Aesthetics is a science, or philosophy
that deals with beauty and with
human decisions regarding beauty
Environmental aesthetics is the
interaction among individual and the
environment, in relation to beauty.
Human-environment interaction
encompasses both the physical
environment and the objects that
occupy it, as well as the psychological
and physiological processes of human
insight and understanding.
‘Statistics’ came from the Latin word
‘status’, Italian word ‘statista’ and the
German word ‘statistik’, which means
political state.
The subject statistics, therefore deals
with exploration, summarization and
inferences about the state of a nation,
the state of the health of the people,
the state of the environment etc.
DATA ANALYSIS
 Descriptive statistics - is the initial
stage of data analysis where
exploration, visualization and
summarization of data are done.
- This analysis also studies
about the classification of
population and random
sample
- Descriptive analysis is also
suitable to study dispersion
measures such as range to
measure variability in small
samples.
 Inferential Statistics - concept of
probability is important for
studying the uncertainties in
environment.
Skewness and kurtosis describe
the shape of the sample
distribution.
Theoretical probability
distributions like Bernoulli
distribution; binomial distribution;
and Poisson distribution are useful
for modelling probability
distribution of real environmental
data.
Statistical tools such as estimation
for example estimating population
parameters from sample values,
hypothesis testing etc. plays a
dynamic part in evaluating
environmental data
Climate Impacts is consequences of
climate change on natural and
human systems.
 Temperature increases beyond
1.5-2.5 degrees C will lead to
– 20-30% of plants and animals
are at increased risk of extinction
– Forest loss due to fires and
pests – Coral bleaching due to
CO2 acidification
 In seasonally dry areas 1-2 OC -
rise in temperature could lead to
– Decrease in productivity of rice,
corn
– Decrease in aquaculture and
fisheries
– Irrigation requirement will
increase
 Could increase food scarcity and
hunger
– Warming may increase
grassland productivity but
decrease rain could neutralize
– Subsistence farmers will be
most vulnerable
– Inequitable access to food will
exacerbate impact on poor
– Poor farmers will be less able to
adapt
 Sea level rise could damage
mangroves, coastal areas and
corals. Sea level rise will:
a. Extend salt water intrusion and
affect groundwater
b. Affect mangroves
c. Inundate coastal farms
d. Increase flood risks for
settlement areas and
infrastructure
AGRICULTURE
 Increase in Temperature
 Changes in rainfall regimes
 Changes in frequency/intensity of
extreme climate
FOREST AND WATERSHED
 Suitable area for the growth of
certain species will be changed
 Increased risks of forest fires that
will lead to changes in tree and
plant species and in forest
boundaries
 Changes in local biodiversity
COASTAL AND MARINE RESOURCES
 Bio-physical Changes
 Submergence inundation of low-
lying areas
WATER RESOURCES
 Changes in hydrological (an crop
water) regimes
 Changes in stream flow and
groundwater recharge
 Sedimentation of reservoirs
SPECIES AND NATURAL AREAS
 Changes in species scattering and
in timing of biological events
 Changes in morphology,
physiology and behavior of many
bird, insects and plants
2 RESPONSES to CLIMATE CHANGE:
ADAPTATION
a. increases resilience and ability to • Reducing deforestation
cope with current and future changes • Soil conservation to increase
in climate carbon storage
b. reduces adverse effects of climate • Land use change and forestry
change and capitalize on opportunities activities such as afforestation,
c. But maladaptation can exacerbate reforestation and land
adverse impacts and further management
compound vulnerability • Use of renewable energy
 Climate Change Adaptation sources such as biomass, solar
• Working with local government power and wind power instead
units of fossil fuels.
• Adaptation of upland farmers in • Regulations and laws
Mindanao restricting the use of fossil fuels
• Mainstreaming climate change • Energy efficiency
in SE Asia improvement
• Policies that lead to A 'sustainable' is an environmental
maladaptation unit that yields food and shelter for
• Link with Senate on Climate people and other organisms.
Change bills It is also referring to sustainable
MITIGATION human habitats, which normally
 a. Reducing sources of carbon include some form of green building or
• Converting from coal to environmental planning
natural gas GRIHA is an acronym for Green Rating
• Nuclear power for Integrated Habitat Assessment. It is
• Wind and solar power a Sanskrit word meaning – ‘Abode’
b. Reducing sources of carbon Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch
• Biofuels of philosophy that "involves
• Waste Management systematizing, defending, and
• Energy conservation recommending concepts of right and
c. Enhancing sinks of carbon wrong behavior".
• Reforestation
• Afforestation
Is the discipline concerned with what
is morally good and bad and morally
right and wrong.
Environmental ethics is a branch of
ethics that studies the relation of
human beings and the environment
and how ethics play a role in this
Environmental ethics believe that
humans are a part of society as well as
other living creatures, which includes
plants and animals.
Environmental Ethics and its
Principles: (Baker & Richardson, 1999)
Anthropocentrism - It suggests that
human beings are the most important
beings.Weak anthropocentrism and
strong anthropocentrism.
Non-Anthropocentrism - As opposed
to anthropocentrism, this principle
gives value to every object, every
animal in nature.
Psychocentric – it is the principle that
believes that human beings hold more
value in the environment since their
mental capacities are better
developed and far more complex than
any other element in the environment.
Biocentrism - It is a term that holds
not only an ecological but also a
political value. It is a philosophy that
imparts importance to all living beings.
 Principle that ensures the
proper balance of ecology on
the planet.
Holism – it considers environment
systems as a whole rather than being
individual parts of something.
Resourcism –its principle says that
nature is considered to be valuable
only because it has resources to
provide with.
Speciesism – its principle is to justify
the superiority of the human race.
