Chapter 3-2-Electric Machine - Power Control in Synchronous Generators

In The Name of God The Most
Compassionate, The Most Merciful

Electric Machines
2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Electric Machines
2. Principle of AC Machines
3. Synchronous Generators
4. Synchronous Motors
5. Three-phase Transformers
2

Chapter 3.1
Synchronous Generators
3.1. Introduction to Synchronous Generators
3.2. Equivalent Circuits of Synchronous Generators
3.3. Phasor Diagram
3.4. Voltage Regulation
3.5. Excitation Systems
3.6. Power Flow of Synchronous Generators
3.7. Parallel connection of Synchronous Generators

3
Introduction to Synchronous Generators
The range of power of synchronous generators:
• 1 MW ~ 1000 MW in Iran
a'
• 1200 MW in the world
c
N b
Synchronous generators consist of
• Rotor
S
– Core b'
– Field winding excited by DC source c'
• Stator a
– Core
– Armature winding (usually 3-phase)

Depending on rotor shape, synchronous generators are categorized
as:
• Cylindrical (non-salient) rotor structure
• Salient-pole rotor structure
a'
a' _
_ +
+
c
c
N
N b b
S c' b' c'

b' S
a a

2021 Pasargad Steel Company

Stator of a 3-phase, 500 MVA, 0.95 power factor, 15 KV, 60 Hz, 200 rpm generator.
Internal diameter 9250 mm; effective axial length 2350 mm; 378 slots.
7

Rotor with its 4-pole DC winding. Total mass 204 t; moment of inertia 85 t.m2; air-
gap 120 mm. The DC exciting current of11.2 kA is supplied by a 600 V DC brushless
exciter bolted to the end of the main shaft. 8

a'
• A DC current is applied to the rotor

_
+
c
N
winding, which then produces a b
rotor magnetic field.

b' c'
S
• The rotor is then turned by a prime a

mover (e.g. Steam, water etc.)
producing a rotating magnetic field. a'
_
+
c
N
• This rotating magnetic field induces
b
a 3-phase set of voltages within the

b' S c'
stator windings of the generator.
a
9

Excitation Systems of Synchronous Generators
The common types of excitation systems for synchronous generators

are as follows:
1. Dynamic Excitation systems
2. Permanent Magnet Excitation System
3. Brushless Excitation systems
4. Pilot Excitation systems 10

Dynamic Excitation systems

Permanent Magnet Excitation System

Brushless Excitation systems

Pilot Excitation systems

Equivalent Circuits of Synchronous Generators
with Cylindrical Rotor
• In order to investigate the behaviour of synchronous generators,
their equivalent circuit is required.
• The effects to be considered in the equivalent circuit are as

follows:
a'
1. No load induced voltage +
_
c
2. Armature reaction effect N
b
3. Armature resistance
4. Flux leakage effect b' c'
S
17

1. No load induced voltages are modelled by 3-phase ac voltage
sources with the following rms value and frequency of f:
Erms  4.44 Nm f k p kd
N is the number of armature winding turns per phase

 m is the magnetic flux produced a'
_
+
by the rotor pole(by if or ir or idc) c

N
b
f is the frequency
kp is the pitch factor b' c'
S
kd is the distribution factor
a
18

2. Armature reaction effect
– Having excited the field winding and rotating the rotor,
voltages are induced in the armature windings.
– If the generator is loaded, currents pass through armature
windings which produce armature magnetic field.
– This armature field changes the rotor field and consequently
the the induced voltage is also changed. a'
_
+
c
– This effect is called armature reaction.

