Mathematics HL - Analysis and Approaches - WORKED SOLUTIONS - OXFORD 2019

WORKED
SOLUTIONS
Worked solutions
From patterns to generalizations:

1 sequences and series
Skills check
1 a 3x  5x  20  20x  4
 8x  20x  20  4
 12x  24
x  2
x 1 x 3
b 
2x  1 2x  1
  x  1 2x  1   x  3 2x  1
 2 x 2  3x  1  2 x 2  7 x  3
 10x  2
1
x 
5
1  2 
2
1 2
2 a 
1 2 1  2 1  2 
12 2 2 32 2
 
12 1
3  2 2
b
2 2

2 2 1 3  
1 3 1  3 1  3 
2 2 2 6

2
 2 6
x 1 2
3  
x  1 2x  1 x  1
x 2x  1  x  1   x  1  x  1  2  x  1 2 x  1

 x  1 2x  1  x  1

  
x 2 x  3x  1  x 2  1  2 2 x 2  x  1
2
  
x 2

 1 2x  1
2 x  3x  x  x  1  4 x 2  2 x  2
3 2 2

x 2

 1 2x  1
2 x 3  3x  1
(x 2  1)(2x  1)
© Oxford University Press 2019 1

Worked solutions
Exercise 1A
1 a Next three terms are 9, 10.5, 12
The sequence is obtained by adding 1.5 to the previous term and can be written as
3, 3  1.5, 3  2(1.5), ..., 3  (n  1)(1.5)

un  1.5n  1.5, n 
b Next three terms are 5, 2, -1
The sequence is obtained by subtracting 3 from the previous term and can be written as
17, 17   3 , 17  2(3), ..., 17  (n  1)(3)

un  20  3n, n 
c Next three terms are 243, 729, 2187
The sequence is obtained by multiplying the previous term by 3 and can be written as
3, 3  3, 3  32, 3  33, ..., 3  3n1
un  3n
13 16 19
d Next three terms are , ,
16 19 22
The sequence is obtained by adding 3 to both the previous numerator and denominator and
1 1  3 1  2  3  1  3 3  1   n  1 3
can be written as , , , , ...,
4 4  3 4  2  3  4  3 3  4   n  1 3
3n  2 
un  , n
3n  1
1 1 1
e Next three terms are , ,
90 132 182
1 1 1 1
The sequence can be written as , , , ...,
12 3 4 5 6 (2n  1)(2n)
1 
un  , n
(2n  1)(2n)
2 a ur  3  2r
u1  3  2  1
u2  3  2  2  1
u3  3  2  3  3
u4  3  2  4  5
u5  3  2  5  7
1, -1, -3, -5, -7
r
b ur 
2r  1
1 2 3 4 5
u1  , u2  , u3  , u4  , u5 
2 1  1 22 1 23 1 24 1 25 1

Worked solutions
1 2 3 4 5
, , , ,
3 5 7 9 11
ur  2r   1 r
r
c
u1  2  1   1  1  1
1
u2  2  2   1  2  6
2
u3  2  3   1  3  3
3
u4  2  4   1  4  12
4
u5  2  5   1  5  5
5
1, 6, 3, 12, 5
ur   1  2
r
d
u1   1  2  2
1
u2   1  2  2
2
u3   1  2  2
3
u4   1  2  2
4
u5   1  2  2
5
-2, 2, -2, 2, -2
3
e ur 
2r 1
3
u1  3
211
3 3
u2  
22 1 2
3 3
u3  
23 1 4
3 3
u4  
24 1 8
3 3
u5  
25 1 16
3 3 3 3
3, , , ,
2 4 8 16
3 a 5, 10, 15, 20, …. The multiples of 5
ur   5r , r 
b 6, 14, 22, 30, … The sequence is obtained by adding 8 to the previous term and can be
written as
ur   8r  2 , r 
1
c The sequence is obtained by multiplying the previous term by and can be written as
2

Worked solutions
1
ur   2r  , r 
 
1
d The sequence is obtained by multiplying the previous term by  and can be written as
3
 1
r 1

ur     3  
, r 


  

e The sequence can be written as 0  2, 1  3, 2  4, 3  5, ..., (n  1)  (n  1)
OR The sequence can be written as 12  1, 22  1, 32  1, 42  1, ...
ur   r 2  1 , r 
4
4 a  2r 1  r   0  4  12  24
r 1
  1
r
b r 2  0  1  4  9  16  25
r 0
5
r 1 2 3 4 5
c  3r  1  2  5  8  11  14
r 1
4
d 5  5  5  5  5
r 1
Explanation: think of this as

4 4 4 4
r
 5   5r
r 1 r 1
0
or 5  5  r
r 1 r 1
3
e  r
r 0
2

 3  3  2  1  6

r 1 11 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1
5 a 
r 1 r
2
 2  2  2 
1 2 3 42
 2  ...
5
3 4 5 6
2     ...
4 9 16 25
 1  1   1   1   1   1  ...

r 1 2 3 4 5

b  2r 
2 1  1 2 2  1 2 3  1 2  4   1 2 5  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
r 1 1
1 1 1 1
 1      ...
7 17 31 49
20
c  r 5r  1  1 5  1  1  2 5  2  1  3 5  3  1  4 5  4  1  5 5  5  1  ...
r 1
 4  18  42  76  120
5
d  2
r 0
r
     
 3  20  3  21  3  22  3  23  3  24  3  ...     
 3  1  1  5  13  ...

Worked solutions

e r
r 1
r
 11  22  33  44  55  ...  1  4  27  256  3125  ...
6 a The series can be written as 8  8  3  8  2  3  8  3  3  8  4  3
It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  11  3r
 11  3r 
r 1
b The series can be written as 1  3  2  5  3  7   4  9  5  11
It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  r  2r  1
 r 2r  1
r 1
0 1 2 3 4 5
c The series can be written as       ...
2 3 4 5 6 7
r 1
It is an infinite series and the general term can be written as ur 
r 1
6
r 1
 r 1
r 1
d The series can be written as 1²  3²  5²  7²  9²
It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  2r  1 ²
 2r  1
2
r 1
e The series consists of the multiples of 3k
It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  r  3k 
 3kr
r 1
Exercise 1B
1 a u1  3, d  5
 un  3  5  n  1  5n  2
b u1  101, d  4
 un  101  4  n  1  105  4n
c u1  a  3, d  4
 un  a  3  4  n  1  4n  a  7
d u1  20, d  15

Worked solutions
 un  20  15  n  1  15n  35
2 a u1  5, d  6
 u15  5  6 15  1  5  6 14  89
b u1  10, d  7
u11  10  7 11  1  10  7 10  60
c u1  a, d  2
u17  a  2 17  1  a  2 16  a  32
d u1  16, d  4
 un1  16  4  n  1  1  16  4n
3 a u1  16, d  5
un  21  5n  64
 5n  85
 n  17
b u1  108, d  7
un  7n  115  60
 7n  175
 n  25
c u1  15, d  4
un  11  4n  95
 4n  84
 n  21
d u1  2a  5, d  2
un  2n  2a  7  2a  23
 2n  30
 n  15
4 a u1  5 1  7  2,
u2  5 2   7  3
d  3  (2)  5
b u1  3 1  11  14,
u2  3 2   11  17,
d  17  14  3
c u1  6  11 1  5,
u2  6  11 2   16,
d  16  (5)  11
d u1  2a  2 1  1  2a  3,
u2  2a  2 2   1  2a  5,
d  2a  5  2a  3  2

Worked solutions
5 u6  u1  d 6  1  u1  7 5  u1  35  37
 u1  2
 un  2  7  n  1  7n  5
6 u5  u1  d 5  1  0  u1  4d  0
u15  u1  d 15  1  180  u1  14d  180

Subtracting the first equation from the second:
10d  180  d  18
and substituting this into the first equation,
u1  4 18   72
7 Let the three terms be a, a  d, a  2d
 a   a  d    a  2d   3a  3d  24  a  d  8
and a  a  d   a  2d   640
Substituting the first equation into the second,
 
a  8  a  2  8  a  640
 8a 16  a  640 4, 8, 12
 16a  a2  80
 a2  16a  80  0
  a  20   a  4   0 so a  4 or a  20
If a  4, d  12 so the numbers are -4, 8, 20
If a  20, d  12 so the numbers are 20, 8, -4
Let the three terms be a  d, a, a  d
Sum of terms 3a  24  a  8

Product of terms a a2  d2  640
Substitute for a and solve
 
8 64  d 2  640

 64  d 2  80 
2
 d  144
 d  12
Substituting for a and d in a  d, a, a  d the three numbers would either be or 20, 8,  4
8 In year 2017, Jung Ho earned 38000  17 500  46500
38000  1.5=57000
 38000  500n  57000
 n  38 so in the year 2038
9 a This is an arithmetic series with u1  3, d  3  3  6
un  9  6n  93
 6n  102
 n  17

Worked solutions
n
Using the formula Sn 
2
u1  un 
17 17
S17 
2
3  (93)  2  90  765
b This is an arithmetic series with u1  31, d  40  31  9
un  9n  22  517
 9n  495
 n  55
55 55
 S55 
2
31  517  2 548  15070
c This is an arithmetic series with u1  a  1, d  a  2  (a  1)  3
un   a  1   n  1  3  a  146
 a  3n  4  a  146
 3n  150
 n  50
50
 S50 
2
 a  1  a  146  25 2a  145  50a  3625
10 a Since 3r  8 is linear relation this is an arithmetic series with 50 terms.
u1  3  8  5
u50  150  8  142
50
S50 
2
 5  142  3425
b Since 7  8r is linear relation this is an arithmetic series with 100 terms.
u1  7  8  1
u100  7  800  793
100
S100 
2
 1  793  39700
c Since 2ar  1 is linear relation in r , a is a constant this is an arithmetic series with 20

terms.
u1  2a  1
u20  40a  1
20
S20 
2
2a  1  40a  1  420a  20
11 a This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  4, d  5
n
2
2u1  (n  1)d 
15
 S15 
2
2  4  5  14  465
b This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  3, d  8

Worked solutions
n
2
2u1  (n  1)d 
10
 S10 
2
2  3  9  8  390
c This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  1, d  5
n
2
2u1  (n  1)d 
20
 S20 
2
2  1  5  19  930
12 u5  u1  4d  19
u10  u1  9d  39
 u10  u5  5d  20  d  4
 u1  19  4d  3
25
 S25 
2
2  3  24  4  1275
13 a u3  u1  2d  8
10
S10 
2
2u1  9d   230  2u1  9d  46
Multiplying the first equation by 9: 9u1  18d  72
Multiplying the second equation by 2: 4u1  18d  92
Subtracting: 5u1  20  u1  4
8  u1
b u1  4  d   6
2
13
 S13 
2
2  4  6  12  416
14 S1  6 1  3 1  3  u1  3
2
S2  6 2   3 2   12  12  0
2
So S2  S1  u2  3
d  u2  u1  3  3  6
The first four terms of the sequence are
3, -3, -9, -15
15 S  1  3  5  ...  299 There are 150 odd numbers since 2n  1  299  n  150
n
2
u1  un 
150
S150 
2
1  299  22500
Exercise 1C
1 a u5  34  81

Worked solutions
un  3n1
1
b u5 
2
n 1
1 1
 23 2
1 n
un  8    24 n 
2 2n  4
x9
c u5 
2
x 2 x 2n 1
 
n 1
un  x 
2 2
d u5  3
un  3  1
n
21 1
2 a r  
63 3
5
1 7
u6  63   
3
  27
81 1
b r  
2  243 6
6
1 1
u7  243    
6 192
a 2 1
c r   
6 a 3
4
a  1 a
u5    
2  3 162
0.06
3 a r  3
0.02
0.02  3n 1  393.66
 3n 1  19683
Using solve or Nsolve (depending on GDC type)
n = 10
32 1
b r  
64 2
n 1
1 1
64   
2
  128
 26  21 n  27
 7  n  7
 n  14
or using technology

Worked solutions
4 u4  u1r 3  6
u7  u1r 6  48
u1r 6 48
 3
 r3  8r 2
u1r 6
6 3
 u1  
23 4
5 u3  u1r 2  6
u5  u1r 4  54
u5 u1r 4 54
   r2   9  r  3
u3 u1r 2 6
6 2
 u1  
 3
2
3
2
 3  162 depending on which ratio is used
5
u6  u1r 5 
3
6 u1  9
u5  u1r 4  9r 4  16
16 2 2 3
 r4  r  
9 3 3
So two different sequences arise depending on which common ratio is
used. In either case, the seventh term is
6
 2 3 64
u7  u1r 6  9    
 3 3
 
a2 a4
7 r  
3a  1 a  2
  a  2    a  4  3a  1
2
 a2  4a  4  3a2  11a  4
 2a2  15a  8  0
 2a  1  a  8   0
1
a or a  8
2
1
 2
1 2
If a   , r   3
2  1
3   1
 2
2
If a  8, r 
5
a 1 a 2
8 r  
a 1 a 1

Worked solutions
  a  1   a  2   a  1
2
 a2  2a  1  a2  3a  2
1
 5a  1  a 
5
1
1
3
r  5 
1 2
1
5
4
u1r 3  a  1  
5
3
 2  4 32
 u1        
 3   5  135
1
9 a r 
3
6
 1
1   
 S6  3   3   182
 1 81
1   
 3
4 1
b r  
8 2
10
1
1 
2 1023
 S10  8 
1 64
1
2
0.03
c r   0.3
0.1
1  0.3
15
 S15  0.1   0.143  to 3s.f.

1  0.3
0.03
d r   0.3
0.1
1   0.3
15
S15  0.1
1   0.3
 0.0769 3s.f.
6
1
1 
 7   19608  57.2
6
10 a 7 3 i
 72 
1 343
 to 3s.f.
i 1
1
7
Or using technology
n 1 n 1
10n  1 5
b  5  10
i 0
i
 5 10i  5 
i 0 10  1

9
 
10n  1 11 u1  3

Worked solutions
1
u7  u1r 6  3r 6 
243
1 1
r6  r 
729 3
Therefore there are two possible common ratios, each corresponding
to a different sum to infinity
1 3 9
r  : S  
3  1 4
1   
 3
1 3 9
r  : S  
3 1 2
1
3
3
12 a u1  S1  
2
 1
2
 1 1  3
u2  S2  S1      1      1 
 2  2   4
 1
3
 1 2  3
u3  S3  S2      1      1  
 2   2   8
1
b The terms are in geometric progression with r   . To see this in general, note
2
 1
n
 1 n 1   1 n  1 n 1
un  Sn  Sn 1      1      1        
 2  2    2   2
n 1 n 1
 1  1  3  1
       1     
 2  2  2  2
i.e. the form of a general term in a geometric progression with first
3 1
term  and common ratio 
2 2
u3 28 1  a
13 r   1 a
u2 28
28
S3   28  28 1  a  147
1 a
28
  28a  91
1 a
 28  28a 1  a  91 1  a 
 28  28a  28a2  91  91a
 28a2  63a  63  0
 4a2  9a  9  0
  4a  3   a  3   0
3
so a  or a  3
4
1  a  1  0  a  2 for convergence
3
a 
4
1
 r 1 a 
4
14 Let the three pieces have lengths u1, u2 and u3

Worked solutions
u3  u1r 2  2u1  r 2  2  r  2
Since the length of the pieces must sum to 2,
u1  2u1  2u1  3  2 u1  2 
 u1 
2


2 3 2 
3 2 7
i 2 3 4

x  x  x  x  x 
  1
i
15   1     1    1    1    1  ...
i 0 2  2  2  2  2 
x 
The common ratio is    1 
2 
Therefore the series converges when
x 
   1  1
 2 
x
 1  1
2
x
 1  1  1
2
 2  x  2  2
 4  x  0
When x  0.8,
u1  1 and r  0.6
1 5
 S  
1   0.6  8
Exercise 1D
1 a 220  7 10  290
8
b S8 
2
220  290  2040
1
c 220  10n 
2
600  20n
 20n  80
n4
so 2014
2 Let Jane's starting salary be S
Then,
S 1.015
11
 49650
49650
S  42149.535....
1.015
11
so Jane's starting salary was €42150 to the nearest euro
3 a 2  22  23  24  30
b 2  22  23  24  ...  2n  106
The left hand side is a geometric series with first term 2 and common ratio 2

Worked solutions
2(2n  1)
  106
2 1
 2(2n  1)  106
Using GDC
Answer: 19 generations
10
4 S10 
2
2  200  9  20  2900
so 2.9kg
On the first trial she uses 100g of sugar and on the second
she uses 110g. Thereafter, if the sequence is to become geometric
the common ratio is 1.1
1.1n  1
 0.1  1.5
1.1  1
 1.1n  2.5
Using GDC n  9.614
so 9 trials
In general, the geometric model is not reliable, since if Prisana
were to carry out a large number of trials then the cake will become
excessively sweet (since geometric growth is greater than linear growth)
In fact, the ratio of sugar to flour would eventually become 1 (i.e. the mix
is entirely sugar) in the (albeit unrealistic) case that Prisana carries out the trial
a large number of times
5 a Second: 12  12  2
2 2
 2  2
Third:       1
 2   2 
2 2
1 1 1
Fourth:     
2 2 2
b
3
2  2  1 
2
1
2
1 3 7
2  2  2
 3
     3 2 
 4
7 2  
c The length converges to a finite value since the common ratio between two consecutive side
lengths that are one.
1
d Area of triangle = base  height
2
Required area
1 2  1  
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1  1  1  1  1  1 
= 1                
2   2 2 2 2  4 4 2 8 8 2  
 
1 1 
2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1
 1                    
2  2 2 2 2 2 2  2  
  1 
8
 1 1     
1   2   
8
1
     1     0.996
2 1  2
1
 2 
 

Worked solutions
 
1  1 
e S     1
2  1
 1  
 2
6 a Interest 12% pa  1% per month
Let the payment per month be x . Interest is compounded monthly
After one month the amount due is
1500  1.01  x
After 2 months the amount due is 1500  1.01  x   1.01  x  1500 1.01  1.01 x  x
2
After 3 months the amount due is
1500 1.01 2

 1.01 x  x  1.01  x  1500 1.01  1.01 x  1.01 x  x
3 2
After 24 months the amount due would be
1500 1.01  1.01 x  1.01

24 23 22
x  ...  x  0
 
 1500 1.01  x  1.01  1.01  ...  1   0
24 23 22
 
 Geometric series 
 1.0124  1 
 1500 1.01
24
 x 0
 1.01  1 
 1500 1.01
24

 100 x 1.0124  1 
 15 1.01
24
 x 1.01  24
1 
15 1.01
24
x 
1.01 24
1 
Using technology
Monthly payments of $70.61
b Total amount paid
$70.61  24  $1694.64
=$1695
n
7 a
2

2  30  6  n  1  570 
 60n  6n  n  1  1140
 n2  9n  190  0
  n  19   n  10   0
 n  10
b 3  0.95 10  12.5  12.5m
c 2.4  9(0.15)  3.75m
8 a Rapid: 200  10 0.05 200  300 so $300

Worked solutions
Quick: 200 1.035

10
 282.11975... so $282
Rapid/Quick: 100  10  0.05 100  100 1.035

10
 291.0599... so $291
b Rapid: 200  25 0.05 200  450 so $450
Quick: 200 1.035

25
 472.649... so $473
Rapid/Quick: 100  25  0.05 100  100 1.035

25
 461.324... so $461
c The investments will be approximately equal when
After n years
Rapid investment: 200  10n
Quick investment: 200  1.034n
Rapid/Quick : 100  5n  100  1.035n
Using tables on GDC:
After 21 years the three investments yield approximately the same amount.
9 a Suppose Karim invested $x in savings, therefore $  x  1000 in bonds
and $  4000  2x  in shares

75  0.015  x   0.025  x  1000  0.01  4000  2x 
 90  0.06 x
 x  1500
so $1500 in savings, $2500 in bonds and $1000 in shares
b Now Karim is investing $1500 in savings for 10 years,
$990 in savings for 9 years and $2500 in bonds for 10 years.

Therefore,
1500  10  0.015 1500  990  9  0.015  990  2500 1.025
10
 6048.861...
so $6048.86 =$6049 to the nearest dollar
2500 1.025  2500  10 0.0152500  6048.86136...  26.3500...

10
c
so $26
10 a x(1  0.375  0.3752  0.3753 ) , where x is the amount administered each time.
b x(1  .375  .3752  ...  0.37539 )  8

 1  0.37540 
 x 8
 1  0.375 
8 1  0.375
x

1  0.37540 
5 mg should be administered each time.
c The amount of medication in the bloodsteam after n administrations is given by

Worked solutions
 1  0.375n 
5 7
 1  0.375 
7 1  0.375
 1  0.375n 
5
 0.375n  1 
7 1  0.375
5
Using technology to solve:
There are 7mg/ml drug in the bloodstream after the third administration.
Exercise 1E
1  a  b
2
    
  a  b  a2  2ab  b2  a2  2ab  b2  2a2  2b2  2 a2  b2
2

2 A general odd number can be written in the form 2k  1 with k 
 Consider two general odd numbers 2n  1 and 2m  1, n, m 

Then,
2n  1 2m  1  4nm  2n  2m  1  2 2nm  n  m  1  2p  1
p  2nm  n  m 
 2p  1 is an odd number
3 A four digit number represented by a3a2a1a0 not to be confused with a product 

can be written in the form
N  a3  103  a2  102  a1  10  a0

You are given that a3  a2  a1  a0  9m, m 
 N   999  1 a3   99  1 a2  9  1 a1  a0
  999a3  99a2  9a1    a3  a2  a1  a0 
 9 111a3  11a2  a1   9m
 9(111a3  11a2  a1  m)
i.e. if 9 divides the sum of the digits the number itself is divisible by 9
Hence 3978, 9864 and 5670 are divisible by 9 but 5453 and 7898 are not
 ad  bc    bd  ac 
2 2
4
 a2d 2  2abcd  b2c 2  b2d 2  2abcd  a2c 2

 a2d 2  b2c 2  b2d 2  a2c 2
  
 a2 c 2  d 2  b2 c 2  d 2 

 a b2 2
c  d 
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
5 S       ...
3 9 27 81 243 729

Worked solutions
1 1 1 2 2 2
S     ...     ...
3 27 243 9 81 729
1 1 1
2
1 1
4
 1 1  1  1  1 2 
S         ...  2         ...
3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 
 
1
Two different infinite geometric series, each with common ratio ,
9
and so both series converge.
 1   1 
 3   
S    2 9 
 1  1   1  1 
 9  9
1 9 1 9 1
     2   
3 8 9 8 8
6 Consider an arbitrary integer n  . Then,
 n  1
2
 n2  n2  2n  1  n2  2n  1 is odd
1 1 1
7  
n 1 n n 1
n  n  1   n  1  n  1  n  n  1

n  n  1  n  1


n  n  n2  1  n2  n
2


n n2  1 
2
n 1


n n2  1 
1 1 1 62  1 37 37
     
5 6 7 6 62  7 
6 29  174 
ab ab
8 Area of trapezium:
2
h
2
 a  b
Similarly, the area in terms of the triangles BAE, BEC and EDC are
1 1 1 1
ab  c 2  ab  ab  c 2
2 2 2 2
Equating the areas,
 a  b
2
1 2
c   a  b   2ab  c 2
2
 ab 
2 2
 a2  2ab  b2  2ab  c 2
 a2  b2  c 2
Exercise 1F
1 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that n2 is odd but n is even
Then n2  2m  1 for some m  and n  2k for some k 

But then n2  2k   4k 2  2m  1
2
4k 2 is even but 2m  1 is odd, so this is a contradiction

 n2 is odd  n is also odd

Worked solutions
m
2 Assume for the sake of contradiction that 3 where m, n 
n
are coprime (i.e. they have no common factors).

a2
Then, 3   a2  3b2
b2
If p is a prime number and p divides a2 , where a   , then p must divide a.
Therefore, a must be a multiple of 3  a  3k for some
k  . This implies 9k 2  3b2  b2  3k 2 so b is also divisible
by 3.
Therefore 3 is a common factor of a and b. But we assumed that
a and b have no common factors, so this is a contradiction.
3 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that 5 2 is irrational
5 5 a
Then 2 can be written in the form 2  where
b

a, b  are relatively coprime (i.e. share no common factors)
 a5  2b5 so 2 divides a  a  2m for some m  
5 4 5 2
 b  2 m so b is even which means that b is also even.
So 2 divides both a and b, but it was assumed that a and b
shared no common factors. This is a contradiction.
4 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that there exist p, q 
such that p2  8q  11  0
 p2  8q  11 so p is an odd integer
 p  2k  1 for some k 
 2k  1  8q  11
2
 4k 2  4k  1  8q  11

 4 k 2  k  2q  10 
 2 k 2
 k  2q   5
but LHS is even whereas RHS is odd; this is a contradiction
5 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that for some a, b  , 12a2  6b2  0
2
a2  a  a
 12a2  6b2  2a2  b2  2     2  ,
b2  b  b
a contradiction since we know that 2 is irrational.
6 Suppose for the sake of contradiction that for a, b, c  , the equation a2  b2  c2
You are given that a2  b2  c2, where a, b, c  and c  2k  1, k 
We are required to prove that either a or b must be even.
Assume that both a and b are odd

Worked solutions
a  2p  1 and b  2q  1, p, q 
 a2  b2  2p  1  2q  1
2 2
 4 p2  4 p  1  4q2  4q  1
 2(2 p2  2 p  2q2  2q  1)  2n, n 
You know that a2  b2  c 2 and c  2k  1, k 

c 2  2k  1  4k 2  4k  1  2 2k 2  2k  1  2m  1, m 
2

2 2 2
a b c
 2n  2m  1
The left-hand side is an even number and the right-hand side represents an odd number.
This is a contradiction.
Now let us assume that both a and b are even a  2p and b  2q

a2  b2  2p   2q   2 2p2  2q2  2s, s 
2 2

2 2 2
a b c
 2s  2m  1
The left-hand side is an even number and the right-hand side represents an odd number which
is a contradiction
Hence, we have proved that precisely one of a or b must be even.
7 Suppose there exists n, k  such that n2  2  4k
Then n must be divisible by 2 and can be written in the form

n  2m with m 
 4m2  2  4k
1
 m2  k  
2
But the left-hand side is an integer whereas the right-hand side is
not; this is a contradiction
8 Suppose p is irrational, q is rational and for the sake of contradiction that
p  q is rational. Then,
a c
q and p  q  for some a, b, c, d 
b d
c c a bc  ad
 p  q    
d d b bd
But by assumption, p was irrational. This is a contradiction.

9 Let m, n  and suppose for the sake of contradiction that m2  n2  1
Then,
m2  n2   m  n   m  n   1
Since m, n  
,  m  n ,  m  n  
The product of two positive integers can only give 1, if both are 1 or both are  1.
i.e.
m  n  m  n  n  n

This is a contradiction since n 

Worked solutions
10 a Take m  n  1
b Take any prime number: the number is certainly divisible by itself
but is still a prime
c Take n  4 : 24  1  16  1  15  35
d Take the same example as in part c.
e 1  2  3  6, not divisible by 4
f 1  2  3  4  10, not divisible by 4
Exercise 1G
1 a i 1 3 1 1 3 5  3 1 1 35 7 5 31
ii 1  4 49 9  16
b based on line divisions

1 3 5  7  9  7 5  3 1 1  3  5  7  9  11  9  7  5  3  1
based on colour 16  25 25  36
c Organizing our findings
13 1  1 4
13 5 3 1  4  9
1  3  5  7  5  3  1  9  16
1  3  5  7  9  7  5  3  1  16  25
1  3  5  7  9  11  9  7  5  3  1  25  36
.
.
.
2 1  3  5  ...  2k  1  2k  1  k 2  (k  1)2
Conjecture: P(n): 2 1  3  5  ...  2n  1  2n  1  n2  (n  1)2, n  

, n2
 
d LHS = 2 1  3  5  ...  2n  1  2n  1
 sum of first n odd numbers 
n 
 2  1  (2n  1)   2n  1
2 
 n(2n)  2n  1
 2n2  2n  1
 n2  n2  2n  1
 n2  (n  1)2
e P(n): 2 1  3  5  ...  2n  1  2n  1  n2  (n  1)2, n  

, n2
When n  2
LHS = 2(1)  3  5
RHS= 12  22  5

Worked solutions
LHS=RHS therefore P(1) is true.


Assume that P(k) is true for some k  2, k 
i.e. 2 1  3  5  ...  2k  1  2k  1  k 2  (k  1)2
Required to prove that P(k+1) is true
i.e. 2 1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)  (2k  1)  2k  3   k  1  (k  2)2 using the assumption

2
LHS=  2 1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)  2(2k  1)  2k  3

 2 1  3  5  ...  (2k  1)  (2k  1)  4k  4
 k 2  (k  1)2  4k  4
 (k  1)2  k 2  4k  2
  k  1  (k  2)2
2

Since P(2) was shown to be true, and it was shown that if P(k) is true, where k  , k 2,
then P(k+1) is true, it follows by the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for

all n  , n2
1  1
2 a P  n : 12  22  32  ...  n2  n  n  1  n  
3  2
When n  1,
LHS  12  1
1  1 1 3
RHS  1 1  1 1 1    2     1
3  2 3 2
LHS = RHS  P(1) is true.

