Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

MONITORING SYSTEM FOR SMART GRID

Hao-Tian Zhang, Loi-Lei Lai

State Grid Energy Research Institute, Beijing, China

Email: haotian.zhang.l@city.ac. uk

Abstract: [33]-[36]. Monitoring on equipments like transformers,

This paper intends to give a critical overview on the use wind generators are demonstrated in [37]-[40]. An
of intelligent system monitoring on power grid over the last overview on smart grid standards for protection, control,
decade. As an essential aspect for achieving smart grid, and monitoring applications was made in reference [41].
intelligent system monitoring needs to be deployed into the
The paper is organized as follows: Section II gives general
system to deliver data and messages timely. In the paper, new
overview on intelligent system monitoring. Section III goes
technologies applied into intelligent system in many technical
through all technologies in smart grid monitoring appeared
fields will be discussed. The development of condition
monitoring and smart grid monitoring like wide-area
in some of the important journals from 2000 till now.
monitoring technologies and commercial electronic Finally, a brief conclusion is summarized in Section IV.
monitoring is demonstrated. Mechanisms and algorithms
applied into intelligent monitoring system will be summarized. 2. Intelligent system monitoring

Keywords: Three main problems of the data capture have been

Smart grid monitoring; Intelligent system monitoring; realized by M. D. Judd, et al. in reference [17]. Firstly, the
Condition monitoring; Wide-area monitoring and control
quantities of the raw data were too large for engineers to
deal with. Secondly, the relationship between the plant item,
1. Introdnction
health and condition monitoring data could not be
understood all the time so that it was difficult to extract the
Intelligent monitoring system involves functionalities
meaningful information from condition monitoring data.
like video analysis, behavior recognition and business
Lastly, estimating the lifetime expectation only from the
intelligence. The functionality of video analysis is to gather
health of the item is not easy as it is not always apparent.
data and information through computer vision (CV) and
The condition monitoring architecture implementation was
artificial intelligence (AI) to create a close mapping link
illustrated in Figure 1, and the model has been further
from images to the event description. Behavior recognition
developed by the authors in 2004 [18], which is shown in
contains analysis, monitoring and alarming functionality.
Figure 2. An agent-based system with self-contained
Business intelligence is the most extremely crucial part in
functional software in each module was proposed in the
the intelligent system, which provides the key video
architecture. The information exchange and co-operation
business for users. Hierarchical structure of the intelligent
among the independent modules were implemented via a
technology is deployed within the network, equipment and
standardized Agent Communication Language (ACL).
software to achieve information integration and scheduling
A literature survey about condition monitoring
via system management platform [1].
techniques for power transformer, generator and inductive
In order to achieve the on-line real time monitoring on
motor was made in reference [19]. The authors found out
smart gird, communication technologies such as local area
that a novel condition monitoring system requires signal
sensor network, high-resolution meter reading, and wireless
processing and Artificial Intelligent as tools for developing
sensor network played a huge role to deliver data and
the next generation condition monitoring with high level of
information. However, new problems would be appeared
sensitivity, reliability, intelligence and accuracy.
with the deployment of the wireless communication
networks such as cyber attack and fault disturbance Monitoring applications improved by integrating the
[27]-[32]. Monitoring on smart grid transmission and temporal and spatial aspects of data and information was
distribution technologies was discussed in references shown in reference [10]. Two new monitoring functions

978-1-4673-1487-9/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

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 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

were depicted in the paper, namely, automated fault Information

analysis and hierarchical state & topology estimation. A Layer
new infrastructure for monitoring and control was
demonstrated in Figure 3. As seen in the diagram, the
intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) including digital Corroboration
protective relays (DPRs), digital fault recorders (DFRs), Layer
and sequence-of-event recorders (SERs), and so on, are
synchronized to the GPS clock to tie to the absolute time.
The paper identified the current monitoring function is Interpretation
Layer
constrained by time and space allocation so that the specific
IEDs need to be customized. Transparent allocation of time
and space across many IEDs in a common infrastructure, Data
which need data integration and information exchange, is Layer
the future trend of monitoring function.