N
b
– And modelled by an inductor. b'

S
c'
19

3. Armature resistance
The armature windings have resistance which causes voltage
drop and ohmic losses.
This effect is modelled by a resistor.
4. Flux leakage effect

A portion of the magnetic flux of the armature winding leaks
via stator slots and slot-openings. a'
+
_
c
These flux are called flux leakage. N
b
The effect is modelled by an inductor.

b' c'
S
a
20

Armature Reaction Effect
a'
_
+
c
N
b
Ear
b' c'
S
Ia
a Bar
- Ear +
Enet
21

jx a jx l Ra Ia
+
+ 1. No load induced voltage
Ea Va
_ _ 2. Armature reaction effect
Rext
If 3. Armature resistance
jx a jx l Ra Ib
+ +
4. Flux leakage effect
Rf +
Vf Eb Vb
jx f _ _ a'
_
+
_ c
N
b
jx a jx l Ra Ic
+ b' c'
+ S
Ec Vc
a
_ _ 22

Calculations of the parameters:
– Per-phase armature winding resistance (Ra): Using an
ohmmeter and considering the skin effects and temperature.
– Per-phase synchronous reactance which is the summation of

the leakage reactance and reactance due to armature reaction
( xs  xl  xa ): Using the open-circuit and short circuit tests.
a'
jx s Ra Ia +
_
c
N
+ b
+
Ea Va b'
S
c'
_ _ a
23

Open-circuit test
– The rotor is rotated at nominal speed.
– The field current is gradually increased from zero and recorded.
– The voltage of the open armature terminal is recorded.
jx s Ra Ia  0
+ If Rext
+
Rf +
Vf
Ea Va V
jx f
_ _
_
A
24

Open-circuit test
jx s Ra Ia  0
+ If Rext
Va +
Rf +
Vf
Air-gap line Ea Va V
jx f
_ _
_
A
b c'
Open-circuit curve
(OCC)
a' a
c b'
If 25

Short-circuit test
– The rotor is rotated at nominal speed.
– The field current is gradually increased from zero and recorded.
– The current of the short-circuited armature is recorded.
jx s Ra Ia
+ If Rext
+
Rf
Vf
Ea Va  0 A
jx f
_
_
A
26

with Cylindrical Rotor Z  R  jx s a s
Short-circuit & jx s Ra Ia
+ If Rext
Open circuit tests +
Rf
Vf
Ea Va  0 A
Air-gap line jx f
_
_
Open-circuit curve A
Ea (OCC)
Ia Br
Ea
Zs  Bnet
Ia Enet
Short-circuit curve Ia
Ea
(SCC) Bar
If
27

Phasor Diagram of Synchronous Generators
The magnetic fields in a synchronous machine consist of:
1. Magnetic field due to rotor flux
2. Magnetic field due to stator flux (Armature reaction)
The stator magnetic field depends on: a'

_
+
1. Amplitude of the armature current c
N
2. Power factor ( cos  ) b
b' c'
S
a
28

The distortion effects of
armature reaction when the Br
Bnet
power factor is unity: cos   1
Br: rotor flux density
Ea: induced voltage of Ia Bar
armature due to rotor flux Ea
Ia: armature current Enet
Bar: stator flux density

Bnet: resultant flux density
Enet: resultant induced voltage
29

The amplifying effects of
Bnet
power factor is zero lead-
phase: cos   0 lead  phase
Bar
Br: rotor flux density Ia
Enet
Ea: induced voltage of Ea
armature due to rotor flux
Ia: armature current
Enet: resultant induced voltage 30

The reducing effects of
power factor is zero lag-phase:
cos   0 lag  phase Bnet
Br: rotor flux density
Enet
Ea: induced voltage of Ea
armature due to rotor flux Ia
Bar
Ia: armature current
Enet: resultant induced voltage 31

Some Facts about Real Grid –Connected
Synchronous Generators
– Synchronous Reactance is very large
xs
wrt stator resistance xs  Ra .
–Terminal voltage vector Va or Vt

is relatively constant as if it is connected to infinite
Bus.
jx s Ra Ia
+
+
Ea Va
_ _
32

The phasor diagram of synchronous generators with cylindrical
rotor under unity power factor: cos   1
Ea  Va  Ra I a  jx s I a
xs  Ra
jx s Ra Ia Ea
+ jxs I a
+
Ea Va
I a Va Ra I a
_ _
33

rotor under lagging power factor: 0    90
jx s
xs  Ra
Ra Ia
+
+ Ea
Ea Va jxs I a
_
 Va
_ Ia Ra I a
34

rotor under leading power factor:  90    0
xs  Ra
jx s Ra Ia Ea jxs I a
+ Ia
+  Ra I a
Ea Va
Va
_ _
35