Assume the statement is true for n  k , where k 
1 3
Required to prove that when n  k  1, 12  22  32  ...  k 2   k  1   k  1  k  2  k  2 
2
3  
LHS = 12  22  32  ...  k 2   k  1
2
1  1
k  k  1  k     k  1
2

3  2
1  1 
  k  1  k  k     k  1 
 3  2  
1   1 
  k  1  k  k    3  k  1 
3   2 
1 k

3
 k  1  k 2  2  3k  3 
 
1  2 7k 
  k  1  k   3
3  2 
1  2k 2  7k  6 

3
 k  1 
2

 
1   k  2  2k  3 

3
 k  1  2

 

Worked solutions
1  2k  3 

3
 k  1  k  2  
 2

 
1 3

3
 k  1  k  2  k  2 
 
=RHS

Since it was shown that P(1) is true and that P(k + 1) is true given P(k) is true for k 

it follows by the principle of mathematical induction that P(n) is true for all n 
n  n  1
P  n : 1  4  9  16  ...   1 n2   1
n 1 n 1
b
2
When n  1
LHS = 1
1 1  1
RHS=  1
11
1
2
Assume the statement P  k  is true for some k  
i.e.
k  k  1
1  4  9  16  ...   1 k 2    1
k 1 k 1
2
When n  k  1,
LHS = 1  4  9  16  ...   1 k 2   1  k  1
k 1 k 2 2
Use assumption
k  k  1
  1   1  k  1
k 1 k 2 2
2
k
  1  k  1  2   k  1
k 1
 
 k  2(k  1) 
  1  k  1 
k 1
2 
 
 k  2 
  1  k  1 
k 1

 2 
 k  1   k  1  1
  1
k 2
2
i.e. P  k   P  k  1
Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  

then by the principle
of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers
n
c P  n : 2 i
 2n 1  1
i 0
When n  0
0
LHS  2
i 0
i
 20  1
RHS  20 1  1  2  1  1
LHS  RHS  P(1) is true
k
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  i.e. 2 i
 2k 1  1
i 0

Worked solutions
When n  k  1
k 1 k
2
i 0
i
 2
i 0
i
 
 2k 1  2k 1  1  2k 1  2k 1  2k 1  1  2  2k 1  1  2k 2  1
i.e. P  k   P  k  1
Since P 1 is true and P  k   P  k  1 for k  then by the principle

of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all natural numbers
d P  n : 9n  1 is divisible by 8 (for n  )
P(n) : 9n  1  8 A, for n  , A 
When n  0
LHS = 90  1  0 = 8  0
 P(1) is true
Assume P  k  to be true for some k 
i.e. 8 divides 9k  1  9k  1  8m for some m 
Then,
9k 1  1  9  9k  1  9  8m  1  1  9 8m  9  1
 8  9m  8  8  9m  1
so 8 also divides 9k 1  1
i.e. P  k   P  k  1
n2  n  1
2
e P  n : 1  2  3  ...  n 
3 3 3 3
LHS = 13  1
12 1  1
2
RHS  1
4
LHS =RHS
 P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k 
k 2  k  1
2
i.e. 13  23  33  ...  k 3 
4
Then,
k 2  k  1
2
13  23  ...  k 3   k  1    k  1
3 3
use assumption 4
 k  1  k 2  4k  4
2
 k  1
2

4
 k 2  4  k  1   4
 k  1   k  1  1
2 2
 k  1  k  2
2 2
 
4 4
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

of mathematical induction, the statement is true for all positive integers.
f P  n : n3  n =3A, for n  , A 

Worked solutions
When n  0:
10  1  0 = 3  0
 The statement P  0 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k 
k 3  k  3m for some m 
 k 3  3m  k
When n  k  1,
 
LHS =  k  1   k  1  k 3  3k 2  3k  1   k  1
3
   
 3m  3 k 2  k  3 m  k 2  k , m  k 2  k 
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

1 1 1 1 n
g P  n :    ...   ,
12 2  3 3 4 n  n  1 n  1
When n  1:
1 1
LHS  
12 2
1 1
RHS= 
11 2
LHS=RHS  P 1 is true
Assume P  k  is true for some k  
1 1 1 k
i.e.   ...  
12 2 3 k  k  1 k  1
When n  k  1,
1 1 1 1
LHS    ...  
12 23 k  k  1  k  1  k  2 
use assumption
k 1 1  1 
   k  
k  1  k  1  k  2  k  1  k  2
1  k  k  2  1  1  k 2  2k  1 
     
k 1 k 2  k 1 k 2 
1   k  1  k  1
2
k 1
  
k  1  k  2  k  2  k  1  1
 
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

h P  n : n3  n = 6A for all n  
,A

Worked solutions
When n  1
13  1  0  0  6
k 3  k  6m for some m 
 k 3  k  6m
When n  k  1,
 k  1
3

  k  1  k 3  3k 2  3k  1   k  1 
2
 k  6m  3k  2k
 6m  3k  k  1
but k  k  1 must be an even number since any pair of consecutive
natural numbers contains an even number
 k  k  1  2r for some r  
  k  1   k  1  6  m  r  which is divisible by 6
3
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

i P  n : 2n2  32n1 =7A n   

,A 
When n  1
LHS=212  32 1  23  33  8  27  35  7  5
Assume that P  k  is true for some k  
2k 2  32k 1  7m for some m  
 2k 2  7m  32k 1
When n  k  1,
LHS =2
k 1  2
 3    2  2k 2  9  32k 1
2 k 1 1
 
 2 7m  32k 1  9  32k 1
2 k 1
 14m  2  3  9  32k 1
2 k 1
 14m  7  3
 
 7 2m  32k 1 where 2m  32k 1 
so P  k   P  k  1

n 2n  1 2n  1
P  n : 12  32  52  ...  2n  1 
2
j
3

Worked solutions
When n  1
LHS =12  1
1 2  1 3
RHS  1
3
LHS =RHS
k 2k  1 2k  1
i.e. 12  32  52  ...  2k  1 
2
3
When n  k  1
LHS =12  32  52  ...  2k  1  2k  1
2 2
use assumption
k 2k  1 2k  1
 2k  1
2

3
2k  1

3
 k 2k  1  3 2k  1 
2k  1

3

2k 2  5k  3 

2k  1 2k  3  k  1
3
 k  1 2  k  1  1 2  k  1  1

3
i.e. P  k   P  k  1

n
n
k P  n :  r  r  1  3  n  1  n  2
r 1
When n  1
1
LHS =  r  r  1  1 1  1  2
r 1
1
RHS = 1  1 1  2   2
3
Assume P  k  to be true for some k  
k
k
i.e.  r  r  1  3  k  1  k  2
r 1
When n  k + 1,
k 1 k
LHS = r  r  1   r  r  1   k  1  k  2
r 1 r 1
k
  k  1  k  2    k  1  k  2 
3
 k  1  k  2 k  3   k  1  k  1  1     k  1  2

3
  3
i.e. P  k   P  k  1


Worked solutions
n
1 n
l P  n :  r  r  1  n  1
r 1
When n  1
1
1 1 1
LHS =  r  r  1  1 1  1  2
r 1
1
RHS =
11
k
1 k
i.e.  r  r  1  k  1
r 1
When n  k  1
k 1
1 k
1 1
LHS =  r  r  1   r  r  1   k  1  k  2
r 1 r 1
k 1
 
k  1  k  1  k  2 
1  1 
 k  
k 1 k  2
1  k  k  2  1 
  
k  1  k 2 
1  k 2  2k  1 
  
k 1 k 2 
1   k  1  k  1
2
 
k 1 k  2  k  2
 
 P(k )  P(k  1)

3 a Best proved by direct argument:
 4n  3   4n  3
2 2
  4n  3  4n  3  4n  3  4n  3
  8n  6   48n  12(4n) so is always divisible by 12
(induction amongst other methods is also valid)
b False: substituting n  1 gives 75 which is not prime
c Best proved by induction:
P  n  : 13  33  ...  2n  1  n2 2n2  1

3
 
When n  1
LHS= 13  1

RHS=12 2  12  1  1 
LHS=RHS
 P 1 is true:

Worked solutions
i.e. 13  33  ...  2k  1  k 2 2k 2  1

3
 
When n  k  1
LHS =13  33  ...  2k  1  2k  1
3 3
Use assumption
k 2
2k 2

 1  2k  1
3
 2k 4  k 2  8k 3  12k 2  6k  1
 2k 4  8k 3  11k 2  6k  1 (use factor theorem to factorize or expand right hand side of P(k+1) to obtain same polynomial)

  k  1 2k  6k  5k  1
3 2


  k  1  k  1 2k  4k  1 2

  k  1 2k  1
2 2
  k  1 2  k  1  1
2 2
so P  k   P  k  1

d Best proved by induction:
P  n  : 1  2  2  3  3  4...   n  1  n 

n n2  1 
3
When n  1
LHS= 0  1  0
RHS=

1 12  1  0
3
LHS=RHS
i.e. 1  2  2  3  3  4...   k  1  k 

k k2  1 
3
When n  k  1
LHS= 1  2  2  3  3  4...   k  1  k  k  k  1
use assumption

k k 1 2
k

3
 k  1
k  k  1 (k  1)  3k  k  1

3
(k  1)(k  k  1  3k )

3


(k  1) (k  1)2  1 
3
so P  k   P  k  1

e Best proved by direct argument:

Worked solutions
 
n3  n  n n2  1   n  1 n  n  1
this is the product of three consecutive positive integers
(in the case n  1, 0 is divisible by 3 so done)
Three consecutive positive integers always include
a multiple of 3, so the product is always divisible by 3
Exercise 1H
1 8! 6! 6!56  1  39600
9! 8! 8!9  1  403200
7! 6! 6!7  1  4320
6! 5! 5!6  1  840
 n  1 ! n! n! n  1  1  n  n!
n !  n  1 !  n  1 ! n  1   n  1  n  1 !
n !  n  1 !  n  1 ! n  1   n  1  n  1!
 n  1 ! n! n! n  1  1   n  2 n!
8! 8  7  6!
2 a   14
4  6! 4  6!
4!  5!  4 3! 5! 4 2
b   
3!  6! 3! 6  5! 6 3
c
10! 8!  10! 8 7 6! 
56
11! 6! 11 10! 6! 11
3 a
 n  1 !   n  1 ! 
n 1
n!   n  1 ! n!1   n  1  n
n ! +  n  1 ! n ! 1  n  1
b   n2
n! n!
 n!  n!  1  n !  1
2
1
c   1  n!
n!  1 n!  1
2n  2 ! n!  (2n  2)(2n  1)  2(2n  1)

2
4
 n  1 ! 2n !
2
(n  1)2 n 1
n n!
5 C2   66
 n  2 !2!

Worked solutions
n!
  n  n  1  132
 n  2 !
 n2  n  132  0
  n  12   n  11  0
n  0 so n  12
6 16  n  1 !  5n!  n  1 !
 16  5n   n  1 n
 n2  6n  16  0
  n  8  n  2  0
n2  n  0
7 a 13!
b 4! 4! 3! 2! 4!  165888
8 26  25  24  10  9  1404000
23
9 a C5  33649
b Number of ways of choosing all boys = 13 C5
10
Number of ways of choosing all girls C5
Number of ways of choosing at least one boy and at least one girl
= 23
C5   13

C5 10 C5  32110
10 a 6  73  2058
b 6  6  5  4  720
c Last digit must be 0, 4 or 8
6  7  7  3  882
d Last digit must be 0
6  7  7  1  290
11 6 C4  15
12 There are 5C3 ways to choose the drivers.
Then, there are 9 ways to choose passenger for small car.

This leaves 8 persons to choose 4 passenghers for second car and the rest
go in the third car.
  5

C3  3!  9 8 C4 4 C4  37800

Worked solutions
Exercise 1I
 x  11 10  x  11 10 9   x   ...

11 2 3
 x
1 a 1    1  11         
 3  3 2!  3 3!  3
11x 55x 2 55x 3

1    ...
3 9 9
 x  7   6   x  7 6  5  x   ...

7 2 3
 x
b 1    1  7        
 2 2 2!  2  3! 2
2 3
7x 21x 35x
1    ...
2 4 8
8 8
 2 8  2 
c  x    x 1  2 
 x  x 
  2   8  7   2  8 7 6   2 3  ...

2
 x 8 1  8  2       2
 x  2!  x 2  3! x  
8 6 4 2
 x  16 x  112x  448x  ...
C4  a  2b
10 4 6
2 a  3360a4b6
2
9  4 
b 11
C2  a  2   880a5
a 
3
5  2y 
c 8
C3  x    2 3
  448x y
 x 
3 General term is given by

r
 2 
Cr  x 
12 12  r 0
  2   Nx
 x 
Comparing powers of x
12  r  2r  0
r 4
4
8  2 
12 C8  x    2   7920
 x 
4 4
 x  x 
4  2    16 1  
 5   10 
  x  4  x  4
2 3
 x  4  x  
4
 16  4 C0  4 C1     C2     C3     C4    
  10   10   10   10  

 2 x 3x 2 x3 x4 
 16 1     
 5 50 250 10000 
32x 24x 2 8x 3 x4
 16    
5 25 125 625
4
 0.05 
 1.99    2 
4

 5 
32  0.05 24 0.05 8 0.05 2 0.05 
2 3 4
16    
5 25 125 125
 15.68239 to 5d.p.

Worked solutions
5 General term is given by

r
 1
 
6r
6
Cr x 2     Nx
6
 x
Comparing powers of x
12  2r  r  6
r 2
2
 1
 
4
6
C2 x 2     15x
6
 x
5 2 3 4 5
 y 5 4 y  3 y  2 y  y y
6 a  x    x  5x    10x    10x    5x     
 x  x
  x
  x
  x
  x
10y 3 5y 4 y 5
 x5  5x 3y  10xy 2   3  5
x x x
 10y 3 5y 4 y 5 
b 2x  y   x5  5x 3y  10xy 2  x
 3  5
x x 

Term in x 3y 2 is
 
y 5x 3y  5x 3y 2 so 5
7 a n 1
C4 
 n  1 !
4!  n  3 !
8  n! 4  n!
b 23 n C3  
 n  3  !3! 3   n  3 !
c
 n  1 ! 
4  n!
4!  n  3 ! 3   n  3 !
4  4!
 n 1   32
3
 n  31
 
5
8 a 3 2
 3  3    2   10  3    2   3   2 
5 4 3 2 2 3
 5  10
 5  3   2     2 
4 5
 9 3  45 2  60 3  60 2  20 3  4 2
 89 3  109 2
4 4
 1   5
b  2    2  
 5   5 
2 3 4
 5  5  5  5
 2  2  2  
4 3 2
 4    6    4 2  
 5   5 
 5   5     
8 10 12 4 10 1
 4   
5 5 25 25
161 44
  10
25 25
1  5   1  5 
7 7
c

Worked solutions

 5  5    5  
3 5 7
 2  7 5  35  21


 2 7 5  175 5  525 5  125 5 
 1664 5
C0  2 n C1  4 n C2  8 n C3  ...   1 2r n Cr  ...   1 2n n Cn

n r n
9 a
 1  2   1
n n
C0 n C1 n C3  ...   1 n Cr  ...   1 n Cn  1  1  0

n r n n
b
Exercise 1J
1
 1  x   1   1 x 
 1  2 x 2   1  2  3 x 3  ...
   
1
1 a
1 x 2! 3!
 1  x  x2  x3  ...
1
 1  2x 
2
b
1  2x 
2
 1   2  2x  
 2  3  2  3  4
 2x   2x 
2 3
  ...
2! 3!
 1  4x  12x 2  32x 3  ...
c Using the answer to part a and substituting 2x for x,
2
1  2x

 2 1  2x   2 1  2x  4x 2  8x 3  ...
1

 2  4x  8x 2  16 x 3  ....
2
 2 1  x 
3
d
1  x 
3

2 1   3   x  
 3  4  x 2   3  4  5  x 3  ...
2!
  3!
  
 
2 3
 2  6 x  12x  20x  ...
1  2x  1  2x  2
1
2 a
1 1 1 1 3

1 2 2 2 2 2
 1  2 x       2x        2x 3  ...
  
2
2 2 3!
1 1
 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...
2 2
31 31 1
3 22 22 2
    x      x 3  ...
1  x 
3
2
b 2
1 x 
2 2! 3!
3 x 3x 2 x 3
1    ...
2 8 16

Worked solutions
1  3x 
 12
c
 1 3  1 3 5

 1  2 2  2 2 2
 1      3x      3x 2 
      3x 3  ...
 
 2  2 3!
3x 27x 2 135 3
1   x  ...
2 8 16
2 1  x  3
1
 1 2 1 2 5 

 1 3 3 3 3 3 
 2 1  x      x2       x 3  ...
 3 2 3! 
 
 
 1 1 2 5 3 
 2 1  x  x  x  ...
 3 9 81 
2 x 2 x 2 10 x 3
2    ...
3 9 81
1 x 1 1
 1  x 2 1  x  2

3
1 x
 1 1 1 1 3   1 3  1 3 5 


1 2 2 2 2 2   2 2  2 2 2 
 1  x      x2       x 3  .. 1  1 x     x2      x 3  ..
 2 2 3!  2 2 3! 
  
  
 x x2 x3  x 3x 2 5x 3 
 1     ... 1     ...
 2 8 16  2 8 16 
x2 x3
1 x    ...
2 2
x
 x 1  x 
2
4
1  x 
2

 x 1   2 x 
 2  3 x 2   2  3  4 x 3  ...

 2! 3! 
 x 1  2x  3x 2  4x 3  ...
 x  2x 2  3x 3  4x 4  ...
3
1 3 
 2  3x 
3
5  1  x 
8 2 
1  3x   3  4   3x   3  4  5   3x 3  ...

2
 1   3          
8   2  2!  2  3!  2  

1 9 x 27x 2 135x 3 
 1     ...
8 2 2 4 
1 9x 27x 2 135x 3
     ...
8 16 16 32
1  4x  1  4x  2
1
6 a

Worked solutions
1 1 1 1 3

1 2 2 2 2 2
 1   4x       4x 2 
      4x 3  ...
 
2 2! 3!
 1  2x  2x 2  4x 3  ...
 1   96  4 2 6
b 1  4      6 
 100   100  10 5
5  1 
c 6  1  4 
2  100 
2 3
5  1   1   1 
 (1  2    2   4   ...)
2  100   100   100 
 2.44949
1
 1  2x 
 12
7 a
1  2x
 1 3  1 3 5

 1  2 2    
 1      2x      2x   2   2   2  2x 3 ....
   
2
 2 2! 3!
3x 2 5x 3
1 x    ...
2 2
(2  3x)3  3x 2 5x 3 
b  (2  3x)3 1  x    ...
1  2x  2 2 
Expanding
 2  2 2 3 


 3  2   3 x   3 2  3 x   3 x  1  x 
3 3x 2 5x 3
2

2

 ...

 8  8 x  12x 2  20x 3  ...
+36x  36 x 2  54 x 3  ...
+54x 2  54 x 3  ...
 27 x 3  ....
 8  44x  102x 2  155x 3  ...

Worked solutions
Chapter review
9
1 u2  u1r  9  u1 
r

S3  u1 1  r  r 2  91 
9

r

1  r  r 2  91 
 9  9r  9r 2  91r
 9r 2  82r  9  0
  9r  1  r  9   0
1
r  or r  9
9
Therefore there are two geometric sequences:
1 1
r   u4 
9 9
r  9 :  u4  243
2 u1  1
1  2  3  4  5  7  8  9  11  13  15  16  17  ...  64
 1  3  5  7  ...  63  2  4  8  16  ...  64 
arithmetic series Finite geometric series,u=2, r=2, n=6
sum of first 32 odd numbers
32 2(26  1)

2
1  63 
2 1
 1024  126
 1150
3 b  a  d, c  a  2d  a  d  12  a  12  d
c a a  2d a
  
b c ad a  2d
 (a  2d )2  a(a  d )
Substituting for a
 12  d  2d   12 12  d 
2
 12  d   144  12d

2
 144  24d  d 2  144  12d  0

 d 2  36d  d  d  36   0
d  0, d  36
a  48
b  48  36  12
c  48  72  24
1 1 1 1
4 a   
1 x  2  1  x 3  2x
3 1  x 
 3 
3  2x  1  x  x 2 x 2
  
1  x  3  2x  3  2 x  3x  2 x 2 2 x 2  5x  3
1
x 2 1 2 
 1  x   1  x 
1
b 2
2 x  5x  3 3 3 

Worked solutions
1 2 4 2 8 3 

 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...   1  x  x 
3 3 9 27
x  ...

2 7 23 2 73 3
  x x  x  ...
3 9 27 81
n! 1
5 a n
C2  n   n  n  n  1  n
 n  2 !2! 2
1 1 1  n  1 !
 n  n  1  2   n  n  1 
2 2 2  n  1 !

 n  1 ! n 1 C2
2!  n  1 !
b n
C2 n 2 Ck 2 
n!

 n  2 !
2!  n  2 !  n  k  !  k  2 !
n! n! 1
  
2!  n  k  !  k  2  !  n  k  ! 2!  k  2  !
n!k ! 1
 
n  k !k ! 2!  k  2  !
n! k!
 
n  k !k ! 2!  k  2  !
n Ck k C2
1  x 
n
6 n C0 n C1x n C2 x2  ... n Cr x r  ... n Cn x n
n C0  n C1  3  n C2  32  ...  n Cr  3r  ...  n Cn  3n
 
n
 1  3  4n  22
n
 22n
1
7 Suppose there exist integers a and b such that 14a  7b  1. Then, 2a  b  .
7
But the left-hand side is an integer whereas the right-hand side is not.
This is a contradiction. Therefore there are no such integers.
13  7
8 Suppose x  3 and 5x  7  13. Then, x   4. But x  3, so this is a contradiction
5
9 a Take, for example, a  0 and b  1
b Take, for example, n  5 : 35  2  245  5  49 which is not prime
c Take, for example, n  1: 2 1  1  1  1 which is rational
d Take, for example, n  1 : 21  1  1 and 1is not prime
10 P  n : 1  1!  22  2!  33  3!  ...   nn  n!   n!

n 1
When n  1
LHS= 1  1!  1
RHS= 1!
11
 12  1
LHS=RHS

Worked solutions

i.e. 1  1!  22  2!  ... k k  k !   k !    k 1
When n  k  1
LHS= 1  1!  22  2!  ... k k  k !        k  1 k 1

  k  1 !
use assumption
  k !   k  1 !  k  1
k 1 k 1
Regrouping
  k  1 k !  k  1 !
k 1

   k  1 !  k  1 !
k 1
   k  1 !
k 2
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction
11 P  n : n3  2n = 3A, A 
When n  1
13  2 1  3
The statement P 1 is true
k 3  2k  3m for some m  
3
 k  3m  2k
When n  k  1
LHS=  k  1  2  k  1
3
 k 3  3k 2  3k  1  2k  2
 3m  2k  3k 2  5k  3

 3 m  k2  k  1 
 P  k   P  k  1
for some k  
for all positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction.
n n  n  1
12 a P  n : r 
r 1 2
When n  1
1
LHS= r
r 1
1
1 1  1
RHS=  1
2
P 1 is true
k k  k  1
i.e. r
r 1

2

Worked solutions
When n  k  1,
k 1 k k  k  1  k  1
 r   r   k  1 
r 1 r 1 2

1

 k  1  k  2
2
so P  k   P  k  1
for some k  
n n  n  1 2n  1
b P  n : r 2

r 1 6
When n  1
1
LHS= r r 1
2
1
1 1  1 2  1
RHS=  1
6
P 1 is true
k k  k  1 2k  1
i.e. r
r 1
2

6
When n  k  1,
k 1 k k  k  1 2k  1
r r   k  1    k  1
2 2 2 2

r 1 r 1 6
 k  1 k k 1

6 
2k  1  6  k  1  6

2k 2  7k  6 
k 1

6
2k  3  k  2
 k  1  k  2 2  k  1  1

6
so P  k   P  k  1
for some k  
n2  n  1
2
n
c P  n :  r  3
r 1 4
When n  1
1
LHS= r r 1
3
1
12 1  1
2
RHS=  1
4
P 1 is true
k 2  k  1
2
k
i.e.  r3 
r 1 4

Worked solutions
When n  k  1,
k 1 k
r r   k  1
3 3 3

r 1 r 1
 k  1
2 2
k
  k  1
3

4
 k  1
2
 k 2  4  k  1 
4
 k  1  k 2  4k  4
2

4
 k  1  k  2
2 2

4
so P  k   P  k  1
for some k  
n n
  r  r  1  r  2 
r 1
 r
r 1
3
 3r 2  2r 
n n n
 r
r 1
3
 3 r 2  2 r
r 1 r 1
n  n  1 n  n  1 2n  1
2 2
   n  n  1
4 2
n  n  1
 n  n  1  2 2n  1  4
4
n  n  1 2
 n  5n  6 
4
n  n  1  n  2   n  3

4
13 a ‘harmonics’ consists of 9 different letters, so there are 9! arrangements.
b 5 digit numbers:
4 ways of choosing first digit (bigger than 3)
Each of the next three digits can be chosen in 7 ways
The last digit can be 0 or 5
These numbers include 30000 which is not wanted
In all there are 4  73  2  1 five digit numbers
6 digit numbers
6 ways of choosing first digit
7 ways of choosing each of the next four digits
2 ways of choosing last digit Divisible by 5  final digit is 0 or 5
In all there are 4  74  2 six digit numbers
7 digit numbers
6 ways of choosing first digit

Worked solutions
7 ways of choosing each of the next five digits
2 ways of choosing last digit
In all there are 4  75  2 six digit numbers

Answer = 4  73  2  1  4  74  2  4  75  2     
 1371  19208  134456
 155035
c The only possibilities would be to have 3 women and 2 men or 4 women and 1 man
4
C3 7 C2 4 C4 7 C1  4  21  1  7  91
14 a a2  b2   a  b  a  b  2x  2y   4xy
a3   x  y   x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3
3
b
b3   x  y   x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3
3
c 
 a3  b3  x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3  x3  3x2y  3xy 2  y 3   

 2 3x 2y  y 3 

 2y  3x  y 2 2


  a  b  3x  y 2 2

But,
a2  ab  b2  3x 2  y 2
So,
a3  b3   a  b  a2  ab  b2  
a4   x  y   x 4  4x3y  6x2y 2  4xy 3  y 4
4
d
b4   x  y   x 4  4x 3y  6 x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4
4

 a4  b4  x 4  4x 3y  6 x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4  x 4  4x 3y  6 x 2y 2  4xy 3  y 4   
3 3
 8x y  8xy

 2y  4 x 3  4 xy 2 

  a  b  a3  a2b  ab2  b3 
e 
Conjecture: an  bn   a  b an1  an2b  an3b2  ...  abn2  bn1 
f 
P  n : an  bn   a  b an1  an2b  an3b2  ...  abn2  bn1 
When n=2
LHS=a2  b2
RHS   a  b   a  b   a2  ab  ab  b2  LHS
P(2) is true

i.e. ak  bk   a  b  ak 1  ak 2b  ak 3b2  ...  abk 1 
 a   a  b a
k
 k 1
a k 2
ba k 3 2
b  ...  ab k 1
b k

Worked solutions
When n  k  1
ak 1  bk 1  a ak  bk 1  
 a  a  b  a
  k 1
 ak 2b  ak 3b2  ...  abk 1  bk   bk 1
 
 a  a  b a a ba k 1 k 2 k 3 2
b  ...  ab   ab  bk 1 k k 1
 a  a  b  a  a b  a
k 1 k 2 k 3
b  ...  ab   b  a  b 
2 k 1 k
  a  b a  a  a b  a k 1 k 2 k 3
b  ...  ab   b 
2 k 1 k
 
  a  b  a  a b  a b
k k 1 k 2 2
 ...  ab  b  k 1 k
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, it has been shown that P2 is true and that if P  k  is true
for some k  
, k  2 then P  k  1 is also true. Therefore, the statement is true
for all positive integers greater than 2, by the principle of mathematical induction
15 The difference between the coefficients must be the same
n Cr n Cr 1 n Cr 1 n Cr
n! n! n! n!
   
r !  n  r  !  r  1 !  n  r  1 !  r  1 !  n  r  1 ! r !  n  r  !
Multiplying by
 r  1 ! n  r  1 ! ,
n!
 r  1  n  r  1   r  1  r    n  r  1  n  r    r  1  n  r  1
 2  r  1  n  r  1  r  r  1   n  r  1  n  r   0
  n  r  1 3r  2  n   r 2  r  0
which after expanding and simplyfing gives
n2  4r 2  2  n  4r  1  0
2  x  7x 2 A B C
16   
1  2x  1  x  1  2x 1  x 1  x
2
 2  x  7 x 2  A 1  x  1  x   B 1  2 x  1  x   C 1  2x  1  x 
Set x  1 :  4  2C  C  2
Set x  1 :  6  6B  B  1
Compare constants : 2  A  B  C  A  2  B  C  1
2  x  7x 2 1 1 2
   
1  2x  1  x  2
1  2x 1  x 1  x
 1  2 x   1  x   2 1  x 
1 1 1
  
 1  2x  4x 2  8x 3  ...  1  x  x 2  x 3  ...  2 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...   
2 3
 2  5x  5x  11x  ...
Exam-style questions
17 Require ( 3  coefficient of term in x 5 )  1  coefficient of term in x 4  

8 8
3    43  2x   1    44  2x 
5 4
(3 marks)
5  4
 3   114688  1  286720

Worked solutions
 57344 (1 mark)
 n
 
18   1n 2 3x   495x 2
2
(2 marks)
2
9n  n  1
 495
2
n  n  1  110
n2  n  110  0 (1 mark)
 n  11  n  10  0 (2 marks)
So n  11 or n  10 (1 mark)
19 First part is geometric sum, a  1 , r  1.6 , n  16 (1 mark)

Second part is arithmetic sum, a  0 , d  12 , n  16 (1 mark)
Third part is 16  1  16 (1 mark)
1.616  1
Geometric sum: S16   3072.791 (1 mark)
1.6  1
16
Arithmetic sum: S16 
2
 
2  0  15   12  1440 (1 mark)
n 15
So  1.6
n 0
n
 12n  1 
 3072.791  1440  16
 1648.8 (1 mark)
 n  1  n  1 
20   
 k   k  1

 n  1 !   n  1 ! (3 marks)
k !  n  k  1 !  k  1 !  n  k  !

 n  k   n  1 ! k  n  1 ! (1 mark)
k ! n  k  !
n  n  1 ! k  n  1 ! k  n  1 !
 (1 mark)
k ! n  k  !
n  n  1 !
 (1 mark)
k ! n  k  !
 n! 
 
 k ! n  k  ! 
 
 n
 
k 

Worked solutions
21 Consider multiples of 7:
504 is the first multiple and 1400 is the final multiple
1400  504  7  n  1 (1 mark)
 n  129 (1 mark)
129
So the sum of the multiples of 7 is S129 
2
 
2  504  7  129  1  122 808 (2 marks)
Sum of the integers from 500 to 1400 (inclusive) is

901
S901 
2
 
2  500  1  901  1  855 950 (2 marks)
Therefore require 855 950  122 808  733 142 (1 mark)
22 Suppose n3  3 is odd. Assume, for a contradiction, that n is also odd. (1 mark)
Then we can write n  2p  1 for p  

and n3  3  2q  1 for q  
. (1 mark)
So n3  3  2q  1
2p  1
3
 3  2q  1 (1 mark)
8p3  6p2  6p  1  3  2q  1 (1 mark)
8p3  6p2  6p  3  2q
3
So q  4p3  3p2  3p  (1 mark)
2
Since p is an integer, 4p3  3p2  3p is also an integer.
3 3
Since is a non-integer, then 4p3  3p2  3p  is also a non-integer. (1 mark)
2 2
This is a contradiction, since q was assumed to be an integer. (1 mark)
Therefore, the initial assumption is false, and n must be even.
23 Case n  1 :
5    1  5  1  6  1 6
2 1 1
(1 mark)
Therefore true for n  1
Case n  k :
Assume the statement is true for some k  , k 0 (1 mark)
Then 52k 1  1  6s for some positive integer s
Now 5    1
2 k 1 1
(1 mark)
 52k 21  1
 52  52k 1  1 (1 mark)
 52  6s  1  1 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
 25 6s  1  1
 25  6s  24 (1 mark)
 6 25s  4
Which is a multiple of 6 (1 mark)
So the statement is true for n  1 , and when assumed true for n  k ,
is true for n  k  1 .
Therefore the statement is true for all n  . (1 mark)
1
24 a 3
1  x   1  x 3 (1 mark)
      x           x 
2 3
1 2 1 2 5
x 3 3 3 3 3
1    (2 marks)
3 2! 3!
x x 2 5x 3
1   (1 mark)
3 9 81
1
b When x  , (1 mark)
64
3
 1  63 63
3
1  x   3 1 
64
  3
64

4
(1 mark)
 
1
Therefore, when x  , then
64
3  x x 2 5x 3 
63  4 1     (1 mark)
 3 9 81 
 1   5  64  
2 3
1 1
 4 1  64  64
 (1 mark)
 3 9 81 
 
4 4 20
 4  
192 36 864 21 233 664
 3.979057 (1 mark)
25 a 9!  362 880 (1 mark)

b 2  8!  80 640 (2 marks)
c 9!  2  8!  282 240 (2 marks)
d We require:
(no. of ways in total)  (no. of ways with one woman separating men)
 (no. ways with men together) (1 mark)
 9! 2  7  7! 2  8! (1 mark)
 211680 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
2 Representing relationships: functions
Skills check
1 a
2 a
The graphs intersect at (-1.73,0) and (1.73,0), each to 3sf.
The graphs intersect at (-1,1), (-1.82,0.589) to 3sf, and (0.823,1.91) to 3 sf.