Moral Considerability – it is also an
important principle of environmental
ethics.
 Intrinsic value is added to every
being, which makes us consider
being moral.
Instrumental Value – it is the value
imparted to a being as long as it can
serve us with resources
Intrinsic Value – it is the value
attached to a being just for itself and
not only for its resourcefulness
Aesthetic Value – it is imparted to a
being by virtue of its looks or its
beauty.
Animal Liberation or Animal Rights –
animal liberation or rights try to
secure animal life and ensure their
welfare by enforcing certain laws.
Animal Welfare - It ensures that the
animals are treated well and humanely
Types of Environmental Ethics (Baker
& Richardson, 1999):
Social ecology, which is the study of
human beings and their relation to
their environment
Deep ecology promotes that all beings
have an intrinsic value.
Ecofeminism is a branch of feminism
that helps us look at earth as a woman
so that we can respect it in a better
way.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
– also called corporate conscience,
corporate citizenship, social
performance, or sustainable
responsible business.
 Totally based on holistic concern
of the business and its output.
1. Environmental Education is neither
environmental information (which
focuses on general public rather than
specific target) nor advocacy but
communication.
2. Environmental Education is learner
centered about facts, fairness and
accuracy.
3. Environmental Education promotes
and build lifelong skills such as critical
and creative thinking, problem solving
and action skills, and effective decision environment despite the increasing
making skills. demand of natural resources and
4. Environmental Education adopts development to attain sustainability
appropriate and sound assessment Programmatic Environmental Impact
and interdisciplinary approach to Statement (PEIS) - documentation of
curriculum implementation. actual cumulative environmental
impacts of co-located projects with
National Awareness and Education proposals for expansion.
Act of 2008 (Republic Act 9512) – It is Initial Environmental Examination
Environmental impact assessment
an act mandating government (IEE) report - document similar to an
(EIA) process is an interdisciplinary
agencies to integrate Environmental EIS, but with reduced details and
and multistep procedure to ensure
Education (EE) in its school curricula at depth of assessment and discussion.
that environmental considerations are
all levels, whether public or private. Initial Environmental Examination
included in decisions regarding
DepEd – Department of Education (IEE) checklist - simplified checklist
projects that may impact the
CHED – Commission on Higher version of an IEE Report, prescribed by
environment.
Education the DENR,
Environmental Impact Assessment
TESDA – Technical Education and Skills Project Description report - that
(EIA) is a process that involves
Development Authority describes the nature, configuration,
predicting and evaluating the likely
DSWD – Department of Social Welfare use of raw materials and natural
impacts of a project (including
and Development resources, production system, waste
cumulative impacts) on the
DENR – Department of Environment or pollution generation and control
environment during construction,
and Natural Resources and the activities of a proposed
commissioning, operation and
DOST – Department of Science and project.
abandonment phase.
Technology Environmental Performance Report
EIA document itself is a technical tool
Sustainable Development Goals and Management Plan (EPRMP) -
that identifies, predicts, and analyzes
(SDGs), also known as the Global documentation of the actual
impacts on the physical environment,
Goals, were adopted by all United cumulative environmental impacts and
as well as social, cultural, and health
Nations Member States in 2015 effectiveness of current measures for
impacts.
 a universal call to action to end single projects that are already
Screening - is an EIA needed
poverty, protect the planet and operating but without ECC's
Environmental Impact Statement
ensure that all people enjoy Programmatic Environmental
(EIS) - It aims to protect the
peace and prosperity by 2030 Performance Report and
Management Plan (PEPRMP) -
documentation of actual cumulative
environmental impacts of co-located
projects with proposals for expansion
Scoping – process of setting the limits
on the environmental impact study
Baseline Studies/characterization –
conducted to establish or determine
the condition of existing
environmental, social and economic
conditions in the area.
Evaluation or assessment of impacts
answers the question of desirability or
undesirability of the predicted
impacts.
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
– The integrative analysis of risk and
its quantification.
Risk is defined as the probability of an
accident occurring in a certain period
of time resulting in adverse
consequences to people, property and
environment.
Hazards in the situation with potential
to cause human injury and damage to
property and the environment
Impact Management is composed of:
Impact Management Plan (IMP) – is
the creation of a series of plans and
protocols aiming to manage and
monitor the identified mitigation
measures and risks
The Social Development Plan (SDP) - is
a comprehensive plan that focuses on
enhancing the quality of life for the
citizens of a community
Information, Education and
Communication (IEC) Plan – is a plan
that aims to create awareness and
disseminate information regarding the
benefits available under various
programs.
IMP has mitigation and enhancement
plan, compensation plan and
contingency plan:
Mitigation and enhancement plan.
Mitigation is the elimination,
reduction or controls the adverse
environmental impacts of a project.
Compensation plan is the provision for
replacement, restoration, and
restitution for any damage done to
property and the environment
Contingency plan is aimed at
preventing or remedying impacts
resulting from accidents or breaches
of safety rules.
EIA REPORT Preparation – The result
of the EIA Study should be conveyed in
a document that is understandable to
decision makers. This document is
known as Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS).
Environmental Compliance Certificate
(ECC) or the Denial Letter constitutes
the decision document representing
the final decision/s of DENR on the ECC
application of the proponent.
Multi-Partite Monitoring Team (MMT)
– organized to encourage public
participation, to promote greater
stakeholders’ vigilance and to provide
appropriate check and balance
mechanisms in the monitoring of
project implementation
Public participation is the most
effective process to determine social
acceptability of the project or
undertaking, which is a decision
criterion in the issuance of ECC
Environmental Compliance
Commitment (ECC) – the document
issued by the DENR Secretary or the
Regional Environmental Officer
certifying that based on the EIS by the
proponent and the preparers