q &mwpf a ,muf vmBud K Muw,f / ygvmao;w,f/ olwYdk eJUtwl npmoGm;pm;wm/ aemifaemifeJY zcifOD;aZmfjrifh? 'g½dkufwm ½dkuful;r,fh aemifaemifwpfa,muf Zmwf0if rsufvkH;onf wpfaeYxuf wpfaeYao;vmwwfonf/ jc,fvdkufyg/ þodkYjyKvkyfvQif rsufvkH;ao;onf[k rxif&bJ
a&mufwmapmaeawmh OD;ode;f Edik u f *syefb&k m; OD;a&Tbu pum;jyefvyk af y;w,f/ *syef-jrefrm pifa&mfarmifarmifwdkY jrefrmEdkifiHudk Edk0ifbm cef;rsm;twGuf BudKwifjyifqifaeaMumif; od& tdE,d́ tvSr,f'AD ef&u dS m yg'D,mu rsufv;Hk ao;vQif vSap&ef vSvmvdrrhf nf/
awG zl;zkYd ydYk ay;ayr,fh apmao;wmaMumifh rzGihf ½ky&f iS yf aJG wmfu 3&ufaeY naeydik ;f rSmvkyw f m/ 5&ufu jyefvnfa&muf&v dS mMuNyD; &Djrif½h yk &f iS f ygw,f/ SM-D enf;vrf;rsm;ukd ajymjyonf/ olrajymjyonfh enf;vrf;u
24 25

usaemfwdkY&JU a':a':
- ukd BuD ; w if -

trSwf-501 ukefonfvrf;qkdwJh tdrf odxm;avawmh bmawGajymMuao;vJ? EdkifiH u axmufcrH t S ar&duef0ifwu dk o f ifw