Worked solutions
3 a y  x 2  2x  3
 (x 2  2x  1)  3  1
 (x  1)2  2
b y  x2  6x  1
 (x 2  6 x  9)  1  9
 (x  3)2  10
c y  3x 2  6 x  1
 3(x 2  2x  1)  1  3
 3(x  1)2  2
Exercise 2A
1 a Yes
Df  1,2,3, 4
Rf  0,2,3, 4
b Yes
Df  2, 1,0,1
Rf  1
c No, this is not a function because it is not well-defined: 2 is mapped
to multiple values
d No, this is not a function because it is not well-defined:  is mapped to
both  and  
e Yes
Df  1,2,3, 4,5
Rf  2, 4,10
f No, this is not a function because it is not well-defined:  5 is mapped to
both 0 and 1
g No, this is not a function, since it is does not act on the entire domain:
5 has no image
h No, this is not a function, because it is not well-defined: 2 is mapped
to both 8 and 15
2 a No, because the graph does not pass the vertical line test
b Yes
Df 
Rf  2

Worked solutions
c No, because the graph does not pass the vertical line test
d Yes
Df  x  | 1  x  6
Rf  y  | 1  y  7
e Yes
Df  4, 3, 2, 1,1,2,3, 4

Rf  3, 2, 1,0,1,2, 4
f Yes
Df  x  | 4  x  3
Rf  y  | 2  y  1
g Yes
Df  Rf 
Exercise 2B
y  x2  6x  8   x  3  8  9   x  3  1
2 2
1 a i
So the axis of symmetry is x  3
ii  3, 1
iii Concavity: up, Df  , Rf  y  | y  1
 3
2
9  49  3
2
b i  
y  10  3x  x 2   x 2  3x  10     x     10  
 2 4 
 x  
4  2
 
3
So the axis of symmetry is x 
2
 3 49 
ii  , 
2 4 
 49 
iii Concave down, Df  , Rf  y  |y  
 4 
 5  17 
y  3  x 2  4x    3   x  2     3  x  2  17
2 2
c i
 3  3 
So the axis of symmetry is x  2
ii 2, 17
iii Concave up, Df  , Rf  y  | y  17
 7  9
y  2  x 2  2x    2   x  1    9  2  x  1
2 2
d i
 2  2

Worked solutions
So the axis of symmetry is x  1
ii  1,9
iii Concave down, Df  , Rf  y  | y  9
2 a Vertex is (2,−16)  y  a  x  2  16
2
12  a 0  2  16  a  1
2
 y   x  2  16
2
b x  intercepts are x  3, x  1 so the quadratic must be of the form

y  C  x  3  x  1  C x 2  2x  3 
At x  0, 3  3C so C  1
 y  3  2x  x 2
c x  intercepts are x  1, x  5 so the quadratic must be of the form

y  C  x  1  x  5  C x 2  6 x  5 
At x  4,  12  C  3  C  4
 
 y  4 x 2  6 x  5  4x 2  24x  20
d Vertex is (2,−6)  y  a  x  2  6
2
6  a  4  2  6  a  3
2
y  3  x  2  6
2
e x  intercepts are x  5, x  2 so the quadratic must be of the form

y  C  x  5  x  2   C x 2  3x  10 
1
At x  1, 3  C  6   C  
2
1 2 3 1
y  
2

x  3x  10  5  x  x 2
2 2

Vertex is (−10,60)  y  a  x  10  60

2
f
3
45  a  5  10  60  a  
2
5
3
 x  10  60
2
y 
5
Exercise 2C
1 4  2x  0 therefore x  2 and Df  x  | x  2
3 4y  3
y   4y  2xy  3  x 
4  2x 2y
 y  0 and Rf  y  | y  0

Worked solutions
Asymptotes: x  2 and y  0
1  1
2 3  6x  0  x  so Df   x  |x  
2  2
1 1  3y
y   6 xy  3y  1  x 
6x  3 6y
 y  0 and Rf  y  | y  0
1
Asymptotes: x  and y  0
2
1  1
3 2  4x  0  x  so Df   x  |x  
2  2
x 2y
y   2y  4xy  x  x 
2  4x 1  4y
1  1
y   and Rf  y  | y   
4  4
1 1
Asymptotes: x  and y  
2 4
4 1  x  0  x  1 so Df  x  | x  1
1 x y 1
y   y  yx  1  x  x 
1 x y 1
 y  1 and Rf  y  | y  1
Asymptotes: x  1 and y  1
1  1
5 1  2x  0  x   so Df   x  |x   
2  2
1  2x 1y
y   y  2xy  1  2 x  x 
1  2x 2 1  y 
 y  1 and Rf  y  | y  1
1
Asymptotes: x   and y  1
2
2
6 2  3x  0  x 
3
2x  3 3  2x 2y  3
y    2y  3xy  3  2x  x 
2  3x 2  3x 3y  2
2  2
y  and Rf  y  | y  
3  3
2 2
Asymptotes: x  and y 
3 3
Exercise 2D
1 a y  x 2
x  2  0 so Df  x  | x  2
y  0 so Rf  y  | y  0

Worked solutions
b y  3x  2
2  2
3x  2  0  x  and Df   x  |x  
3  3
y  0  Rf  y  | y  0
c y  1  2  4x
1  1
2  4x  0  x  and Df   x  |x  
2  2
y  1 so Rf  y  | y  1
d y  3  2x  1
1  1
2x  1  0  x   and Df   x  |x   
2  2
y  3 so Rf  y  | y  3
e y  2 x  1
x  1  0  x  1 and Df  x  | x  1
y  0 so Rf  y  | y  0
f y 13 2 x
2  x  0  x  2 and Df  x  | x  2
y  1  Rf  y  | y  1
Exercise 2E
4 4
1 y  
2
x  3x x  x  3
x  x  3  0  x  0 and x  3
 Df  x  | x  0, x  3
Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  0, x  3, y  0
1 1
2 y  
x 2  9  x  3  x  3
 x  3  x  3  0  x  3
 Df  x  | x  3
 1
Rf  y  | y  0 or y   
 9
1 1
3 y  
x 2  2x  3  x  3   x  1

Worked solutions
 x  3  x  1  0  x  1, x  3
 Df  x  | x  1, x  3
 1
Rf  y  | y  0 or y  
 4
Asymptotes: x  3, x  1, y  0
2
4 y 
 x  2
2
 x  2
2
 0  x  2
 Df  x  | x  2
Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  2, y  0
1 1
5 y  
2x 2  9x  18  2 x  3  x  6 
 3 
 Df   x  | x  , x  6 
 2 
 8 
Rf  y  | y  0 or y  
 225 
3
Asymptotes: x  6, x  , y  0
2
6 Df  x  | x  2
Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  2, y  0
1 1
7 y  
 x  1
2
2  x  1  2  x  1  2 
 Df  x   | x  1  2 or x  2  1 
Rf  y  | y  0
Asymptotes: x  1  2, x  2  1, y  0
2 2
8 y  
2
4x  25  2 x  5  2 x  5
 5 5
 Df   x  | x   or x  
 2 2
Rf  y  | y  0
5 5
Asymptotes: x   , x  , y 0
2 2

Worked solutions
Exercise 2F
1 1 A B
1   
x 2  5x  6  x  3  x  2 x  3 x  2
 1  A  x  2   B  x  3
Set x  2 : 1  B  B  1
Set x  3 : 1   A  A  1
1 1 1
  
x 2  5x  6 x  2 x  3
4x 4x A B
2   
x  x  2  x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1
2
 4  x  A  x  1  B  x  2 
Set x  1 : 3  3B  B  1
Set x  2 : 6  3 A  A  2
4x 1 2
 2
 
x  x 2 x 1 x  2
4x  9 4x  9 A B
3   
x 2  3x x  x  3 x x  3
 4 x  9  A  x  3  Bx
Set x  0 :  9  3 A  A  3
Set x  3 : 3  3B  B  1
4x  9 3 1
  
x 2  3x x x 3
x x A B
4   
x 2  1  x  1  x  1 x  1 x  1
 x  A  x  1  B  x  1
1
Set x  1 : 1  2B  B 
2
1
Set x  1 :  1  2 A  A 
2
x 1 1 1 
 2
   
x  1 2  x  1 x  1
5 5 5 A B
5  2   
2
x  x  6 x  x 6  x  3  x  2  x  3 x  2
 5  A  x  2   B  x  3
Set x  2 :  5  5B  B  1
Set x  3 :  5  5 A  A  1
5 1 1
 2
 
x  x  6 x  3 x  2
10x  1 10x  1 A B
6   
8x 2  2x  1  4x  1 2x  1 4x  1 2x  1

Worked solutions
 10 x  1  A 2 x  1  B  4 x  1
1
Set x   :  6  3B  B  2
2
1 3 3
Set x  :  A A 1
4 2 2
10 x  1 1 2
  
8x 2  2x  1 4x  1 2x  1
11  3x 11  3x A B
7   
6 x 2  5x  6  3 x  2   2 x  3  3 x  2 2 x  3
 11  3x  A 2 x  3  B 3x  2 
2 13
Set x  : 13  A A3
3 3
3 13 13
Set x   :  B  B  1
2 2 2
11  3x 3 1
  
6 x 2  5x  6 3x  2 2 x  3
Exercise 2G
1 Df  , Rf  y  | y  3
2 Df  , Rf  y  | y  1
3 Df  , Rf  y  | y  4
4 Df  , Rf  y  | y  1

Worked solutions
5 Df  , Rf  y  | y  1
6 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2
7 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2
8 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2
9 Df  , Rf  y  | y  0
10 Df  , Rf  y  | y  2

Worked solutions
Exercise 2H
1 a 10  3x  2  7  3x  2  3
 3x  2  3 or 3x  2  3
1
3x  2  3  x 
3
5
3x  2  3  x  
3
Substituting into the equation shows these are both valid
b 8 x 7 3  5  x 7 1
 x  7  1 or x  7  1
x  7  1  x  6
x  7  1  x  8
Substituting into the equation show these are both valid
c x  2  2x  1
 x  2  2x  1 or x  2   2x  1
1
 x  3 or x 
3
1
Substituting these into the equation  x  only
3
d 4x  3  3  x
 4x  3  3  x or 4x  3  x  3
4x  3  3  x  x  0
4x  3  x  3  x  2
Substituting these shows these are both valid
e 4x  9  2x  1
 4x  9  2x  1 or 4x  9  1  2 x
4x  9  2x  1  x  5
4
4x  9  1  2x  x  
3
f 5x  3  2x  1  0  5x  3  2x  1

Worked solutions
 5x  3  2x  1 or 5x  3  1  2 x
4
5x  3  2 x  1  x  
3
2
5x  3  1  2 x  x  
7
2x  5 3x  4
g   2 2 x  5  3 3x  4
3 2
 2 2x  5  3 3x  4  or 2 2 x  5   3 3x  4 

22
2 2 x  5  3 3x  4   x  
5
2
2 2x  5  3 3x  4   x  
13
Exercise 2I
3
1 a For x   ,
2
3
2x  3  6  2x  3  6  x 
2
3 9
For x  , 2 x  3  6   2 x  3   6  x  
2 2
9 3
  x 
2 2
3
b For x  ,
2
2x  3  5  2x  3  5  x  4
3
For x  ,
2
2 x  3  5  3  2 x  5  x  1
 x  1 or x  4
2
c For x  ,
3
3  2 x  5  3  2 x  5  x  1
3
For x  ,
2
3  2x  5  2x  3  5  x  4
 1  x  4
d 1  3x  5
1 4
For x  , 1  3x  5  x  
3 3
1
For x  , 3x  1  5  x  2
3
4
 x   or x  2
3
e 2x  3  x  3

Worked solutions
2x  3  x  3 or  2 x  3  x  3
2x  3  x  3  x  0
 2 x  3  x  3  x  2
Checking points in these regions shows they are both valid
 x  2 or x  0
f x  6  3x  2
 x  6  3x  2 or x  6   3x  2 
x  6  3x  2  x  2
x  6   3x  2   x  2
 2  x  2
g 2 x 2  x 5  4
For x  5,
2  x  2    x  5  4  x  3
For  5  x  2,
13
2  x  2   (x  5)  4  x  
3
For x  2,
2  x  2    x  5  4  x  5
Considering points within each possible region or graphical means,
13
  x 5
3
2
 3 25
h x 2  3x  4   x    3
 2 4
Drawing the graph, we can see there will be two regions

2
 3 25 3 37
x    3 x  
 2  4 2 2
2
25  3 3 13
 x    3  x   
4  2 2 2
Considering these intersections graphically, the desired regions are
3  37 3  13 13  3 37  3
 x or x
2 2 2 2
2 a Since the graph (LHS) is positive everywhere due to the modulus,
the inequality holds in the entire domain x  | x  2
1
b  1  x 1  1
x 1
Intersections at  0,1 and 2,1

From the graph, deduce that the desired region is
0  x  1 and 1  x  2

Worked solutions
Exercise 2J
1 a f  9  1
f  0  1
f    1
f 99  1
c Df 
Rf  1,1
2 a f  4  16
f  0  0
f 1  3
c Df 
Rf 
3 a f  1  4
f  0  1
f  8  3

Worked solutions
c Df 
Rf  y  | y  1 or y  1
4 a f  1  0
f  0  1
f  4  3
f  8  3
c Df 
Rf  y  | y  0
3x  10, x  2

5 f  x    2,  2  x  2
3x  10, x  2

6 a f x  
 2x  4, x  2

 2x  4 , x  2

b f x  
 3x  7, x  3

11  3x, x  3
Exercise 2K
1 Neither
2 Onto and one-to-one

Worked solutions
3 One-to-one, not onto
4 One-to-one, not onto
5 Onto, not one-to-one
6 Onto, not one-to-one
7 Individual Response
Exercise 2L
f  x   2    x   2  x2  f  x  so even
2
1 a
Many-to-one
b  
g   x   3   x     x    3x  x3  g  x  so odd
3
Many-to-one
1 1  1 
c h  x          h  x  so odd
2   x  2x  2x 
One-to-one
p   x   2   x  3 so neither odd nor even

2
d
Many-to-one
e f  x  isn't even defined for x  0 so neither
Many-to-one
f
3 5
 
f   x     x   2   x     x    x  2x 3  x5  f  x  so odd
Many-to-one
2 Suppose that f  x  is both even and odd
Then f   x   f  x   f  x 
 2f  x   0 for all x
 f  x   0 for all x
Exercise 2M
1 a i  
g f 1  g 3  3
ii  
f g 2   f  2  3 2
iii f  g  x    f  x  3 x
 
iv g f  x   g 3x   3x 

Worked solutions
b i  
g f 1  g 2  8
ii  
f g 2  f 8  19
   
iii f g  x   f x2  4  5  3 x2  4  3x2  7  
iv g  f  x    g 5  3x   4  5  3x   29  30x  9x 2
2
c i  
g f 1  g 2  3
ii 
f g 2  f   3  3 1
iii f  g  x    f  
2x  1  2x  1  1
 
iv g f  x   g  x  1  2x  1
2 a i Df 
 1
Rf  y  |y   
 4
Dg 
Rg 
ii Df 
Rf  y  | y  0
Dg  x  | x  2
Rg  y  | y  0
g  x   2  3x   2  3x   2  3x  2  3x   1  3  x  1 3x  2

2
b i f

g f  2  3 x2  x  2  3x  3x2 
Df g 
 1
Rf g  y  |y   
 4
Dg f 
 11 
Rg f  y  |y  
 4
ii f g x  x2  4  1
g f x   x  1  x  3  x  1
2
4 

Worked solutions
Df g  x  | x  2
Rf g  y  | y  1
Dg f  x  | x  3 or x  1
Rg f  y  | y  0
3 a i  
f h  x   1  2 2x  4
ii 
h  g  x    2 x 2  1  4  2x 2  2 
 
iii h h  x   2 2x  4  4

iv f g  h  x    f     
2
2x  4  1  f 2x  3  1  2 2x  3  4x  5
 
b i Df h  x  | x  2 , Rf h  y  | y  1
ii Dh g  , Rh g  y  | y  2
iii Dh h  x  | x  2 , Rh h  y  | y  2
iv Df g h  , Rf g h 
x4
4 f  x   3x  a, g  x  
3
x4
 
f g x  3 
3
a  x 4a
3x  a  4 a4

g f x  
3
x
3
a4
  a  4  a  4  3a  12
3
 2a  8  a  4
5 Individual Response
 b t  h  20  4h  2  80  4h  2  500
2
6 a

 20 16h2  16h  4  320h  160  150 
2
 320h  420
b 10000 = 320h2 + 420
h = 5.47 hours
2
 40  3t  t 2 
7 r t   r v t      0.1  0.2 ; 2 hours
 500 
Exercise 2N
1 a {(2.4),(2,0),(2,−2,),(2,2)}. Inverse relation is not a function since 2 has more than one
image.

Worked solutions
b 3,1 , 2, 6 ,  4, 3 , 0,0 ,  5, 5 ,  3, 2
c  1, 1 , 3, 3 ,  5, 2 ,  4, 4 , 1,1 , 3, 5 ,  2,0
x 1
2 a x  5y  1  y  f 1  x  
5
y 2
b x   y  f 1  x   3x  2
3
c x  y 2  3  y  f 1  x 3 
must restrict to either positive or negative square root for this to be a function
2 2  3x
d x
y 3
 y  3  xy  3x  2  y  f 1  x   x
 x  0
x  y 3  1  y  f 1  x    x  1 3
1
y 1
f x 
y 1
y  1
xy  x  y  1  y  x  1  x  1
x 1
 y  f 1  x    x  1
x 1
x   y  2   x  y  2  y  2  x
2
3 a
Take positive square root to make this a function, and restrict domain
to x  0
 y  f 1  x   2  x
Df 1  x  | x  0
Rf 1  y  | y  2
2y  1
b x  , y  1
y 1
xy  x  2y  1  y 2  x   x  1
2x
 y  f 1  x   , x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
c x  4y 2  1  y 2  y 
4 2
Take e.g. positive square root to make this a function and restrict domain
such that x  1
x 1
y  f 1  x  
2
4 This can be done by direct substitution, but note that in general,

Worked solutions
g f f 1
g 1  g f f 1  g 1  g id g 1  g id 
g 1  g g 1  id
where id is the identity function id  x   x
 g f  f g   x   x
1 1

 f 1 g 1   x   g f   x  1
Since this is true in general, it is certainly true for the specified functions
5 Important: it must be shown that both f g  x   x and g f  x   x    

 x
a  
f g  x   4 1    4  4  x  4  x
4

1

and g f  x   1   4
 4x  4  1  x  1  x
2
 3  5 2  2 1  x 
b 
f g x   1 
2
x 
2
x
33
1 x
2 2  x  3

and g f  x     x 5
3  
x  5   x  3
 3   x  3  3  x
1
x 3
3
 3 2x  3 
 2  3
 
3
2  3
2x 2x
c 
f g x   
2
 
2

2
x
 2 x  3
3
3
2 3
and g  f  x    2 
 2 x  3  3  x
2 2
Exercise 2O
For all of a, to transform y=f(x) to y=|f(x)|, the graph is unchanged for y≥0, and reflected in the
x=axis for y<0.
For all of ii, to transform y=f(x) to y=f(|x|), the graph is unchanged for x≥0. Where x<0, the part
of the graph for x≥0 is reflected in the y-axis.

Worked solutions

Worked solutions
Exercise 2P
1 a

Worked solutions
2 a
Exercise 2Q
1 a

Worked solutions
2 a r  x   2f  x 
s  x   f  x  3
b r  x   f  x 
x
s x  f    4
2
3 a Rf  y  | 0  y  6
c Df  x  | 2  x  8
d h x  g x  6
e h  x   f  x   6
4 a g  x   f  x 
b g x  f  x 
c g  x   f  x  4  1
5
d g  x   f  x  
4

Worked solutions
1
e g x 
f x
f g  x   f  x   2
Exercise 2R
1
1 In order of the transformations given, the function y  is transformed to
x
2
y 
x
2
then y 
3x
2
then y  3
3  x  2
Df  x  | x  2 , Rf  y  | y  3
1
2 a Horizontal dilation factor of , followed by a vertical dilation of factor 2, then a horizontal
3
translation of 4 units in the positive x-direction, and a vertical translation of 1 unit in the
positive y-direction.
b  
y  2f 2  x  4  1
x 3 x 58 8
3 a y   1
x 5 x 5 x 5
e.g. translation by   , vertical stretch by factor -8, translation by  

 5   0
0 1
   
4x  5 2 2x  1  3 3
b y   2
2x  1 2x  1 2x  1
1
e.g. translation by   , stretch horizontally by scale factor , stretch
 1  2
0
 
vertically by scale factor 3, translation by  
0
2
 
2x  4 2  x  1  2 2
c y   2
x 1 x 1 x 1
e.g. translation by   , stretch vertically by scale factor 2,

 1 
0
 
translation by  
0
2
 

Worked solutions
Exercise 2S

Worked solutions
Chapter review
1 a The graph does not represent a function since it does not pass the vertical line test.
b This graph represents a function.
Df  4  x  5 Rf  1,2
c This graph represents a function.
Df  Rf  y  | 1  y  1
d This mapping does not represent a function since 5 is mapped on to more than one element.
e This graph does not represent a function since it does not pass the vertical line test.
f This relation represents a function.
Df  1,0,3,  
Rf   
2 a  
f g h 2   f  g 3  f 1  2
b  
h1 g 1 f 1 2   h  g 1  h 3  2
1 1 1
y 2
3 a x   y  f 1  x   5x  2
5
b x  1  y  x2  1  y  y  g 1  x   1  x2
3y 2x
c x
2y
 2x  xy  3y  y 
3 x
 x  3
4 Translate the graph of y=f(x) 3 units in the negative x-direction, reflect in the y-axis, vertical
stretch by a factor of 2, vertical translation of 4 units in the positive direction.
5 x  2  2x  1  x  3
1
2  x  2x  1  x 
3
Graphical representation  the desired region is the section between these intersections
1
i.e. -3  x 
3
1 1 x
6 x 2
 x  xy 2  1  y 2 
1 y x
1 x
Take y 
x
1 1 x
  x
 1 x 
2
1 x x 1 x
1
1  x
 x
 
1
1
1  x2  1  x2  1
and  x 2  x  x in the domain 0,1
1 1
1  x2

Worked solutions
x2  1
7 a y  f x 
x
 x 
2
1 x2  1
f  x     f  x  so even
x |x|
x
b y  f x 
x2  1
f  x  
  x    x  f x
  so odd
 x   1
2
x2  1
x x x
c f (x)  ; f ( x)   ; f (x)   , hence neither.
x x x
2 2 A B
8   
x  5x  6  x  3  x  2 x  2 x  3
2
 2  A  x  3  B  x  2 
Set x  2 : 2  A  A  2
Set x  3 : 2  B  B  2
2 2 2
 2
 
x  5x  6 x  2 x  3
9 a No real roots    0 (1 mark)
  36  4 2k   k   36  8k 2 (1 mark)
2
36  8k  0
36 9
k2  
8 2
3
k 
2
3 3
k  or k  (2 marks)
2 2
b 6 3
b Equation of line of symmetry is x     (2 marks)
2a 4k 2k
3
Therefore 1
2k
3
k  (1 mark)
2
10 a The graph of f is shifted two units in the positive x-direction and one unit in the negative
y-direction.
b 
y  2(x  2)2  4(x  2)  7  1  (3 marks)

Worked solutions
 
 2(x2  4x  4)  4x  8  7  1
 2x2  4x  6 (1 mark)
3y  4
11 a x  yx  2x  3y  4 (2 marks)
y 2
yx  3y  4  2x
y(x  3)  (4  2x)
2x  4
y 
3 x
2x  4
f 1(x)  (1 mark)
3 x
b x≠3 (1 mark)
k
12 a y  1
x 1
k
x  1
y 1
x  y  1  k  y  1 (1 mark)
xy  x  k  y  1 (1 mark)
xy  y  k  x  1
y  x  1  k  x  1
k  x 1
y 
x 1
k
y  1 (1 mark)
x 1
k
f 1  x   1
x 1
So f is self-inverse
b Range is f  x   1 , f  x   (2 marks)
c
(shape of graph: 1 mark)
(both asymptotes: 1mark)

Worked solutions
x2  6x  13   x  3  4
2
13 a (2 marks)
Therefore k  3 (1 mark)
y   x  3  4
2
b
x   y  3  4
2
 y  3
2
 x4 (2 mark)
y 3  x4
y  3 x 4
f 1  x   3  x  4 (1 mark)
c The domain of f 1  x  is x  4 ,  x   (1 mark)
The range of f 1  x  is f  x   3 ,  f  x    (1 mark)
17  10x 12  5  10x
14 a f x   (2 marks)
2x  1 2x  1
12  1  2x 
 (1 mark)
2x  1
12  5 2x  1

2x  1
12 5 2x  1
 
2x  1 2x  1
12
 5 (1 mark)
2x  1
1
b i x  (1 mark)
2
ii y  5 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
(1 mark for each branch correctly drawn, 1 mark for both asymptotes; 3 marks total)
15 a 6 (1 mark)
18 1  0.82  12
b P   57 (2 marks)
3  0.034  12
18 1  0.82t 
c Solving 100  (1 mark)
3  0.034t
300  3.4t  18 1  0.82t 
300  3.4t  18  14.76t
282  11.36t
282
t   24.8 months (1 mark)
11.36
OR
(1 mark)
t = 24.8 months (1 mark)
18  0.82
d A horizontal asymptote exists at P   434.12 (2 marks)
0.034
Therefore for t  0 , P  434 (1 mark)
OR
(1 mark)
A horizontal asymptote exists at P = 434 (1 mark)
Therefore for t ≥ 0, P < 434 , P  434 (1 mark)
16 a Attempting to use either asymptotes or intercepts, (1 mark)
1
a  2; b  1; c  (3 marks)
2

Worked solutions
(1 mark for both asymptotes; 1 mark for both intercepts; 1 mark for left-hand branch
correct; 1 mark for right-hand branch correct)
17  x  3  x2  6x  9
2
(1 mark)
2  x  3  2x2  12x  18
2
(2 marks)
2  x  3  12x  2x2  18
2
Therefore g  x   2x2  12x (1 mark)

Worked solutions
Expanding the number system:

3 complex numbers
Skills check
1 a x  13 b x  2 7 c x  3 11
1
2 a x = 1, −2 b x = −2, 1 c x  ,1
3
1
3 a x  3 b 4  x  2 c  x2
4
1 2x
4 a x = −5, y = −9 b y  
3 3
13 3
c x  ,y   d No solutions
8 4
Exercise 3A
1 x2  8x  15   x  5 x  3  0
 x  5 or x  2
2 x2  5x  14   x  7 x  2  0
 x  7 or x  2
3 3x2  7x  2  3x  1 x  2  0
1
x  or x  2
3
4x2  20x  25  2x  5  0

2
4
5
x 
2
5 5x2  4x  12  5x  6 x  2  0
6
x   or x  2
5
Exercise 3B
x2  6x  7   x  3  16  0
2
1 a
  x  3  16  x  3  4
2
 x  7 or x  1
2
 7 49
b x 2  7x  30   x     30  0
 2 4

Worked solutions
2
 7 169 7 13
x    x  
 2 4 2 2
 x  3 or x  10
2
 1 1
c x2  x  1   x     1  0
 2  4
2
 1 5 1 5
x     x 
 2  4 2
2
7 2  7 49 2
d x2  x   x     0
3 3  6 36 3
2
 7 25
 x   
 6 36
75 1
x   x  or x  2
6 3
e 4x2  12x  5  0
5
x 2  3x  0
4
2
 3 9 5
x      0
 2  4 4
2
 3
 x    1
 2
3
 x   1
2
5 1
 x   or x  
2 2
2 3
  x  1   0
2
f x 2  2x 
5 5
3
 x  1
2

5
3 5 3 15
x 1  1
5 5 5
x2  2x  1   x  1  2  0
2
2 a
 x 1 2
 x  2.41 or x  0.414 to 3s.f.
2 2
 3 9  3 5
b x 2  3x  1   x    1    x     0
 2  4  2  4
3 5
x 
2
 x  0.382 or x  2.62 to 3s.f.
1 3
c x2  x 0
2 2