ulIr Sensors

Phase
Resol ved
Data

Fig. 2. COMMAS architecture [18]

Intelligent condition monitoring has been applied in

many technology fields such as clinic, industry, traffic,
Dynamically evolving agriculture and geography. This section gives a general
database
overview on intelligent system monitoring from 2000 to
2012.
With the advancement of communication technology,
Plant physical model
monitoring based on web has also been proposed in the last
10 years or so. A distributed intelligent monitoring system
based on 3G network has been proposed in monitoring the
Knowledge base
health of the railway bridges [22]. Devices in gas stations
for oil products retail network have been monitored by
embedded web [25]. An Extended NeuroFuzzy System has
Plant lifetime model been integrated into monitoring system in reference [21].
and knowledge �------1�
Information obtained from fault diagnosis and prognosis
integration ensured that the monitoring reliability was
improved. Overload intelligent monitoring for trucks has
been proposed in [23]. For clinical area, monitoring system
also plays an important part in artificial heart monitoring
[24]. Temperature and humidity intelligent monitoring for
Fig. 1. Structure of the iutegrated approach to coudition monitoring
and plant lifetime modeling [17] Chinese medicine via ZigBee wireless networks has been
proposed in [26].

3. Power System and Smart gird monitoring

Since the smart grid been proposed and started to

develop in both developed and developing countries,
intelligent monitoring has been paid more attention for
smart grid and power system monitoring. In addition to
single equipment condition monitoring such as transformer

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 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

health monitoring [16,17] and distribution insulator important. Last but not least, data requires converting into
monitoring [11], monitoring applications for smart gird information to take action.
technology, for instance, smart grid fault location [10], Condition monitoring is a very hot topic in many
commercial electronic device monitoring and wide-area aspects in power system. Authors in [3] illustrated
monitoring have been realized and discussed. agent-based detection architecture for power plant
operation and maintenance monitoring. The proposed
architecture is shown in Figure 4. The agents were

Application and user Interface classifIed into 4 categories by functionality, containing data
abstraction, data processing, analysis and presentation and
administration. According to the authors, agents were
deployed into power plants to provide the dynamic linking
of data source to data processing functions. Correlation
between different measurements would be learned,
knowledge concerning the data and models of plants
behavior would be improved by continued detection.
Comparing with other systems, the proposed architecture
Information Exchange by the authors was flexible, and achieved reusable agent
with data processing abilities, communication and
cooperation ability for abnormal detection.
Substation Database

DFRs DPRs PQMs RTDs SERs PLCs CBMs aPMs

Fig.3. An infrastructure for monitoring and control [10)

At the early beginning of 21th Century, before the

smart grid concept being proposed, power quality
monitoring with intelligent systems had been reported in
reference [2]. A critical overview was given in the paper on
power quality monitoring with intelligent technology
th
deployment in the 20 century. The author noticed that the
power quality indicators, which are developed in 1980's
Agenl
and most of which are inexpensive, could not provide the
accurate data and information to make a decision as several Fig. 4. Anomaly detection agent architecture [3)
LED indicators stayed on. Two problems of the indicators
Since 2010, papers and researches on smart grid have
were pointed out: fIrstly, information only can be collected
paid attention to intelligent system monitoring. Some of the
when the indicators were plugged and communicated with
last implementations of Power system frequency
other parts; secondly, the users do not understand how to
monitoring network (FNET) applications on wide-area
deal with the collected information. The author proposed
monitoring systems (WAMS) were discussed in [4]. Figure
four characteristics for the intelligent power quality
5 shows the building blocks of the FNET system. Widely
monitoring system. First of all, data requires to be gathered,
installed sensors such as frequency disturbance recorders
including voltages, currents, time and any other parameters.
(FDRs) are collecting and transmitting phasor
Secondly, data needs to be transferred to a useful location
measurements from the North American Power grids to a
rather than a power quality indicator on an outlet. Thirdly,
local client or a remote data centre. In Figure 6, a
other sources of data combination with power quality are

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 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

modularized FNET application system was demonstrated.