h ,fqw dk hJ
vdyfpmudk EdkifiHa&;e,fy,f? pmaye,fy,fu a&;tajctaeu bmxl;ao;vJvYdk OD;pde0f if;udk oabmxm;jzpfygw,f/
yk*¾dKvfrsm;od&SdNyD; jzpfayvdrfhr,f/ wdwdusus ar;MunfhwJhtcg ... ukvor*¾tzGJUBuD;&JUoabmxm;ukd &,l
qkd&&if trSwf-501 ukefonfvrf;ESifh39vrf; ]usaemfwdkY 'DwpfywfrSm EdkifiHa&;awG wm[m urÇmhoabmxm;udk &,lwmjzpfyg
axmifu h udv k ekd aD cwfvuf&m wku d af [mif;BuD; rajymjzpfbl;/ OD;0if;wifu toufvnf;BuD;? w,f/ ukvor*¾&JUqkH;jzwfcsuf[m urÇm&JU
wpfvkH;&JU tay:xyfudka&mufzl;ol tawmf usef;rma&;u t&ifvdkr[kwfavawmh olpdwf qkH;jzwfcsufjzpfygw,f/ EdkifiHtrsm;pkBuD;? vl
rsm;rsm;&Sdayvdrfhr,f/ aysmfatmifqNdk y;D a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfawG &,f trsm;pkBuD;&JUqkH;jzwfcsufvnf; jzpfygw,f/
oeyfcg;a&mif&if&h ifh wku d af [mif;BuD;ay:u p&mawGyJ ajymMuw,f} 'DqkH;jzwfcsufukd&&SdNyD;umrS tD&wfukd 0ifwdkuf
q&mvlxpk ed 0f if;udo k mG ;awGYr,fq&dk if wku d af &SU OD;pdef0if;u tJovdkajymjyNyD; aemuf oif h w ,f v d k Y a':a':u ajymwm[m vl
rsufESmpmuae wufoGm;&wmr[kwfbJ ukef Mumoyaw;aeYus&if cifAsm;vnf; vmcJOh ;D av trsm;pkBuD;&JUqE´ukd tav;xm;zdYk ? urÇmq h E´ukd
onf vrf;uae 39vrf;xJukd 0ifNyD;rS wku d &f UJ AsmvdkYqkdygw,f/ Mumoyaw;aeYa&mufvm tav;xm;zdkY qkdvdkaMumif; aemufrSusaemf
aemufaz;avSum;u wufoGm;&wmaMumifh ayr,fh OD;pdef0if;tdrfudk usaemfroGm;jzpfyg/ oabmaygufcyhJ gw,f/
tenf;i,f cGusygw,f/ OD;pdef0if;&JUtcef;udk olwdkYwpfawG oufwl&G,fwl tawGUtMuHKwl vltrsm;pkBuD;&JUoabmxm;? wpfenf;
aemufraS &mufz;l olrsm;wufomG ;&wJh tkwaf vS olawGyJ ajymMuqkMd uygap? usaemfa&mufomG ; ajym&&if vlx&k UJ oabmxm;t& vkyaf qmifrS
um;[m avSum;xpfaygif; 24xpf&Sdygw,f/ &if olwkdYeJY acwfNydKifr[kwfovdk usaemfu om trSm;t,Gif;uif;NyD; &Sif;vif;vG,fulEkdif
t&if'aD e&mrSm tkwaf vSum;r&Scd ifu cyftt kd kd Edik if aH &;awGajymaerd&if OD;0if;wiftwGuf pdwf w,fqkdwmudk a':a':u ajymcsifwm jzpfyg
opfom;avSum;BuD;jzpfygw,f/ vlwufomG ;&if taESmifht,SufjzpfrSmpdk;vdkY qdkwJh tawG;eJY ajymaewkef;rSm usaemfhvufudkvnf; trdt& w,f/ vlxq k ;Hk jzwfcsuef YJ vkycf v hJ Ykd trSm;t,Gi;f
rodromvIyaf ewwfwmrdYk ckid af &mcdik &f UJ vm;vdYk usaemf[m Mumoyaw;aeYawGudk a&SmifcJhyg vSr;f udik xf m;ygao;w,f) wdYk Edik if u H w½kwef YJ &Scd ahJ wmif tJ't D rSm;u BuD;BuD;rm;rm;r&SEd ikd b f J
usaemfhpdwfxJrSm pOf;pm;aerdygw,f/ usaemf w,f/ OD;pdef0if;u OD;0if;wifwkdY? bBuD;rdk;wdkY aygif;cJhwmMumNyD/ b,frSm csrf;omvdkYvJ/ tenf;tusO;f rQom wdr;f apmif;oGm;Edik yf gw,f/
e,fpyfrSm ESpftwefMumoGm;aeNyD; jyefvmwJh pum;0kid ;f udk usaemfa&SmifaerSe;f &dyrf yd &Hk ayr,fh Mumav qif;&JavyJ/ tar&duefeJYaygif;cJhwJh tckawmh vltrsm;od&MdS uwJt h wkid ;f tar
tcgrSmawmh opfom;avSum;BuD;r&SdawmhbJ bmrStaxGtxl; rajymbJ bBuD;rdk;a&mufae *syefwYkd ? awmifu&kd ;D ,m;wdYk ? xdik 0f rfwYkd tukef &duefutD&wfu0dk ifwu dk Nf yD;aemufrmS zsuftm;
cdik rf m awmifw h if;wJh tkwaf vSum;BuD;jzpfaeygNy/D NyDq&dk ifawmh zke;f qufac:jyefwmrkYd usaemf[m vkH; csrf;omukefNyD/ 'DwpfcgwdkYEkdifiHu tar jyif;vufeufu&kd mS rawGUyg/ tD&wfrmS zsut f m;
usaemfpdwfxJrSm ukd,fhq&mawmh axmae[ef &Spfrdepfc&D;udk csDwufoGm;&ygawmhw,f/ &duefeJY aygif;Munfhoifhw,f/ 'grS wkdYEdkifiH jyif;vufeufr&Sdyg/ (aemufydkif;rSm axmuf
wl&JUvdkY awG;aerdjyefygw,f/ rD;zdkacsmifukd t&ifjzwfNyD; {nfhcef;xJ csrf;omvmrSm}/ vSr;f a&;owif;awG vGrJ mS ;cJw h ,fvYkd tar&duef
tdrfxJ0ifvkduf&if {nfhcef;ukd qkdufqkduf 0if0ifcsif;rSmyJ tmaygiftm&if;oefoefeYJ ajym 'DvdkajymqkdrIaMumifh tJ'Dwkef;u usaemf u ayghayghuav; xkwfazmfajymMum;ygw,f)
NrdKufNrdKufa&mufomG ;wmr[kwb f J rD;zkad csmifxJ qkdaewJhbBuD;rdk;&JUtoHudk Mum;vdkuf&ygNyD/ [m bBuD;rdk;udk tar&duefudkvdkvm;oltjzpf tar&duefeJY olYr[mrdwfrsm; 0ifwkduf
udk OD;pGma&mufoGm;jcif;uvnf; wpfrsKd;jzpfae ]udkif; ... 'Dwpfcgawmh usKyfwdkY wl0&D; rSwf,lcJhwmyg/ bBuD;rdk;eJYajymif;jyef OD;pdef vdkufwmaMumifh tD&wfEdkifiH[m ppfwvif;jzpf
jyefygw,f/ rD;zdak csmifeYJ xrif;pm;yGrJ sm;udk xm;&pf ok;H a,muf oabmxm;uGMJ uNyD; tar&duefu 0if;uawmh Anti tar&duefyg/ taMumif;u oGm;cJhygNyD/ ,cktxd tD&wfEdkifiH[m wnfNidrf
Ny;D umrS tdr&f UJ tv,fu {nfch ef;xJukd vSr;f 0if tD&wfudk 0ifwkdufwmudk usKyfuaxmufcH 'Dvdk/ OD;pdef0if;wkdYt&G,faumif;pOf(touf rIr&ao;bJ jynfwiG ;f ppfjzpfaeqJyg/ wu,fvYkd
vdkuf&ifyJ OD;pdef0if;ukd awGU&ygNyD/
1970ckESpftvGefrsm;u tif;pdefe&odefrSm
w,f/udpk ed 0f if;u tar&duefu tD&wf0ifwu
wmudv k ;Hk 0qefYusiw
f ,f/a':a':(vlxak ':trm)
dk f okH;q,f0ef;usif)u EdkifiHa&;orm;? owif;
orm;b0jzwfoef;&csed rf mS tar&duefu AD,uf
ukvor*¾&JU qkH;jzwfcsuf&SdrSom 0ifwkdufr,f
qk&d if urÇmt h zGUJ tpnf;rsm;u tD&wfrmS zsuf
vSLMu wef;Mu rÅav;NrdKYu ausmif;trrsm;
awGUcJMh uwJh usaemfwYkd wpfawG[m olYudk pma&; uawmh tar&duefu tD&wf0ifwkdufwJhudpö erfudk usL;ausmfppfqifETJaewJhumvjzpfcJhyg tm;jyif;vufeufawG&Sdr&Sd taotcsmpkHprf; atmifrQifU efwarmfuGxfe;Sd7fe
q&mtjzpfeYJ oduRr;f wmr[kwb f J Edik if aH &;orm; rSm ukvor*¾&JUoabmwlnDcsuf&rS 0ifwkduf w,f/ uGejf rLepfqefYusiaf &;qkw d mudk taMumif; Edik yf gw,f/ tJ'v D ufeufBuD;awG wu,f&dS r&Sd
tjzpf &if;ES;D cJw h mrdYk olYudk q&mvdYk rac:wwfbJ oifw h ,fvYkd qdw k ,f/ 'Dawmh .. b,fvkd vkyMf u jyNyD; tar&duefwyfawGu &rf;um;&ufpuf tD&wf tpdk;&udk zdtm;ay;ar;jref;Edkifygw,f/
OD;pde0f if;vkYd yJac:cJMh uygw,f/ tJ'eD nf;wl jynfoYl rvJ? tar&duefu tD&wf0ifwu dk w
f meJYyJ usKyf vGef;wmaMumifh AD,uferfjynfolawG axmif zsuftm; jyif;vufeuf wu,f&Sdw,fqkdwm
wkd;wufa&;ygwDu twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfoludk wdYk ok;H a,mufrmS tjrifrwlwmawG jzpfuek Nf yD} aomif;ru aoaMuysufpD;cJh&ygw,f/ 'gudk aocsmrS 0ifwu kd zf Ykd qk;H jzwfEidk yf gw,f/ aemuf
OD;cifarmifjrifh? jrif;jcHu yrnwtrwfudk bBuD;rdk;&JU pum;tqkH;rSm w[m;[m; od&Sdxm;wJh OD;pdef0if;[m tar&duef&JUAdkvfus qk;H rSmawmh tar&duefwpfO;D wnf; uk, d b hf mom
OD;armifudk pojzihf ... &,farmaewmuvnf; olYtusifhwpfckygyJ/ vTrf;rdk;rI? EdkifiHi,fuav;awGtay: Edkifhxuf qk;H jzwf? olu OD;aqmifNy;D olYr[mrdww f csKUd eJY ,Ofaus;rItarGtESprf sm; xGe;f um;use&f pfonf/ ,aeYwdik af tmif
