What is a machine?

Types : Motor , Generator and transformer.

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

A generator is an electrical machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy

A transformer is defined as a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another

MOTOR
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy.

Electric motors may be classified by considerations such as power source type, internal
construction, application and type of motion output. In addition to AC versus DC types,
motors may be brushed or brushless, may be of various phase (see single-phase, two-
phase, or three-phase), and may be either air-cooled or liquid-cooled.

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A DC motor is any of a class of rotary electrical motors that converts direct current
electrical energy into mechanical energy.

An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC).

Difference Between AC and DC Motor

Sl. Differentiating AC Motor DC Motor

No. Property

1 Definition AC motors can be DC motors is also a rotatory electric motor that converts
defined as an electric Direct current (DC energy) into mechanical energy.
motor which is driven
by an alternating
current (AC).

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2 Types AC motors are mainly DC motors are also mainly of two types which are namel
of two types which DC motors with brushes and DC motors without brushes.
are synchronous AC
motors and induction
motors.

3 Current Input AC motors only run DC motors will only run when DC supply is given. In the
when an alternating case of DC series motor, the motor might run with AC
current is given as supply. But, for shunt motors, the motor never runs on AC
input. supply.

4 Commutators Commutators and Commutators and carbon brushes are present in the DC
and Brushes brushes are absent in motors.
AC motors.

5 Input Supply AC motors can run on DC motors can run only on single-phase supply.
Phases both single-phase and
three-phase supplies.

6 Starting of A three-phase AC DC motors are always self-starting in nature.

Motor motor is self-starting
but a single-phase AC
motor requires a
starting mechanism.

7 Armature In AC motors, the In DC motors, the armature rotates while the magnetic fie
Characteristics armature is stationary remains stationary.
while the magnetic
field rotates.

8 Input In AC motors, three In DC motors, two input terminals (positive and negative
Terminals input terminals (RYB) present.
is present.

9 Speed Control The speed of an AC In the case of DC motors, speed can be controlled by
motor can be changed changing the armature winding’s current.
by varying the
frequency.

10 Load Change AC motors show a DC motors show a quick response to the change in load.
slow response to the
change in load.

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11 Life Since AC motors do The brushes and commutators in DC motors limit the spe
Expectancy not have brushes and and reduce the life expectancy of the motor.
commutators, they are
very rigged and have
a high life
expectancy.

12 Efficiency Due to induction The efficiency of the DC motor is high as there is no slip
current loss and motor induction current loss.
slip, the efficiency of
the AC motor is less.

13 Maintenance AC motors require DC motors require excessive maintenance due to the

less maintenance as presence of brushes and commutators.
brushes and
commutators are
absent.

14 Applications AC motors are DC motors are required where there is a need for variable
required where there speed and high torque.
is a need for high
speed and variable
torque.

Synchronous motor is a machine whose rotor speed and the speed

of the stator magnetic field is equal. Asynchronous motor is
a machine whose rotor rotates at the speed less than
the synchronous speed
An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric
current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from
the magnetic field of the stator winding

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state,[1] the rotation of

the shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is
exactly equal to an integral number of AC cycles.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Synchronous Motor Asynchronous Motor

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 The asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor
The synchronous motor is a type of AC
that runs on speed less than the synchronous
motor that runs at synchronous speed.
speed.
It operates on the principle of magnetic
It operates on the principle of electromagnetic
interlocking between rotor and stator
induction between stator and rotor.
field.
There is no slip i.e. the slip of There is slip in induction motor and it is
synchronous motor is equal to 0. always greater than 0.
The speed of the motor depends on the load,
The speed of the motor depends on the rotor resistance and the slip, s. it is always less t
supply frequency and the number of synchronous speed.
stator poles.
N = Ns (1-s)
Ns = 120f / P
N < Ns
The speed does not vary with varying
The speed varies with varying the motor load.
the load connected to the motor.
It is not self-start and require extra Asynchronous motors are self-start and do not re
windings for starting the motor. extra mechanism.
The rotor requires an extra current
The rotor of induction motor does not need extra
supply.
Separately excited synchronous motor
requires extra DC source to energize It does not require any extra source.
its rotor winding.
It also need slip rings and brushes to It does not require slip rings, however, wound typ
supply DC to its rotor windings. use slip rings to control the speed.
The motor speed is only controlled by
The motor speed can be controlled using variable
varying the supply frequency through
resistance as well as VFD devices.
VFD.
The input voltage supply does not vary
The input voltage supply can be used to vary the
the speed or torque of synchronous
and speed of the motor.
motor.
The fluctuations in the main supply The mains voltage fluctuation affects its speed an
voltage do not affect synchronous operation.

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motor operation.
The initial cost is greater than Induction
The induction motors are cheaper.
motor.
It is operation is complicated. It is operation is simple and user friendly.
If offer great efficiency and precision. They are not as efficient as synchronous motor.
It can be easily operated at very low
It is quite difficult to operate at low speed.
speed using VFD.
It operates best at lower speed usually
It is best suited for operation at speed above 600
below 300 rpm.
It can be operated in lagging, leading or
The induction or asynchronous motor always runs
unity power factor by adjusting its
lagging power factor.
excitation.
It can also be used for power factor
It cannot be used to correct power factor but only
correction at the same time by utilizing
mechanical loads.
it in leading power factor.
Since it runs on constant speed,
sudden variation in load will cause There is no such phenomenon in induction motor
fluctuation in the drawn current.