Due to its hierarchical framework, any particular element
could be rearranged easily. The applications of FNET
system are explored in many fields in power systems such
as dynamic monitoring, stability estimation, real-time
control and smart grid solutions. A wavelet-based method
for achieving frequency and voltage derivatives
characteristics was proposed in [9] in order to do
disturbance analysis. In reference [12], an energy efficient
security algorithm was developed for smart grid WAMS. 3
principles were proposed in the paper. First of all, energy
consumption is one of the important considerations. Three
factors named energy, security and time need to be
balanced. In addition, encryption algorithms could increase
the implementation efficiency and reduce energy
consumptions by code optimization. Lastly, the security
strength of encryption algorithms has close relationship
with operation model, key length and the number of Non Real-Tille

iterations, which could be changed in affecting total energy

Application Server

Fig. 6. FNET application hierarchy and data flow paths [4]

consumption.
The next-generation monitoring functions were
According to the U.S. Department of Energy,
described in reference [5]. The authors stated that the next
Information and Communication Technology (lCT) is one
generation monitoring functions should offer useful
of the key technologies applying into smart grid. A
information rather than raw data to operators. Besides,
service-oriented architecture for Micro-grids (MGs)
more data would be required, but it does not mean more
integration monitoring is proposed in [6]. The core
information needed. Advanced visualization techniques are
component of the architecture is an MG engine for
required to help the operator individually to obtain
executing the MG management functions. A dynamic
information efficiently.
monitoring and decision systems for enabling sustainable
energy services was proposed in [7]. It also addressed
Satellite

Sensors anti-islanding and reconnecting problems in micro-grids

and distributed generation. Authors in reference [8] found
that the use of PMUs need low values of total vector error
-------'c--+---cI---1 TVE). A specifically developed PMU based on
synchronphasor estimation algorithm was shown in the
paper to meet the requirement in active distribution

��
�
�-� Fireli'311 &Routcr
networks monitoring. According to the author, the provided
information by PMUs could improve the control and
Client
Medium and management system in reliability and ease of applications.
Clients
Also the information coming from the PMUs appears to
have ability in helping distribution system operator to do
-+ ---i1fl-Ht-
----------- - --------decision making when there are critical instances
experienced by the system. In addition, the functionality of
Data concentrator phase angle difference measurement at the terminals of the
Data Storage

short cable links could let the implementation of protection

Da ta Data Centre algorithm become true.
Sharing
Non-Realtille Realtille
Applications Applications

Fig. 5. Building blocks of the FNET system [4]

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 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