awmifajrmufwef;aewJh 39vrf;ay: rSmyJ pD;eif;vkyfrIukd rvkdvm;yg/ 'Dvdk taMumif; 0ifwu dk Mf uayr,fh tD&wf[m axmif;varmif; rÅav;ol rÅav;om;rsm; bdk;bGm;rdb om;pOfajr;qufwdkY
olu &efukefjrpfbufrSmaexdkifNyD; usaemfu - _ _ _ _ _ - &if;awGaMumifh OD;pdef0if;[m usaemfeJYpum; ausomG ;Ny;D e*dt k aetxm;udk jyefr&Ekid af wmhyg/ u xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufaeMupJ&Sdonf/ ... ,if;wkdYtxJrS
NrdKUv,fu taemf&xmvrf;rSm aewmqkdawmh ajymavwkid ;f tar&duefukd taumif;odyrf ajym tar&duef-tD&wf ppfyGJeJYywfoufvdkY rsufjrifudk,fawGUrsm;rSm ,Ofaus;rIapmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;aeMu
&efuek t f ac: ESpb f avmufomG ;vdu k &f if olYtdrf ]cifAsm;ua&m b,fbufuwkef;} vSyg/ tJ'Dtcsdefu ysKdwdkif;BudKufwJh ESif;qDcdkif a':a':ajymqkcd siw f hJ t"dymÜ ,fuawmh rnfonfh aom NrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;\ tvSL'gersm;jzpfonf/ aeYpOfvlwkdY
a&mufygNyD/ r[mAE¨KveJY ukefonfvrf;rBuD; bBuD;rd;k u tar&duef-tD&wfppfyrJG mS b,f jzpfaewJh or®wtkb d m;rm;udak wmif txifBuD; tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHjzpfap? rnfonfhtmPm&Sif jyKvkyaf eMu o'¨gw&m;tvSL'gersm;tjyif aemifb0yg aumif;
ESpfckudkjzwf&wmrdkY wu,fvdkY um;awG odyf bufu &yfwnfovJvkdY usaemfhudk&,farm olr[kwyf g/ 'gaMumifrh Ykd usaemfu OD;pde0f if;udk jzpfap? rnfonfyh *k Kd¾ vfjzpfap? trsm;qE´rygbJ usK;d ay;Edik of nfh bk&m;wnf? ausmif;aqmuf? odraf qmuf? wHwm;
rydwyf gu olYtdref YJ usaemft h rd uf vrf;avQmuf aewJhMum;u ar;jref;ayr,fh usaemfu bmrS tar&duefukd rESpo f ufot l jzpf owfrw S x
f m; ukd,fhoabmeJYudk,f xif&mpdkif;&if trSm;BuD; aqmuf? Z&yfwefaqmif;aqmuf tvSL'gersm;ESifh y&d,wåd
oGm;&if &SpfrdepfwdwdMumygw,f/ jyefrajzbJ &,faevdkufygw,f/ trSefwu,f ygw,f/ (oluawmh ola&;wJh aqmif;yg;awG awG awGUEdik Nf y;D ta&;ygwJv h yk if ef;awGrmS trsm; omoemxGef;um;a&; &nfrSef;vSL'gef;Muaom ukodkvf'ge
tJovdk q,frdepfawmif jynfhatmif ajym&&if usaemfrajzwwfyg/ tD&wfrSm zsuf rSm ppftpdk;&udkOD;wnfNyD; ajymifa&;vdkYr&wJh pk oabmxm;? vlxkoabmxm;udk emcHNyD; rsm;jzpfonf/
ravQmuf&wJhtuGmta0;rSm aeMuwJholESpf tm;jyif;vufeufawG&Sdw,fqkdwmudk tar&d twGuf ppftpd;k &ae&mrSm tar&duefukd xm;Ny;D vkyfaqmifrSom trSefukd&SmawGUEdkifw,fqkdwm xkb d &k m;'g,um ausmif;trrsm;\ tvSLtwef;rsm;okYd
a,muf[m wpfcgwpf&H usaemfu olYqDajceD; uefaxmufvSrf;a&;u od&SdwmyJjzpfygw,f/ a&;&vdYk olYudk tar&duefqefYusiaf &;orm;vdYk ygyJ/ f vSLMuwef;Mu
Zif&wemapmpmayrS ewfarmufxeG ;f &Sed \ wufa&mufMuHKawGUcJ&h aom rdrt d zdYk tvSL&Siaf usmif;trrsm;\
rvSnjhf zpf&if olu ]cifAsm; b,fawGomG ;aewm usaemfwdkYudk,fwdkif od&Sdwm r[kwfyg/ ('Dvdk xifMuw,fvYkd qkyd gw,f/ 'guvnf; wpfpw d f 'D o wif ; pum;ud k yg;csif w J h t wG u f rÅav;NrdKUu ausmif;trrsm; pmtkyfudk yxrtBudrf xkwf 'gew&m;ukd av;pm;tm;usrdcJhonf/ olwdkY 'gew&m;awGudk
wkef;}vkdY ppfaq;ar;jref;avh&Sdygw,f/ tckvdk ajym&wmu tar&duefaxmufvSrf;a&;[m wpfyikd ;f rSeyf gw,f/ 'gayrJh olu, kd w
f ikd u
f vnf; a':a':&JUtESpfwpf&mjynfharG;aeYtrSwfw& a0onf/ om"kac:qkdrdjcif;ESifhtwl oyÜL&doolawmfaumif;wkdY odapcsif
ar;jref;&wJt h "dymÜ ,fu olu {nfo h nfarQmfwhJ tjrJvdkvdk vGJaewwfwmaMumifh jzpfygw,f) tar&duefudk odyfBudKufvSwmr[kwfyg/) aqmif;yg;tjzpf(ra&;wwf a&;wwfeJY)½dk;½dk; 2014-2015ckEpS w f iG f rÅav;aeYpOfowif;pmwGif q&m vSonf/ om"kac:apcsiv f o S nf/ olwYkd uJo h Ykd vSLEdik f wef;Edik af om
oljzpfaeawmhwmudk;/ olYusef;rma&;aMumifh zsuftm;jyif;vufeufawG&SdvdkY 0ifwkdufw,f a':a':uawmh tar&duefukd vdkvm;ol uav; a&;om;wifqufvdkufygw,f/ ewfarmufxGef;&Sdef a&;cJhaom aqmif;yg;rsm;rS yk'fa& 50ausmf ausmif;'um ausmif;trrsm; aygrsm;apcsifonf/ 'ge tusKd;
b,frrS oGm;Edik ?f rvmEdik jf zpfaewmaMumifh olu qkd&ifvnf; wkdufMuayghvkdYom awG;rdygw,f/ vnf;r[kwfovdk qefYusifolvnf;r[kwfyg/ pkpnf;azmfjyjcif;jzpfonf/ ,ckpmtkyfESifhywfoufí ]ausmif; aMumifh wd;k wufBuD;yGm;apcsifonf/ þqE´rsm;aMumifh rÅav;
pum;ajymazmf&mS aeNyDaygh/ 'Dhxuf ydkNyD; eufeufeJeJ rpOf;pm;wwfyg/ a&muf&adS ewJah cwfumvtajctaeudMk unfNh y;D trBuD; aeaumif;&JUvm;}[laom pum;onf rdrdwkdYywf0ef; NrKd Uay:&Sd *kPo f a&&Sd NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm; ausmif;trrsm;\ tvSL'gersm;
Mumoyaw;aeYqk&d if olYtdru f dk OD;0if;wif pOf;pm;rdwmwpfckuawmh tar&duefu tuJjzwfwwfolqkdawmh olYtjrifu wpfrsKd; udkBuD;wif usifwGif rMumcPEIwfqufpum; Mum;&avh&Sdonf/ ausmif; taMumif; olwYkd b0\ bk;d bGm;rdbpOfquf or®mtmZD0oufarG;
vmvnfwwfygw,f/ Mumoyaw;aeY wkdif; 0ifwdkufwmudkrSefw,fvdkY ,lqwJh bBuD;rdk;u xl;jcm;aeygw,f/ tD&wfrmS zsuftm;jyif;vuf 'umBuD;xuf ausmif;trBuD;[laom tok;H tEIe;f udk rÅav;ü ausmif;vkyfief;jzihf BuD;yGm;wdk;wuftvSLBuD;awG vSL'gef;Edkif
OD;0if;wifvmvnfavh&SdwmaMumifh bBuD;rdk; wu,fawmh Pro tar&duefwpfa,muf jzpfyg eufawG&Sdw,fqkdygu tar&duefu OD;aqmif ■ ■ ■ ydkrdk tokH;rsm;Muovm;rod/ ausmif;trBuD;[k ac:a0:EIwf cJMh uykrH sm;udk b0jzwfoef;rIEiS t hf wl awGUqkaH r;jref;rSww f rf;wif
(armifrdk;ol)vnf;a&mufvmygawmhw,f/ 'D w,f/ tar&duefu tD&wfukd 0ifrwdkufcif Ny;D 0ifwu dk rf ,fq&dk if wku
d vf Ykd &ygw,f/ 'gayrJh qufvu kd vf Qif tvGeyf w
D jd zpfMurnfxifygonf/ rÅav;NrKd Uonf owif;aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;cJo h nf}[k q&mewfarmufxeG ;f &Sed f
tcsdefrSm olwdkYokH;a,muf[m ArmrkefYyJoa& uwnf;u usaemfhudk 'Dvdkajymzl;ygw,f/ EkdifiHaygif;pkHyg0ifwJh ukvor*¾tzGJUtpnf;BuD; ,Ofaus;rIxGef;um;aom NrdKUBuD;jzpfonf/ rif;wkef;rif;ESifh u trSmpmwGif a&;xm;onf/
pmawGpm;&if; pum;azmifzGJUMurSef; usaemf ]armifwif ... aocsmem;axmif (tJovdk uaetwnfjyKNyD;umrS 'grSr[kwf ukvor*¾ om;awmfoDaygrif;wdkY r&SdawmhNyD;aemuf bmomomoem wefzdk; - 3000 usyf
26 27

trSefwu,f½dkufxm;aom TV show rsm;wGif


aqmif;&moDwiG f 0wfoifah om vuf0wf&wem 'DZikd ;f (5)rsK;d qkdzD,mAm;*&mESifU wufw;l rsm;rsm; xd;k xm;aom ryg0ifawmUrnfU yJ&pf[pfwef
Simple Life \ pwm;yJ&pf[pfwefonf trSew f u,f½u kd u
f ;l