Worked solutions
2 2
 1 3 1  1 25
x      x    0
 4 2 16  4 16
15
x 
4
 x  1.00 or x  1.50 to 3s.f.
5
d x 2  3x  0
3
2 2
 3 9 5  3 7
x      x    0
 2  4 3  2  12
3 7
x  
2 12
 x  2.26 or  0.736 to 3s.f.
Exercise 3C
1 a x2  9x  18  0
9  92  4 1 18  9  9 9  3
x   
2 1 2 2
 x  6 or x  3
b x2  x  30  0
 1  4 1  30 

2
1 1  11
x  
2 1 2
 x  5 or x  6
c x2  x  1  0
 1  4 1 1

2
1 1  3
x   
2 1 2
d 2x2  3x  2  0
 3  4 2   2 
2
3 3  25 3  5
x   
2 2  4 4
1
 x  2 or x  
2
e 2x2  11x  3  0
x 
11   11
2
4  2  3   11  121  4 6
2 2 2 2
2 a x2  3  a x  3a  0

Worked solutions
 a  3  4  3a
2
a3
x 
2
2
a  3  a  6a  9

2
 a  3
2
a3

2
a3 a3

2
so x  a or x  3
b 2x2  2b  1 x  b  0
2b  1  4 2   b 
2
1  2b 
x 
2 2 
1  2b  4b2  4b  1

4
2b  1
2
1  2b 

4
1  2b  2b  1

4
1
so x  or x  b
2
c x2  kx  2k 2  0
x 
k  k 2  4 1 2k 2  
2
k  9k 2
k  3 k
 
2 2
so x  k or x  2k
d p2 x2  2px  3  0
2 p   4 p2  3
2
2 p 
x 
2 p2
2 p  16 p2 2 p  4 p
 
2 p2 2 p2
3 1
so x   or x 
p p
Exercise 3D
1 a   32  4 1 7  37  0 so two distinct real roots
b   12  4 12  7  0 so no real roots
  2  4 1 1  0 so one repeated real root

2
c
 3
2
d   4 5 2  37  0 so no real roots

Worked solutions
e 2x2   x  1  0
      4 21   2  8  32  8  1  0 so two distinct real roots

2
f 2.25x2  21x  49  0
   21  4 2.25  49  0 so one repeated real root

2
2 a mx2  2x  5  0
  22  4m  5  4  20m
1
Two distinct real roots: 4  20m  0  m  
5
1
One repeated real root: m  
5
1
No real roots: m  
5
b 4x2  3x  t  4  0
   3  4  4   t  4   9  16  t  4   73  16t
2
73
Two distinct real roots: t 
16
73
One repeated real root: t 
16
73
No real roots: t 
16
c 2s  1 x2  s 3x  1
2s  1 x 2  3sx  s  0
   3s   4s 2s  1  9s2  8s2  4s  s  s  4 
2
Two distinct real roots: s  0 or s  4

One repeated real root: s  0 or s  4
No real roots: 0  s  4
Exercise 3E
1  x  4  x  2  0
 x ]4,2[
 x  4
2
2 0
x \ 4
3  x  15  x  2  0
 x   , 2  15,  

Worked solutions
4  4x  3  x  2  0
3 
 x   ,2
4 
5 5x2  6x  8  0
5 x  4   x  2   0
 4
 x   ,    2,  
 5
6 9x2  12x  4  0
2 
 3x  2 
2
 0 so x   
3 
Exercise 3F
1 a Re  z   0, Im  z   4
b Re  z   5, Im  z   0
c Re  z   24, Im  z   7
5 12
d Re  z   , Im  z   
13 13
1 2
e Re  z    , Im  z  
5 5
z  02   4  16  4
2
2 a
b z  52  02  25  5
 24
2
c z   72  576  49  625  25
2 2
 5   12  169
d z        1
 13   13  169
2 2
 2   1 
e z       1
 5  5
3 a z1  z2  z3  3  5  1  i  4  1  2  3  3i
b 2z1  3z2  4z3  6  15  4  i  8  3  8  25  13i

Worked solutions
1 2 1
c  z1  z2  z3
2 3 4
1 2 1

2
3  4i   3 5  i   4  1  2i 
 3 10 1   2 1
      i 2   
 2 3 4   3 2
25 13i
 
12 6
4z3  5z1  2z2

d
3
4  1  2i   5 3  4i   2 5  i 

3
4  8i  15  20i  10  2i

3
9  30i
  3  10i
3
Exercise 3G
1 a z1z2  2z3*  1  i 3  2i   2  2  3i 
 5  i  4  6i  1  5i
z1 z2 zz* z
b   1 32  2
z3 5 z3 5

1  i   2  3i   3  2i
 2  32
2
5
1  5i 3  2i
 
13 5
5  25i  39  26i

65
34 1
  i
65 65
z12  3z2 z3  1  i   3 3  2i   2  3i 
2
c
 1  2i  1  3  6  13i  6 
 37i
d
z1z3 zz z
 1 22 3 
1  i  3  2i   2  3i 
z2* 32   2
2
z2

1  i  13i   i 1  i   i  1
13
2z1  4z2* 2 1  i   4 3  2i 
e 
z3 z2*  2  3i  3  2i 
Worked solutions
10  6i 10  6i 10  6i  12  5i 

  
122   5
2
12  5i 12  5i
90  122i 90 122i
  
169 169 169
1  2i
2 a  2  i so Re  z   2 and Im  z   1
i
1 2i 2i 1  i 
b   i   i  i 1  i   1
i 1i 2
so Re  z   1 and Im  z   0
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i   1  2i 
2 2
c  
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i  1  2i 

1  2i  1  2i  1  2i  1  2i 
5
8i

5
8
so Re  z   0 and Im  z  
5
3 a 1  3i  a  bi   a  3b  3a  b i  5  5i
so a  3b  5 and 3a  b  5
 3a  9b  15
 10b  10  b  1
 a  5  3b  a  2
a  bi
b  3  i
1  2i
 a  bi   3  i  1  2i   5  5i
so a  5 and b  5
4 a 2  z  i   3i  z  1
 z 2  3i   2i  3i  5i
5i 5i 2  3i 
z  
22   3
2
2  3i
10i  15 15 10
   i
13 13 13
z 2 z i
b 
1  2i 2  i
 z  2 2  i    z  i  1  2i 
 z 2  i  1  2i   2 2  i   i 1  2i 
 1  3i  z  2  i
z 
2i

2  i  1  3i 
1  3i 12  32
5  5i 1  i
 
10 2

Worked solutions
c  z  2i  2  i    z  11  i 
 z 2  i  1  i   2i 2  i   1  i 
 z 1  2i   1  3i
1  3i 1  3i  1  2i  5  5i
z     1  i
1  2i 12  22 5
z 1 i z  3i  2
d 
1  4i 2i  5
  z  1  i  2i  5   z  3i  2  1  4i 
 z 2i  5  1  4i     i  1 2i  5   3i  2  1  4i 
  6i  4  z  3  7i  10  11i  13  18i
z  
13  18i

13  18i   4  6i 
4  6i 42  62
52  108  6i

52
40 3
  i
13 26
a  bi
5 a k  a  bi  2k  ki
2i
Comparing imaginary parts  b  k

Comparing real parts  a  2k  2b
so a  2b
1i
b  ki where k 
a  bi
1 1
 b  ai   i
k k
1
Comparing real parts  b 
k
1
Comparing imaginary parts  a    b
k
so a  b
6 a z  z 1
 x 2  y 2  x  iy  1
Comparing imaginary parts,
y 0
 x2  x  1  0
 x  x 1  0
x  0 yields no solution  x  x  1  0  false statement
for x  0
2x  1  0
1
x 
2
b z  z*  i

Worked solutions
 x 2  y 2   x  iy   i
 x 2  y 2  x  iy  i
Comparing real parts, y  1
 x2  1  x  0
 x 2  1  x 2  1  0 false statement
Therefore, this has no solutions
c z2  z*  2
  x  iy    x  iy   2
2
 x 2  2ixy  y 2  x  iy  2

 x 2  x  y 2  2 xy  y  i  2 
Comparing imaginary parts,
2 xy  y  0  y 2 x  1  0
1
so y  0 or x 
2
1
If x  ,
2
2
1 1 2
   y 2
2
  2
5
 y2   which has no solutions
4
If y  0,
x2  x  2  0
 x  1  x  2  0
so x  1 or x  2
7 a z1z2   x1  iy1   x2  iy2    x1x2  y1y2   i  x1y2  x2y1 
 x1x2  y1y2    x1y2  x2y1 

2 2

 x12 x22  y12y22  x12y22  x22y12
 x 1
2
 y12  x 2
2
 y22 
2 2 2 2
 x 1 y 1 x 2 y 2  z1 z2
1
b Follows from part a: replace z2 with
z2
  z1  z2   z1  z2 
2 *
c z1  z2
2 2
 z1  z2  z1 z2*  z1* z2  
2
 z1  z2  2Re z z
2
 1 2
*

2 2 *
 z1  z2  2 z z 1 2
2 2
 z1  z2  2 z1 z2*
2 2
 z1  z2  2 z1 z2
  z1  z2 
2
Since z1  z2 and z1  z2 are non-negative

z1  z2  z1  z2

Worked solutions
z 
*
  x  iy   x  iy  z
* *
8 a
 z1  z2   x  x2   i  y1  y2  
* *
b  1
  x1  x2   i  y1  y2 
  x1  iy1    x2  iy2 
 z1*  z2*
 z1z2   x  iy1   x2  iy2  

* *
c  1

 x1x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1  
*
 x1 x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1 

  x1  iy1   x2  iy2 
 z1* z2*
  x1  iy1   x2  iy2  
* * *
 z1   x1  iy1 
d       
z
 2 x
 2  iy2   x22  y22 
 x x  y1y2  i  y1x2  x1y2  

*
 1 2 
 x22  y22
 
x1 x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1 

x22  y22
and
z1* x  iy1
 1
 x  iy1   x2  iy2 
 1
z2* x2  iy2 x22  y22
x1 x2  y1y2  i  x1y2  x2y1 

x22  y22
*
z  z*
so  1   1*
 z2  z2
x 2   y   z *
2
e z  x2  y 2 
Exercise 3H
1 a i 7  i17  i 27  i 37
     
4 6 9
 i 4i 3  i 4 i  i4 i3  i 4 i
 i 3  i  i 3  i  i  i  i  i  0
b i173  i 272  i 27  i 37
 i172i  i 272  i 24i 3  i 36 i
       
43 68 6 9
 i4 i  i4  i4 i3  i 4 i
3
 iii i
 iiii 0
c 3  i 1  2i   3  i i 1  2i i 
77 93 76 92

Worked solutions

 3  i4  
19

i 1  2 i4  
23
i 
 3  i  1  2i 
 5  5i
   
504 504
4
3i 2018  2i 2019 3i 2016i 2  2i 2016i 3 3 i i2  2 i 4 i3
d  
4i 2020  3i 2021 4i 2020  3i 2020i    3 i 
505 505
4 i4 4
i

3  2i

3  2i   4  3i    6  17i   6  17 i
4  3i  4  3i   4  3i  25 25 25
2019
e i  i2  i3  i 4  0  i
k 1
k
 0  0  ...0  i  i 2  i 3  1
2019
i  i 2  i 3  i 4  1   i k   1
504
 i  i 2  i 3  1
k 1
1
1
1
1010
f i  i3  0  i
k 1
2k 1
0
1010
i  i 3  1   i 2k  1
k 1
0
0
1
3  2i   3  3 3 2i   3 3 2i   2i 

3 3 2 2 3
2 a
 27  54i  36  8i
 9  46i
1  3i   1  4  3i   6  3i   4  3i    3i 

4 2 3 4
b
 1  12i  6  9  4 27i   81

 28  96i
1  2i   1  2i 
4 4
c
 1  4  2i   6  2i   4  2i    2i    1  4 2i   6 2i   4 2i   2i  
2 3 4 2 3 4
   
 1  4 2i   6 2i   4 2i   2i    1  4 2i   6 2i   4 2i   2i  
   
2 3 4 2 3 4
   

 2 1  6 2i   2i 
2 4

 2 1  24  16   14
1  i   1  i 
5 5
d
  
 1  5i  10i 2  10i 3  5i 4  i 5  1  5i  10i 2  10i 3  5i 4  i 5 
 2 5i  10i  i  3 5
 2 5i  10i  i 
 8i
3 a i  a  bi

Worked solutions
 i   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi
2
Comparing real part:

a2  b2  0  a   b
1
If a  b, 2ab  2a2  1  a  
2
If a  b, 2ab  2a2  1 no solutions since a 
1 i 1  i   2 2 
 or or    i 
 
2 2   2 2 
i  a  bi  i   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi
2
b
Comparing real parts, a2  b2  0  a  b
Comparing imaginary parts:
1  2ab
1
if a  b  1  2a2  a2    no solution
2
Only a solution if a  b
1
 1  2a2  a  
2
1i 1  i   2 2 
 or or    i 
 2  
2 2   2
21  20i  a  bi  21  20i   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi

2
c
10
 a2  b2  21 and ab  10  a 
b
100
  b2  21
b2
 b4  21b2  100  0
 
 b2  25 b2  4  0 
b  b  5
10
a  2
5
  2  5i 
5 i
d   a  bi
36 3
5 i
   a  bi   a2  b2  2abi
2
36 3
5 1
 a2  b2  and 2ab  
36 3
1
a  
6b
1 5
  b2 
36b2 36
 1  36b4  5b2
 36b4  5b2  1  0
 
 9b2  1 4b2  1  0 
1 1
b b a
3 2
1 1 
   i
2 3 
Worked solutions
4 a The statement follows repeated application of the result
given in Exercise 3G Question 7a. Can be (quite trivially) proven formally

using this property via induction (in a similar fashion to the below)
z   
n *
b P  n : *
 zn , n 
P 1 is true
Then,
z   z  z  z  z
k 1 k *
* * * k *
 z z
*
k
using Exercise 3G Question 8c
=z 
*
k 1
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if

P  k  is true for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Thus, the

statement is true for all n  by the principle of mathematical
induction
1  i 
2
5 a  2i
1  i   1  3i  3  i  2  2i
3
1  i   1  i   2  2i   4
4
1  i   4 1  i  which is a multiple of 1  i 
5
so it is clear that whenever n  4k  k    , 1  i 

n
is real
b It immediately follows from above that when n  4k  2  k  0,1,2...
1  i 
2
is purely imaginary
 
n
1  i   1  i    2i 
2n 2 n
6 a
1  i   1  i  1  i   1  i   2i 
2n 1 2n n
b using part a
Exercise 3I
1 a q(x) = 2x2 – 3x + 1 b q(x) = 3x3 + x2 + 2
c q(x) = x3 – x2 − 2
2 a q(x) = 3x2 – 3x – 2, r = −3 b q(x) = 2x2 – 5x +5, r(x) = 6x – 15
c q(x) = x2 + x, r(x) = −x2 – x + 1
Exercise 3J
1 a q(x) = x2 + 4x + 5, r = 11 b q(x) = 2x2 – 3x – 1, r = 11
c q(x) = 2x3 + 2x2 – x + 3, r = 1 d q(x) = 3x4 + 2x3 – 2x2 – x + 13, r = −81

Worked solutions
2x 2  3x  20
2 a  x  1 (x  3) 2x  x  32x2  31x  60
4 3
b 2x2  3x  20  2x  5 x  4
2x 4  x3  32x2  31x  60   x  1 x  32x  5 x  4
Exercise 3K
1 a q(x) = x2 – x + 3, r = 1 b q(x) = 3x2 + x + 1, r = 1
c q(x) = x3 + 2x2 – x + 1, r = 4 d q(x) = x4 – 2x3 + x2 – x +3, r = −1
2  
f  x   x2  2 2x2  3x  1  x  3 
 2x 4  3x 3  x 2  4x 2  6x  2  x  3
 2x 4  3x 3  5x 2  5x  1
3 By factor theorem,
f  2  6  2  17  2  20  2  35  2  44  2   a

5 4 3 2
 12  a  0  a  12
Horner’s algorithm
6 +17 −20 −35 +44 +a
−2 6 5 −30 25 −6 12 + a
12  a  0  a  12
4 3 2
 1  1  1  1  1
f    2   5   4   b   1
 2  2  2  2  2
1 b
    0  b  1
2 2
2 5 −4 −b 1
1 2 4 −6 3+b 1 1
   b
2 2 2
1 1
  b 0 b 1
2 2
f 1  1  5  5  a  b  11  a  b  0  a  b  11
f  2    2   5  2   5  2   a  2   b  0
4 3 2
 2a  b  4
Eliminating b,
3a  15  a  5 and therefore b  6

Worked solutions
1 5 5 a b
1 1 6 11 11 + a 11 + a + b
−2 1 4 3 5+a
11  a  b  0
5  a  0  a  5  b  6
1 6 13 30 45 a a
f  5  4  3    b  14   b  0
2 2 2 2 4 2 2
 a  2b  28
By polynomial remainder theorem,
f 1  6  13  30  45  a  b  40  a  b  16
Eliminating a,
b  12  a  4
7 f  x    x  2 g  x   4 for some polynomial g  x 
f  2   4; f 5  3
r x
 
f  x   x  3x  10  g  x   ax  b
2
4  a  2   b 
 Elimination
3  a 5  b 
7  7a  a  1
4 2b b 2
r  x   x  2
f  1   1   1

2019 2018
8  ...  1  0
so in fact  x  1 is factor of f  x 
f  x    x  2   x  3  1
2n n
9
x 2  5x  6   x  3  x  2  so f  x  is divisible by
x 2  5x  6 if and only if it is divisible by both  x  3 and  x  2 .
f  2   1  1  0 so f  x  is divisible by  x  2 
n
f  3   1  1  12n  1  0 so f  x  is divisible by  x  3

2n
Thus f  x  is divisible by x 2  5x  6
10 By polynomial remainder theorem,
 b b
f  x    x   q  x   f   for some polynomial q  x 
 a  a
b
 af  x    ax  b  q  x   af  
 a
b
i.e. the function af  x  leaves remainder af   when divided by  ax  b  .
 a
b
Thus f  x  leaves a remainder of f   when divided by  ax  b  .
 a

Worked solutions
Exercise 3L
1 a f  x   x  x  2 x  7  x3  9x2  14x
b f  x    x  3 x  2 x  1  x  3

 x 2  5x  6 x 2  4 x  3  
4 3 2
 x  x  11x  9x  18
 1
c f  x   2  x  1  x    x  2  x  5
 2
  x  1 2x  1 x 2  7x  10  
 2
 2x  3x  1 x  7x  10  2

4 3
 2x  11x  23x  10
2 a  
f  x   x2  2  x  2  x3  2x2  2x  4
 1
b f  x   2  x  1  x   x 3  3
 2
 
  x  1 2x  1 x 3  3  
 2
 2x  x  1 x  3  3

5 4 3 2
 2 x  x  x  6 x  3x  3
c f x  x  1  3     x  1  3   x 3
2 

 x 2  2x  2 x 3  2  
5 4 3 2
 x  2x  2x  2x  4x  4
3 a f  x    x  1 x2  2x  2  
b f  x   3x3  x2  2x  6   x  1 3x2  4x  6  
c f  x   2x 4  5x3  11x2  3x  5

  x  1 2x 3  3x 2  8x  5 
  x  1 2x  1 x 2  2x  5  
f  x    x  2  ax  b   x2  4x  4  ax  b
2
4 a
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, though it is easier to note
the coefficient of x 3 is 3  a  3
and 4b  20  b  5
 f  x    x  2   3x  5 
2
f  x   3x  2  ax  b  9x2  12x  4  ax  b

2
b

Worked solutions
and 4b  16  b  4
 f  x    3x  2   x  4
2
c   
f  x    x  1 ax2  bx  c  x2  2x  1 ax2  bx  c
2
 
and c  4 and the coefficient of x is
8  2c  b  b  8  2c  0
 
 f  x   x 2  2x  1 x 2  4   x  1  2
 x  2  x  2
d 
f  x   2x  1  ax  b  8x3  12x2  6x  1  ax  b
3

Now, long division or synthetic division may be used, but it is easier to note
and b  1
 f  x   2x  1  x  1
3
f  x    x  1  ax  b   x 4  4x3  6x2  4x  1  ax  b
4
e
and b  7
 f  x    x  1 5x  7
4
5 a If z  2i is a root, then so is z  2i

 f  z    z  2i   z  2i   az  b   z 2  4  az  b  
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used but it is easier to note
that the coefficient of z 3 is 1  a  1 and 4b  8  b  2
 f  z    z  2i   z  2i   z  2 
So the remaining roots are  2i and 2
b If z  3  2i is a zero then so is z  3  2i
 
 f  z   z  3  2i  z  3  2i   az  b  

 z  6 z  13  az  b 
2

that the coefficient of z 3 is 2  a  2
and 13b  13  b  1

 f  z   z 2  6 z  13 2z  1 
1
So the remaining roots are 3  2i and
2
1 3 1 3
c If z   i is a root, then so is z   i
2 2 2 2

Worked solutions
 1 3   1 3 
 f z   z    i   z    i    az  b 
 2 2   2 2  
    
 
 z 2  z  1  az  b 
and b  7
 1 3   1 3 
 f z   z    i   z    i    3z  7 
 2 2    2 2  
  
1 3 7
So the remaining roots are  i and 
2 2 3
d If z  i is a zero then so is z  i

 f  z    z  i   z  i  az 2  bz  c 
 2
 z  1 az  2
 bz  c 
Now, long division or synthetic division can be used, but it is easier to note
and c  5 and the coefficient of z is
2  b
 
 f  z   z 2  1 z 2  2z  5 
2
 z  2z  5  0
  z  1  4
2
 z  1  2i
So the remaining roots are z  i and z  1  2i
e If z  2  i is a zero then so is z  2  i

 f  z    z   2  i    z   2  i   az 2  bz  c 
 2

 z  4 z  5 az  bz  c 2

and 5c  10  c  2
13  8
and the coefficient of z is 13  4c  5b  b  1
5

f  z   z 2  4z  5 z 2  z  2  
so the remaining zeros satisfy
2
 1 7
z2  z  2   z    
 2 4
1 7
z   i
2 2
1 7
So the remaining roots are  2  i and   i
2 2

Worked solutions
1 2 1 2
f If z    i then so is z    i
3 3 3 3
  1 2    1 2 
 f z   z   
  3 3
i   z   
   3 3  
i   az 2  bz  c 
     
 2 2 1
 3 3

  z  z   az 2  bz  c 
c
and  6  c  18
3
2c b
and the coefficient of z is 12    b  36  2 18   0
3 3
 2 1
 f  z    z 2  z   3z 2  18
 3 3
 
 3z 2  18  0  z   i 6
1  2i
so the remaining roots are z  and z   6i
3
6 a f 2  8  4a  2  2  0  a  2
 f  x   x 3  2x 2  x  2   x  2  x 2  1  
2
roots of x  1  0 can be found by long division, synthetic division, or inspection
so the remaining roots are x  i
b f  5  250  250  5a  15  0  a  3
f  x   2x 3  10x 2  3x  15

  x  5 2 x 2  3 
2
roots of 2 x  3  0 can be found by long division, synthetic division, or inspection
3
so the remaining roots are x   i
2
c f  x   x 4  2x3  ax2  bx  85
If x  5i is a root then so is x   5i
f  5i   25  10 5i  5a  5bi  85  0
Comparing real parts, 25  5a  85  0  a  22
Comparing imaginary parts, 10 5  5b  0  b  10
 f  x   x 4  2 x 3  22 x 2  10 x  85

 x  5i  x    
5i cx 2  dx  e  x 2  5 cx 2  dx  e 
that the coefficient of x 4 is 1  c
and 5e  85  e  17
and the coefficient of x is 5d  10  d  2
 x 2  2 x  17   x  1  16  0  x  1  4i
2
So the remaining zeros are

x   5i, x  1  4i, x  1  4i

Worked solutions
d If x  1  2i is a root then so is x  1  2i
f 1  2i   2  a  b  14  2a i  0
Comparing real and imaginary parts,
 a  7  b  5

 f  x    x  1  2i    x  1  2i   cx 2  dx  e 
 2
 x  2 x  5 cx  dx  e  2

4 3 2
 3x  7 x  18 x  7 x  5
that the coefficient of x 4 is 3  c  3
and 5e  5  e  1
and the coefficient of x is 5d  2e  7  d  1
1  i 11
 3x 2  x  1  0  x 
6
so the remaining roots are
1  i 11
x  1  2i and x 
6
Exercise 3M
3
1 a x1  x2  x3  x4   3
1
4
x1x2 x3 x4  4
1
6
6
b x
i 1
i 
2
3
6
0
x
i 1
i 
2
0
17
0
c x
i 0
1 
23
0
17
46
x   1
17
i  2
i 1 23
2020
4 4
d x
i 1
i 
3

3
2020
8 8
x   1
2020
i  
i 1 3 3
2 1
2 a x1  x2  x3   
4 2
17 17
b x1x2 x3   1
3

4 4
 2 
c 10x1  10x2  10x3  10  x1  x2  x3   10   5
 4 

Worked solutions
1
3 
3 3 3 3  x1  x2  x3  2 6
d       
x1x2 x1x3 x2 x3 x1x2 x3 17 17
4
2 1
3 a x1  x2  x3  x4   
6 3
3 1
x1x2 x3 x4   1
4
b 
6 2
 1
c 3x1  3x2  3x3  3x4  3  x1  x2  x3  x4   3     1
 3
6 6 6 6 6  x1  x2  x3  x4 
d    
x1x2 x3 x1x2 x4 x1x3 x4 x2 x3 x4 x1x2 x3x4
 1
6 
3
  4
1

2
Exercise 3N
1 a  
x3  x2  4x  4   x  1 x2  2x  4   x  1  x  2  0
2
 x  1, x  2
b  
x3  2x2  9x  18   x  2 x2  9   x  2  x  3 x  3  0
 x  3, x  2, x  3
c 
x3  3x2  3x  2   x  2 x2  x  1  0 
x2  x  1  0 exhibits no real solution since =12  4  3  0
x 2
d 
x 4  x3  3x2  x  2   x  1 x3  3x  2   x  1  2
 x  2  0
 x  1, x  2
 2   2  a  2  4  0  a  4

3 2
2 a
b  
x3  x2  4x  4   x  2 x2  x  2   x  2  x  2  x  1  0
So the remaining roots are x  2 and x  1

Worked solutions
3 a 
2x3  ax2  bx  9   x  3  cx  d   x 2  6x  9 cx  d 
2

Coefficient of x 3 : 2  c
Units: 9  9d  d  1

 2x 3  ax 2  bx  9  x 2  6 x  9 2x  1
3 2
 2x  11x  12x  9
 a  11, b  12
1
b From the factorised form, deduce that the remaining root is x  
2
4 a Let the three roots be  x1, x1 and x2
 x  x1   x  x1   x  x2  0
 x2  x12   x  x2   0
x 3  x2 x 2  x12 x  x12 x2  0
a   x2 , b   x12 , c  x12 x2
 ab  c
b From part a, x2  a
Exercise 3O
1 a x3  x2  4x  4  0
 1  x  2 , x  2
b x3  2x2  9x  18  0
 x  3,  3  x  2
c x3  3x2  3x  2  0
x 2
d 4x3  8x2  x  3  0
1 3
x ,   x  1
2 2
e 3x3  4x2  7x  2  0
1
x 
3
f 12x3  16x2  81x  35  0
7 5 1
x ,  x
2 3 2
g x 4  x3  3x2  x  2  0
 x  1,  1  x  1, x  2

Worked solutions
h 2x 4  x3  x2  x  1  0
1
  x 1
2
2 f x  g x
 2 x 3  3x 2  2 x  5  0
 x  1.17227...
3 a Rearrange to give x3  x  2
Plot y  x 3 and y  2  x and using a GDC or by inspection deduce

x  1
b Rearrange to give x2  1  2x3
Plot y  2x3 and y  x 2  1 and using a GDC or by inspection deduce

x 1
c Rearrange to give x 4  2  x2
Plot y  x 4 and y  2  x 2 and using a GDC or by inspection deduce

1  x  1
4 a x5  4x3  2x  1  0
 x  1.78897...,  1.8947...  x  1
b x13  4  3x8  5x
0.746571...  x  1.27299..., x  1.09526
c x15  2x14  5x8  4x2  1
0.505312  x  0.50533....
Exercise 3P
1 a Multiplying the second equation by 2,
14x  6y  10
Therefore, subtracting this from the first equation,
 m  14 x  12
 No solution if m  14
b Multiply the first equation by m : m  m  1 x  2my  m

Multiply the second equation by 2: 6 x  2my  22
Subtracting these equations, m  m  1  6  x  m  22
 No solution if m  m  1  6  m2  m  6   m  3  m  2   0
 m  3 or m  2
2 a Multiplying the second equation by 2,

Worked solutions
6 x  2y  8
so by comparison with the first equation, there are infinitely many solutions
if p  2
b Equating ratios of coefficients and constants:
p  4 p  1 3
  
p 1 p
p  4 p(1  p) 2
  
p p p
1 :  p  4  1  p  p  1

2 :  p  1 p  3  1  Have only one common solution, p  1

 3 :  p  4  p  3p 
 p  1 gives infinitely many solutions.
3 a Multiply the first equation by 3
6 x  3sy  3
Multiply the second equation by 2,
6 x  2y  4
Subtracting these equations,
2  3s  y  1
Therefore for a unique solution we need
3
2  3s  0  s 
2
1 1
Then, y   
2  3s 3s  2
and accordingly
1 1 s 1 4s  2 2s  1
x 
2
1  sy   2 1  3s  2   2  3s  2   3s  2
   
b Rearranging the first equation,
y  s   s  2 x
Substituting this into the second equation
5  2s  x  s s   s  2 x   4
 5  2s   s  s  2   x  4  s2
   s2  4s  5 x  4  s2
 s  1, s  5
4  s2 s2  4
x  2
 2
 s  4s  5 s  4s  5
 s  2   s2  4  
s3  4s2  5s  s3  2s2  4s  8 
y s 2

s  4s  5 s 2  4s  5
2
2s  s  8
 2
s  4s  5
4 a Adding the equations,
1
2a  2b  x  2  x 
ab
Subtracting the equations,
2a  2b  y 0y 0

