CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction
<hook, context paragraph>
<IV or process intro>
<DV intro>
<the problem intro> 7 p’s
<rationale with problem statement as conclusion>

Theoretical Framework
<theory for the research>
<theory for IV>
<theory for DV>
<Synthesis>

Conceptual Framework
<Concept for the research>
<Concept for variables, definitions from sources, operationalized definitions>
<Synthesis>

Consumer=someone who buys a product

Consumer = someone who purchases a tacoyaki from the store

Conceptual Paradigm
<Drawing of the research flow, examples below>
 DV1

IV
CORRELATIONS DV2
Note that in correlations, lines have no arrows
because the relationships between variables assume a bi-
directional causality. The lines are also allowed to be in
straight or diagonal forms.
 IV DV1
Causal Comparative

In Causal Comparative Designs, lines have

DV2
arrows because the relationship between variables
assume a monodirectional causality. The lines are also in
straight or elbowed forms.

Time 1 Time 2
Assignment Intervention Post-test
Pre-test
Group A
(Treatment) R O1 X O2
Group B
(Control) R O3 O4
Experimental

In experimental design shown above (classic

two-group pre-test, post-test), no lines, but there are
headers
 Input Process Output
IPO

Action researches that are one-step cycles

normally follow the IPO format. Wherein an input
contains variables related to a problem, the process is a
change procedure that is designed to make a work
process more efficient or productive, and the outcome is
the end result intended for in the beginning of the
research.

The output, however is stated in general

terms as the process suggested is new or unprecedented.

Inductive

Inductive methods usually start with a

beginning node (input) and flows towards a process that
produces an interim output. This output is usually the
source of another process as its input. The cycle
continues on until the immediate concern is done or
another concern arises.

Such are cases for participative researches

and action researches.
Research Objectives
(Becomes an SOP if a theory or concept is to be proven, changes research obj and specific obj to
research problem and problem statements respectively)
<Research Objectives >
<specific objectives>

Hypothesis of the Study

<null declarative sentence form of research problem, used only if a theory or concept is to be
proven>

Scope and Delimitations

<Specific scope of the research in paragraph form; i.e. LSGH Students>
<Specific limitations of the research (some are in reaction to scopes, i.e. SHS LSGH Students) in
paragraph form>

Significance of the Study

<list of beneficiaries of the research, with the people most benefitting listed first, then
description of how the researchers think the beneficiaries could use the outcomes of the
research>
1. Students – the research aims to help students from LSGH in their…
2. Parents – similarly, the research would be aiding parents in supporting their children in
terms of…
3. Schools – the schools…

Definition of Terms
<alphabetical list of the terms to be commonly used by the research from chapter two and
onwards and are based on operationalized definitions from conceptual framework>

Anchovies – small saltwater fish (dilis in the Philippines) used as an ingredient in sushi pizza
fusion.