*sKd;ref*evdkwdkh rde;f uav;rsm;onf tvG,wf ul ysupf ;D Edik f


xm;aom TV tpDtpOfrsm;wGif yg0ifzkdY pdwful;r&SdaMumif; ajymcJh
onf/ olronf TV show ½dkuful;jcif;xuf pD;yGm;a&;ukd tm;xm;
aeonf[k Telegraph tGefvdkif;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
r*FvmaqmifNyD ]uRefr Reality show awGrmS yg0ifcNhJ y;D Ny/D uRerf pD;yGm;a&;
vky&f wmukd ESpo
f ufw,f/ uRerf &JUcspo
f u
l vnf; 'Dvt kd pDtpOfawG
rSm yg&wmudk rESpfoufbl;/ uRefru uRefr&JU pD;yGm;a&;eJY 'D*sif;
av;tay:yJ *½kpkdufawmhr,f} [k yJ&pf[pfwefu ajymcJhonf/
[pfwefonf olr\ cspfolaom rwf*½dkYpfESifh wGJzufí
Reality show rsm;udkvnf; ½dkuful;rnfr[kwfay/

a0zefcsufawGudk rzwfaom uif'Jvf*sifem

wufwl;av;ckESifhtxuf xdk;xm;Muaom q,fausmfouf rdef;uav;rsm;onf


olwdkY\ oli,fcsif;rsm;? aqGrsKd;rsm;ukd *kPf,lpGmajymMuvdrfhrnf/ okdYaomf olwdkYonf
ukd,fhukd,fukd,f ysufpD;aeonfudk owdrxm;rdMuay[k okawoeynm&Sifrsm;u So-
cial Science *sme,fodkY ajymcJhonf/
Texas Tech wuúokdvfrSavhvmolrsm;onf wufwl;av;ckESifhtxuf xkd;xm;
aom rde;f uav;rsm;ESiw hf ufw;l tenf;i,fom&Sad om rde;f uav;rsm;udk EIid ;f ,SOMf unfo
h nf/
wufwl;rsm;pGmxdk;aom rdef;uav;rsm;onf ysufpD;vG,fonfukd awGU&onf/
]wufw;l trsm;BuD;&Sw d hJ rde;f uav;awGu uk, d u
hf ,
dk u
f ,
dk f zsuq
f ;D &ma&mufw,f/
qkdzD,mAm;*&mESifh *sKd;ref*evdkwdkYonf we*FaEGaeYu olwdkYu omrefrdef;uav;awGudk txifrBuD;bl;/ olwkdYuyJ bmrqkdvkyfEdkifw,fvkdY
r*Fvmaqmifco hJ nf/ olwYdk onf zavmf&'D g? ygrf;urf;ajc&Sd The awG;w,f/ olwYdk u aemufyidk ;f rSm aq;awGygok;H wJt
h xd jzpfvmwwfw,f}[k *s½D rk ;f aumh
Breakers Resort ü vufxyfyGJusif;ycJhonf[k People r*¾Zif;
aqmif;&moDwGif 0wfqifoifhaom vuf0wf&wem 'DZdkif;(5)rsKd;ukd azmfjyvkduf&ygonf/ u Social Science *sme,fodkY ajymcJhonf/
wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ tGefvkdif;ay:wGif vlBudKufrsm;aeaom twGuf armf',fqdkwm tvkyfwpfckyg/ b0
Am;*&monf Zl[Jtm;rl&ufcsKyfay;aom tjzLa&mif armf',fuif'Jvf*sifemonf ½kefY&if;Murf;wrf; twGuaf wmh ta&;rygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tGef vdik ;f
1/ ykHrSeft&G,fxuf BuD;aom em;qGJrsm; 4/ rsufESmjyifMurf;wrf;aom vufpGyf
ykHrSeft&G,fxufBuD;aom em;qGJrsm;ukd aqmif;&moDwGif armf',frsm;Mum;wGif rsufESmjyifMurf;aom vufpGyfrsm;
*g0ef&Snfudk0wfqifxm;NyD; vufwGifopfcGyef;pnf;ukd ukdifxm;
onf/ cef;rwpfckvkH;udk ESif;qDjzLrsm;? opfcGyef;rsm;ESifh a&mifpkH udwb
f ufuifaq;ESiUf vif;0du
k (f pf)ref;wdv
hk rf;cGaJ wmhrvm; aompum;rsm;xHrS umuG,&f ef y&dowfrsm;\
a0zefrIrsm;ukd rzwfbJaeaMumif; 0efcHcJhonf/
ay:u a0zefwmawG rzwfb;l / a0zefwmawG
rzwfyaJ e&wmu aysmfp&maumif;ygw,f} [k
tjyifxGufaomtcgü 0wfqifoifhonf/ okdYaomf xdkem;qGJ 0wfqifjcif;onf acwfpm;vsuf&Sdonf/ xdkvufpGyfrsKd;ay:wGif yef;rsm;jzihf tvSqifxm;onf/ xkdYjyif wufa&mufvmaom ]t&mtm;vkH;jynfhpkHwJhvlqkdwm r&Sdygbl;/ News Crop ESifh tifwmAsL;wGif ajymcJhonf/

onf tqifhqihfjyKvkyfrxm;ygu tvGef&Snfaeonf[k xif& ausmufwpfvkH;xnfhum 0wfqifygu t&rf;vSaernf/ {nfhonfrsm;udk st.Jude's Ghilder's Hospital ESifh Children's (11)ESpfMum vufwGJcJhNyD;aemuf rif;orD; wcsKUd vlawGu r*¾Zif;rsuEf mS zk;H armf',fjzpfvm uif'Jvf*sifemonf Victoria's Secret
vdrrhf nf/ Hospital Pittsburg wdkYtwGuf tvSLaiGaumufcHcJhonf/ udwb f ufuifaq;ESihf vif;0du k pf rf ef;wdYk vrf;cGJ NyDqkd&if b,fvdka0zef&rvJqdkwmudk pOf;pm; Angle \ emrnfausmf armf',fwpfO;D jzpfonf/
Am;*&monf tifpaw*&rfrSwpfqifh r*Fvmaqmif awmhrnfowif;rsm; xGufvsuf&Sdonf/ vGefcJh Muw,f/ 'guvnf; olwdkY&JUtjrifaygh/ uRefr
5/ wGJvJusaeaom qGJBudK;rsm; "mwfykHrsm; jzefYa0cJhonf/ tqdkygvufxyfyGJodkY Modern Fam- aom vtenf;i,fu rif;orD;onf wpf
2/ c&pfpw,fjzifh jyKvkyfxm;aom yef;ykHpHrsm; ow¦Kjzihv
f nf;aumif;? tarT;yGjzihv
f nf;aumif; wGv
J u
J s ily \ 'kw, d pwm;rsm;jzpfaom &Dp;D 0pfompyGe;f ESihf *sefeif;wuf a,mufwnf;aecJhaomfvnf; 0dkufpfref;ESifh
oifonf c&pfpw,frsm;udk pkaqmif;NyD; xdkc&pfpw,f atmif jyKvkyx
f m;aom qGBJ udK;rsm;onfvnf; aqmif;&moDtwGuf wefwdkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ qufqHa&;aumif;rGefonf[k People r*¾Zif;
rsm;jzihf yef;ykHpHjyKvkyfyg/ yef;ykHpH&ifxdk;? vnfqGJrsm; jyKvkyfNyD; aumif;rGefaom vuf0wf&wem'DZdkif;rsm;jzpfonf/ wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
]udwf LA rSm&Swd ek ;f u 0du k (f pf)ref;eJY twl cRef;
0wfqifjcif;onfvnf; t&rf;ukdvSyaevdrfhrnf/
wlaew,fvdkY owif;awGxGufw,f/ 'gayrJh
- EG ,f pkd ; [ ef - olwdkYESpfa,mufvkH;rtm;vyfvkdY rawGUcJhMuyg
3/ vufaumufukd ajymif;jyefvSefvkyfxm;aom em;uyfrsm; bl;/ t&ifvu "mwfy½Hk u kd w
f ek ;f uvnf; olwYdk
bm om jy fe dkq o fn ESpaf ,mufv;Hk vufxyfvufpyG rf 0wfxm;bl;}
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf vufaumufukd ajymif;jyefvSefvkyf
xm;aom em;uyfrsm;0wfqifoifhonf/ ,ck aqmif;&moDwGif [k twGif;vlrsm;u ajymonf/ orD;vDvDaMumifh 0kduf(pf)ref;ESifh vufxyfcJhNyD;
ta&mifawmufawmufav;rsm; 0wfqifoifhonf/ 0kduf(pf)ref;onf armf',fpDa*sz&efukdESifh vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tvkyfukdom tm½Hkpdkufvsuf
twl rMumcPawGUaeonf/ udwo f nf olr\ &So
d nf/

American Music Awards 2015 rS qk&&Sod rl sm; aoG;qkH;jcif;udk ESpfoufwJU tdef*svDem*sKdvD


tar&duef*w D qkay;yGu
J dk we*FaEGaeYnwGiu f si;f ycJo
h nf/ Favorite Female Artist-Pop/Rock : t,f&Dtm em*&ef'D tde*f svDem*sKdvyD pfu olraoG;qk;H oGm;aMumif;ukd 0efccH hJ
xdkyGJwGif urÇmausmftqkdawmfrsm;u azsmfajzcJhonf/ *seDzmvdk; New Artist of the year presented by Khol's - qef[efY onf/ olronf ,ckESpf tapmydkif;wGif om;tdrfukd z,fxkwfcJh
yufu tpDtpOfwifqufot l jzpf aqmifcNhJ y;D ABC ½kyo f v
H idk ;f rS Favorite Album:Rap/Hip-Hop - epfur D eD mí The Pinkprint oljzpfonf/
wku
d ½f u
kd xf w
k v
f iT jhf yocJo
h nf/ Top Soundtrack - Pitch Perfect 2 touf(40)ESpft&G,f&Sd *sKdvDu ]uRefraoG;qkH;wmukd
American Music Awards 2015 wGif qk&&Sdolrsm;rSm- Favorite male artist:contry - vkcfbm&ef ESpfoufygw,f/ uRefrtoufBuD;NyD; &ifhusufvmw,fvdkY
Artist of the year - One Direction Favorite duo or group:poplrock - One Direction cHpm;&w,f/ uRefraumif;aumif;rGefrGef BuD;jyif;vm&wmudk
Song of the year - awvmqGpf ]Blank Space} Favorite Album:soul/R&B:The Weeknd Beauty Behind the 0rf;omygw,f}[k Sunday Style r*¾Zif;odkY ajymcJhonf/
Favorite Male Artist:Soul/R&B : The Weekend Madness Favorite Female Artist : Soul/R&B - &D,m;em; *sKdvDonf usef;rma&;ESifhywfoufí todÓPf<u,f0
Favorite Artist : Rap/Hip Hop : epfuDrDem*sf tuf&SD&ef
Favorite Male Artist:Pop/rock : Favorite Artist : Adult Contemporary - awvm qGpf olwpfOD;jzpfonf/ olronf touf(37)ESpft&G,fwGif &ifom;
Favorite Artist:Alter native rock : Fall Out Boy Favorite Album : Pop/Rock:awvmqGpf 1989 Favorite Artist : Latin - tef&pftufvpf ukdcGJpdwfxkwf y,fcJhNyD; ,ckESpftapmykdif;wGif om;tdrfukdz,f
Collaboration of the year unleashed by T-mobile : Favorite Duo or Group:Country-Florida Georgia Line Favorite Artist : Contemporary In spira tional : xkwfcJhonf/ *sKdvD\tar rif;orD;rmcs,fvif; bmw&efonf
pum;vufESihf'pfvdk ft-*sufpwifbb
D m ]Where Are U Now} Favorite album:Country - Florida Georgia Line-Anything Casting Crowns touf(56)ESpt f &G,wf iG f &ifom;uifqmESiohf m;tdru
f ifqmaMumifh
Favorite female Artist-Country : u,f&Dtef'g0k Goes Favorite Artist: Electron dance music (EDM)-u,fAif[m&pf aoqk;H cJ&h onf/
28 29