Worked solutions
b The system does not have a solution when a  b  0
Exercise 3Q
1 a  3, b  1  i, c  4  i, d   1  i  , e  4  5i, f  7
D  ad  bc  3  i  1   4  i  1  i   8
xnum  e d  fb    4  5i  1  i   7 1  i   16  8i
ynum  af  e c  3 7    4  5i   4  i   16i
x 1  16  8i   2  i 
    
y
  8  16i   2i 
2 a  1  4i  , b  3i, c  3  5i  , d  5  4i  , e  2  4i  , f  21  27i 
D  ad  bc  1  4i  5  4i   3i 3  5i   26  12i
xnum  e d  fb  5  4i  2  4i   3i 21  27i   87  35i
ynum  af  e c  5i  3 2  4i   1  4i  21  27i   103  56i
x 1  87  35i 
   
y
  26  12i  103  56i 
Exercise 3R
1 a Eliminating y from the first two equations:
m 1
3x   m  1 z  6  x  z 2
3
and from the second two equations,
2m  1
5x  2m  1 z  5  x  z 1
5
Eliminating x,
 2m  1 m  1 
   z  1
 5 3 
6m  3  5m  5
 z  1
15
m2
 z  1
15
 m  2
b Eliminating x from first two equations,
1  3m y   m  3 z  5 1
and from the first and third:
2  m y 2m2
and substituting this into equation 1
m3
so m  2 and m  3
2 a Multiplying the first equation by 3,

Worked solutions
6 x  9y  3z  3
so comparing this with the second equation,
k 6
3
b k  but this gives no solution, not infinitely many solutions
2
LHS of first and third equations become the same, RHS differ 
k  2 gives infinitely many solutions as then the second
and third equations are the same
3 Take two times the third equation from the first:
y  1  2m z  m  6 Eq4
Take two times the second equation from the first:
1  2m y  z  m  2 Eq5
Multiply Eq4 by 1  2m and add to Eq5
 1  2m  1 z   m  6  1  2m  m  2   2m  1  m  6 

2
 
 4m  m  1 z   2m  1  m  6 
1
 No solution if m  0 or m  1 and also m  from Eq5
2
4 a 9a  3b  c  1
4a  2b  c  5
abc  4
Gaussian elimination on this system of equations gives
9 21 7
a , b , c 
4 4 2
b abc 1
a  b  c  9
4a  2b  c  8
Gaussian elimination on this system of equation gives
22 34
a , b  5, c  
3 3
Chapter review
1 x  x  a  b  1  ab
 x 2   a  b  x  ab  1  0
   a  b   4  ab  1
2
 a2  2ab  b2  4ab  4
 a2  2ab  b2  4
  a  b  4  0
2
so there are two distinct real solutions for all a, b 
2 a 1  i 
3 3
 2
 
 1  i   1  3i  3  i   i 3  1  3i  3  i   i 3
2


Worked solutions
 1  3i  3  i   1  3i  3  i 
  2  2i   2i  2 
 4
i 64i 63...i18 i 64i 63i 62i 61...i19i18 [1  i  i 2  i 3]11 i 19i 18

b   
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i
 1   i   1 i 1  2i 
11 3 2
i i i i 2 2 i
    2   
1  2i 1  2i 1  2i 1  22 5 5 5
c If  is a root of f  x  then so is *
 2  i  2i
 f  x   C  x  4  x  x  
 5  5 
 4 1
 C  x  4  x 2  x  
 5 5 
C

5

 x  4  5x 2  4 x  1 
C

5

5x 3  16 x 2  15x  4 
so set, for example, C  5 to obtain integers coefficients
e.g. f  x   5x 3  16 x 2  15x  4
3 a a  2  ay   y  2
 a 2

 1 y  2  2a
2
 a  1  0  a  1
2a 2  2a  2a 2 2
x  2    
1 a 1 a 1 a a 1
2 1  a 2 1  a 2
y   
1  a2 1  a 1  a  1  a
b i a  1 since then x  y  2 and x  y  2, which is not possible
ii a  1
y  x 2
1  i  
1009
4
1  i  1  i  1  i 
2019 2019 2017 4036
4 a   
1  i  1  i  1  i 
2017 2017 2017
22017 22017
 4
1009
22018
2017
  2
2 22017
1  i  
n 1
2
1  i  1  i  2i 
n 2 2 n 2 n 1
b     2i n 1
1  i 
n
2n 2n 2n
 n  1 must be odd, so n must be even
5 x5  3x 4  2x2  2x  4  x 4  3x3  2x2  3
x5  2x 4  3x3  4x2  2x  1  0

Worked solutions
Use your GDC:
2.45  x  1.26,
0.339  x  0.715,
1.34  x (3s.f.)
 3x  2y  z  1

6  6 x  8y  3z  6
12x  4y  7 z  4

Eliminating x from the first two equations,

12y  5z  4 1
and from the second two equations,
20y  13z  16 2 
Three times 2  minus five times 1 ,
14 z  28  z  2
1
y 
2
2
x 
3
7 a 2
 f  x 
2
b  9x 4  12x3  26x2  20x  25
    x  1 3x  5 
2 2
 3x 2  2 x  5 
5
   1,  = 
3
1 1 3 2
  1 
  5 5
8  * 
 z  i  3  z  i *  3
 

  iz  6  i
*

 z  i  1  6i
*
 2i *  4  6i
 2i  a  bi   4  6i
 a  3, b  2 so   3  2i
 z  3  i 3  2i   1  3i
9 Using sum of a geometric sequence,
 z 
3
2
1
1 z  z   0  z 3  1
z  1
 
673
  1
673
 z 2019  z 3  1

Worked solutions
b  b2  4ac
10 a x  (1 mark)
2a
6  208
x  (1 mark)
2
x  3  52 (1 mark)
x  3  2 13 (1 mark)
b Using sketch or table
3  2 13  x  3  2 13 (2 marks)
11 a 8x2  6x  5  0
 4x  5 2x  1  0 (2 marks)
5
4x  5  0  x   (1 mark)
4
1
2x  1  0  x  (1 mark)
2
b 8x2  6x  5  k  0
No real solutions  b2  4ac  0 (1 mark)
36  4  8   5  k   0 (1 mark)
36  32 5  k   0
36
5k  
32
36
k  5
32
9 40
k  
8 8
49
k  (1 mark)
8
12 Two real roots implies b2  4ac  0 (1 mark)
k 3 
2
 4 3k  3  0 (1 mark)
3k 2  36k  0
k 2  12k  0
k  k  12  0 (1 mark)
Critical values are k  0 and k  12 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
Solution is k  0 or k  12 (2 marks)
13 a Using sketch of y   x  4 3  x  (1 mark)
Correct sketch or table
Solution is 4  x  3 (2 marks)
2
b 2x  11x  9  0
2x  9  x  1  0 (1 mark)
Using sketch of y  2x  9  x  1 (1 mark)
Correct sketch or table
9
Solution is 1  x  (2 marks)
2
c Comparing answers from a and b gives
1 x 3 (1 mark)
14 Let w  a  bi where a, b 
 a  bi
2
 77  36i (1 mark)
a2  b2  2abi  77  36i (1 mark)
Equating reals: a2  b2  77 (1) (1 mark)
Equating imaginary: 2ab  36 (2) (1 mark)
18
(2) gives b  
a
2
 18 
Substitute in (1): a2      77 (1 mark)
 a 
324
a2   77
a2
a4  77a2  324  0
Attempting to factorise, or using the quadratic formula:
a 2

 4 a2  81  0  (1 mark)
Since a  , a2  81 (1 mark)
a  9
a  9  b  2
a  9  b  2
So w   9  2i (2 marks)
15 Let p  x   2x3  ax2  10x  b
p 1  0  2  a  10  b  0 (2 marks)

Worked solutions
ab  8 (1) (1 mark)
p  2  15  16  4a  20  b  15
4a  b  11 (2) (2 marks)
Solving equations (1) and (2) simultaneously: (1 mark)
a 1 (1 mark)
b7 (1 mark)
16 Since 3  i is a zero, its conjugate is also a zero, i.e. 3  i  3  i is a zero.

*
(1 mark)
By the factor theorem,
 z  3  i  is a factor of f , and  z  3  i  is a factor of f . (1 mark)
Therefore  z  3  i   z  3  i   z 2  6z  10 is also a factor of f. (2 marks)
Writing z 4  8z3  48z2  176z  260   z 2  6z  10  z 2  kz  26
Equating coefficients of z 2 gives 48  26  6k  10 (2 marks)
So k  2 (1 mark)
z2  2z  26  0
  2   2
2
 4  1  26 2  100 2  10i
z     1  5i (2 marks)
2 2 2
The zeros are therefore 3  i and 1  5i .
 4  4
17 a Sum of roots     (2 marks)
 5  5
4  1 1
Product of roots   1      (2 marks)
 5 5
 4  4
b Sum of roots     (2 marks)
 5  5
5  10 
Product of roots   1    2 (2 marks)
 5 
18 Suppose w  a  bi and z  c  di for a, b, c, d  (1 mark)
Then w  a  bi and z   c  di (1 mark)
So wz   zw   a  bi c  di  c  di a  bi
 ac  bd  i  bc  ad   ac  bd  i  ad  bc  (1 mark)
 i  bc  ad   i  ad  bc  (1 mark)
 i  bc  ad   i  bc  ad 

Worked solutions
 2  bc  ad  i
which is purely imaginary (1 mark)
19 At  1, 5 : a  b  c  5 (1 mark)
At 3, 1 : 9a  3b  c  1 (1 mark)
At 10, 71 : 100a  10b  c  71 (1 mark)
Solving simultaneously using GDC: (1 mark)
a  1 (1 mark)
b3 (1 mark)
c  1 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
4 Measuring change: differentiation
Skills check
1
8 23
1 7x 2 ;2x 3; x
5
2 Vertical asymptote: x = − 3
Horizontal asymptote: y = 0
 2
y-intercept:  0, 
 3
1
3 S  5   5  2  10
1
1
2
Exercise 4A
x2  4  x  2  x  2  lim x  2  4
1 lim
x 2 x  2
 lim
x 2 x 2 x 2
 
x2  9  x  3  x  3  lim x  3  6
2 lim
x 3 x 3
 lim
x 3 x 3 x 3
 
3 lim  x  3  1 whereas lim  x  1  3 so the limit does not exist

x 2 x 2
x3  1  x  1 x2  x  1 
4 lim
x 1 x 1
 lim
x 1 x 1
 lim x 2  x  1  3
x 1
 
5
x 1 x 1
 
lim  x  1  2 and lim x2  1  2 so lim f  x   2
x 1

6 lim  x  6  3  0 
2
x 6
7 lim  x   1 whereas lim  x   2 so the limit does not exist

x 2 x 2
Exercise 4B
1 f (3)  lim f  x   lim f  x   7 so the function is continuous

x 3 x 3
2 f (2)  lim f  x   lim f  x   3 so the function is continuous

x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2
3 lim f  x    1 and lim f  x    1 hence the function is not continuous.
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
4 lim f  x   lim f  x   2a but f  a  2a so the function is continuous

x  a x a
2 2 2
5 lim f  x   and lim f  x   f 1  , and f (1)  , hence f is continuous at x=1.
x 1 3 x 1 3 3

Worked solutions
lim f  x   lim f  x    but f  2  4

x 2 x 2
so f is not continuous at x  2.
6 lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 2 x 2
  2  2  3k  2 
2
1
 2  6k  k  
3
7 The function is already continuous for x  3 and for x  3
Since the functions f1  x   kx 2  k and f2  x   4 are both continuous on their domains,

it remains to find the value of k that insures that the function is continuous at x=3
i.e. lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 3 x 3
1
 k 3  k  4  k 
2
x2  9
8 a f x 
 x  3  x  3
 Discontinuous at x  3
x 1 1
b f x   so discontinuous at x  1
1  x2 1  x
c Continuous
 x  2  1
2
d f x 
 x  5  x  1
Discontinuous at x  1 and x  5
x2
e f x 
 x  1  x2  x  1
Discontinuous at x  1
f Continuous
Exercise 4C
x 2 32
1 a lim  5
x 3 x 2 32
x2  x  2
b lim  lim  x  2  3
x 1 x 1 x 1
c lim
x6  9
 lim
 
x3  3 x3  3
6

3
x 3 x 3  3 x 3 3 
x3  3 
x2  4 x 2
d lim  lim 2
x 2 x 2  2x x 2 x

Worked solutions
e lim
 x  2  x  2  lim
x 2
limit does not exist
x 0 x  x  2 x 0 x
2 2 2  x  2 2  x 
f lim  lim  lim 0
x 2 2 x 2 2 2  x   2 x 2 2 3  x 
2
2x
 2  3x   4 1  x 
2 2
4  12x  9x 2  4  8x  4x 2
g lim  lim
x 0 6x x 0 6x
4 x  5x 2 4  5x 2
 lim  lim 
x 0 6x x 0 6 3
a2 x2  b2  ax  b  ax  b  lim ax  b  a2  b
h lim
x a ax  b
 lim
x a ax  b x a
 
3x 3
2 a lim f  x   lim  lim 3
x  x  x  3 x  3
1
x
2
b lim f  x   lim  2
x  x  1
1 2
x
1 2
1 
 2
x x 1
c lim f  x   lim 
x  x  2 1 3
3  2
x x
d Limit does not exist
2 3
 2
e lim f  x   lim x x 0
x  x  2
5 2
x
1 1
 2
f lim f  x   x x 0
x  3 2
1  2
x x
g Limit does not exist
 1 3
h lim f  x   lim  4   2 1    4
x  x   x x 

1
3 a Vertical Asymptote: 6x  1  0  x 
6
Horizontal Asymptote:
3x 3 1 1
lim  lim  so y 
x  6 x  1 x  1 2 2
6
x

Worked solutions
b Vertical Asymptote: x2  3  0  x   3
3
1 2
x2  3 x
lim  lim  1 so y  1
x  3  x 2 x  3
 1
x2
c  
Vertical Asymptote: x3  1  0   x  1 x2  x  1  0  x  1
1 1
 2 1
1  x  x3 x 3
x
lim  lim  1 so y  1
x  x3  1 x  1
1 3
x
d Vertical Asymptote: x2  2  0  x   2
 5 
 5x   
lim   2   lim   x   0 so y  0
 x  2  1 2 
x  x 
 x 2 
e Vertical Asymptote: x=0
Horizontal Asymptote: None
x2 x2
f r x  
2x  3x  1 2x  1  x  1
2
1
Vertical Asymptotes: x  and x  1
2
Horizontal Asymptotes
x2 1 1
lim  lim 
x  2 x 2  3x  1 x  3 1 2
2  2
x x
Exercise 4D
1 a Divergent
b Divergent
1 1
c Convergent: un   lim un  lim  0
n n  n  n
1 1
d Convergent: un   lim un  lim n  0
3n n  n 3
2
1
n2 n 1
2 a Converges: lim  lim
n  n n  1
2
1
n2 n 1
b Converges: lim  lim
x  2n  3 n  3 2
2
n
Worked solutions
1
1
n2  n n 1
c Converges: lim  lim 
n 
2n2  n n  1 2
2
n n
d Diverges
2 1

2n2  1 n n3  0
e lim  lim
n  1  2n3 n  1
2
n3
1 1

1  n2 n 3
n 0
f lim  lim
n  1  n3 n  1
1
n3
1
3 a Converges since ratio of the geometric series is  1
3
1 3
S  1  
 1 4
1   
 3
1
b Converges since the ratio of the geometric series is 1
2
3 1
S   3
2 1
1
2
1
c Converges since the ratio of the geometric series is 1
10
1 20
S  2  
1 9
1
10
3 2
d Converges since the ratio of both geometric series is  1 and 1
5 5
3 1 2 1 3 2 5
S       
5 3 5 2 2 3 6
1 1
5 5
e
e Converges since 0  e    the ratio of the geometric series is 1

1 
S  
e  e
1


f Diverges since   3.14  0  the ratio of the geometric series 1
3.14
4 a 2x  0 for all real x so need to solve 2x  1
x0

Worked solutions
42
b S   48
1  2x
7
  1  2x
8
1
 2x 
8
 x  3
3x
5  1  3x  x  1
x 1
Solve 3x  x  1
 3x  x  1 or  3x  x  1
1 1
x  or x  
2 4
By sketching graphs, deduce that
1 1
 x
4 2
N
1  2n
6 Let SN  
n 0 3
n 1
Then,
n n
N
1 N
2
SN  3    3  
n 0  3  n 0  3 
N n
1 2
1  1 
3 3  3 3
1 2
1 1
3 3
9 1   2 
N 1 N 1
 1      9 1    
2   3     3  
 9  1 
N 1
  2   
N 1
 S  lim SN  lim  1      9 1     
N  2
N 
   3     3   
9 27
 9 
2 2
27
so the infinite sum converges, and is equal to
2
Exercise 4E
2  1  h2  1  2  12  1
   
1 a f '  1  lim 
h 0 h
 lim
 
2 h2  2h  1  1  3
h 0 h
2h2  4h
 lim  lim 2h  4   4
h 0 h h 0
1  3 1  h2   1  3 12 
   
b f ' 1  lim 
h 0 h

Worked solutions
 lim

1  3 h2  2h  1  2 
h 0 h
3h2  6h
 lim  lim  3h  6   6
h 0 h h 0
2 2

c f '  1  lim 1  h 1
h 0 h
2
2 2  2  h  1 2h
 lim  1
h  lim  lim 2
h 0 h h  0 h  h  1 h 0 h  h
2
 lim  2
h 0 h 1
  1  h     1 
2 2
d f '  1  lim  

h 0 h
h2  2h  1  1
 lim
h 0 h
 lim  h  2   2
h 0
 1  h   1
3 3
e f '  1  lim

h 0 h
h3  3h2  3h  1  1
 lim
h 0 h

 lim h2  3h  3  3
h 0

h2  h  1   1
f f ' 0  lim
h 0 h
 lim  h  1  1
h 0
1 1

2  h 
2
22
g f ' 2  lim
h 0 h
4  2  h 
2
h2  4h
 lim  lim
4h 2  h  4h 2  h 
h 0 2 h 0 2
h  h  4  1 h4
 lim  lim
4h 2  h  2  h 
2 2
h 0 4 h  0
1

4
h
0
1
h f ' 0  lim  1
h  lim 1
h 0 h h 0 h  1

Worked solutions
2 Gradient of line AB:
1  h  3  1  3
2
h2  2h  1  3  4
  h2
h h
This becomes the gradient of the tangent to f  x  i.e. f '  x  in the limit
h0
 f ' 1  lim  h  2  2
h 0
f  x  h  f  x 
3 a f '  x   lim
h 0 h
3  x  h 2  2  x  h   1  3x 2  2 x  1
 lim 
   
h 0 h
3x 2  6 xh  3h2  2 x  2h  1  3x 2  2 x  1
 lim
h 0 h
6 xh  3h2  2h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim  6 x  2  3h   6 x  2
h 0
b f '  x   4  6x  2  4  x  1

 1,3  1  2  1  1   1,0
2

1 1

 x  h
2
x2
4 f 'x  lim
h 0 h
x2   x  h
2
 lim
hx 2  x  h 
h 0 2
2 xh  h2
 lim
hx 2  x  h 
h 0 2
2 x  h
 lim
x  2 x 3h  h2 x 2
h 0 4
2 x 2
 lim 4   3
h 0 x x
1
 If the gradient is  ,
4
2 1
    x3  8  x  2
x3 4
 1
  2, 
 4

Worked solutions
Exercise 4F
 x  h   x  h  2  x 2  x  2
2
1 a f '  x   lim
h 0 h
x 2  2xh  h2  x  h  2  x 2  x  2
 lim
h 0 h
2 xh  h2  h
 lim
h 0 h
 lim 2 x  h  1  2 x  1
h 0
 f ' 0  1
2   x  h   3  x  h   2  x  3x 2
2
b f '  x   lim
h 0 h
2  x  h  3x 2  6 xh  3h2  2  x  3x 2
 lim
h 0 h
 lim
 1  6 x  h  3h2
h 0 h
 lim  1  6 x  3h   1  6 x
h 0
 f '  1  7
2 2
 
c f '  x   lim xh x
h 0 h
2 x  2  x  h  2x  2x  2h
 lim  lim
h 0 hx  x  h  h 0 hx 2  h2 x
2 2
 lim  2
h 0 x 2  hx x
 f ' 1  2
x 1 h  x 1
d f '  x   lim
h 0 h
x 1 h  x 1 x 1 h  x 1
 lim 
h 0 h x 1 h  x 1
x  1  h   x  1 h
 lim  lim
h 0
h x 1 h  x 1 h 0
h  x 1 h  x 1 
1 1
 lim 
h 0
 x 1 h  x 1  2 x 1
1
 f ' 3 
4
1 1

e f '  x   lim xh x
h 0 h

Worked solutions
 lim
x  xh
 lim
 x  xh  x  x  h 
h 0
h x xh h 0
h x x  h  x  x  h
x   x  h
 lim
h 0
h x xh  x  xh 
1
 lim
h 0
x xh  x  xh 
1 1
 
x x  x  x  2x x
1 1
 f ' 9   
293 54
 x  h
3
 1  x3  1
f f 'x  lim
h 0 h
3hx 2  3h2 x  h3
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3x  3hx  h2
h 0
2

2
 3x
 f ' 1  3
8  2  a  h  8  2a2
2
4ah  2h2
2 a vavg    4a  2h
h h
b In the limit h  0, vavg  v A  lim  4a  2h  4a

h0
10 t  h  t  h  10t 2  t 3
2 3
3 a v  lim
h 0 h
10t 2  20th  10h2  t 3  3ht 2  3h2t  h3  10t 2  t 3

 lim
h 0 h
20th  10h2  3ht 2  3h2t  h3
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 20t  3t 2  1  h  h2  3ht
h 0

2
 20t  3t
b v 1  17, v 10  100
The sign indicates the direction the particle moves in. At t  1, the particle
is moving in the positive direction and in the opposite direction at t  10
Exercise 4G
2 1  h  1  h  1  2  1  1
2
1 a f ' 1  lim

h 0 h
 lim

2 h2  2h  1   h  1  1   lim
2h2  3h
h 0 h h 0 h
 lim 2h  3  3
h 0

Worked solutions
b y  f 1  2
y  2  3  x  1  y  3x  1
1
c The normal has gradient  and also passes through 1,2
3
1 1 7
y 2  
3
 x  1  y   3 x  3
1 1

2   x  h 2  x 2  x  2  x  h 
2 f '  x   lim  lim
h 0 h h 0 h 2  x  2  x  h 
h
 lim
h 0 h 2  x  2  x  h 
1
 lim
h 0
 2  x    x  h
2
1

2  x 
2
1
 f 'x  1   1  2  x   1
2
2  x 
2
 x  1 or x  3
1
At x  1, y   1 so the tangent here is
2 1
y 1  x 1  y  x
1
At x  3, y   1 so the tangent here is
23
y   1  x  3  y  x  4
2  x  h  1  2x 2  1
2
dy 4xh  2h2
3 a  lim  lim
dx h0 h h 0 h
 lim  4x  2h  4x
h 0
so there exists a horzontal tangent at x  0  0, 1
2  3  x  h    x  h   2  3x  x 2
2
dy
b  lim
dx h0 h
2  3x  3h  x 2  2 xh  h2  2  3x  x 2
 lim
h 0 h
 lim
 3  2 x  h  h2
h 0 h
 lim  3  2 x  h  3  2 x
h 0
3
so there is a horizontal tangent at x  
2
 3 17 
i.e. at the point   , 
 2 4 
 x  h  1  x 3  1
3
dy
c  lim
dx h0 h

Worked solutions
x 3  3x 2h  3xh2  h3  1  x 3  1
 lim
h 0 h
3x 2h  3xh2  h3
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3x 2  3xh  h2  3x 2
h 0

so there is a horizontal tangent when x  0
i.e. at the point  0, 1
 x  h  3  x  h  x3  3x
3
dy
d  lim
dx h0 h
3x 2h  3xh2  h3  3h
 lim
h 0 h

 lim 3x  3xh  h2  3
h 0
2

2
 3x  3
so there is a horizontal tangent at x  1
i.e. at the points  1, 2 
1 1
1 h 11 h 1
4 f ' 1  lim 1 h  lim 1 h
h 0 h h 0 h
h2  1  1
 lim
h 0 h
 lim h  0
h 0
1
At x  1, y  1  2
1
 Tangent: y  2
Normal: x  1
Exercise 4H
y  3x  1  9x2  6x  1
2
1 a
dy
 2  9x  6  18x  6
dx
dy
b  5  3x 4  2  4x  2  15x 4  8x  2
dx
dy 1 2 1 2
c  2 x   x 
dx 4 3 2 3
1 3 1 5
d y  5x5  4x 3  x  x  x
4 5
dy 3
 25x 4  12x 2  1  x 4  x 6
dx 4
4 2 3 1
 25x  12x  1  
4x 4 x 6
3  2x 3  x 4
e y   3x 1  2x 2  x 3
x

Worked solutions
dy
 3x 2  4x  3x 2
dx
3
  2  4 x  3x 2
x
1
f y  x  x2
dy 1  12 1
  x 
dx 2 2 x
1  12
g y  x
x
dy 1 3 1
  x 2 
dx 2 2x x
2
5
h y  x2  x 5
dy 2  53 2
  x 
dx 5 5
5 x3
2 3  13  52
i y  3
  2x  3x
x x 5
dy 2  4 15  72 2 15
  x 3  x  
dx 3 2 33 x 4 2 x 7
 3  x   1  x  3  x 
1 1
3
j y  1 x 2 3
1 1 5
 3  x 3  3x 2  x 6
dy 1 2 3 1 5 1
  x 3  x 2  x 6
dx 3 2 6
2 
y  2 x2  3x  2x2  6x 
dy
 4 x  6
dx
 At x  1,
dy
y  8 and  10
dx
So the equation of the tangent at 1, 8  is
y   8   10  x  1
 y  10 x  2
x 3
3 y   1  3x 1
x
dy
  3x 2
dx
Therefore at x  1,
dy
y  4 and 3
dx
1
 The gradient of the normal is 
3

Worked solutions
So the equation of the normal at  1, 4  is

1
y 4 
3

x   1 
1 11
y  x
3 3
 x  3y  11  0
4 f '  x   15x2  24x  7
Therefore at x  1,
dy
y  f 1  10 and  f ' 1  32
dx
So the tangent at 1,10  is
y  10  32  x  1
 y  32 x  22
At x  1,
dy
y  f  1  14 and  f '  1  16
dx

y  14  16 x   1 
 y  16 x  2
5 f '  x   3x2  10x  5
 f 'x  2
 3x 2  10 x  5  2
 3x 2  10 x  3  0
 3x  1  x  3  0
1
so x  or x  3
3
1 1 77
If x  , y f 
3 3
  27
77  1
so y   2x  
27  3
77 18 95
 y  2x    2x 
27 27 27
If x  3, y  7
 y   7   2  x  3
 y  2 x  13
6 f '  x   2x  3
1
 The normal at x  1 has gradient  1
23
y  f 1  1
 y   1  1  x  1  y  x  2
 x 2  3x  1  x  2
 x 2  4x  3  0
  x  3  x  1  0
 x  1 or x  3
 
 The other point is 3, f 3  3,1

Worked solutions
7 f '  x   3x2  2x  1
1
The line has gradient 
2
So, set f '  x   2
 3x 2  2 x  1  2
 3x 2  2 x  1  0
 3x  1  x  1  0
1
 x  1 or x 
3
If x  1,
y  f  1  2

 y   2   2 x   1 
 y  2x
1
If x  ,
3
1 1 1 1 1  3  9  27 14
y f    1  
3
  27 9 3 27 27
 14   1
 y     2x  
 27   3
 27y  14  54 x  18
 54 x  27y  32  0
Exercise 4I
1 a Let u  4x  3, then y  u5
dy dy du
 
dx du dx
 5u4    4  20u 4
 20  4x  3
4
1
b Let u  1  4x, then y  u 2
dy dy du  1  12  
1 1
  u   4  2u 2  2 1  4x  2

 
dx du dx  2 
2  x 2  3x 5
c y   2x 1  x  3x 4
x
dy 2  x 2  12x5
  2x 2  1  12x 3  
dx x2
1

d Let u  1  3x2 , then y  2u 2
3
dy dy du  6x
   u 2  6 x    3
dx du dx
1  3x  2 2
3 3
1  x    
1
e y     x 1  x 2 
 x 
   

Worked solutions
1

Let u  x 1  x 2 , then y  u3
2
dy dy du  1 3    
1
 2 1  23 
   3u2   x 2  x 2   3  x 1  x 2    x  x 
dx du dx  2     2 
2
1 1   1 1 
 3    2  
x x  x 2x x 
2
 x  1  2  x 
 3
 x   2 
   2x 
  
2
3 x 1 x 2
 4
2x
1
f Let u  2x2  4, then y  u 3
4
dy dy du  1  23  4x 23 x
    u   4x   
dx du dx  3 2 2
 3 2x 2  4   3

3 x2  2  3
dy
2  6 x  12x 2
dx
Therefore the gradient at x  1 is  6

y  f 1  1
 y   1  6  x  1
 y  6 x  5
2
3 y 1  1  2x 1
x
dy
  2 x 2
dx
The gradient at x  1  the gradient of the normal
1
to the curve at this point is 
2
1  2
y  f  1  3
1
1
y 3  
2
x   1 
1 5
y  x
2 2
 x  2y  5  0
4 y  2 x
1
Let u  2  x , then y  u 2
du 1
 
dx 2 x
dy dy du  1  12   1  1
    u   
dx du dx  2  2 x  4 x 2 x
20
5 f 'x  and g '  x   5
x2