TABLE. 1. ApPLICATION CLASSIFICATION LIST [15] transmIssIOn line. Moreover, a stochastic optimization,
which could enable to handle various line configurations,
First Second Third Category
namely, artificial immunity system (AIS) is applied to deal
Categor Category
with complex scenarios.
� Besides condition monitoring the grid itself, smart grid
Motor Washing Air Smoke exhauster
monitoring also involves monitoring the dynamic thermal
Machine, Conditioner Frequency-alterabl
rating for power system planning and commercial
Fan, , Freezer eAC
electronic devices. A novel heuristic, whose flow diagram
Mixer Refrigerator
is illustrated in Figure 7, was proposed in [14] to identify
Microwave ovens
the quantity and locations of the critical monitoring spans
HR Rice Rice Heater
for the implementation of dynamic thermal rating (DTR).
Cooker Cooker Hair dryer
The historical-simulated weather data was generated by a
Cooker
mesoscale weather model and the statistical analysis of the
EC NULL PC, TV NULL
thermal capacities from each span. By comprising tables
between the total number of monitoring stations needed for
a given confidence level in each segment and the one for a
Compute thermal
given confidence level in the paper, it was noticed that
capacity for each span
and the line fewer monitoring was required in the proposed heuristic,
and also the proposed heuristic showed better performance.
Reference [15] illustrated a new nonintrusive load
monitoring method (NILM) for residential appliances
identification and monitoring. Residential applications were
classified into three categories according to working style
shown in Table 1. Three steps have been done to establish
the platform of the appliance identification. The first step is
to identify the event detection with advantages of both
steady-state and transient analysis. The second step is to
Keep adding spans until
classify the load categories into three areas. Finally, general
confidence level is reached
Select new monitoring multidimensional linear discriminate with function feature
set k+l adding best
has been used to make power evaluation. The advantages of
span
the NILM methods were also discussed by the author.
Fig. 7. Heuristic flow diagram [14]
Firstly, there is no need to have study sample requirement.
A non-contact method based on magneto-resistive Secondly, a multifunction meter is applied to the sensor.
sensors which involves measuring emanated magnetic field Thirdly, the non-working of internal MCU in multifunction
from a line conductor used to monitor the voltage sag and meter could achieve a real-time system by event detector,
electric current in the high-voltage transmission-line in and no large space is required to store the raw data. Finally,
reference [13]. The author demonstrated the method as although under noisy measurements, the NILM was still
applicable, low-cost, non-contact and accurate. The phase working.
conductor current and line position were determined by
measuring the emanated magnetic field from the

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 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

TABLE. 2. METHODS AND ALGORITHMS APPLYING INTO THE SMART GRID MONITORING

Purposes Algorithms, key characteristics, hardware

and software
Protection relays Allow new power system Microprocessors and intelligent electronic
problem-solving, cost saving devices
Local area sensor Provide benefits to power quality, Smart meters, TTU local area network, IP
network grid efficiency and health monitoring address, Logging
Cyber security, fault Facilitate the linear quadratic Discrete-time linear state space model, new
detection, and Gaussian control of power system, locally optimum method, high-resolution meter
communication collect gas flow data, detect small reading, Wireless sensor network,
leaks and theft.
Smart grid control centre Implement parallel computing Human-centered, comprehensive, proactive
infrastructure coordinated, self-healing
Distribution networks Improve customer satisfaction, Proactive approach, quality of Service, a
improve the delay of the network, synchrophasor estimation algorithm for PMU
improve the control and management
system of the active distribution
network
Transmission networks Monitor and optimize the electric Wireless network based architecture, smart
transmission, real-time monitoring of wireless transformer sensor node, smart
changes 1ll the characteristic controlling station, smart transmission line
signature of electromechanical sensor node, smart wireless consumer sensor
oscillations node, data aggregation and synchronization
algorithm, remote monitoring and control, Rule
Identification Algorithm, Negative Data
Oriented Compensation Algorithm,
Magneto-resistive Sensors, empirical mode
decomposition (EMD) method with masking
technique, and the non-linear Teager-Kaiser
energy operator (TKEO),
Micro grids Integrate MG modeling, monitoring The service-oriented architectures
and control
Power quality and Track the modes of voltage collapse Eigen-decomposition on Thevenin impedance
stability and identify areas vulnerable areas matrix

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 Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xian, 15-17 J uly, 2012

4. Conclusions [ll].M. Jaya Bharata Reddy, B. Karthik Chandra, D. K. Mohanta

"A DOST Based Approach for the Condition Monitoring of
11 kV Distribution Line Insulators", IEEE Transactions on
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resources and an efficient and reliable monitoring system is
[13].X. Sun, K. S. Lui, K. K. Y. Wong, W. K. Lee, Y. Hou, Q.
important for smart grid technology deployment. Also the
Huang, and P. W. T. Pong, "Novel Application of
fully utilization of information is one of the main strategies Magnetoresistive Sensors for High-Voltage
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[14].Marcelo Matus, Doris Saez, Mark Favley, Carlos
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