pdk;ol&JY ]tjrwfEdk;qkH;rif;taMumif;av;}
pD;&DacGxJu oDcsif;rsm;tm;
vG rf ; A rkd if n§yfwmaumif;w,f? aumuf&ifvnf;wm&Snf
cHw,f/ aNzmifY&ifvnf; qHyifrembl;aygU / zkef;jzifh DOWNLOAD qGJí 0,f,lEdkif
oD&rd eG f
rdwu
f yf? qHyif tJ'gudBk um;Ny;D rde;f uav;oH;k a,mufu oD&rd eG f
qdkifudk&SmBuw,f / olwdkYuum;eJY vmBuwm
ajconf; vufonf; tpfrqdkifa&SYvnf; a&mufa&molwdkUu tpfr
pd;k ol&UJ ]tjrwfE;kd qk;H rif;taMumif;av;}
pD;&D;acGxJrS oDcsif;rsm;tm; zkef;jzifh DOWN-
tvSjyifqkdif qdkifudk Nrifvdkuf&wJY tcgrSmolwdkU rvkyfcsif LOAD qGJí 0,f,lvkdolrsm;twGuf Striking
BuawmYbl;/ tpfrqdkifuvnf; tckvdkrom; Thunder Entertainment rS wm0ef&Sdolu
em;ao;bl;av / qdkifNzpf w,fqdk½Hkav;yJ / ,ckuJhokdY &Sif;jycJhygw,f/
vkyfief; - oD&drGef wu,fwrf;u olwdkuoHk;a,mufvHku qHyif ]uRefawmfwdkY Striking Thunder Enter-
vkyfief;&Sif - roD&d aNzmifYzdYk qdv k mBuwm/ wu,fwrf; tpfrqdik f tainment Website rS udkpdk;ol&JU oDcsif;rsm;udk
vdyfpm - vrf; 80? 11vrf;ESifh 12vrf;Mum;? rÅav;/ udkvnf;awGUa&m ? eifaNzmifY igaNzmifYeJY wpf tBudKuf[mvnf;acwfeJY tnDaNymif;vJae awGeYJ ynmukad zmfNyNy;D rS aiG&csio f w l pfa,muf Android zke;f rsm;rS tvG,w f ul 0,f,El ikd af tmif
zkef; 09 444011490 ? 09 91004930/ a,mufeJY wpfa,muf vTJaNymBuw,f / ygw,f/ udk,fYtaeeJYuvnf;udk,fYvkyfief; qdkwm odomvGef;vSygw,f/ &S i f ; jyay;rS m jzpf y gw,f / yxrqk H ; taeeJ Y
olwYkd uaNymao;w,f / oD&rd eG f emrnfBuD;vdUk av;udak cwfeYJ tnDavhvmvdu k pf m;aezdUk vkt d yf 2016 rSmpdwful;awGuae uRefawmfwdkY Android zkef;&JU Browser udk
qd k i f t BuD ; BuD ; rS w f a ewmwJ U / qd k i f a v;u w,fvdkY tpfrxifw,f/ tpfru NynfyrSm vufawGY NzpfvmawmYr,f zGiyhf ghr,f/ www.s-tentertainment.com ½dkufygh wmrsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ a&mufwm taES;
ao;w,faemfwYJ / aemufq;kH olwUkd xJu wpf oGm;awmY rwufzl;bl; / Nynfyuq&mawG oifwef;olawGvnf;vufcHay;ygw,f/ r,f/ ½dkufNyD;&if Striking Thunder Enter- tjrefuawmh MPT &JU SMS Traffic ay:rlwnfyg
a,mufyJaNzmifY oGm;w,f/ tpfrqdkudk,fYudk 'D u d k v moif w mawG a wmY tpf r trsm;BuD ; bmompHkqdkNyD;cJYwJYeSpfuawmYajcmufodef;,l tainment Website udk a&mufygNy/D tJ'r D mS qk&d if w,f/ tckqkd&if SMS a&mufvmwJhtwGuf
txifao;wJY yHkpHrsKd;eJY vmqufqHawmY wufcYJ zl;ygw,f / 2016 rSmawmY Nynfytxd w,f/ 'DESpfrSmawmY 7odef;,lygr,f/bmompHk oD c sif ; awG u d k tjrnf ; em;axmif M unf h v d k Y VERIFICATION CODE ud k zG i f h M unf h
rsuf&nfawmifuscJY&ygw,f / vlawGu rsm; oGm;oifzdkYudkpOf;pm;xm;ygw,f/ qHyifnSyf udpk mawGY? vufawGUtNyifqikd cf zJG iG Yf Edik w f YJ txd &ygw,f/ 0,fr,fqkd&ifvnf; tykdif;(1) vdkufyghr,f/ VERIFICATION CODE uawmh
aomtm;NzifY qdkiftNyiftqifudk BunfYNyD; wJYtydkif;udk T8rSmvnf; tpfroifcJYzl;w,f/ oifay;ygw,f/ e,fuvmwJYuav;awGqdk av;yk'w f eJG YJ tydik ;f (2)av;yk'w f qJG Ndk y;D &Syd gw,f/ wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf rwlygbl;/ VERI-
qH;k NzwfBuw,f / tpfraNymcsifwmu wu,f TÄuvnf; awmfawmfudktawG;tac: tNrif vnf; aea&;pm;a&;twGufpDpOfay;ygw,f/ av;yk'fwGJudk 999usyfeJY0,fvkdY&ygw,f/ FICATION CODE udk Website rSm ½dkufxnfh
wrf;qdq k ikd f tNyiftqifxuf ynmut"duyg/ qef;awGudkNrifwwfatmif tpfrudkoifay; oifwef;Ny;D vdUk tpfrqdik rf mS 0ifvyk cf si&f ifvnf; erlemtaeeJY tykdif;(2)av;yk'fwGJudk 0,f,l yghr,f/ VERIFICATION CODE eHygwfudk
tJ'DaemufrSm tpfrt&ifuxufudk ydkBudK;pm; cJYygw,f/ tpfr&JU udk,fydkifpdwful;av;awG tpfru NyefvufcHay;ygw,f/ tckuawmY vduk yf ghr,f/ tckq&dk if uReaf wmfwYkd aiG&iS ;f r,fh aoaocsmcsm jyefMunfhay;yg/ aiG&Sif;&ef
cJUw,f / qkdifudk vnf;wwfedkifoavmuf udkwDxGifcsifwJYpdwf tpfrrSm&dSw,f / t"du oifwef;eJUqkdifeJYudk wGJxm;wmaygU/ wu,f Page udk a&mufvmvdrfhr,f/ tJ'DrSm aiG&Sif; tuGufudk xyfNyD;ESdyfyghr,f/ VERIFICATION
crf;em;atmif NyifqifcJYygw,f / tm;NzifYawmY qHyifn§yfwJY tydkif;eJY qHxHk; wrf;tpfrpdwful;u oifwef;udkwpfae&mvkyf r,fqkd&if ESpfrsKd;&Sif;vkdY&ygw,f/ MPT zkef;eJY CODE rSeu f efygu zke;f abvfxuJ aeNy;D oDcsi;f
roD&d&JU rcHcsifpdwfuatmifNrifzdkUtwGuf ydkif;aygY/ tpfru tJY'DESpfrsKd;udkt&rf; 0goem csifwm/ avmavmq,fawG;xm;wmav;u aiG&Sif;vdkY&ovdk? PAYPAL eJYvnf; aiG&iS ;f vkYd 0,f,lwJhaiGudk aoaocsmcsm EIwfoGm;rSm
wGef;tm;awGay;ovdk NzpfcJw,fvdkUawmif A ygwm/ bmvdkYvJqdkawmY qHyifaNzmifYwm ? awmY qdkifcsJUzdkUyg / vmr,fYESpfudkqdkifae&mudk &ygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY MPT zkef;abvfeJYyJ jzpfygw,f/ 'gqk&d if oDcsi;f 0,f,&l ef atmifjrif
xifryd gw,f/ roD&&d YJ udp&ö yfav;udt k aBumif; qHyifaumufwmqdkwmawGu oHk;wJU aq; us,f0ef;atmifcsJUNyD; Body Spa cef;zGifYzdkY aiG&Sif;yghr,f/ aemufwpfcku uRefawmfwdkY oGm;Ny/D aoaocsmcsm jyefppfyghr,f/ tJ'gqk&d if
NyKNyD; A wpfckqHk;Nzwfcsuf csvkdufrdygw,f / tay:rSmrlwnfwmav / olY&JU aq;udq k yH ifay: pdwu f ;l xm;w,f/ tcktpfrqdik rf mS u Body Spa Website rSm yxrqk;H taeeJYaiG&i S ;f r,fq&dk if DOWNLOAD qGJzdkY toifhjzpfygNyD/ DOWN-
ywf0ef;usiq f w
kd muawmY a0zefr,f ? xif&m vdr;f vdu k w
f meJY qHyifuolYtvdv k kd aNymif;oGm; r&dbS ;l / Foot Spa yJ&wSd ,f/ qkid &f YJ taetxm; USER ACCOUNT wpfck vkyfzdkYvkdygw,f/ LOAD qG J r ,f q k d & if DOWNLOAD ay:ud k
aNymr,f / t"duuawmY udk,futm;avsmY wmav/ qHyifny§ w f YJ tydik ;f eJY qHx;kH xH;k zGYJ wJY t&vnf; Body Spa wdk;csJUzdkY vdktyfaew,f uReaf wmfwYkd USERNAME eJY PASSWORD ESdyfvkduf½kHygyJ/ tJ'gqkd&if &ygNyD/ tu,fí
aemufweG Yf roGm;bJ ud, k Yf tvkyu
f ,
kd f taumif; tydkif;qdkwmuudk,fYynmudk NyocGifY&dSw,f / vdkY tpfrxifw,f/ aemuftvSukefawGudk jznfh ay;&ygr,f/ USERNAME ½du k rf ,f/ Ny;D &if taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ckavmav mq,frmS
qHk;vkyfaezdkYygyJ / udk,fBudK;pm;&if BudK;pm;oavmuf tvSyqHk; qdkifrSma&mif;r,faygU/ vuf&dSrSmvnf; a&mif; PASSWORD ½du k v f u
dk yf ghr,f/ PASSWORD ukd DOWNLOAD rqGJEdkifao;yJ aemifrS qGJr,f
zefw;D ay;Edik cf iG Yf &dw
S ,fav / 'gaBumifY tpfru awmYa&mif;aeygw,f/ 'gayrJhtwGiftus,f aocsmatmif aemufwpfBudrf½dkufygOD;r,f/ qd k & if v nf ; DOWNLOAD qG J E d k i f a tmif
OD;a&usef;rmrS qHyifn§yfwJY tydkif;eJY qHxHk;xHk;wJY tydkif;udk BuD;r[kwfao;bl;av/ aemufawmYtvSukef aemufq;Hk wpfcu k awmh yku d qf aH y;acsr,fh MPT USERNAME eJY PASSWORD udk rSwfrdzdkY
tcg tarYqdkifrSmudk,f wwfEdkifwJYbufuae wdkU 8 ESpfwdkY &dSygNyD/ tarYqdkifwkef;uqdk&if qHauom oefrmygw,f
tifwmAsL; csdwfxm;wmav;twGuf 0dkif;ulay;w,f/ tarUudkul&if;ul&if;eJY udk,f tpfrwdUk u t&rf;ratmifNrifao;bl; / qkid af v; tckvuf&dS qHauomydkif;qkdif&mrSm acwf
ydktm;&w,f / vlwpfa,muf&JU rsufESmudk
qHyifyHkpHu trsm;BuD;aNymif;vJapygw,f /
ypön;f awGut
qdik v
kd pfrud,
k w f ikd w
f u
kd ½f u
f mwJYrdwaf qGawGa&m? tNyifuaevm0,f
kd of ,f,Nl yD; zke;f eHygwfjzpfygw,f/ 959 a&SUucHNy;D ½du
aiG&Sif;&efqkdwJh tuGufav;udk ESdyfyghr,f/
k yf gr,f/ vkdygw,f/ tJ'D USERNAME eJY PASS-