Worked solutions
20
 f 'x  g 'x  5
x2
 x 2  4  x  2
6 a f '  x   15ax2  4bx  4c
b f ' x  0    0
  4b   4 15a  4c   0
2
 16b2  240ac
 b2  15ac
7 i Let f  x  be an even function i.e. f  x   f  x 
Let u   x, then f   x   f u 
d
 f  x    f '  x 
dx 
and since f  x  is an even function,
d d d du d
f  x    f   x    f  u   f u   f ' u   f '   x 
dx  dx  dx  dx du 
 f '  x    f '   x   f '   x   f  x 
i.e. the derivative of f  x  is an odd function
ii Let g  x  be an odd function i.e. g  x   g  x 
Let u   x, then g   x   g  u 
Then,
d d d
 g   x     g  x      g  x    g '  x 
dx dx dx 
and also
d d du d
 g   x     g  u     g  u    g '  u   g '   x 
dx  dx  dx du 
 g '  x   g '   x 
 g '  x   g '  x 
i.e. the derivative of g  x  is an even function
Exercise 4J
1 Let u  2x  3 and v   x  3
3
Then,
du dv
 3  x  3
2
 2 and
dx dx
dy du dv
 2  x  3   2 x  3  3  x  3
3 2
  v u
dx dx dx
  x  3 2  x  3  3 2 x  3 
2
  x  3  8 x  3
2
2 Let u  2x  3 and v  3  x 

2 3

Worked solutions
Then,
du dv
 4 2x  3 and  3 3  x 
2
dx dx
dy du dv
 4 2x  3 3  x   2x  3   3 3  x  
3 2 2
  v u
dx dx dx  
 2x  3 3  x  4 3  x   3 2 x  3 
2
 2x  3 3  x  3  10 x 
2
x 1
  x  1  x  1
1
3 y 
x 1
Let u  x  1 and v   x  1
1
Then,
du dv
   x  1
2
 1 and
dx dx
dy dv du
 u v
dx dx dx
  x  1    x  1    x  1
2 1
 
1 x 1
 
x  1  x  12
x  1   x  1 2
 
 x  1  x  1
2 2
1
4 y  x  2  3x  2
1
Let u  x and v  2  3x  2
Then,
du dv 3 1
  2  3x  2

 1 and
dx dx 2
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx
1
3 1
  2  3x  2   2  3x  2

2
2 2  3x   3 4  9x
 
2 2  3x 2 2  3x
1
 
1
5 y   x 3  2x 2  3x  1
x 3  2x 2  3x  1
dy
  
2
   3x 2  4 x  3 x 3  2 x 2  3x  1
dx
3x 2  4 x  3

 
2
x 3  2 x 2  3x  1
2
y   x  1 2  3x 3
4
6

Worked solutions
2
Let u   x  1 and v  2  3x  3
4
Then,
du dv 1
 4  x  1 and  2 2  3x  3
3 
dx dx
dy dv du
 u  v
dx dx dx
1

 4  x  1 (2  3x)
3
3
2(2  3x)  (x  1)
1
 2  x  1 2  3x 
3 
3 (3  7 x)
3
2(x  1) (3  7 x)
 3
2  3x
y  2x  1  4  x 
3 2
7
Let u  2 x  1 and v   4  x 
3 2
Then,
du dv
 6 2 x  1 and  2 4  x 
2 3
dx dx
dy du dv
 6 2 x  1  4  x   2 2x  1  4  x 
2 2 3 3
  v u
dx dx dx
 2 2 x  1  4  x  3  4  x   2x  1
2 3
 2 2 x  1  4  x  11  x 
2 3
1
1  2x
 

8 y   1  2x  3x 2  2 2
3x 2  2
 

Let u  1  2 x and v  3x 2  2 2
Then,
3
du dv 3x
 

 2 and  3x 2  2 2
dx dx 2
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx
1 3
   
 
 2 3x 2  2 2
 3x 1  2 x  3x 2  2 2
   

  3x 2  2 2 2 3x 2  2  3x 1  2 x  
 
3
  3x  4 

  3x 2  2 2
x2  1
  
1
9 y   x2  1 x2  3
x2  3
 
1
Let u  x 2  1 and v  x 2  3
Then,
du dv
 
2
 2 x and  2 x x 2  3
dx dx
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx

Worked solutions
   4x  x  3
1 2
 2x x 2  3 2 2
 2x  x  3  x  3  2x 
2
2 2
 2x  x  3  x  3  x  1
2
2
At x  1,
dy
 2  2   2  2   2
2
dx
1
Therefore the tangent has gradient  2 and the normal has gradient
2
Tangent: y  0  2  x  1  y  2 x  2
1 1 1
Normal: y  0 
2
 x  1  y  2 x  2
1
y   x  12 3  x 
2
10 a
1
Let u   x  1 2 and v  3  x 
2
Then,
du 1 1
dv
  x  1 2 and  2 3  x 

dx 2 dx
dy du dv
  v u
dx dx dx
1 1 1
  x  1 2 3  x   2  x  1 2 3  x 
 2
2
1 1
  x  1 2 3  x  3  x   4  x  1 

2
1 1
  x  1 2 3  x   1  5x 

2
 3  x  5x  1

2 x 1
dy 1
b  0  x  3 or x  
dx 5
Exercise 4K
dy 5  x  3  1  3x   1 16
1 a  
5  x  5  x 
2 2
dx
 1 
dy
2  x     x  1 2  x   x 2 x
2x  
b  2 x   
2  x  2 x 2  x  2 x 2  x 
2 2 2
dx
x x 1  2x 
1  x 2 2  1  2x  2 1  x2 
dy 1 x 2
1  x2
c  2
 2
dx 1 x 1 x

Worked solutions

 
2 1  x 2  x 1  2 x 
3
1  x  2 2
2x
 3
1  x  2 2
d
dy

 
x 2  1 3  1  3x  2x  3  2x  3x 2

   
2 2
dx x2  1 x2  1
du dv
2 a u  x 2  2;  2x;v  x 3  1;  3x 2
dx dx
dy

 
x 3  1  2 x   x 2  2 3x 2


2 x 4  2 x  3x 4  6 x 2  
   
2 2
dx x3  1 x3  1
2x  6 x 2  x 4

x 
2
3
1
du 1 dv 3x 2 3 1
b u  x 2  2x;  2x  2;v  (x 3  1)2 ;  (x  1) 2
dx dx 2
3x 2 3
2  x  1 ( x 3  1)2   
1 1
( x  1) 2 x 2  2 x
dy 2

dx x3  1
1  3x 2 ( x 2  2 x 
(x 3  1) 2 2( x  1)( x 3  1)  
dy  2 
 3
dx x 1
1  3x 2 ( x 2  2 x 
2(x 3  1) 2 ( x  1)( x 3  1)  
dy  4 

dx x3  1
dy x 4  2x 3  4x  4

dx
 
3
2 x3  1
2
1
1
 

c y   x 4  x 5  2x 6 2
x 4  x 5  2x 6
1
du dv 1
     4x 
  23
u  1;  0;v  x 4  x5  2x 6 2
;   x 4  x 5  2x 6 3
 5x 4  12x 5
dx dx 2
 1 4 
 
 23
0   x  x 5  2x 6 (4x 3  5x 4  12x 5 )
dy  2 
 
dx x 4  x 5  2x 6  


 12x  5x  4 2

  x  1
3
2x 3 2x 2
2
dy
1  x    2 1x   1  x   2 1x 
d 
1  x 
2
dx


 1 x  1 x    2

1
     
2 2 2
2 x 1 x 2 x 1 x x 1 x

Worked solutions
 1 
3 x  1  1  3x   
dy 4 x x  1 
e  
dx x 1

12 x  x  1  1  3x 
3
4 x  x 1  2
9x  12 x  1
 3
4 x  x 1  2
1

dy 2 1  1  3 2
f  1   
dx 3  x  22  2 x 1 5
3  x  13  x  23
3
dy

 
x 2  1  4   4x  2x  4x 2  4

   
2 2
dx x2  1 x2  1
dy 1
At x  0, y  0 and  4 so the normal has gradient 
dx 4
1
 The normal has equation y   x
4
 
1
4 y  8 4  x2
dy 16 x
 
2
  8 2 x  4  x 2 
4  x 
2
dx 2
8 dy 16
At x  1, y  and 
5 dx 25
25
 The normal has gradient and its equation is
16
8 25 25 17
y 
5 16
 x  1  y  16 x  80
1
5 y  x2  x  1 
x
dy 1 2x 3  x 2  1
 2x  1  2 
dx x x2
dy
2
dx
 2x 3  x 2  1  2x 2
 2 x 3  x 2  1   x  1 2x 2  x  1  0  
x  1 is the only real solution and the corresponding coordinate is
1, 4

Worked solutions
Exercise 4L
1 f  x   1  4x  x 1
f '  x   4  x 2
2
f ''  x   2x 3  
x3
2 f  x   3x5  2x2  1
f '  x   15x 4  4 x
f ''  x   60 x 3  4
f '''  x   180 x 2
f    x   360 x
4
 f   1  360
4
3 y  1  3ax  3a2 x 2  a3 x 3
d 3y
 6a3  162  a3  27
dx 3
 a  3
x3
4 f 'x   4x  5
3
f ''  x   x2  4  0  x  2
dy
5  4x 3  12x 2  16
dx
d 2y
 12 x 2  24 x
dx 2
d 3y
 24 x  24
dx 3
d 2 y d 3y
  12 x 2  24 x  24 x  24
dx 2 dx 3
 x 2  4x  2  0
  x  2  2  x  2  2
2
6 f  x   x 4  px2  qx  r
f '  x   4x 3  2px  q
f ''  x   12x 2  2p
f ''  1  16  12  2p  16  p  2
f '  1  16  4  2 p  q  16  q  16  4  2p  24  q  24
f  1  1  p  q  r  16  r  16  1  p  q  37  r  37
s  t   4  t  2
5
7 a
v  t   20  t  2
4
 v 3  20
a t   80 t  2
3
b

Worked solutions
 a 3  80
a ' t   240 t  2
2
c
a ' 1  240
1
8 f x 
x
1
f 'x  
x2
2
f ''  x   3
x
6
f '''  x    4
x
24
f   x  5
4
x
120
f x   6
5 
x
n n!
Conjecture that P  n  : f    x    1 n 1
n
The statement P 1 is true (see above)

k k!
i.e. that f    x    1 k 1
k
x
Then,
d
f
k 1
 x   dx f k   x 
d k k!

dx
 1 k 1
x
d    k 1 
  1 k !
k
x
dx  
   1 k !  k  1 x  k 2
k
  1
k 1  k  1 !
x k 11
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore, P 1 has been shown to be true and if P  k  is true for
some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Hence, the statement is true for all
positive integers by the principle of mathematical induction
f  x    x  1  x  1 1  2x 3   
4 4 3
9
 
 x  1
4
Note that all derivatives up to and including the third derivative of
will include a factor of  x  1 and therefore disappear upon being evaluated
at x  1. Therefore, we only need to include the first term in Leibniz:
d 4  x  1  d 0
4
f ' 1  
dx 4
  x  14 1  2x 3 3 
dx 0    
x 1
 24  x  1 1  2x 3   
4 3
 384
  x 1

Worked solutions
Exercise 4M
1 a f (x)  0  f has a stationary point at x. So, x  3, 1,2, 4
b f (x)  0  f is increasing, so x  3, 1  x  2, x  4
c f (x)  0  f is decreasing, so  3  x  1,2  x  4
d By inspection of the graph of f, x  3, 1  x  2, x  4
e By insprection of the graph of f, f  is decreasing at x  2, 0.5  x  3
2 a i By inspection of the graph of f, x  3, x  4
ii By inspection of the graph of f, 3  x  4
iii By inspection of the graph of f, x  3, 4
b i By inspection of the graph of f, x  1,0  x  1,2  x
ii By inspection of the graph of f, 1  x  0,1  x  2
iii By inspection of the graph of f, x  1,0,1,2
3 a y  2x3  6x2  3
dy
i  6x2  12x  0  x  x  2  0  x  0 or x  2
dx
f (0.5)  0, f (0.5)  0  (0,3) is a maximum.

f (1.5)  0, f (2.5)  0  (2, 5) is a minimum.
ii 6x2  12  0  x  0 or x  2
iii 6x2  12  0  0  x  2
iv Both turning points are local.
b y  3x 4  2x3  3x2  4
dy
i
dx
 
 12x3  6x 2  6x  6x 2x 2  x  1  6x  2x  1  x  1
dy 1
  0 when x   , x  0 or x  1
dx 2
 1 59 
f (1)  0; f ( 14 )  0    ,   is a maximum
 2 16 
f (0.5)  0; f (0.5)  0   0, 4  is a minimum
f (0.5)  0; f (1.5)  0  1, 2  is a maximum
dy 1
ii  0 when x   or 0  x  1
dx 2
dy 1
iii  0 when   x  0 or x  1
dx 2
 1 59 
iv   ,   and (0,-4) are local turning points, and (1,-3) is a global maximum.
 2 16 

Worked solutions
 
1
c y  2 3  2x  x 2
dy
   
2 2
i   2  2  2x  3  2x  x 2  4 1  x  3  2x  x 2
dx
dy
 0 when x  1
dx
dy  1
By testing points either side of x  1 in ,  1,  is a minimum
dx  2
dy
ii  0 when x  1  x  1
dx
dy
iii  0 when x  1  x  3
dx
 1
iv  1,  is a local minimum.
 2
3x  3
d y 
3x  x 2
i
dy

 
3 x  x 2  3    3x  3   3  2 x 
 
2
dx 3x  x 2
3x 2  6 x  9 3  x  1  x  3
 
3x  x  3x  x 
2 2
2 2
dy
  0 when x  3 or x  1
dx
By testing points to the left and right of these x-values in f ,
 1
 3,  is a maximum and
 3
1,3 is a minimum
dy
ii  0 when x  3 or x  1  x  3
dx
dy
iii  0 when  3  x  1  x  0
dx
iv Both turning points are local.
y  x   x  1
1
e
 x  1  1
2
dy 1
 1   x  1  1 
2
i 
 x  1  x  1
2 2
dx
x 2  2x x  x  2
 
 x  1  x  1
2 2
dy
so  0 when x  0 or x  2
dx
By testing points to the left and to the right of these values in f ,
0, 1 is a maximum and
2,3 is a minimum

Worked solutions
dy
ii  0 when x  0 or x  2
dx
dy
iii
dx
 0 when 0  x  2  x  1
iv The turning points are local.
4 f  x   4  5x  x2  x3
f '  x   5  2 x  3x 2  0
 3x 2  2x  5  3x  5  x  1  0
5
x  or x  1
3
 5 67 
 By testing points to the right and left of these values in f    ,  
 3 27 
is a local minimum and 1,7  is a local maximum.
but f  3  7 and f 3  17 so the local minimum is not
the least value of f  x  in the given interval:
 fmin  17
fmax  7
4
5 f  x   x2 
x
As x = 0 is in the interval, the global maximum and minimum are  .
dy
6  3x 2  2ax  0  x(3x  2a)  0
dx
2a
 x  0; x 
3
So the turning points are at x=0 and x=4.
2a
x 44  a  6
3
 48  8a  0  a  6
 f (4)  11  43  6(42 )  b  11
 b  21
x  0   0, b   0,21
7 The graph passes through 1,1
1  a  b  c  1  a  b  c  0 1
The graph has turning points at x  1 and x  3
dy
 3x 2  2ax  b
dx
 3  2a  b  0  2a  b  3 2 
and

Worked solutions
27  6a  b  0  6a  b  27 3 
Solving 2  and 3 simultaneously,
a  3 and b  9 and therefore
c    a  b   12
Exercise 4N
dy
1 a  7x 6  7  0  x  1
dx
d 2y
 42x 5
dx 2
42(1)5  0  1, 6  is a local minimum
42(1)5  0   1,6  is a local maximum
dy
b  20x3  5x 4  0  x3 20  5x   0  x  0 or x  4
dx
d 2y
 60x 2  20x 3
dx 2
60(4)2  10(43 )  0   4,256  is a local maximum
At x = 0, the 2nd derivative test is inconclusive, so resort to 1st derivative test by testing
points to the left and right of x = 0, in the first derivative.
f (0.5)  0; f (0.5)  0  (0,0) , hence (0,0) is a minimum.
dy 1 1
c  4 2 0 x  
dx x 2
d 2y 2
2
 3
dx x
d 2y 1 
 0   ,5  is local minimum by second derivative test
dx 2 x  1 2 
2
d 2y  1 
<0    , 3  is a local maximum by second derivative test
dx 2 x  12  2 
2 a f '  x   3x2  b
f ' 1  3  b  0  b  3
b f '  x   3x2  3  0  x  1
 1, 2 and  1, 4

Worked solutions
3 a f '  x   2ax  b  0
b
x 
2a
b Local minimum if a  0, local maximum if a  0
Justified as a direct consequence of the second derivative test

since f ''  x   2a
4 a f '  x   3x2  b
f ' 1  3  b  0  b  3
f 1  1  b  c  c  2  4  c  6
f  x   x 3  3x  6
f '  x   3x 2  3  0  x  1
b
so there is another turning point at
 1, 8
Exercise 4O
1 a f '  x   3x2  1
f ''  x   6 x
f '' 0   0 and y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
0,0 is a point of inflexion
b x 0
c x0
2 a f '  x   4x 3  3
f ''  x   12x 2
f '' 0  0 but y  f  x  does not change concavity through this point
so no points of inflexion
b x \ 0
c 
3 a f '  x   3x2  12x  12
f ''  x   6 x  12  0  x  2
y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
2, 38 is a point of inflexion
b x 2
c x 2

Worked solutions
4 a f '  x   3x2  2x
1
f ''  x   6 x  2  0  x  
3
y  f x changes concavity through this point so
 1 25 
 ,  is a point of inflexion
 3 27 
1
b x 
3
1
c x 
3
5 a f '  x   12x2  4x3
f ''  x   24x  12x 2  12x 2  x   0  x  0 or x  2

The concavity of y  f  x  changes through both of these points so
0,0 and 2,16  are both points of inflexion
b 0 x 2
c x  0 or x  2
6 a f '  x   3x2  6x  3
f ''  x   6 x  6  0  x  1
y  f  x  changes concavity through this point so
1,0 is a point of inflexion
b x 1
c x 1
7 a f '  x   8x3  3x2
f ''  x   24x 2  6 x  6 x  4x  1  0
1
x  or x  0
4
The concavity of y  f  x  changes through both of these points
 1 127 
so   ,  and  0,1 are both points of inflexion
 4 128 
1
b x or x  0
4
1
c  x0
4
8 a f '  x   4x3  12x2  16

Worked solutions
f ''  x   12x 2  24x  12x  x  2   0

 x  0 or x  2
The concavity of y  f  x  changes through both of these points
so  0, 16  and 2,0  are points of inflexion
b x  0 or x  2
c 0 x 2
9 a f '  x   3ax2  2bx  c
since there are two distinct stationary points, the discriminant of this quadratic
is positive
   2b   4 3a  c   0
2
 4b2  12ac  0
 b2  3ac
b
b f ''  x   6ax  2b  0  x  
3a
 a  0 by construction since f  x  is a cubic 

2b  4b  4 3a  c 
2
b  b2  3ac
f 'x  0  x  
2 3a 3a
b  b2  3ac b  b2  3ac
 Let x1  and x2 
3a 3a
x  x2 1 b  b  3ac  b  b  3ac 
 2 2
b
 1   
2 2  3a 
 3a
as required
Exercise 4P
1 a

Worked solutions
Exercise 4Q
1 a

Worked solutions
2 a
Exercise 4R
1 Let the length of the fence opposite the wall be denoted by x
Since there is 800m of fencing available, the remaining sides must each
800  x
measure
2
Therefore the area of the enclosed rectangular plot is

 800  x  x2
A x  x    400x 
 2  2
 A '  x   400  x  0  x  400

This is a minimum, which can be justified by the shape of the graph
or by showing A ''  400  0
4002
 Amin  A  400  400  400   80000 so 80,000 m2
2
2 Let the two side lengths be denoted by x and y, side x being opposite the river
200
Since the area enclosed is 200m2 , xy  200  y 
x
and the total length of fencing required is
400
L  x   x  2y  x 
x
400
 L '  x   1  2  0  x 2  400  x  20  x  0
x
L '' 20   0 so this is a minimum
400
 Lmin  L 20   20   40 so 40m
20
3 Let the radius of the semicircle be denoted by r
Then the horizontal edge of the window measures 2r and since the perimeter
of the window is 12m, if the vertical edges of the window are length x,
12  2    r
2r  2x   r  12  x 
2
Worked solutions
 The area of the window is

1 2 1
A  r   2xr   r  12  2    r  r   r 2
2 2
   
 12r    2     r 2  12r    2  r 2
2  2 
12
 A '  r   12    4  r  0  r 
4
This is a minimum, which can be justified either
by considering the shape of the graph or by showing

 12 
A ''  0
4 
12
r   1.68... so radius is 1.68m 3s.f.
4
and the dimensions of the rectangle are
3.36 m  1.68 m 3s.f.
4 Let L be the length of the wire, then:
L  36  x 2  196  (20  x)2

dL x 20  x
 
dx 36  x 2
196  (20  x 2 )
To minimize the length of L, set the first derivative equal to 0, i.e.,
x 20  x
 0
2
36  x 196  (20  x 2 )
x 6
5 Let the side length of the congruent squares be denoted by x
After cutting out the congruent squares, the sides of the open rectangular box
will measure 24  2 x  cm by  45  2 x  cm by x cm

Therefore the volume of the box is
V  x   x 24  2x   45  2x   4x 3  138x 2  1080x
 V '  x   12x 2  276 x  1080  0
 x 2  23x  90  0
  x  18   x  5  0
 x  18 or x  5
x  18 is not feasible and V '' 5  0 so
Vmin  V 5  5 24  10   45  10   5 14  35  2450
6 Let the height and radius of the cylindrical can respectively be h and r.
Then, since the surface area is 3 m2 ,

3  r2
2 rh   r 2  3  r 2  2rh  3  0  h 
2r

Worked solutions
Therefore the volume of the can is

3  r2 
V  r    r 2h   r 2
2r

2
3r  r 3  

 V ' r  
2
3  3r   0  r  1  r  0
2
3 1
 r  1, h   1 so the radius and height are both 1m and
2
Vmin  V 1   so the volume is  m3
1
7 1l  m3
1000
Let the radius of the cylinder be r and the height be h

Then,
1 1
 r 2h  h
1000 1000 r 2
1
S  r   2 r 2  2 rh  2 r 2 
500r
1
1 1  1 3
S '  r   4 r   0  r3  r  
500r 2
2000  2000 
 1

  1 3 
 Smin  S   0.055358...
  2000  
 
Therefore the minimum surface area is 0.055358...m3 or

554cm3 to 3s.f.
8 Let the radius of the right-circular cone be r. Accordingly, by Pythagoras',
the height of the cone is h  10  100  r 2

 r 2  100   h  10   20h  h2
2
 r 2h h
 V  h 
3

3
20h  h   3 20h
2 2
 h3 

 V '  h 
3
 40h  3h   3h  40  3h  0
2
40  40 
h  0 so h  and V ''  0
3  3 
 40 
 Vmax V   1241.12....
 3 
so 1240cm3 3s.f.
9 A general point on the curve has coordinates x, x  

By Pythagoras', the distance from 1.5,0  is
2
 3
 x 9
2
D x  x     x 2  2x 
 2 4
5 5 5
 x  1
2
   
4 4 2
5
so Dmin 
2
10 Let the radii of the circles be r

Worked solutions
Then the pieces of wire for each circle measure 2 r and the piece of wire
for the square measures 80  4 r so the square has side length 20   r
Therefore the area of each circle is  r 2 and the area of the square is
20   r 
2
So the combined area is

 
A  r   2 r 2  20   r   2   2 r 2  40 r  400
2
20
 
 A '  r   4  2 2 r  40  0  r 
2
 20 
and A ''    0 so this is a minimum
2   
11 Let the poster have height h and width w
Then, hw  320
and the total area is
A  h    h  10  w  8   hw  8h  10w  80  400  8h  10w
3200
 400  8h 
h
3200
 A '  h  8   0  h2  400  h  20  h  0 
h2
 16cm by 20cm
12 Suppose I land my boat x km along the shore from the point on the coastline
directly opposite my initial position. Then, by Pythagoras', I row

x 2  4 km and jog 6  x  km so the total time taken is
x2  4 6  x
T x  
2 5
x 1
 T 'x   0
2 x 4 5
2
 5x  2 x 2  4

 25x 2  4 x 2  4 
16 4 4 21
 21x 2  16  x 2 
21
x   x  0

21
21
 I should land my boat 0.873km  to 3s.f. along the coastline
from the point directly opposite my initial position
Exercise 4S
1 C  x   0.01x3  10x  150
1000
 C '  x   0.03x 2  10  0  x 2 
3
1000
x 
3
 x  0
 1000 
C ''    0 so this is a minimum and a global minimum
 3
 
1000
by consideration of the graph  18.257... so 18
3

Worked solutions
3 2 1 3
2 f x  x  x
4 8
The largest drop in systolic pressure is the maximum of f  x 
3 3 3x
 f 'x  x  x2   4  x   0  x  4cm3
2 8 8
3 2 1 3
 f  4 
4
 
4 
8
 
4  4mmHg
3 a 7  0.002  3500, so the domain of p(x) is 0  x  3500
b x(7  0.002x)  (500  3x)  0
 0.002x 2  4x  500  0
 x 2  2000x  250000  0
x  1000  500 3  1866... or 133.97...
1000  500 3  x  1000  500 3 or

c From part b,
134  x  1870
35002  2000(3500)  250000  5500000

d
 5.5 million
4 a c '  x   20  0.4x  0.0012x2  0
 x  61.25741133 or x  272.075922
The latter is the minimum so 272
b p  x   r  x   c  x   15x  403  0.2x2  0.0004x3
p '  x   15  0.4x  0.0012x 2  0

 x  367.3599... so 367
c Individual Response
5 Let the plot measure x m by y m and suppose that
the side with fencing is of length x

 xy  1000
and the total cost is
30000
T  x   15  3 x  15  15 y  18 x 
x
30000
 T '  x   18  0
x2
30000 50 6
 x2  x   40.8248...
18 3
 y  10 6  24.4949...
so the plot is 24.5m by 40.8m  to 3s.f.
and the minimised cost is
 50 6 
T  1470  to 3s.f.
 3 
 
6 Suppose the airline reduces the price by €10 n times

Worked solutions
Then the price of an individual ticket is 500  10n and the number of passengers
is 180  2n, and therefore the revenue is
r  n  500  10n 180  2n   90000  800n  20n2
 r '  n  800  40n  0  n  20

so the optimal price is $300 and the corresponding number of passengers
is 220
Exercise 4T
1 a v t   h ' t   96  32t  v 0  96
b h ' t   0  t  3
hmax  h 3  256
c  
h t   16 7  6t  t 2  16 1  t 7  t   0
t  0  t  7 so v 7  128
2 a s 0  10
b  
s t   5 2  t  t 2  5 1  t 2  t   0
t 0t 2
c v t   s ' t   5  10t so v 2  15
a t   v ' t   s '' t   10
The diver hits the water with a velocity of 15 m s−1, and a constant vertical acceleration of
−10 m s−2, which is approximately the force of gravity. Since both velocity and acceleration
are negative, the diver is speeding up as he/she approaches the water.
3 Take the ground to have height 0, so that h0  0
 h  t   50t  4.9t 2
50
h '  t   50  9.8t  0  t 
9.8
 50 
 hmax  h    127.55...  128 to 3s.f.
 9.8 
50
h  t   0 when t  0 or t   10.2041...
4.9
so the rocket is at ground level again after 10.2s  to 3s.f.
4 a t  0, 3, 6, 11
b i 0  t  3, 6  t  11
ii 3t 6
c i t  1.5
ii t  4.5

Worked solutions
d t  1.5, 4.5
e i 0  t  1.5, 3  t  4.5, 6  t  9
ii 1.5  t  3, 4.5  t  6, 9  t  11
5 v t   s ' t   3t 2  6t  4
a t   v ' t   s '' t   6t  6
s  3  s  0  63
6 a vavg    21
3 3
b v t   s ' t   20t  3t 2
 v 3  33
a  t   v ' t   s '' t   20  6t
 a 3  2
c Both the velocity and accleration are positive, so the particle is speeding up
20
d v t   0  t  0 or t 
3
7 a v t   s ' t   3t 2  14t  11
a t   v ' t   s '' t   6t  14
b v t   0  3t 2  14t  11  3t  11 t  1  0
11
 t  1 and t 
3
c i Require v t  and a t  to have the same sign
14 7 7
a  t   0 when t   and a t   0 when t 
6 3 3
11 11
v  t   0 when 0  t  1 or t  and v t   0 when 1  t 
3 3
Therefore the particle is speeding up when
7 11
1t  or t 
3 3
ii The particle is slowing down when a t  and v t  have different signs
Using the working in part i, this is when

7 11
0  t  1 or t 
3 3
11
d v t   0  t  1 or t 
3
e D  s 1  s 0  s 3  s 1  5  8  13

Worked solutions
Exercise 4U
dy dy 3x
1 a 4y  6x  0  
dx dx 2y
dy dy 4x 3
b 3y 2  4x 3  
dx dx 3y 2
dy dy
c 4x  8y 3 4 0
dx dx
dy
  8y  4  3  4x
dx
dy 3  4x
 
dx 8y  4
dy dy
d 2x  3y  3x  4y 0
dx dx
dy
  4y  3x  3y  2x
dx
dy 3y  2x
 
dx 4y  3x
 dy  dy
e 2  x  y  1    3
 dx  dx
dy
2  x  y   3  2  x  y 
dx
dy 2x  y
 
dx 2x  y  3
xy
f 2x 2 
xy
dy dy
 x  y  1  dx    x  y  1  dx  2x
dy
 2y
4x       dx
x  y x  y
2 2
dy
 4x  x  y   2y  2x
2
dx
dy 4x  x  y   2y 2x  x  y   y
2 2
  
dx 2x x
1
1 2 dy 
 

2 3
g 1  4x  18y  2x  6y
2
2 dx 
dy
 4x  18y 2  2 2 x 2  6y 3
dx
dy 1 
  2 2x 2  6y 3  4x 
dx 18y 2  
3 3 dy dy y4
2  4
 4 0  4
x y dx dx x
 At 1,1 , the gradient of the tangent is  1 and the gradient

of the normal is 1

Worked solutions
Tangent: y  1  1  x  1  y   x  2
Normal: y  1  1  x  1  y  x
 y  1
2
1 1 dy dy
3   0 
 x  1  y  1  x  1
2 2 2
dx dx
 At 1,1 , the gradient of the tangent is  1 and the gradient

of the normal is 1
Tangent: y  1    x  1  y   x  2
Normal: y  1  x  1  y  x
4 x2  y 2  6x  8y
dy dy
2 x  2y 68
dx dx
dy

dx
2y  8  6  2x
dy 3  x
 
dx y  4
dy
  0 when x  3
dx
 9  y 2  18  8y
 y 2  8y  9   y  9   y  1  0
Therefore 3, 9  and 3, 1
5 a x  y  x2  2xy  y 2
dy dy dy
1  2x  2x  2y  2y
dx dx dx
dy
 1  2 x  2y   2 x  2y  1
dx
dy 2x  2y  1
 
dx 2x  2y  1
dy 2x  2y  1 1  2x  2y  2x  2y  1
b 1 1 
dx 1  2x  2y 2x  2y  1
1  2x  2y  2x  2y  1