Power Flow in Synchronous Generators
Ea jx s Ra Ia
jx s I a
  +
+
 Va Ea Va
_ _
Ia
P
P  3Vt I a cos  Q
Q  3Vt I a sin 
 3EaVt
 P sin 
 X s I a cos   Ea sin   Xs
 
 X s sin   Ea cos   Vt Q  3Vt ( E cos   V )
 Xs
a t
36

Power Flow in Synchronous Generators
Ea
jxs I a

 Va
Ia
 3EaVt
 P  sin 
 Xs

Q  3Vt ( E cos   V )
 Xs
a t
37

Active Power Flow in Synchronous
Generators
Ea
jxs I a

 Va
Ia
 kBr Bnet sin  P

3EaVt
sin 
P 
s s Xs
 is the dominant control variable for active power control 38

Active Power Flow in Synchronous
Generators
 kBr Bnet i sin  i Pi 

3EaiVt
sin  i
Pi  
s s Xs
 is the dominant control variable for active power control 39

Reactive Power Flow in Synchronous
Generators
Ea
 jx s I a
Ia Va Ea
Ea
jx s I a  jx s I a P  Ea sin 

Ia Va Ia Va
Ea
Ia jxs I a Q
3Vt
( Ea cos   Vt )  ( Ea cos   Vt )

Xs
Ea is the dominant control variable for reactive power control

Va
40

Reactive Power Flow in Synchronous
Generators
Ea
 jx s I a
Ia Va 3Vt
Qi  ( Ea i cos  i  Vt )
Xs
Ea 3Vt
jx s I a Pi  Ea i sin  i  cte
 Xs
Ia Va  : variation is marginal
Ea
Ia jxs I a

Ea (If or I r ) is the dominant control variable for reactive power control
Va
41

Governor for Active Power Control
Br Bs
d 2 r  e  kBr Bnet sin 

 m  e  J
dt
d r  e 3EaVt
 r  2f r Pe   sin 
dt s Xs
d 2 r df
Pm  Pe   s  J  2 s  J r
dt dt
2
fr  f
p
df
Pm  Pe  2 H
dt 42

 lo a d
df
Pm  Pe  2 H
dt  Pe
df  f
Laplace{Pm  Pe  2 H }:
dt motor
Pm ( s )  Pe ( s )  (2 H ) sf Pe (s)
 1
f
Pe (s) Pm (s)
 2 Hs
 1
Pm (s)
f D
2 Hs
Pe (s)
for most elec loads : Pe  Df  1
f
Pe ( s)  Df ( s) Pm (s) (2 H ) s  D
43

Governor
Pe (s)
ef 1 1 1  1
f ref
Tm s  1 Tt s  1 f

R Pm (s) (2 H ) s  D
44

Governor & AVR Schematic
45

Governor Types for Diesel Generators
Mechanical Governor Electrical Governor
46

Chapter 3-2-Electric Machine - Power Control in Synchronous Generators

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In The Name of God The Most

Compassionate, The Most Merciful

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

3.2. Equivalent Circuits of Synchronous Generators

3.3. Phasor Diagram

3.4. Voltage Regulation

3.5. Excitation Systems

3.6. Power Flow of Synchronous Generators

3.7. Parallel connection of Synchronous Generators

– Field winding excited by DC source c'

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

S c' b' c'

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

• A DC current is applied to the rotor

rotor magnetic field.

• The rotor is then turned by a prime a

a 3-phase set of voltages within the

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

The common types of excitation systems for synchronous generators

2. Permanent Magnet Excitation System

3. Brushless Excitation systems

4. Pilot Excitation systems 10

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

• The effects to be considered in the equivalent circuit are as

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

N is the number of armature winding turns per phase

by the rotor pole(by if or ir or idc) c

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

– This effect is called armature reaction.

– And modelled by an inductor. b'

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

4. Flux leakage effect

The effect is modelled by an inductor.

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

– Per-phase synchronous reactance which is the summation of

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

The stator magnetic field depends on: a'

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

Ia: armature current Enet

Bar: stator flux density

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

–Terminal voltage vector Va or Vt

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli

2021 Pasargad Steel Company Dr. M. Pourahmadi-Nakhli