WORD udk LOG IN xJ0ifNy;D awmh tcse d f ra&G;
vmvdkU&NyDqdkwJh zkef;oHtqHk;rSm ½Hk;rSm&dSaewJh wdik u f u kd 'Dvyk if ef;av;udk 0goemygvmw,f / qdv k nf;ao;ao;av;&,f / aNym&&if uif;wJ pm;aewmuawmY qHyiftqdyx f w
k w f meJY OD;a& ckacwfred ;f uav;awGqv kd nf; rsuEf mS udk awmf wJYrdwfaqGawGa&mufkd aps;EIef;csKdcsKdeJYa&mif;cs tJ'gqk&d if MPT &JU VERIFICATION CODE DOWNLOAD qG J v k d Y &ygw,f / tJ ' gqk d & if
Au cyfjrefjrefav;qdkovdkyJ ajrmufjyifbuf 'geJYyJtpfrvnf;tarUvkyif ef;udyk J a&G;Nc,fNzpfcYJ omomav;qdkifav;yJ / tarwkdUwkef;u Nym;tqdyx f wk w
f myg/ t&ifuawmYqHyifaygif; awmf rsm;rsm;NyifwwfBuygw,f/ qHyifydkif; ay;rSmyg/ 'Dvyk if ef;av;utpfrvdck siw f YJ yef;wdik f udk SMS wpfapmif a&mufvmygvdrfhr,f/ tpOfajyygNy}D vdYk oDcsi;f 0,f,&l efeYJ ywfoufNy;D
rSm&dSwJh tvSjyifqdkifav;wpfqkdifudk xGufvm ygw,f/ tarYtNyif vufOD;q&mqdk&ifawmY acwfay: enf;ynmawG r&dSao;wmvnf;yg wifwmavmufy&J cSd YJ wmav / wu,fuqHyif udkawmY udk,fwkdif rNyKNyifwwfBuygbl; / udka&mufvmNyDvdkU aNymvdkY&w,f / yef;wkdifudk rsm;aomtm;jzihf puúefYydkif;twGif; a&mufvm &Si;f jyay;cJyh gw,f/
cJhygw,f / qdkifxJudk 0if0ifvdkufcsif;yJ qdkif&JU rolZmaygY / rolZmqDrSmynmoifNyD; 0efxrf; w,f / aemuf vlawGuacwfrrDao;wm xufudk OD;a&Nym;usef;rmrS qHyifuoefrm roD&d&JU tvSNyifvkyfief;[molrtwGuf awmY ra&mufao;ygbl;/ tpfrbufu quf wwfNy;D Mumr,fq&dk if 5rdepfMumrS a&mufvm SM-D
rsufESmpmav;awGrSm tjynfhcsdwfqGJxm;wJh b0eJY 5 ESpfavmufaecJYygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef; vnf;ygwmaygY/ 'gaBumifY tvSNyif vkyif ef;udk vmrSmav / 'gaBumifY OD;a&Nym;udk Treatment pD;yGm;a&;vkyfie;fqdkaywnfY vG,fvG,fulul BudK;pm;&OD;rSmyg /
Certificated awG[mqd& k if rsuaf phwqH;k thMH o uawmY rolZmqDrmS vnf; tvky0f if&if; tarU vlawG odyfNyD;ae&mray;Bubl;aygY/ tcktpfr vkyfay;zdkYvdkw,f / NyKvkyfay;wJY enf;pepf av;awGukd vkyfay;vdkufNyD; at;aq;aiG& vGrf; A rdkif
avmufatmifygyJ / roD&dukdrjrifzl;ao;ay qdik u f v kd nf;ulay;&if; vlvw G b f 0aygU / aemuf qkid rf mS NyKNyifEidk w
f YJ t&mav;awGuawmY qHx;kH uawmY tpfrwdUk ut&ifq;kH OD;a&Nym;udk t&if wmrsKd;xuf Customer ukzd efw;D rI topfav; ■ ■ ■
r,fh olr&JU ynmt&nftcsif;eJY tawGYtMuHK tpfrtdrfaxmifusawmY rolZmqDrSmquf rdwu f yf ? qHyiftvSNyifeYJ vufonf;aNconf;? qHk; Treatment vkyfvdkufwm / aemuf tdkZkef;
udkawmY pdwfxJuae todtrSwfjyKay;vdkufrd rvkyNf zpfawmYyJtpfr&JUud, k yf ikd qf ikd af v;zGiYf vdu
k f Foot Spa awGaygh / qHyifydkif;qkdif&mtNyif pufeJY a&aEG;aiGYay;vkdufw,f/ tJ'Dtcg vl;a&
ygw,f / aemufwpfcsuu f tvSjyifqikd f wpfqikd f w,f / ckqdk&iftpfrqdkifav;&JU oufwrf;u qHxHk;rdwfuyfudkvnf; vufcHygw,f / owdkU Chemical aq;awGaBumifY tm;enf;aewwfwYJ odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u iSufzsm;a&m*gumuG,fonfU jcif wDxGif
rSmt"duuswYJ 0efaqmifrI wpf&yf[m oefU&Si;f 15ESp0f ef;usifavmuf&ySd gNyD/ orD;wpfa,mufudkypönf;rygbJ qHxHk;rdwfuyf OD;a&awGu Nyefvnf&SifoefvmwmaygY/ wpf
aerIygyJ / qkid x
f uJ kd 0ifvu kd w
f meJY qkid af v;&JY roD&drSmausmif;olwpfa,muf taeeJY wifyq J kd 6aomif;yg / ypön;f a&mtpHq k &kd ifawmY enf;aNym&&if tyifawGudk tm;aq;auR;
oyf&yfaerI[m 0ifvmwJY Customer udk ausmif;a&;ausmif;&mrsm;tNyif tm;vyfcsdef 8aomif; ? wpfoed ;f eJY wpfoed ;f cGaJ ygY /yGt J ay: ovdkrsKd;aygU / wpfBudrfvkyf½HkeJYudk odomapyg
pdwfMunfvifapwmtrSefygyJ / A awG;ae&if; rSm rdbudkulnDcsifwJY pdwfuuav;&dSaew,f rlwnfNyD;awmY b,fEIef;xm;wefudk Nyifr,f w,f / b,fvv kd q
J akd wmY qHyif&nS of rm;awG zsm;a&m*gumuG,fEkdif
rSmyJ oD&drGefqkdifav;&JU roD&du a&muf&dS qdw k m Aowdxm;rdvu kd yf gw,f / uav;qdw k m qdkwmyGJ&Sif&JU qE´eJY qkdifwmaygU / qdkvnf;qHyifr&IyfawmYbl; / &Sif;&vG,fulap onf h aq;rsm;xnf h
vmNy;D tpfrwdUk tifwmAsL;av;pvdYk &Nyv D Ykd ajym rsKd ;uvnf;ud, k Yf rsuaf pYa&SY rSm Nrifwwf&m&m A ar;orQaomar;cGef;wkfdif;udkauseyf awmY qHyifuRwfwmrsdK;awGvnf;r&dSapawmY oGi;f ay;onf/ xdYk jyif
wmeJY A u tpfr&UJ vufOD;q&mtaMumif; udkpl;prf;csifpdwf &dSwwfw,frdkYvm;av / 'geJY yDwad wGeYJ roD&u d aNzay;aeygw,f/ A pOf;pm; bl;aygU/ aps;eIe;f awGuawmYoH;k wJY aq;tay: DNA jzifh tqihfqifh
av;vdkU par;vdkufygawmhw,f / yJoif,al y;wJY tareJY wwfaNrmufcsiw f YJ orD; rdwmav;wcku atmifNrifolwdkU&JtNyHK;awG rlwnfNyD;awmY oHk;rsKd;oHk;pm;&dSw,f / tenf; ppf a q;NyD ; wD x G i f c J h
qHrk w d YJ tcg atmifNrifraI wG &&dv S mapwmaygU/ aemufu, G rf mS bmawG &daS eedik af o;ovJ qdw k m qH;k uawmY wpfaomif;aygU/ aemuf wpfaomif; onf/ xdk jcif rsm;onf
ararh vkyfief;rSonf udyk g/ 'gaBumifY olrsm;awGrodcYJ Buzl;wJY roD&&d YJ cGJ ? aemuf ESpfaomif;yg / iSufzsm; a&m*gul;puf
orD;vkyfief;qDokdY ... rdwfuyf ? qHyif ratmifNrifciftrSw&f p&m? pdwcf pH m;rIav; wpfpkH rIukd (99.5)&mcdkifEIef;
tpfr&JU vufO;D q&muawmY tpfr&JU tar vufonf;ajconf;tvSjyif wpf&mrsm;&dSavrvm;vdkY A ar;rdawmY roD&d udk,fhynmudk NyocGifh&rSmu umuG,fay;Edkifonf/
ygyJ/ oD&drGefqdkwJh qdkifemrnfav;eJY vGefcJhwJh qdkifcGJtaeeJYuawmh ESpfqdkif&dSygw,f/ u EIwfuzGifYraNymao;yJ&dScJYwmaygYqdkwJY qHyifn§yf ynmeJY qHxHk;ynm od y Ü H y nm&S i f r sm;onf iS u f z sm;a&m*g xdk jcifrsm;ukd tm&Swu dk w
f iG f a&S;OD;pGm xm;&Srd nf
ESpaf ygif; 30 avmufutpfrtaru pzGichf YJ yg aemuf wpfqdkifuawmh 86 vrf;? 11 -12 tNyHK;av;wpfcsufut kd &if NyHK;Nyvdu
k yf gw,f / qHyifeYJ ywfoufNyD;tpfroifcYJ zl;wJY oif umuG,fEdkifonfh jcifukd wDxGifvdkufonf/ jzpfonf/
w,f/ tpfrudkrarG;cifuwnf;uyJqdkygawmY/ vrf;Bum;rSmyg / tpfruawmh b,fqdkifrSmyJ wef;awGqw kd muvnf;renf;awmYygbl; / b,f iSuzf sm;a&m*gyk;d o,faqmifonfh jcifrsm; avsmh *srd ;f pfu](100)%eD;yg;awmh r[kwaf yr,fh
tpfrudkarG;wJYtcgusawmY tpfr&JU emrnf yHkaoxdkifw,fqdkwmrsdL;r&dSygbl; / tvSnfhus aemufawmh rS t&HI;qdkwm vkyfief;&JU b,fvkdynmrqdk udk,fwwfNyD enf;ap&eftwGufomru vlrsm;wGif ul;puf (99.5)%cefY iSufzsm;a&m*gumuG,fEdkifrSmyg/
av;udv k nf; oD&v
d Ukd tarwdYk uay;cJYBuw,f/ yHkpHeJYxkdifNzpfygw,f/ qkdifESpfqdkifrSmu tpfru atmifNrifzdkY twGuf vrf;p yg.. qdNk y;D awmYvnf; &yfwefYaevdUk r&ygbl; / acwf a&m*grysHYESHYap&ef wDxGifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 'gu aemufq;Hk umuG,rf rI [kwyf gbl;/ uReaf wmf
tpfrt&G,fra&mufcifuwnf;udkutpfru wpfqikd f ? taruwpfqikd f OD;pD;ygw,f/ tpfr tpfr&JU vkyfoufwpfavQmufrSm wpfcsdef qdkwmuvnf;tNrJaNymif;vJaeawmY vlawG&JU u,fvDzdkeD;,m;wuúodkvfrS okawoe wdYk enf;ynmtopfawGukd tok;H jyKNy;D iSuzf sm;
'Dvkyfief;udk 0goemygw,fav / i,fi,fu qdik Ef pS q
f idk v
f ;kH rSmpDe,
D mt&rf;uswYJ uav;awG wpfcgwkef;u tawGYtBuHKav;wpfck trSwf& ynm&Sirf sm;onf tefEzkd v D if; jcifrsm; uk,
d 0f ef a&m*gaysmufuif;zkYd twGuf pl;prf;oGm;rSmyg}[k
awmY ausmif;olaygY / ausmif;u NyefvmwJY vnf;&ddSygw,f / olwdkY&JU vkyfoufu ckepfESpf p&m&dScJYw,f/ bmvJqdkawmY oD&drGefu qHyif aqmifpOfuyif oaE¨om;avmif;xJokdY iSuf Nation Academy of Sciences okYd ajymcJo h nf/
30 31