1  2x  2y
2

2x  2y  1
c Differentiating the result in part b,
 dy   dy 
2  2  2 4 1 
d 2y  dx   dx 
  
2x  2y  1 2x  2y  1
2 2 2
dx
 2 
4 
2 x  2y  1  8
  
   y  1
2 3
2 x  2y  1 2 x  2
3 3
d 2y  2   dy 
    1  
dx 2  2 x  2y  1   dx 

Worked solutions
Exercise 4V
dA dr
1 a  2 r
dt dt
dA dr dh
b  2  2
dt dt dt
dV   dr dh   r  dr dh 
c   2rh  r2   2h r 
dt 3 dt dt  3  dt dt 
dV dr
d  4 r 2
dt dt
2 Let the diagonal distance be D. Then,
D2 = l2 + w2 +h2
dD dl dw dh
 2D  2l  2w  2h
dt dt dt dt
dl dw dh
l w h
dD
  dt dt dt
dt D
dl dw dh
l w h
 dt dt dt
2 2 2
l w h
dl dw
3  3,  3
dt dt
dA dl dw
a A  lw   wl  3 w  l 
dt dt dt
dA
 Initially,  3 7  24  51
dt
dP  dl dw 
b P  2 l  w    2  0
dt  dt dt 
c Let D denote the diagonal distance. Then,
dD dl dw
D2  l 2  w 2  2D  2l  2w
dt dt dt
dl dw
l w
dD dt  3l  3w
  dt
dt l  w2
2
l 2  w2
 Initially,
dD 3 24  7  51
 
dt 242  72 25
4 Let the distance of the base of the ladder from the wall be x
and the vertical height of the ladder up the wall be y

Then, by Pythagoras,
y  100  x 2

Worked solutions
dy x dx
 
dx 100  x 2 dt
dx 100  x 2 dy 100  x 2
  
dt x dx 2x
 when x  6,
dx 100  36 2
 
dt 12 3
5 Let the cube have side length l
dV dl 3
V  l3   3l 2 
dt dt 2
S  6l 2
dS dl
  12l
dt dt
dl 1
When V  27, l  3 and 
dt 18
dS  1 
so  12 3  2
dt  18 
6 Let the radius of the cylinder be r and the height h
dr dh
 3 and 6
dt dt
S  2 r 2  2 rh  2 r  r  h 
dS  dr  dr dh  
  2   r  h   r   
dt  dt  dt dt  
 2  3  r  h   3r 
so when r  12, h  10
dS
 2  3 22   36   60
dt
7 h2  a2  b2
dh da db
2h  2a  2b
dt dt dt
da db
a b
dh dt  5a  4b
  dt
dt a  b2
2
a2  b2
 When a  15 and b  20,
dh 75  80 5 1
  
dt 225  400 25 5
4 3 dV dr
8 V  r   4 r 2
3 dt dt
dr dr 7
 7  4 r 2  
dt dt 4 r 2
When V  36 ,
4 3
 r  36  r 3  27  r  3
3
dr 7
so 
dt 36

Worked solutions
1 2 dV  r  dr dh 
9 V  r h    2h r 3
3 dt 3  dt dt 
Let  denote the angle between the axis of symmetry through the centre
of the cone and the curved surface of the cone. Then,
r 1.5 3 3 dr 3 dh
tan     hr  
h 2 4 4 dt 4 dt
 r  3h dh dh 
  r 3
3  2 dt dt 
dh 18
 
dt  r 3h  2r 
so when h  2 and r  1.5,
dh 4

dt 3
dA dr dr 1 dA 1
10 A   r 2   2 r   
dt dt dt 2 r dt r
 When r  5,
dr 1

dt 5
Chapter review
1 a Limit does not exist since lim f  x   lim f  x 

x 1 x 1
b lim f  x   2
x 1
c lim f  x   2.25
x 0
d no limit as there is a cusp at x= 3.
2 a 
lim  x2  5x  2  4
x 2

x 3 5
b lim 
x 2 x 6 8
1
c lim 8  2x 3  2
x 0
x 2  4x  3  x  3  x  1  lim x  1  2
d lim
x 3 x 3
 lim
x 3 x 3 x 3
 
x2  2 2
e lim  lim 1  2  1
x  x x  x
2
2 x3  0
f lim  lim
x  x 3  1 x  1
1 3
x

Worked solutions
lim f  x    2  4  0
2
3
x 2
lim f  x    2  6  2  4

3
x 2
so not continuous at x  2
4 a lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 1 x 1
 2  a  1  a  1
b lim f  x   lim f  x 
x 1 x 1
 6  a 1  a  7
3
1
n3 n 1
5 a lim  lim
n  3n  4 n  4 3
3
n
4 2

4  2n2 n3
n 0
b lim 3  lim
n  n  1 n  1
1 3
n
c No limit
1
6   1 so the series does converge
3
1 3
S  2  
 1 2
1   
 3
1
7 The common ratio is , so the condition is
n2  1
1
 1  n2  1  1  n2  0
n2  1
i.e. the series converges for all non-zero n
S 
n2


n2 n2  1   n n
2 2
n
1 2
1
1 2
n 11 n 2
1 2
n 1
8 a Vertical: x2  9  0  x  3
Horizontal:
lim f  x   6 so y  6
x 
b Vertical: 3x3  81  0  x3  27  x  3
Horizontal:
lim f  x   0 so y  0
x 
c Vertical: x  0
9 a y  (1  2x)5(3x  2)6

Worked solutions
dy
 10 1  2x  3x  2  1  2x   18 3x  2
4 6 5 5
dx
 1  2x  3x  2   10 3x  2   18 1  2 x  

4 5
 1  2x  3x  2  6 x  2 
4 5
 2 33x  19  2x  1 3x  2 

4 5
1
dy
x  1 2 x   x 2  1  2 x 1
b 
dx x 1

4x  x  1  x 2  1    3x 2
 4x  1
3 3
2  x  1 2 2  x  12
dy 1  3x 2  1
c   2  
dx 2  3
2 x  1  2x  x 3  1
10 a Vertical: x2  1  0  x  1
Horizontal:
1
x x
lim 2  lim  0 so y  0
x  x  1 x  1
1
x2
x
b f x 
x2  1
x x
f  x     f  x 
 x 
2 2
1 x 1
c
dy

 
x 2  1 1  x 2x 

1  x 2

1  x2
0
     
2 2 2
dx x2  1 x2  1 x2  1
 
2
11 a OP  a2  3  a2  a4  5a2  9
2 2
 2 5 25  2 5 11
b OP  a    9   a   
 2  4  2  4
5 5
 Closest when a2  0a
2 2

Worked solutions
x 2  3x  2  x  2  x  1
12 f  x   
x 2  3x  2  x  2  x  1
a Vertical: x  2 and x  1
Horizontal:
3 2
 21
lim f  x   lim x x  1 so y  1
x  x  3 2
1  2
x x
b  x  2  x  1  0  x  2 or x  1
so 2,0 , 1,0 , 0,1
c f 'x 
x 2
 
 3x  2  2 x  3   x 2  3x  2  2 x  3  
x 
2
2
 3x  2
2 x 3  3x 2  5x  6  2 x 3  3x 2  5x  6

x 
2
2
 3x  2
6 x 2  12
 0x  2
x 
2
2
 3x  2
13 a f  x   0  x  1
b Horizontal Asymptote: y  0
Vertical Asymptote: x  0
c f '  x   0  x  2
9
When x  2, y  f  2   
4
9  9
f ''  2   0 so  2,   is a minimum
8  4
d f ''  x   0  x  3
14 a f x  0  x  
x  b  0  x  0 or x  b2
b 2 x b
b f 'x  1  
2 x 2 x

Worked solutions
b2
i f '  x   0 when x 
4
b2
ii f '  x   0 when 0  x 
4
 b2  b2
c f x  f    
 4 4
b
d f ''  x    0 so concave up
4x x
15
dy dy 4x
16 8x  2y 0 
dx dx y
 2 2 
 At  , ,
 5 5
dy
 4
dx
dy dy
17 4xy  2x 2  3y 2  6xy 0
dx dx

 2 x 2  6 xy  dy
dx

  3y 2  4xy 
2
dy 3y  4 xy
 
dx 2 x 2  6 xy
 At 1,1 ,
dy 34 7
 
dx 26 8
8
so the normal to the curve at this point has gradient
7
8
y 1 
7
 x  1
8 1
y  x
7 7

Worked solutions
18 a b  p
1 1 dy dy y
 0 
2 x 2 y dx dx x
b
 The gradient at  a, b  is 
a
and the equation of the tangent is
b
y b  
a
 x  a
b
y  x  ab  b
a
The tangent passes through 0, r  :

r  ab  b
and  s, 0  :
b
0 s  ab  b  s  a  ab
a
r  s  ab  b  a  ab  a  2 ab  b
    p
2 2
 a b p as required
19 Let D denote the distance from the observer to the drone and x
the height of the drone. Then,

dD dx
D2  36  x 2  2D  2x
dt dt
dD x dx
 
dt 36  x 2 dt
dx
 When  3 and x  8,
dt
dD 8
dt
 3  2.4
36  64
20 a v 0  2
b v t   0
1t  4t  9
 1  t   1  2t  t 2  4t  9
2
 t 2  2t  8  0
 t  4 t  2  0
t  0 so t  4
2
c a t   v ' t   1 
4t  9
2 3
a  4  1  
25 5

Worked solutions
d i v t   0 for t  4 and v t   0 for t  4
a  t   0 for all t  0
 slowing down when a  t  and v t  have different signs
t 4
ii v t  and a t  have the same sign when t  4  t  4
21 Let the (initially) inner circle have radius r1 and the (initially) outer
circle have radius r2

dr1 dr2
Then,  1.2 and  0.8
dt dt
The area between the circles is given by

A   r22  r12  so at time t ,
dA  dr dr  12
  2  r2 2  r1 1   2  0.8  3  1  1.2  
dt  dt dt  5
4 3
22 V   r , S  4 r 2
3
dV dr dr 3
 4 r 2 3 
dt dt dt 4 r 2
dS dr 3 6
 8 r  8 r 
dt dt 4 r 2 r
 When r  1,
dS
6
dt
23 | PQ | x  QT  RS  x since PQT is an equilateral triangle and
QRST is a rectangle. Let ST  QR  y, then

3 2
p  3x  2y and A  xy 
4
x  area of rectangle plus eq. triangle 
p  3x
y 
2
x  p  3x  3 2
 A  x
2 4
dA p 3
  3x  x 0
dx 2 2
 3 p
 3   x 
 2 2
 
p  3
  2 3    6  3
x  2
 

Worked solutions
24 a Graphical approach:
Attempt to draw graph (1 mark)
Each branch correct (2 marks)
Then lim f  x   lim f  x   4

x 2 x 2
Hence lim f  x  exists and is equal to 4. (1 mark)

x 2
OR: Algebraic approach (note that an algebraic approach will be accepted, but not expected,
in examinations)
lim f  x   lim 
x2  4
 lim 
 x  2  x  2 (1 mark)
x 2 x 2
2
x  5x  6 x 2  x  2   x  3
  x  2
 lim 4 (1 mark)
x 2 x 3
lim f  x   lim e2 x  x  1  4 (1 mark)

x 2 x 2
Then lim f  x   lim f  x   4

x 2 x 2
Hence lim f  x  exists and is equal to 4. (1 mark)

x 2
b a2  3a  6  4 (1 mark)
 a  1  a  2  0 (1 mark)
a  1, a  2 (1 mark)
25 a x2  x  2  0  x  1, x  2 (2 marks)
(Shape of each branch correct gains 1 mark) (3 marks)
c i Vertical asymptotes: x  1 and x  2 (2 marks)
3x  10
ii Using long division, f  x   x  1  (1 mark)
x2  x  2
Worked solutions
As x   , f  x   x  1 which is a slant asymptote. (1 mark)
1
 x  1 
2
x  2x
26 a g  x   2 x (2 marks)
 x  1
2
2
1  3x 2
 (1 mark)
 
2
2 x x2  1
1
b g 1  (1 mark)
2
1
g 1   (1 mark)
4
1 1
Equation of normal: y   4  x  1 or y  4x  3 (1 mark)
2 2
c g is not defined at x  0 because a derivative is not defined at the end point of a closed
interval. (1 mark)
Therefore, there is no tangent to the graph of g at x  0 . (1 mark)
 dy   dy 
1  dx   x  y   1  dx   x  y 
27 a 2x      (3 marks)
x  y
2
dy
Make the subject (1 mark)
dx
dy
2x  x  y   2x
2
 2y
dx
dy y
 x  y 
2
(1 mark)
dx x
b y  0  x2  1  x  1 (1 mark)
dy
1 (1 mark)
dx
yx 1 (2 marks)
101.1  98.5
28 a i  1.3 (2
2002  2000
marks)
102.3  101.1
ii  0.6 (1 mark)
2004  2002
b The average annual profit between 2000 and 2002 was almost double the average annual
profit between 2002 and 2004. (2 marks)
29 a f   x   lim
2  x  h  2
 
 3  x  h   4  2 x 2  3x  4 
(2 marks)
h 0 h

Worked solutions
 lim
2 x 2
 
 4hx  2h2  3x  3h  4  2x 2  3x  4  (1 mark)
h 0 h
4hx  2h2  3h
 lim (1 mark)
h 0 h
 lim  4x  2h  3  4x  3 (1 mark)
h0
b f 1  2  3  4  1 (1 mark)
f  1  4  3  7 (1 mark)
Equation of tangent: y  1  7  x  1 (or y  7x  6 ) (1 mark)
30 a h  4  370 and h 5  438 (3 s.f.) (2 marks)
b v t   h t   112  9.8t (2 marks)
c v t   0  112  9.8t  0 (1 mark)
t  11.4 3 s.f . (1 mark)
d double x-coordinate of maximum, or determine zero (1 mark)
22.8 3 s.f . (1 mark)

e
(Shape: 1 mark; Domain: 1 mark; Maximum: 1 mark)
f v 22.8571...  112 ms–1 (2 marks)
g a t   v t   9.8 which is constant (2 marks)
 f  f  2 g 2  f 2 g 2

31 a i   2   (1 mark)

g 2  
2
g
 
 4
10  4  9    
  3 (1
42
mark)
52  13 
   3.25  (1 mark)
16  4 
ii g f  1  g  f 1  f  1  g 2 f  1 (1 mark)
4 16
 4   (1 mark)
3 3

Worked solutions
b i False (1 mark)
as derivative changes sign. (1 mark)
ii False (1 mark)
as the derivatives at these points are not negative reciprocals. (1 mark)
32 a Let d(x) be the total length of the pipeline.
d(x)  x2  752  100  x (2 marks)
b Let c(x) be proportional to the construction costs of the pipeline.
c(x)  3 x2  752  100  x (1 mark)
dc 3x
 1 (2 marks)
dx x 2  752
dc 3x
0 1 (1 mark)
dx x  752
2
Solve equation
9x2  x2  752 (2 marks)
75
x  2 (1 mark)
4
2
 75  75
c d(x)   2   752  100  2 (2 marks)
 4  4
 2  75
 752   1   100  2
 16  4
9 75
 75  100  2 (1 mark)
8 4
75 75
 3 2  100  2
4 4
75
 2  100 (1 mark)
2
33 a Vertical Asymptote: x  a (1 mark)
Horizontal Asymptote: y  a (1 mark)
a   x  a  1   ax  4 4  a2
b f  x   . (3 marks)
 x  a  x  a
2 2
c f   x   0 for turning points (1 mark)
4  a2
 0  a2  4  a  2 (1 mark)
 x  a
2
2x  4 2  x  2 
For a  2 , f  x     2 so the function is constant, and there are no turning
x 2 x 2
points. (1 mark)

Worked solutions
For a  2 , f   x   0 , so the function has no max/min. (1 mark)
4  a2
d f  1  (1 mark)
1  a
2
1  a
2
gradient of normal is m  (1 mark)

a2  4
a4
f 1  (1 mark)
1 a
a  4 1  a
2
y
1 a
 2
a 4
 x  1 (or equivalent) (1 mark)
e Asymptotes intersect at  a, a . Substitute  a, a into normal equation. (1 mark)
a  4 1  a
2
a
1 a
 2
a 4
 a  1 (or equivalent) (1 mark)
Simplify (1 mark)
a 
2
  a  1
2 4
4
4a3  14a2  4a  15  0 (1 mark)
f From GDC (1 mark)
a  2.5 or a  1.82 (2 marks)
(For part f, award 2 marks only if negative root a  0.823 is included)

Worked solutions
Analysing data and quantifying

5 randomness: statistics and
probability
Skills check
720  750  690  975  700  710  720  680  695  645 1457
1 a Mean    728.5 kg
10 2
The number that occurs most often is 720
th th
 n  1  11  700  710
Median        705
 2   2  2
b Range  975  645  330 kg

Q1 is the median of the first half of the list, 690 kg
Q3 is the median of the second half of the list, 720 kg
IQR  Q3  Q1  720  690 kg
2 Mean 
2.5  5  7.5  2  12.5  6   17.5  8  22.5  4  27.5  5  32.5  8  19.21 litres
5268 458
The data is bimodal and the modal classes are 15  x  20 and 30  x  35
th th
 n  1  38  1 
Median       17.5 litres
 2   2 
Exercise 5A
1 a The target population is “all celery sticks grown in a certain US state”
b The sampling unit is “each celery stick”
c The sample frame is “a list of all celery sticks from the state”
d The sample variable is “the length of the celery stick”
e The sampling values are “the positive real numbers”
2 a The target population is “all ball bearings manufactured by a company”
b The sampling unit is “each ball bearing”
c The sample frame is “a list of all ball bearings enumerated”
d The sample variable is “the weight of the ball bearing”
3 a The target population is “all 1 litre soda bottles from a soft drink factory”
b The sampling unit is “each 1 litre soda bottle”
c The sample frame is “all soda bottles enumerated in a list”
d The sample variable is “the volume of the 1 litre soda bottle”
e The sampling values are “the natural numbers”
4 a The target population is “all crates of 50 oranges”
b The sampling unit is “each crate of 50 oranges”
c The sample frame is “an enumerated list of all crates”

Worked solutions
d The sample variable is “the weight of a crate of 50 oranges”
Exercise 5B
1 List and enumerate all books, generate a random number x then take books x, x  50,...
2 a Generate a random number x and then sample x bases from each region
b individual response
5 5! 120
3 a The number of samples of three from 0,1,2,3, 4 is equal to      10
 3 3!(5  3)! 6 2
b The 10 possible samples are (0,1,2) , (0,1,3) , (0,1, 4) , (0,2,3) , (0,2, 4) , (0,3, 4) , (1,2,3) ,
(1,2, 4) , (1,3, 4) , (2,3, 4)
c The means are:

0 12
1
3
0 13 4
  1.3333
3 3
0 1 4 5
  1.6667
3 3
023 5
  1.6667
3 3
024
2
3
034 7
  2.3333
3 3
123
2
3
12 4 7
  2.3333
3 3
13 4 8
  2.6667
3 3
234
3
3
0  1  2  3  4 10
d Mean of population:  2
5 5
Mean of sample means:
1  1.3333  1.6667  1.6667  2  2.3333  2  2.3333  2.6667  3 20
 2
10 10
4 The variable is “whether the envelope is sealed correctly”

The sample is the “batch of selected envelopes”
The population is “all the envelopes”
The variable is discrete
5 It is not possible to wait 4000 years to see if they will last that long
6 This is stratified sampling

Worked solutions
7 Pick 12.5 students from each grade (13 from two and 11 from another two).
Exercise 5C
1 a The classes are:

0.5  x  1.5
1.5  x  2.5
2.5  x  3.5
3.5  x  4.5
4.5  x  5.5
5.5  x  6.5
b Number of people Frequency Interval on

histogram
1 8 0.5  x  1.5
2 11 1.5  x  2.5
3 6 2.5  x  3.5
4 4 3.5  x  4.5
5 2 4.5  x  5.5
6 2 5.5  x  6.5
4 a The data is continuous
b This plot may show the distribution of lengths of ants in mm

Worked solutions
5 a Hours Days
4 4
5 5
6 9
7 8
8 4
4  4  5  5  6  9  7  8  8  4 183
b   6.1 hours
45984 30
Exercise 5D
Shape: the distribution is unimodal, most koalas had a mass of 30  x  40 kg

Centre: the midpoint would fall in the 30  x  40 class.
Spread: the mass of the koalas varies from 17 kg to 61 kg
2 a The data is qualitative therefore, a bar chart is preferable. Each bar would represent each
day of the week and would summarise the data very clearly
3 a A relative frequency histogram is necessary here as we wish to compare the distributions of

two samples from different populations
b Time spent per day Male Relative Freq Female Relative Freq
0  x  15 0.1667 0.125
15  x  30 0.2667 0.1563
30  x  45 0.3333 0.2188
45  x  60 0.1667 0.4375
60  x  75 0.06667 0.625
d The male distribution is symmetric unimodal. The female distribution is right distorted
unimodal.

Worked solutions
e On average, females spent more time per day on the phone than men.
4 a 8  16  11  7  3  43 families were interviewed
b
150  8  160  16  170  11  180  7  190  3  7460  165.7  $166.78
43 43
c The data is left skewed
15  11
5 0.25  0.1875  0.125   0.5375 , 32  0.53125  17.2 items
16  11
6 a Skewed, unimodal, contains an outlier
b Skewed, multimodal, no outliers
c Symmetric, unimodal, no outliers
Exercise 5E
1 a The mean number of children is

0  5  1  10  2  6  3  3   4  1 
35
 1.4
25 25
b On average, women from Australia have more children
2 a Mean 
25  5  35  4   45  3  55  2  65  3 
705
 41.4706  41.5 years
54323 17
c Left skewed, younger teachers appear to move schools more frequently.
3 a A relative frequency histogram is necessary here as we wish to compare the distributions of

two samples of different sizes from different populations
c On average, students from Peru are shorter
4 a A standard histogram

Worked solutions
c Mean 
17.5  5  21.5  15  24  20  27.5  20  35  30  2490  27.6667 years
5  15  20  20  30 90
Modal class: 30  A  40
Exercise 5F
2  3  3  4  4  5  5  6  6  6 44
1 a Mean    4.4
10 10
Standard deviation
22  32  32  42  42  52  52  62  62  62
  4.42  21.2  19.36  1.3565  1.36
10
21  21  24  25  27  29 147
b Mean    24.5 kg
6 6
Standard deviation
212  212  242  252  272  292
  24.52  608.833  600.25  2.92968  2.93 kg kg
6
3  2  4  3  5  2 28
c Mean   4
232 7
32  2  42  3  52  2
Standard deviation   42  16.5714  16  0.75591  0.756
232
3  2  8  4  13  4  18  5  23  2 226
d Mean    13.2941  13.3
24452 17
Standard deviation
32  2  82  4  132  4  182  5  232  2

  13.29412  213.412  176.733  6.06
2 4 452
fx 563
2 Mean    28.15
f 20
2 2
fx 2  fx  16143  563 
Standard deviation        3.83764  3.84
f  f  20  20 
196  197  199  200  200  200  202  203  203  205 2005
3 a Mean    200.5 g
10 10
Standard deviation
1962  1972  1992  2002  2002  2002  2022  2032  2032  2052
  200.52
10
 40207.3  40200.25  2.6551 ≈ 2.65 g
10
b The mean from part a and times the standard deviation from part a
9
6.3  9.6  12.2  12.3  10.3  12.1  10.3  8.4  9.2  4.3 95
4 a Mean    9.5
10 10
Standard deviation
6.32  9.62  12.22  12.32  10.32  12.12  10.32  8.42  9.22  4.32
  9.52
10
 96.426  90.25  2.49

Worked solutions
b There is grounds for investigation because the mean amount of lead per litre is within 1
standard deviation of the level that is deemed dangerous
Exercise 5G
10  102  122  52  02  142  22  52  82  92  62  10  12  5  0  14  2  5  8  9  6  

2
sn 1     
10  1  10  10  
10

9
67.5  50.41  4.35762  4.36
11504
2 Mean   460.16  460 kg kg
25
25  5304823  11504  
2
sn 1       18.72538  18.7 kg
25  1  25  25  
x 38750
3 Mean    1550
n 25
n  x 2  x   25  60100000  38750  
2 2
sn 1            39.5285
n  1  n  n   25  1  25  25  
4 a
b The data is symmetric
x 392
c Mean    7.84
n 50
50  3470  392  
2
sn 1       2.8454 ≈ 2.85
50  1  50  50  
d Individual response
Exercise 5H
1 a 80
b a is lower quartile mark, a = 55
b is upper quartile mark, b = 75
k  3  k  k  2  k  5 4k  4
2 a   k 1
4 4
b k+1–3=k–2
3 a 63

Worked solutions
b i 87 ii 73
4 a i 1.18m
ii IQR = UQ – LQ = 1.22m – 1.13m = 0.09m
b Class Frequency
1.00 ≤ h < 1.05 5
1.05 ≤ h < 1.10 8
1.10 ≤ h < 1.15 14
1.15 ≤ h < 1.20 24
1.20 ≤ h < 1.25 18
1.25 ≤ h < 1.30 11
5  8  14
c i  0.3375  0.34
80
 0.02 
5  8  14  
ii  0.05   0.69
5  8  14
a  2a  3a  ...  na
5 a i Mean 
n
a 1  2  3...  n a n  n  1 a  n  1
  
n n 2 2
4n  n  1 4  n  1
ii  100 
2 2
2n2  2n  100  2n  2
2n2  102
n2  51
n7
n8
m 0  n 1 n
b i M 
nm nm
n
 m  n n
mn mn
S 
mn mn
n nm
ii MS 
nm mn
n nm
2
n  nm
nm
As there are the same number of x and y points, median is the average of the two values
Worked solutions
10
 0.5
2
Exercise 5I
1 a No association b moderate, positive, linear
c strong, positive, linear d moderate, negative, linear
e strong, negative, linear
a i b i c i
ii 65kg
iii 47s
iv The graphs giving the most accurate predictions are the ones where the data is close to
the line of best fit. Graphs b and c are better than graph a.
x- x2 y2 xy
y - Price
Distance
($)
(km)
4895 37900 23961025 1436410000 185520500
75256 27495 5663465536 755975025 2069163720
8563 32595 73324969 1062434025 279110985
24495 38995 600005025 1520610025 955182525
68562 33895 4700747844 1148871025 2323908990
58200 29495 3387240000 869955025 1716609000
34011 34995 1156748121 1224650025 1190214945
70568 21000 4979842624 441000000 1481928000
x  344550 y  256370 x2  20585335144 y 2  8459905150 xy  10201638665

Worked solutions
 x 
2
Sxx  x 2 
n
3445502 11491994663
Sxx  20585335144  
8 2
 y 
2
Syy  y 2 
n
2563702 488416075
Syy  8459905150  
8 2
Sxy  xy 
 x   y 
n
344550  256370 1679793545
Sxy  10201638665  
8 2
Sxy
r 
S xx Syy 
1679793545

r  2  0.709
11491994663 488416075

2 2
There is moderate negative correlation
1679793545
Sxy 
y  a  bx , where b   2  0.1462 and
Sxx 11491994663
2
256370 344550
a  y  bx   0.1462   38341.6 so y  38341.6  0.1462x
8 8
y  38341.6  0.1462  50000  $31031.60
The make of car or price when new would be important information

4 a
b y - Weight x2 y2 xy
x - Height (m)
(kg)
1.48 329 2.1904 108241 486.92
1.51 314 2.2801 98596 474.14
1.23 185 1.5129 34225 227.55
1.57 356 2.4649 126736 558.92

Worked solutions
1.29 228 1.6641 51984 294.12
1.30 230 1.69 52900 299
1.37 257 1.8769 66049 352.09
1.17 171 1.3689 29241 200.07
1.2 185 1.44 34225 222
1.34 214 1.7956 45796 286.76
1.42 315 2.0164 99225 447.3
1.42 271 2.0164 73441 384.82
1.37 242 1.8769 58564 331.54
1.44 285 2.0736 81225 410.4
x  19.11 y  3582 x2  26.2671 y 2  960448 xy  4975.63
 x 
2
Sxx  x 2 
n
19.112
Sxx  26.2671   0.18195
14
 y 
2
Syy  y 2 
n
35822
Syy  960448   43967.7
14
Sxy  xy 
 x   y 
n
19.11  3582
Sxy  4975.63   86.2
14
Sxy 86.2
y  a  bx , where b    473.757 and
Sxx 0.18195
3582 19.11
a  y  bx   473.757   390.821 so y  473.757x  390.821
14 14
Sxy
c r 
S xx Syy 
86.2
r   0.96375
0.18195  43967.7
there is a strong positive correlation
d y  473.757  1.38  390.821  262.964

Worked solutions
Chapter review
1 Pick 15 students at random from each MYP class and 15 students at random from the DP group
2 a Pick 12 students at random from the whole medical school
b Pick 1.71 students from each year group at random
c Pick 2.4 students at random from year one and 1.6 students at random from each of the
other year groups
d Ask for volunteers and pick the first 12
3 a Make sure the questions are clear
b Make sure the questions are not leading
c Ensure that the possible answers are applicable to everybody and no options are missed
4 a Number of pages
b Height of page
5 a Qualitative, continuous
b Quantitative, continuous
c Quantitative, discrete
d Quantitative, continuous
7 a Mean

5.5  13  15.5  16  25.5  146   35.5  139   45.5  84  55.5  32  65.5  20
13  16  146  139  84  32  20
15885
  35.3
450
b Use mean and median from part a, and use the table to estimate the other points.
a i a ii b

Worked solutions
9 a Number of siblings Frequency
0 14
1 28
2 11
3 5
4 0
5 2
The data is left skewed.