Ekid *f s;D &D;,m; a&eHyudk vf idk ;f wpfcrk S


ueD ivsijf zifh tcsuaf y;acgi;f vmif;xk;d NyD 2/ uabmf jywfa&GU(&ckdif&kd;rawmifykdif;)
- pdk ; a us mf ol -

uefa':vm oef; 250zk;d &Sd a&eHrsm; ck;d ,lrI jzpfymG ;


3/ jynf jywfa&GU (jynfawmifwef;)
4/ wefYMunfah wmif-a&eHacsmif;-acsmufjywfa&GU a&eHykdufvkdif;wpfckwnf;rS ,ckESpf
5/ wl&Gif;awmif-a*G;csKd jywfa&GU twGif tar&duef a':vmoef; 250
(yk*Hivsif? awmifwGif;BuD; ivsif) wefaMu;&Sd a&eHrsm;ckd;,lrIjzpfcJhonf[k
6/ ppfukdif;jywfa&GU (awmif-ajrmuf jrefrm) EkdifiHykdifa&eHukrÜPDuqkdonf/ Ekdif*sD;&D;
7/ rkd;rdwf jywfa&GU(jrefrmajrmufykdif;) ,m;trsK;d om;a&eHaumfyadk &;&Si;f NNPC
8/ zmyGefjywfa&GU (ausmufMurf; jywfa&GU-arNrdKUivsif) u vm*kdYpfNrdKUrS ta&SU-ajrmufbufokdY
9/ bk&m;okH;ql jywfa&GU (rGefjynfe,f)/ oG,w f ef;xm;onfh a&eHyu dk v f idk ;f rS a&eH
tqdkyg ivsifaMumBuD;rsm;&Sdonfh ae&mwpf0kdufwGif yxrqpfMum;ykdif;u ylwmtkdtif;awmfBuD; tqpfykdif; bDvD,Hvpfwm bDvD,H0ufcefY tckd;cH
acwftqufqufu ajrivsif BuD; i,f vwfrsKd;pkH vIycf wfEidk f vkdYac:ygw,f/ tqpfqkdonfrSm ajrvTmwGefYacgufjywfa&GUrI cJh&onf[k qkdonf/
ygw,f/ awGu odomxif&mS ;pGm jzpfay:aejcif;? ajrvTmwkecf ek rf I vG,v f ifh NyD;cJhonfh &ufykdif;twGif; Ekdif*sD;&D;
wuljzpfEkdifwJhae&mawGukd qkdvkdjcif;jzpfygw,f/ tif;awmfBuD; ,m;EkdifiH wpf0Srf;&Sd "mwfqDqkdifrsm;wGif
tkid uf onfajrvTmwGeYf acgufraI Mumifh jzpfay:vmw,fvYdk vnf; vlrsm;wef;pD wkd;a0SYaecJhMuonf/,ck
ppfukdif;jywfa&GU ynm&Siaf wGu ,lqygw,f/ onfyxr tqpfyidk ;f rSm tiftm; uJhokdY EkdifiHykdifa&eHykdufvkdif;rsm;rS a&eH &Sdonf/ ukrÜPDu tqkdygjyóemukd qkdonf/Ekdif*sD;&D;,m;onf tmz&durSm
vuf&SdcsdefrSmvnf; vIyfcwfEkdifovkd tem*wfrSmvnf; jyif;wJh ajrivsifawGvIyfzl;ygw,f/ Oyrm umrkdif;ajrivsif rsm;ukd ckd;,ljcif;u avmifpmqD jywf ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;pm;aeonf[k qkdonf/ a&eHtrsm;qkH;wifydkYonfh EkdifiHjzpfonf/
vIycf wfEidk yf gw,f/ onfxrJ mS ivsiv f yI zf Ydk wmplaeonfh t"du (1931?jyif;tm; 7.6)ESihf 0ef;okad jrivsif (1946-jyif;tm; 7.5 vyfrEI iS hf Ekid if pH ;D yGm;a&; xdcu dk af pEkid o f nf ]usaemfwkdYu aeYwkdif; aps;uGufxJukd okdYaomfvnf; a&eHoefYpifEkdifonfh pGrf;
jywfa&GUBuD;uawmh emrnfausmf]ppfukdif; jywfa&GUBuD;ygyJ/ ESifh 7.6 0ef;usif) [k tpkd;&tzGJYu qkdonf/ a&eHoef;aygif; 35vDwm awmufavsmuf tm;r&SdonfhtwGuf um;q&mrsm;u
onfjywfa&GUaMumif;BuD;u jrefrmjynfajrmufzsm;rSm awmif 'kw,
d qpfMum;ykid ;f u waumif;-ppfuidk ;f qpfMum;ykid ;f yg/ tqkyd g yku d v f idk ;f onf Ekid *f sD;&D;,m; xnfah y;aewm? avmifpmawG jywfomG ; jynfyrS wifyYdk onfh "mwfqu
D o dk mrScD &dk Ny;D
bufzsm;xd oG,fwef;aeygw,f/ onf jywfa&GUaMumif; onftydik ;f uonfom xif&mS ;rIt&Sq d ;Hk ESihf wuf<urI t&Sq d ;Hk vkYd \ pD;yGm;a&;NrdKUawmf vm*kYd pfrS vk&d if;NrdKU p&m taMumif;r&Sdbl;}[k ukrÜPD\ rMumcPavmifpmqD jywfvyfrIrsm;
wpfavsmufrSm&SdwJh ucsifjynfe,f? rÅav;? ppfukdif;? rauG;? vnf; ajymvkdY&ygw,f/ {&m0wDjrpfaMumif;uvnf; onfqpf okYd oG,w f ef;xm;NyD; uDvrdk w D m 250cefY refae*sif;'g½kdufwm tufpwmerf'Du vnf; &Sdonf/
yJcl;ESifh {&m0wDwkdif;a'oBuD;awGrSm ajrivsifaMumBuD;u Mum;ykdif; wpfavsmufrSm pD;qif;aeygw,f/ onftykdif;u
wuf<upGmwnf&SdaeNyD; tcsdefra&G; ivsifvIyfcwfEdkifwJh tae
txm;rSm&Sdygw,f/ onfae&mawGrSm orkdif;tqufqufrSm
vnf; ivsifBuD;rsm;vIyfcwfcJhzl;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh tqkdyg
yxrtqpfykdif;xuf ykdNyD;&Sif;vif;ayrJh aMumufp&mvnf;
aumif;ygw,f/orkid ;f wavsmuf jyif;xefwhJ ajrivsiBf uD;awGu
onf tqpfykdif;rSm vIyfcJhwmrsm;ygw,f/ ppfukdif;?tif;0rSm
jyifopftMurf;zufwudk cf udk cf &H rIwiG f
ppfuidk ;f jywfa&GUBuD;u wpfEpS u f dk ESppf ifwrD w D mcefY ajrmufbufudk tiftm;jyif;wJh ivsifawGaMumifh ysufq;D qk;H ½I;rIawG trsm;BuD;
Ed0k ifbm 27&uf rk&H mG NrdKU taemufajrmufbuf 54uDvdk
rDwmtuGm ueDNrdKUteD;wGif ajratmufteuf 40uDvkdrDwm
cefYudAk [kjd yKí jyif;tm; 5.5&Sd ajrivsiw f pfcvk yI cf wfomG ;cJo
h nf/
jcif;? urÇmhtwGif;ykdif; tyl&SdefaMumifh vIdif;rsm;xGufay:NyD;
tay:,HrsufESmjyifukd ½dkufcwfjcif;? urÇmhtay:,HvTm rQajc
ysufjcif;? a&yl;pD;aMumif;rsm; jzpfay:jcif;? urÇmah jrom;xk usHKU
OD;wnfa&GUvsm;aeygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; onfjywfa&GUrsOf;
wavsmufrmS &Sw d hJ NrKd UawGu tiftm;BuD;rm;wJh ajrivsit
ukd tcsdefra&G;MuHKawGYEkdifygw,f/
f Å&m,f
jzpfcyhJ gw,f/
wwd,qpfMum;ykid ;f uawmh ompnf-ysO;f rem; qpfMum;
ykdif;ygw,f/ ompnf? aysmfbG,fteD;u ajredrfhcsKdifh0Srf;awGrSm
aoqk;H olrsm;atmufarhz,G f tcrf;tem; usi;f y
tqkyd givsiaf Mumifh apwD?ykx;dk &Spq f cl efY ysupf ;D cJo
h nf[k od&yg 0ifjcif;? awmif-ajrmuf0if½kd;pGef;rsm; a&GUvsm;jcif;?awmifwef; tdE,
d´ tjym;csyfEiS hf ,l&adk t;&S tjym;csyfawG 0ifwu dk Nf yD; Ek0d ifbm 27u jyifopfEidk if H yg&DNrdKU
onfqpfMum;ykdif;&JUvu©PmawGukd jrifawGYEkdifygw,f/ onf
onf/ 4if;ivsifu rMumrDumvtwGif; ppfudkif;jywfa&GUaMum rsm;NydKusjcif;ESihf tPkjrLAk;H rsm; azmufcjJG cif;wkYd vnf; ajrivsif ay:xGufvmwJh ppfukdif;tufuGJaMumif;BuD;u wpfajzmifhwnf; tykid ;f rSmawmh jyif;xefwihJ vsiaf wGvyI cf whJ hJ rSww
f rf;rawGYygbl;/ tMurf;zufwkdufckdufcH&rI 13ckwGif ao
wpfavQmuf&Sd NrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif ajrivsifBuD;rsm; vIwfcwfvm jzpfEidk yf gonf/ &SdaewJh ajrvTmtufaMumif;BuD; r[kwfygbl;/ olYrSm tqpf qkH;cJhol 130OD;tm; *kPfjyKonfh tcrf;
pwkwåqpfMum;ykdif;uawmh awmifil-yJcl; qpfMum;ykdif;jzpfyg
Edkifonfukd tcsufay;acgif;avmif;xkd;vkdufonf[kvnf; ,lq tykid ;f av;awGeYJ zGYJ pnf;xm;ygw,f/ tJo h nf tqpftykid ;f av; tem;wpfck usif;ycJhonf/,if;tcrf;
w,f/ ysOf;rem;aemufykdif;uae ta&SUajrmufpl;pl;oGm;aewJh
Edik of nf/ xkYd aMumifh jrefrmEdik if \H ivsiZf ek rf sm;ESihf ivsiaf Mumrsm; tem;wGif or®wa[mfvef;u tkid t f ufpf
wnf&SdrIESifh ivsif'PfcH&Ekdifonfh NrdKUrsm;taMumif;udk azmfjy 2/ jrefrmhivsifaMumrsm;ESifh ppfukdif;jywfa&GU awG&SdwJhae&mawGrSm wkefckefrIaMumifh ajrivsifBuD;awGvIyfvm ppfuidk ;f jywfa&GUBuD;u yJc;l em;rSm wpfqpfcsK;d auGUoGm;Ny;D awmif-
Ekdifygw,f/ ppfukdif;jywfa&GUtqpfykdif; ig;ck&Sdw,fvkdY ivsif ajrmufoG,fwef;oGm;ygw,f/ onfae&mawGrSm orkdif;0if tMurf;zuftkyfpkukd acsrIef;&ef jyifopf
vku d yf gonf/ urÇmrSm ajrivsifvyI Ef idk w
f hJ t"duZkeBf uD; ESpcf &k ydS gw,f/ ynm&Sifa'gufwmpkd;ol&xGef;u avhvmawGY&Sdxm;ygw,f/ u tpGr;f ukev f yk af qmifomG ;rnf[k uwd
jyif;xefwJh ajrivsifBuD;awGvIyfzl;ygw,f/
blr½d yl aA' ynm&Siaf wGu urÇmajrxku tykid ;f (3)ykid ;f wpfckuawmh ypdwfzdwfork'´&mukdywfaeonfh ]ypdwfzdwf qGm ivsif (1929?yJcl; (1930)? ysOf;rem; (1931)/ jyKonf/
ESifh zGJYpnf;xm;w,fvkdY qkdygw,f/ tay:qkH;tykdif;ukd Crust? cg;ywfvrf;}vkYd qkyd gw,f/aemufwpfcu k awmh ]ajrxJyifv,f jyifopforkdif;wGif tqkd;&Gm;qkH;
pdk;ausmfol
'kwd,ykdif;ukd Mantle(ausmufom;xk)vkdYac:ygw,f/ wwd, (t,fzu dk )f [dr0Eåmivsifywfvrf;} jzpfygw,f/ onfywfvrf; tMurf;zufwkdufckdufcH&rIwGif aoqkH;cJh
twGif;qkH;ykdif;ukdawmh owåKqefwJh Core vkdY ac:ygw,f/ uawmh ajrxJyifv,f ta&SUESifh [dr0Eåmukd jzwfoef;oGm;yg onfh rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESi'hf Pf&m &oltcsKUd
wu,fawmh usaemfwkdYu nDrGwfacsmarGaewJh rsufESmjyifay: w,f/ tJhonfuae ta&SUtef'D;ukdjzwfNyD; MopaMw;vs wufa&mufcNhJ y;D pkpak ygif;y&dowf 1000
rSm aexkdifaew,fvkdY xifMuygw,f/ onfvkd r[kwfygbl;/ ajrmufykdif;&Sd ypdwfzdwfywfvrf;ESifh qufoG,fygw,f/ ausmfcefY&Sdonf/ tcrf;tem;ukd eykd
urÇmrsufESmjyifBuD;u tufuGJaMumif;ajrmufrsm;pGmukd quf jrefrmu t,fzkduf-[dr0Åm ivsifZkefxJrSmygygw,f/ vD,Htkwf*lESifh ppforkdif;jywkdufxm;
xm;wmyg/qkd&&if usaemfwkdYu tvkH;ay:u tjym;tcsyfrsm; onf&yf0ef;xJrSm tif;tm;jyif;wJh ivsifawG rMumcPvIyf &Sdonfh 17&mpk taqmufttkHjzpfonfh
ay:rSm aexkdifaeMujcif;jzpfygw,f/
tJhvkd tjym;tcsyfBuD;awG qkHawGYaewJh ae&mawGrSm
ygw,f/ 'DESpfykdif;rSmvnf; eDaygrSm odyfjyif;xefwJh ivsifBuD;
vIyfoGm;ygw,f? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ivsif'PfcH&EkdifwJh ae&mawG
Les Invalides\ jc0
cJo
h nf/
H if;xJwiG f vkyaf qmif
jyifopfu tkdiftufpfwkdY\ A[kdcsufr ukd wkdufckdufcsifonf
tufuGJaMumif;BuD;awG &Sdygw,f/olwkdYukd jywfa&GU (Faults) u wlnrD aI wmhr&Syd gbl;? txl;ojzifh ajrmufvwåu D sK 22 'Du&D ydwfum;BuD;wpfckay:wGif Ekd0ifbm tMurf;zufwkdufckdufrIukd vufwkHYjyef&ef zGJYpnf;xm;onfh r[mrdwfwkdY\
vkdYac:Muygw,f/ onftufaMumif;awGu rMumcPqkdovkd ajrmufykdif;rSm jyif;xefwJh ivsifawG rMumcPcH&ygw,f/ 13wkdufckdufrIrsm;aMumifh aoqkH;cJhol &nf&G,fcsufrSm qD;&D;,m;EkdifiH]&muGm}&Sd tpövmr®pfEkdifiHawmf\ XmecsKyf½kH;ukd
a&GUvsm;wkefcgrIawGjzpfygw,f/ onftcgrSm ajrr[Dwkefcgjcif; jrefrmhorkdif;rSmjzpfcJhwJh ivsifav;ykH okH;ykHavmufu ajrmuf rsm;\ "mwfyrHk sm;ukd jyocJo h nf/ aoqk;H zsuq f ;D ypf&efjzpfonf[k jyifopfEf idk if jH cm;a&; 0efBuD;avmh&ifzh mbD,ufpu f qko d nf/
(0g)ajrivsifvIyfjcif; jzpfygw,f/wu,fawmh onfvkd urÇmh vwåu D sKxJrmS yJ jzpfay:wm awGY&ygw,f/1904ckEpS u f pwifwhJ olrsm;\ trnfrsm;ukd zwfMum;Ny;D aemuf armfpukEd iS bhf mvifuvnf; qD;&D;,m;&Sd jyifopfwYdk ESihf vufwt JG vkyv f yk &f ef
tay:,Htjym;tcsyfjym;a&GUvsm;jcif;u twGif;ykdif; tyl&Sdefjrifh ajrivsifrSwfwrf;awGt& jrefrmrSm tiftm;odyfjyif;wJh ivsif wufa&mufvmolrsm;u wpfrdepfcefY uwdjyKxm;onf/ ]tkid t f ufpu f dk tjrpfjywfacsrIe;f a&;u Ekid if t H m;vk;H &JU &nfreS ;f
wufvmNyD; at;jrwJhtay:,HrsufESmjyifukd ½dkufcwfvmjcif; BuD;rsm; tqufrjywfvIyfcJhygw,f/ jyiftm; 7.7 tqifh&Sd Nidro
f uf*g&0jyKcJo h nf/ tcrf;tem;wGif csuyf g[kvnf; jyifopfxyd w f ef;oHtrwfzmbD,ufu Ek0d ifbm 27&ufu qko d nf/
aMumifv h nf; jzpfygw,f/ twGi;f ykid ;f rSm tylcsdet f vGetf ifrwef ivsifrsm;?jyif;tm; 6- 6.9 tqif&h dS ajrivsifBuD;rsm; vIycf wf jyifopfor®wa[mfvef;u ]&mZ0wfrI vuf&t dS csed rf mS jyifopfonf ½k&mS ;ESit hf eD;uyfppfa&;vkyaf qmifrI tygt0if tkid t f ufpf
jrifhrm;wJh ausmufom;xkBuD;rsm;&Sdygw,f/olwkdYawGu rMum cJhNyD; taqmufttkHrsm; touftkd;tdrfrsm;pGmvnf; ysufpD; usL;vGefcJhwJh ppfwyfukd zsufqD;ypfzkdY wkYd wkud cf u dk rf t
I m; t&Sed jf ri§ &hf efow H refa&; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;vnf; aqmif&u G af eonf/
cP ½kdufckdufxdawGYNyD; vIdif;awGxkwfvTwfygw,f/onftcgrSm cJhygw,f/ Oyrmajym&&if 1893ckESpfu tif;0ivsif?1930 jyifopfu enf;vrf;pkH vkyfaqmifoGm; qD;&D;,m;&Sd Ekid if w H umtzGYJ rsm;u &mum&Sd tkid t f ufpw
f Ydk \ XmecsKyfwYdk ukd
ajrvTmwke[ f rD aI wG jzpfwufygw,f/ ]'gaMumifh ajrivsiq f wdk m yJcl;ivsif? 1956ckESpf ppfukdif;ivsif? 1970 &efukefivsifawG rSmjzpfaMumif; uwdjyKygw,f}u ajymqkd wku d cf u dk &f ef tm½kpH u dk zf Ydk BudK;pm;aeonf[v k nf; zmbD,ufpu f qko d nf/rMumao;
urÇmhtwGif;u ausmufom;rsm;twGif; okdavSmifxm;wJh vIycf yhJ gw,f/ cJo
h nf/ onf&h ufyidk ;f twGi;f uyif jyifopfEiS hf ½k&mS ;ppfwyfu tkid t f ufpwf Ydk u NrdKUawmf[k
pGrf;tifrsm; ½kwfw&uf aqmifhxGufvmjcif;aMumifh tay:,H aMujimxm;onfh ae&mukd Ak;H BuJwu dk cf udk rf rI sm;jyKvkycf o
hJ nf/'ghtjyif 4if;wkYd tzGYJ \
ajrBuD;wkefcgjcif;}vkdY ac:qkdEkdifygw,f/ 'gayrJh 'g[m ivsif ykdifeuftwGif; xGufcGmvmonfh a&eHwif,mOfwef;rsm;ukdvnf; avaMumif;
vIyfjcif;&JU t"du taMumif;csufwpfckjzpfygw,f/tjcm; jrefrmhivsifaMumBuD;rsm;
tcsurf sm;aMumifv h nf; ivsiv f yI cf wfEidk yf gw,f-Oyrm rD;awmif jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ivsifvIyfcwfrIrsm;jzpfEkdifonfh t"du
- v if ; o pf - wkdufckdufrIrsm;jyKvkyfcJhMuonf/ ½k&Sm;or®wylwifu tar&duef OD;aqmifonfh
bm om jy fe dkq o fn
nTefYaygif;wyfrsm;ESifhvnf;vufwGJNyD; tkdiftufpfwkdYtm;wkdufckduf&ef pOf;pm;
aygufuGJjcif;?urÇmhwkdufBuD;rsm;tjzpf zGJYpnf;xm;onfh tjym; ajrvTmjywfa&GUaMumif;BuD;rsm; &Sdygw,f/ vmEkdifonf[k tcsufjyxm;onf/
tcsyfrsm;a&GUvsm;jcif;? tEljrL"mwf&Sdonfhypönf;rsm; prf;oyf 1/ ukvm;wefjywfa&GU(ajrmufO;D jywfa&GUZk)H
32 33

uav;i,ftwGuf &nfreS ;f csuf rBu;D vGe;f ygEiS hf


rdbrsm;u omorD;rsm;tay:wGif &nfrSef;csufjrifhrm;pGm rxm;oifhaMumif;ESifh
xkdokdYvkyfygu pmar;yGJus½IH;rIyifjzpfEkdifonf[k rMumao;cifujyKvkyfonfhokawwe
wpfcku ajymqkdaMumif;ukd NAdwdefw,fvD*&yf owif;rSmazmfjyonf/
Secondary School ausmif;om;rsm;\ ocFsm&v'frsm;ukd okawwewpfck
jyKvkycf &hJ m &nfreS ;f csuBf uD;vGe;f onfrh bd rsm;\ &v'frsm;onf ,kwu då sus½jI rifwwfonfh
rdbrsm;\ uav;rsm;\ &v'frsm;xuf &v'fqkd;½Gm;aMumifh avhvmawGY&SdcJhonf/
■ vD,edk ,frufq\ D at;*sirhf sm;u refcsupf wmpD;wD;toif;ESihf aqG;aEG; ,ckawGY&Sdcsufonf ,cifu awGY&Sdonfh rdbrsm;\&nfrSef;csufBuD;rm;rIu uav;
Ny;D ygNy/D 28ESp&f dS bmpDvedk mESit hf m*siw f ;D em; a&SUwef;upm;orm;av;u rsm;\ tem*wftay:aumif;rGeo f nfh oufa&mufr&I o dS nf[ak om tjyKoabmaqmif
wpfywfvkyfc aygif 800000 jzifh ajymif;a&GUr,fhykH&Sdygw,f/ onfh ,lqcsufESifh qefYusifaeonf/
- csJvfqD;u Zefe0g&D tajymif;ta&GUrSm y&D;rD;,m;vd*frSm ajcpGmaewJh rdbrsm;u aumif;rGefpGm rapmifha&Smufjcif;u pmoifausmif;wGif uav;
vufpwmtoif;\ t*Fvefwu dk pf pfrLS ; Am'D(28ESp)f ESihf awmhwif[rfrS rsm;\ &v'ftay:wGifqkd;½Gm;onfh oufa&mufrIrsm;&Sdonf[kvGefcJhonfh ESpfESpfu
b,fv*f sD,u H iG ;f v,fupm;orm; rkq d m'rfbv D (D 28ESp)f ukad c:zkYd csdeaf e avhvmawGY&Scd o hJ nf/ ,ckawGY&Scd suf topfudk t*FvefEidk if H a&'if;wuúov dk uf jyKvkycf NhJ y;D
ygw,f/ touf 11ESpEf iS hf 16Mum;&Sd Secondary School ausmif;om; 3530cefYukd 2002ckEpS rf S
- 'ghtjyif aemufxyfpyg;wkdufppfrSL;jzpfwJh [m&Dudef;(22ESpf)ukdvnf; 2007twGif; avhvmcJhonf/ uav;rsm;\ rdbrsm;rSm *smreDEkdifiH bmAm&D,mwGif
csJvfqD;u csdefaeygw,f/ aexkid Mf uonf/
- 'gayrJh awmhwif[rfuawmh t*Fvefwu dk pf pfrLS ;ude;f ukd qufxed ;f xm; ,if;avhvmrIt& rdbrsm;\&nfreS ;f csuBf uD;rIEiS ahf usmif;om;rsm;\ &v'frsm;rSm
Ekdifr,fvkdY ,kHMunfaeygw,f/ wkud ½f u
dk f oufa&mufr&I o dS nf[q k odk nf/ avhvmrIwiG f tar&duefausmif;om; (touf
- 'ghjyif csJvfqD;u pD;&D;atrSm ajcpGmaewJh zDtkd&ifwD;em;rS 27ESpf&Sd 15ESp)f aygif; 12000ukv d nf; 2ESpcf efY okawoejyKxm;onft h csufrsm;ukv d nf; xnfh
c½kdat;&Sm; wkdufppfrSL;eDukdvmumvDepfukdvnf; csdefaeygw,f/ oGi;f wGucf sucf o hJ nf/ *smreDro d m;pk ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf tar&duefausmif;om;rsm;ukd
- vmZD,kduGif;v,fupm;orm; &mA,farmf&pfqefu y&D;rD;,m;vd*fukd aygif;pnf;wGufcsufrIt& rdbrsm;\ &nfrSef;csufBuD;vGef;jcif;u ausmif;om;rsm;\
jyefvmzkdY wmplaeygw,f/ olu 0ufpf[rf;toif;ESifhtwl y&D;rD;,m; ynma&;atmifjrifr&I v'ftay: qk;d ½Gm;onfh oufa&mufr&I o dS nf[k wGucf sujf yocJoh nf/
okH;&moD upm;zl;ygw,f/
- *vufqu D iG ;f v,fupm;orm; pwDAif*s&wfu toif;a[mif; vDAmyl;vf
u 19ESpf&Sd t*FvefuGif;v,fupm;orm;av; 'DvDt,fvDukd rac:wJh
twGuf pdwrf aumif;bl;vkYd qkyd gw,f/ 4if;ukd pyg;u ac:xm;ygw,f/

a&mfe,f'udk dk arQmvf ifah eonfh Aef[m;vf


- touf 33ESpf e,l;umq,fuGif;v,fvl ukdvkdpDeDu paeaeY vuf
pwmESifhyGJrSm ajcpGrf;rjyEkdif&if toif;acgif;aqmif vufywfukd vuf
vTwf&r,fhykH &Sdygw,f/
- enf;jyopfuavmhvufxufrSm ajcpGrf;jyaeonfh vDAmyl;vfu ,l½kd
ygvd*frSm abmf'kd;toif;ukd 2-1jzifh tEkdif,lNyD; ½IH;xGuftqifhokdY
wufa&mufomG ;ygNyD/
- tmqife,f a&SUwef;upm;orm; tJvufZDqefcsufESifh vufpwm
wku d pf pfr:S ; Ag'DwYdk &JU abmvk;H upm;[efu qmavmifaewJh jcaoFrh sm;
ESifh wlw,fwJh ckdif;EdIif;ajymqkdvkdufygw,f/
- bmpDvedk mESihf bkid , f efjrL;epfwYdk cseyf , D ½H ;HI xGurf mS awGY&if bmpDvedk mu
tEdkif&vdrfhr,fvkdY ref,lupm;orm;a[mif; aygpukd;vfu qkdygw,f/
- refcsufpwm,lEu dk w f uf toif;atmifjrifr&I &S&d ef zm*lqefu wd&pämef
rsm;ozG,f ckid ;f apcJo h nf[k ref,t l oif;\ atmifjrifrI vQKUd 0Sucf suu f dk
toif;uyÜwdefa[mif; &D,kdzm'Deefu azmfxkwfvkdufygw,f/
- vuf&dS y&D;rD;,m;vd*u f ukecf w hJ hJ 15ESpu f mvtwGi;f tqk;d 0g;qk;H umv
ukd a&muf&Sdaew,fvkdYvnf; zmulqefu qkdygw,f/
- tmpif0if;*g;u tmqife,ftoif; \ uGi;f v,ftm;ukd armif;wifcsiyf g
w,f/
- csJvfqD;refae*sm armf&if[kdu tkdvHyD,mukdYpfESifh tmqife,fwkdY cseffyD
,Hv*d f ½I;H xGuw f ufa&; tqk;H tjzwfyrJG mS tkv d yH ,D mukYd pfudk tEkid &f ap
csifw,fvkdYqkdygw,f/ bmvkdYvJqkdawmh tkdvHyD,mukdYpfenf;jy rmukd
qDvfAmu olYoli,fcsif;jzpfvkdYygwJh/
- refcsupf wm,lEu dk w f uf\ a&SUwef;upm;orm;rsm;u Oa&my tqifrh rD
ao;bl;vkdY ref,l*E¦0ifuGif;v,fupm;orm;a[mif; aygpukd;vfu
a0zefvu dk yf gw,f/
- &D;&Jvrf uf'&pf\ trSm;rsm;ukd jyefvnfo;Hk oyfomG ;rSmjzpfw,fvYdk enf;jy vl;0pfAef[m;vfu &D;&Jvfruf'&pf plyg vkdemtm; 4-0jzifh ½IH;edrfhonfhyGJwGif ajcpGrf;
bifeDwufpfu qkdygw,f/ pwm; c&pöw, D mEkad &mfe,f't
dk m; tk;d x&ufzYdk 'f aysmufaecJo h nf/
- v if ; o pf - okdYjyefac:&efrvG,faomfvnf; arQmfvifhcsuf 4if;onf vmrnfh azazmf0g&D wGif 31ESpf
xm;aeqJ y g[k Sky owif ; rS m azmf j yonf / jynfrh mS jzpfNy;D &D;&Jvrf uf'&pfu *&wfab;xuf
bm om jy fe dkq o fn
a&mfe,f'kdonf 2009ckESpfu urÇmhpHcsdef wif pm&if a&mfe,f'kdtajymif;ta&TUukd tm½kHpkduf
ajymif;a&TUaMu; aygifoef; 80jzifh ajymif;a&TU oifhonf[k ajymqkdrIrsm;&Sdonf/ ref,lenf;jy
vlBuD;rif;wkdh uGefysLwmydkif;qkdif&m tcuftcJawGudk oGm;cJhNyD; xkdumvrSpwifNyD; pydefxdyfoD; BuD; Aef[m;vfuvnf; vmrnfhaEGtajymif;
uvyf\ orkdif;wpfavsmuf *kd;oGif;trsm;qkH; ta&TUrSm a0vawmifyu H pm;orm; ab;vftm;
tdrfwkdif&ma&mufajz&Sif;ay;yg&ap . . . upm;orm; jzpfvmcJhonf/ ac:&efypfrSwfxm;onf/ a&mfe,f'kdtajymif;
okdYaomfvnf; a&mfe,f'kdu wpfaeYrSm ta&TUESiyhf wfoufNyD; t*Fvyd rf 'D , D mrsm;\ ar;
refcsufpwm,lEkdufwufokdY jyefvmNyD; qm jref;rIukd 'wfcsfenf;jyBuD;u ]a&mfe,f'kdwpf
tJvufpzf m*lqefvufxufrmS &&Scd o hJ nfh y&D;rD; a,mufwnf; r[kwyf gbl;/ usaemfwYdk u upm;
,m; zvm;okH;qkukdxyfavmif;jznfhpGuf&ef orm; tm;vk;H ukd Munfah eygw,f/ 'gayrJo h v
l dk
•: 09 2200 784, 09 910 41259 BudK;pm;oifhonf[k tMuHay;ajymqkdrIrsm;&Sd upm;orm;awGuawmh &zkYd rvG,b f ;l }[k ajzcJh
onf/ olonfNyD;cJhonfh oDwif;ywfu bmpD onf/

You might also like