0  14  1  28  2  11  3  5  5  2 75 5
b Mean    = 1.25
60 60 4
02  14  12  28  22  11  32  5  52  2 167 25
standard deviation     1.105 = 1.11
60 60 16
d Notice that the mean of all students is equal to the mean of the original 60 plus the mean of
5 5
the new 32. Need to find x when  x  1.25x , so  0.25x 
4 4
10 a x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
y 0.6 0.45 0.8 0.85 1.4 1.65 2.4 2.85
y2 0.36 0.2025 0.64 0.7225 1.96 2.7225 5.75 8.1225
c y 2  2.13357x  1.1725  y  2.13357x  1.1725
11 y  y0  0.5(x  x0 ) ,
y  8  0.5(x  1)
y  8.5  0.5x
so y  8.5  0.5x  8.5  0.5  7  5

Worked solutions
12 a As the mode is 5 there must be at least another 5. (1 mark)
So we have 1, 3, 5, 5, 6 with another number to be placed in order (1 mark)
The median will be the average of the 3rd and 4th pieces of data. (1 mark)
For this to be 4.5 the missing piece of data must be a 4.
Thus a = 5, b = 4 (2 marks)
1  3  4  5  5  6 24
b x   4 (2 marks)
6 6
13 a
x  70   x  700 (1 mark)
10
Let Steve’s mass be s.

x  s  72 (1 mark)
11
700  s  792 (1 mark)
So s = 92 kg (1 mark)
b IQR = 10 (1 mark)
76  1.5  IQR  76  15  91 (1 mark)
So Steve’s mass of 92 is greater than 1.5  IQR , so is an outlier. (1 mark)
14 a 200 (1 mark)
b 35 (1 mark)
c Using mid-points 5, 15, 25… as estimates for each interval, (1 mark)
i estimate for mean is 22.25 (2 marks)
ii estimate for standard deviation is 11.6 (3 s.f.). (2 marks)
d Median is approximately the 100th piece of data
which lies in the interval 20  h  30 . (1 mark)
Will be 15 pieces of data into this interval
15
Estimate is 20   10  23 (2 marks)
50
15 a i 7.5 (1 mark)
ii 6.125 (2 marks)
b i 6 (1 mark)
ii 6.9 (2 marks)
c Sally’s had the greater median (1 mark)
d Rob’s had the greater mean (1 mark)

Worked solutions
16 a
(1 for scale, 1 for correctly drawn graph)
b i 4 ii 4 iii 4 (3 marks)
c The values of the median and the mean are the same due to the symmetry of the bar chart.
(2 marks)
17 a 100  70m  c
140  100m  c
4 20
40  30m m c  (3 marks)
3 3
b Positive (1 mark)
c Line goes through  x, y  (1 mark)
4 20 380
y   90   (2 marks)
3 3 3
4 20 260
d Estimate is  60   (2 marks)
3 3 3
18 a x 13 14 15 16 16 17 18 18 19 19
y 2 0 3 1 4 1 1 2 1 2
(5 correct: 2 marks; all correct: 3 marks)
b r  0.0695(3sf ) (2 marks)
c Very weak (negative) correlation so line of best fit is almost meaningless (1 mark)
It would be extrapolation to use this data to predict for a 25-year-old. (1 mark)
19 a i no change; r  0.87 (1 mark)
ii no change; 15 (1 mark)
iii the scatter diagram has just been translated up by 5 and to the left by 4, so the PMCC
and the gradient of y on x line of best fit are unchanged. (1 mark)
iv Strong, positive (2 marks)
b i no change; r  0.87 (1 mark)
ii 2  15  30 (1 mark)
iii the scatter diagram has been stretched vertically by scale factor 2, so PMCC remains
unchanged, but gradient of y on x line of best fit is doubled. (1 mark)
c i r  0.87 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
15
ii = 5 (1 mark)
3
iii the scatter diagram has been stretched horizontally by a factor of 3 and then reflected in
the y-axis, so gradient becomes –5, but PMCC is unchanged. (2 marks)
iv Strong, negative (2 marks)
20 a i 0.849 (3sf) (2 marks)
ii strong, positive (2 marks)
iii y  0.937x  0.242 (2 marks)
b i 0.267 (3sf) (2 marks)
ii weak, positive (2 marks)
iii the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient is too small to make the line of best
fit particularly meaningful when making predictions. (1 mark)
21 a r  0.979 (3sf) (2 marks)
b Strong, positive (2 marks)
c i y  1.23x  21.3 (2 marks)
ii x  0.776y  20.8 (2 marks)
d 1.23  105  21.3  108 (1 mark)
e 0.776  95  20.8  95 (1 mark)
f It is extrapolation (1 mark)

Worked solutions
Relationships in space: geometry and

6 trigonometry
Skills check
1 252 = (2x)2 + x2
252 = 5x2
x2 = 125
x  125
Area = 125  2 125  250 cm2
2 ACB  PAQ
As AB and PQ are parallel, lines BP and AQ meet AB and PQ at the same angle.
Therefore ABP  BPQ and BAQ  PQA
All three angles are identical therefore, triangles are similar.
Exercise 6A
1 a 3,0,0 b 3, 4,0 c 3,0,2 d 3, 4,2

 x  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   0  3 0  4 0  2 
e Midpoint of OF:  1 , ,  , ,   1.5,2,1
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   3  0   4  0   2  0 
2 2 2 2 2 2
f Distance of OF d 
 9  16  9  29  5.4
 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   4  5 4  1 3  3 
2 a  , ,  , ,   0.5, 1.5,3
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   4  2 4  2 5  9 
b  , ,  , ,    3,3,7
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   5  4 2  3 4  8 
c  , ,  , ,   0.5, 0.5, 6 
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
 x1  x2 y1  y2 z1  z2   5.1  1.4 2  1.7 9  11 

d  , ,  , ,    1.85,0.15,10
 2 2 2   2 2 2 
 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1    4  2  3  3  1  5 
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 a d 4  0  16  20  4.47
 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   2  3   4  7   1  2  25  9  9 
2 2 2 2 2 2
b d 43  6.56
 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1   1  1   3  3   4  4
2 2 2 2 2 2
c d
 4  36  64  104  10.2

Worked solutions
 x2  x1    y2  y1    z2  z1    2  2  1  1  3  3  16  4  0  20  4.47
2 2 2 2 2 2
d d
4 a
AO
b tan  
CO
EC  DC 2  ED2  202  202  800  28.3
Then
1 1
CO  EC  28.3  14.14
2 2
15
tan  
14.14
15
  tan1  46.7
14.14
AO
c tan  
OM
1
OM  20  10
2
15
tan  
10
15
  tan1  56.3
10
5 BD  AB2  AD2  52  122  25  144  169  13
FB 4
tan   
BD 13
4
  tan1  17
13
6 a AC 2  AB2  CB2  42  42  32cm
AG  AC 2  CG2  32  64  9.8 cm
GC 8
b tan   
AC 32
8
  tan1  55
32

Worked solutions
GE 32
c tan   
AE 8
32
  tan1  35
8
90  55
4
d sin  
96
4
  sin1  24
96
7 a AC  82  82  128  11.3cm
b AM is the midpoint of AC, so
1
AM   AC  5.7 cm
2
c EA  EM2  AM2  64  32  96  9.8 cm
8
d tan  
1
128
2
8
  tan1  54.7
1
128
2
Exercise 6B
1 1
1 a V  Abaseh   12  12  12  576 cm3
3 3
hface  62  122  13.4
1 
SA  Abase  4 Aface  12  12  4    12  13.4   466 cm2
2 
1 1
b V  Abaseh   4  5  6  40 cm3
3 3
hface  22  62  6.32
1 
SA  Abase  4 Aface   4  5  4    5  6.32   83.2 cm2
 2 
1 2 1
c V   r    32  9  85 cm3
3 3
s  92  32  9.5
SA   r 2   rs    32    3  9.5  117.8cm2

Worked solutions
1 2 1
d V   r    1  3    3.14 cm3
3 3
s  12  32  3.16
SA   r 2   rs    1    1  3.16  13.1cm2
3
4 3 4  16.4 
e V  r       2310 cm
3
3 3  2 
2
 16.4 
SA  4 r 2  4    845 cm
2
 2 
3
4 3 4 6
f V   r       113.1cm3
3 3 2
SA  4 r 2  4 3  113.1cm2
2
1  4 3  1  4  5.6  
3
2 V    r         46 cm
3
23  2  3  2  
1 3 1
3 Vcyl  Vcone   r 2hcyl   r hcone    3.22  9.1    3.22  6.2  359 cm3
3 3
1 4 1 4
4 Vclay  Vh1  Vh2     93     83  454 cm3
2 3 2 3
 4 (3)2 
   (10)  1.44 cm
2
5 12 
 3 
2
1 2 1  15 
6 VL   rL      15  45  3534 cm3
3 3  2 
2
1 1 5
Vs   rs2      15  98.17 cm3
3 3 2
Vf  VL  Vs  3436 cm3
Exercise 6C
45  60 
1 a 45   b 60  
180 4 180 3
270 3
c 270   d 360  2
180 2
18  225 5
e 18   f 225  
180 10 180 4
80 4 200 10

g 80   h 200  
180 9 180 9
120 2 135 3
i 120   j 135  
180 3 180 4

Worked solutions
 180  180
2 a  30 b  18
6  10 
5 180 180
c  120 d 3  540
6  
7 180 4 180
e  63 f  144
20  5 
7 180 14 180

g  315 h  280
4  9 
5 180 13 180

i  300 j  585
3  4 
10 40
3 a 10   0.174 b 40   0.698
180 180
25 300
c 25   0.436 d 300   5.24
180 180
110 75
e 110   1.92 f 75   1.31
180 180
85 12.8
g 85   1.48 h 12.8   0.223
180 180
37.5 1
i 37.5   0.645 j 1   0.01
180 180
180 180
4 a 1  57.3  b 2  115
 
180 180
c 0.63   36.1 d 1.41   80.7
 
180 180
e 1.55   88.8 f 3  172
 
180 180
g 0.36   20.6 h 1.28   73.3
 
180 180
i 0.01   0.573  j 2.15   123
 
5 a 1  2A  
 1
A
2
b V 2  
V   2
Exercise 6D
 3
1 a i l  r  14   7 cm ii l  r  12   9 m
2 4

Worked solutions
5 5 14 70
iii l  r  3   m iv l  r  15    cm
6 2 9 3
1 2 1  1 2 1 3
b i A r    142   49 cm2 ii A r    122   54 m2
2 2 2 2 2 4
1 2 1 5 15 1 2 1 14
iii A  r    32    m2 iv A  r    152   175 cm2
2 2 6 4 2 2 9
1 2 
2 A r  3
2 12
12
r 2  3  2   72

r  72 cm
1 2
3 a A 12   36
2
36 
  2 
122 2
b P  2r  l

l  r  12   6
2
P  2  12  6  24  6  cm
4 Ashaded  Asector  Atriangle
1 2 1
Asector  r    102  1.5  75
2 2
1 2 1
Atriangle  r sin   102 sin1.5  49.9
2 2
Ashaded  75  49.9  25.1
5 Arclength is travelled in one second, so we need 60l for total distance travelled.
 
l  r  4  
12 3
Then 60l  20 m
6 p  2r  l  2r  r
r 2     p
p
r 
2
1 2 1 
7 Aquad  r1 1   102   78.53
2 2 2
1 2 1
Asemi  Aquad  r2 2  r22  78.53
2 2

Worked solutions
2
r22  78.53   50

r2  50  7.07 cm
psemi  2r  l  2  7.07  7.07    36.36 cm
Exercise 6E
1 a Quadrant II,   180   215  360  35
 5  
b Quadrant II,       2  
 4  4
7 
c Quadrant IV,   4  
2 2
11 
d Quadrant IV,   2  
6 6
e Quadrant III,   564  360  180  24
f Quadrant IV,   22
8 
g Quadrant II,   3  
3 3
2 sin cos  tan 
A 0.5 0.866 0.5 5

 0.577
0.866 6
B   0.5 11
 sin  0.5 cos  0.866   0.577
6 6 0.866 6
C 0.3907 0.3907 0.4245 2.74

 0.9204
0.4245
D 2 2 1 
2 2 4
E 2 2 1 3

2 2 4
3 a   sin1 0.6  36.8,143
b  is undefined
c   tan1  2.36  293,112
3
4 cos   ,  is in QII
5
4 4
sin    and tan   
5 3

Worked solutions
Exercise 6F
1   cos1 0.45  1.104 and   2  1.104  5.18
2   tan1  0.56  5.77 and     2  5.77  2.63
3   sin1 0.23  0.23 and     0.23  2.91
4 theta is undefined
5 cos2   cos   0
cosθ(cos   1)  0
Then
cos   0
 3
gives that   ,
2 2
and
cos   1
gives that   
6 2 cos2   3cos   1  0
2 cos   1cos   1  0
Then
1
cos  
2
 5
so   , and
3 3
cos   1
so   0,2
7 4 sin2   1
1/2
1 1
sin     
 4 2
then
 5 7 11
  , , ,
6 6 6 6
3θ
8  sin1  0.62  5.61
2
3
Note that 0   3 , so
2
3
 5.61,3.81
2

Worked solutions
and so
  3.74,2.54
9 tan2  0.45555
so 0  2  4 and
tan1  0.45555  2
then
2  5.855,2.714,8.997,12.1382
where the first two angles are the angles for the negative tangent, and the last two are an
added rotation to them  2 
Exercise 6G
1 a p2  q2  r 2  2qr cos P  82  52  2  8  5cos30  19.72
so
p  19.72  4.44
r 2  p2  q2 52  4.442  82
cos Q    0.434
2rp 2  5  4.44
Q  cos1  0.434  115
and so
R  180  115  30  34.25
b y 2  x2  z2  2xz cos Y  42  52  2  4  5cos 95  44.49
y  44.49  6.67
and so
y 2  z 2  x 2 6.672  52  42
cos X    0.802
2yz 2  6.67  5
X  cos1 0.802  36.7
and
Z  180  36.7  95  48.3
b2  c2  a2 82  42  52
c cos A    0.8594
2bc 284
so A  30.8
a2  c2  b2 52  42  82
cos b    0.575
2ac 25 4
so B  125

Worked solutions
a2  b2  c2 52  82  42
cos C    0.9125
2ab 285
so C  24.2
2 Largest angle is opposite the longest side
3.92  2.32  4.52

cos  
2  2.3  3.9
 3.92  2.32  4.52 
  cos1    89.2015
 2  2.3  3.9 
3 We have that
3PQ  2QR  4RP
so the smallest side is RP. Then
2
4 
RP   2RP   RP 2
2
2 2
PQ  QR  PR2  3 43
cos PQR     
2PQQR 4 2 48
2   2  RP
3
43
cos1  26.38
48
52  x 2  2x  1
2
4 cos 60 
2  5x
or equivalently
1
2  5x   25  x 2  4x 2  4x  1
2
or equivalently
3x2  x  24  0
8
which has solutions x  3, . We take the positive value as it is a distance. So
3
8
x 
3
8 8 13
and b  , a  2 1  .
3 3 3
Then we calculate the remaining angles as

2
 13  8
52    3
 3 
cos ABC 
13
25
3
so
37
ABC  cos1  18.42
39
and so

Worked solutions
BCA  180  18.42  60  101.6
5 Note that DAB  BCD and CDA  CBA. Then
2DAB  2CDA  360
CDA  180  DAB
We use the cosine rule to get the relationships
b2  a2  q2
cos DAB 
2ba
and
a2  b2  p2
cos CDA 
2ab
Note that we also have that cos CDA  cos 180  DAB   cos DAB , so
b2  a2  q2 a2  b2  p2

2ba 2ab
which rearranges to

p2  q2  2 b2  a2 
Exercise 6H
sin A sin B sin C

1 a  
a b c
sin30 sin125

10 b
sin125
b 10  16.4 cm
sin30
Then C  180  125  30  25
sin30 sin25

10 c
sin25
c  10  8.45 cm
sin30
b Q  180  45  40  95
sin 45 sin 40


7 p
sin 40
p 7  6.36 cm
sin 45
and
sin 45 sin95


7 q

Worked solutions
sin95
q 7  9.86 cm
sin 45
sin 40 sin A

c 
9 7
sin 40
sin A  7  0.4999
9
A  sin1 0.49999  30
Then
B  180  40  30  110
and
sin 40 sin110


9 b
and
sin110
b9  13.15
sin 40
sin15 sin Q
2 
150 80
sin15
sin Q  80  0.138
150
Q  sin1 0.138  7.93
Then R  180  7.93  15  157.1
sin15 sin157.1

150 r
sin157.1
r  150  225.5 km
sin15
The error course took 80  150  230km , which took
230
 0.575h
400
and the correct course would take
225.5
 0.56375h
400
Then the time difference is
0.575  0.56375  0.01125h
which in seconds is
0.01125  3600  41 seconds
3 The distance between the end of the lake and the balloon is given by

Worked solutions
250
tan32 
x1
x1  400.1m
The distance from the balloon to the beginning of the lake is
x2
tan 90  68  
250
x2  250 tan22  101m
Then the length of the lake is the difference between the two lengths,
x1  x2  400.1  101  300m
4 CBM  180  64  116
BMC  180  116  23  41
sin 41 sin116


15 MC
sin116
MC  15  20.5m
sin 41
sin116 sin23

20.5 MB
sin23
MB  20.5  8.91m
sin116
and
sin64 sin90

MA 8.91
MA  8.91sin64  8m
sin55 sin ACB

5 
27 31
sin55
sin ACB  31  0.9405
27
ACB  sin1 0.9405  70
Then for this case, the third angle is BAC  180  55  70  55
Alternatively we can take the obtuse angle,
ACB  180  70.14  110
and so the other triangle has angle
BAC  180  55  110  15
Exercise 6I
1 Atotal  APQR  APRS

Worked solutions
1
APQR   10  13  sin125  53.24
2
PR2  102  132  2  10  13  cos125  119.87
PR  20.45
Then
1
ARPS   20.45  15  sin70  144.1
2
Then
Atotal  53.24  144.1  197.4
sin B sin20
2 
104 52
 sin20 
B  sin1 104   43.16
 52 
In this case, the other angle is C  180  43.16  20  117 , so
1
A1   52  104  sin117  2409 cm2
2
We can also take the obtuse angle for B , and so
B  180  43.16  137
Then the other angle is C  180  20  137  23 , so
1
A2   52  104  sin23  1057 cm2
2
52  52  72
3 cos YOZ   0.02
255
YOZ  cos1 0.02  88.8
1
AYZO  5  5  sin88.8  12.5 cm2
2
52  52  32
cos XOY   0.82 .
255
XOY  cos1 0.82  34.9
1
AXOY   5  5  sin34.9  7.15
2
Then
Atotal  AYZO  AXOY  12.5  7.15  19.7 cm2
12
4 tan60  .
CA
12
CA   6.93
tan60
Worked solutions
12
tan55 
DA
12
DA   8.4
tan55
CA2  DA2  CD2 6.932  8.42  152

cos CAD    0.914
2  CA  DA 2  6.93  8.4
CAD  cos1  0.914  156.1
1 1
ACAD   CA  DA  sin CAD   6.93  8.4  sin156.1  11.8m2
2 2
1     1 2 3 2
5 a APOQ   r 2  sin      r 2 sin  r
2  4 6 4  2 3 4
1 2  1
and AROS  r sin  r 2
2 6 4
1 2 1       r2
b AsectorPQ  r   r2     
2 2 4 6 4 3
 r2 3 2  3
AminorPQ  AsectorPQ  APOQ   r  r2   
3 4 3 4
 
1 2 1     r2
c AsectorRS  r   r2   
2 2  6  12
 r2 1 2   1
AminorRS  AsectorRS  AROS   r  r2   
12 4  12 4 
d Shaded area should not include minor of RS (otherwise it’s just AminorPQ )
 3 2  
Ashaded  AminorPQ  AminorRS  r 2  
3   r 
4 
1  r2
 
 12 4  4
 1 3  

6 Yacht : 24  5  120 nautical miles
Catamaran :15  5  75 nautical miles
  139  37  102
d2  752  1202  2  75  120cos102  23767.4
d  23767.4  154.2 nautical miles
The bearing is given by the relationship
360  143  217
and this this the angle complementary to the bearing from the yacht to the origin. Then we find
the other angle of the triangle as
sin102 sin A

154 75
A  151.6

Worked solutions
where we chose the obtuse angle. Then the complementary angle to the bearing we are looking
for is
  217  151.6  65.4
Finally, the angle we are searching for is
  180  65.4  115
Exercise 6J
1 
cos
  13  3 1
1 sec  cot    2 
6 3   3 3 3
cos sin
6 3 2 2
7
sin
 2  7 1 6  2 3  2 3  0
2 csc     2 tan  2
 3  6  2  7 3 3
sin    cos
 3  6
sin 
3 a cos  tan   cos   sin 
cos 
cos  1 1
b cot  sec     csc 
sin  cos  sin 
1 sin  1
c csc  tan     sec 
sin  cos  cos 
1 sin
d cos  sec2  sin  cos  sin   tan
cos2  cos 
sin  cos 
tan  cot  cos  sin   1  csc 
e 
sin  sin  sin 
sin  1 1
f tan  csc     sec 
cos  sin  cos 
1 13
4 csc   
sin  5
Then
5
sin  
13
This comes from a triangle of sides 5, 13 and c  132  52  12 , then
12
cos  
13
and
12
cos  12
cot     13  
sin  5 5
13

Worked solutions
1 5
5 sec   
cos  4
4
cos   
5
Then the third side can be calculated as c  25  16  3 , and so
3

sin  5  3
tan   
cos  4 4

5
3
with sin    which is negative to satisfy     2
5
Exercise 6K
1 a 1  sin2   cos2   cos 
sin  sin 
b   tan 
1  sin  2 cos 
1  cos2  sin 
c   tan 
cos  cos 
cos  cos 
d   cot 
1  cos2  sin 
e 1  t 2  1  tan2   1  sec2   1  sec 
sin 
tan  tan  cos   sin 
f  
1  tan2  sec  1
cos 
2 a 
a2 sin2   a2  a2 sin2   1  a2 cos2  
b b cot  b2  b2 cot2   b cot  b2(1  cot2  )  b2 cot  csc2   b2 cot  csc 
cos  1 cos 
b2  b2
sin  sin  sin2 
b b b 1
c     sin 
b y2 2
b  b cot 
2 2 2
b 1  cot 
2 csc 
sin 
a2 sec2   a2 a tan2   1  1 tan  cos   sin 
d   
a sec  a sec  sec  1
cos 
3 a 3  3cos   2 sin2 
3  3cos   2(1  cos2  )
2 cos2   3cos   1  0

Worked solutions
(2 cos   1)  cos   1  0
Then
1
cos  
2
 5
so   , and
3 3
cos   1
so   0,2
1
b sec   2
cos 
so
1
cos  
2
 5
then   ,
3 3
c cos2   sin  1  0
1  sin2   sin  1  0
sin2   sin  2  0
(sin  2)(sin  1)  0
Then
sin  2
cannot be a solution as it is outside the domain of the sine function. We also have
sin  1
3
so  
2
d sec2   1  tan
tan2   1  1  tan  0
tan2   tan  0
tan (tan  1)  0
Then tan  0 , then   0,2 and
tan  1
 5
so   ,
4 4
e 3 tan2   5sec   1  0
 
3 sec2   1  5sec   1  0

Worked solutions
3sec2   5sec   2  0
(sec   2)(3sec   1)  0
So we have
1
sec   2
cos 
1
cos  
2
 5
Then  , . The second equation gives
3 3
1 1
sec   
cos  3
cos   3
which is outside of the domain of cosine, so it gives no solutions.
f 2 cot   8  7 csc 
cos  1
2 8 7
sin  sin 
We multiply both sides by sin and get
2cos   8sin  7
4 a csc2   1  cot2 
 cos   sin   cos   sin

2
1  2 sin  cos  cos2   sin2   2 sin  cos 
b  
sin   cos  sin   cos  sin   cos 
sin 
2 1
2 tan   sec2  2 tan   tan2   1  tan   1  cos 
c    
 sin  cos    sin  cos    sin   cos   sin   cos 
2 2
sin   cos 
cos  1
   sec 
sin   cos  cos 
1
Exercise 6L
1  
sin A   B   sin A cos  B   sin  B  cos A  sin A cos B  sin B cos A
2 a Using the construction on pg. 38
OT OP  TP OP  SQ OP SQ
cos  A  B      
OR OR OR OR OR
OP OQ SQ RQ
   cos B cos A  sin B sin A
OQ OR RQ OR
b  
cos A   B   cos A cos  B   sin A sin  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B

Worked solutions
sin  A  B  sin A cos B  sin B cos A

3 a tan  A  B   
cos  A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B
sin A sin B

 cos A cos B  tan A  tan B
sin A sin B 1  tan A tan B
1
cos A cos B
tan A  tan  B  tan A  tan B

b 
tan A   B    1  tan A tan  B 

1  tan A tan B
4 a sin75  sin  45  30  sin45 cos30  sin30 cos 45

1 3 1 1
2 2

2 2

2
4
 3 1 
1
1
tan60  tan 45 3
b tan105  tan 60  45     3 2
1  tan60 tan 45 1
1
3
105 is obtuse, so we take the negative value
tan105    3 2 
1
c sin33 cos 3  cos 33 sin3  sin 33  3   sin30 
2
1
d cos 75 cos15  sin75 sin15  cos 75  15   cos 60  
2
4
5 a Note that the missing side of the triangle with angle A is c  52  32  4 , so cos A  as
5
12
A is obtuse, and the side of the triangle with angle B is c  132  52  12 , so cos B  as
13
B is acute. Then
4 12 3 5 33
cos  A  B   cos A cos B  sin A sin B      
5 13 5 13 65
b Note that
3
sin A 5 3
tan A   
cos A 4 4

5
5
sin B 13 5
and tan B   
cos B 12 12
13
3 5
 
tan A  tan B 4 12   16
Then tan  A  B   
1  tan A tan B 3 5 63
1 
4 12

Worked solutions
cos  A  B  cos A cos B  sin A sin B

6 a cot  A  B   
Divide by sin A sin B and get
cos A cos B  sin A sin B

sin A sin B cot A cot B  1
 
sin A cos B  sin B cos A cot A  cot B
sin A sin B

b   tan A  tan B
cos A cos B cos A cos B
1 sin A 1  sin A
c sec A  tan A   
cos A cos A cos A
sin A cos A sin2 A  cos2 A 1

d tan A  cot A      sec A csc A
cos A sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A
1 1 sin2   cos2  1
e sec2   csc2       sec2  csc2 
cos  sin 
2 2
sin2  cos2  sin2  cos2 
1 cos  1  cos 

csc   cot    1
f  sin sin  sin    csc 
1  cos  1  cos  1  cos  sin θ
1 1  sin2 x cos2 x
g csc x  sin x   sin x    cos x cot x
sin x sin x sin x
   
2 2
h 1  cos4 x  sin4 x  1  cos4 x  sin2 x  1  cos4 x  1  cos2 x

1  cos4 x  1  2 cos2 x  cos4 x  2 cos2 x
1 sin  1  sin 
i sec   tan    
cos  cos  cos 
We multiply numerator and denominator by 1  sin and get
1  sin2  cos2  cos 

  
cos  (1  sin  ) cos  (1  sin  ) 1  sin 
sin A sin2 A 1  cos2 A (1  cos A)(1  cos A)

sin A
sin A tan A cos A  cos A  cos A  cos A 1  cos A
j    1  sec A
1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A 1  cos A cos A
tan B  tan C
tan A  tan  B  C  tan A 
7 a 
tan A   B  C   
1  tan A tan  B  C 
 1  tan B tan C
tan B  tan C
1  tan A
1  tan B tan C
tan A  tan A tan B tan C  tan B  tan C


1  tan B tan C  tan A tan B  tan A tan C
b Substituting into our formula above
1 1 1 1 1 1
    
tan  A  B  C   2 2 5 8 5 8  1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1     
5 8 2 5 2 8

Worked solutions

Hence A  B  C 
4
c If A, B and C form the angles of a triangle, then tan  A  B  C   0 , so
tan A  tan A tan B tan C  tan B  tan C

0
1  tan B tan C  tan A tan B  tan A tan C
or equivalently
tan A  tan A tan B tan C  tan B  tan C  0
or equivalently
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C
Exercise 6M
sin A cos A sin2 A  cos2 A 1 2 2

1 a tan A  cot A        2 csc 2 A
cos A sin A cos A sin A cos A sin A 2 cos A sin A sin2 A
sin2 A  cos 2 A  1 2 sin A cos A  2 cos2 A  1  1 2 cos A (sin A  cos A)

b    cot A
sin2 A  cos 2 A  1 2 sin A cos A  1  2 sin2 A  1 2 sin A cos A  sin A
cos3X  sin3X cos 2X  X   sin 2X  X 

c  
1  2 sin2 X 1  2 sin2 X
cos 2 X cos X  sin2X sin X  sin2X cos X  sin X cos 2X


1  4 sin X cos X
cos2 X (cos X sin X )  sin2 X  sin X  cos X 


1  4 sin X cos X
(cos2 X  sin2 X )  cos X  sin X   2 sin X cos X (sin X  cos X )


1  4 sin X cos X
(cos X  sin X )(cos X  sin X )(cos X  sin X )  2 sin X cos X (sin X  cos X )

1  4 sin X cos X
(cos X  sin X )2  sin X  cos X   2 sin X cos X (sin X  cos X )


1  4 sin X cos X
(sin X  cos X ) (cos2 X  2 sin X cos X  sin2 X  2 sin X cos X )


1  4 sin X cos X

sin X  cos X ) (cos 2
X  4 sin X cos X  sin2 X 
1  4 sin X cos X

sin X  cos X ) (1  4 sin X cos X   sin X  cos X
1  4 sin X cos X
cos x 1 cos x 1 2 cos2 x  cos2 x  sin2 x

d cot x  csc 2x     
sin x sin2x sin x 2 sin x cos x 2 sin x cos x
cos2 x  sin2 x cos 2x

   cot 2x
2 sin x cos x sin2x

Worked solutions
sin 4 A 2 sin2 A cos 2 A 4 sin A cos A cos 2 A 4 sin A cos A (2 cos2 A  1)

2   
sin A sin A sin A sin A
 8 cos3 A  4 cos A
3
2 
sin2 A 2 tan A  4   24
3 sin2 A sec 2 A   tan2 A  
cos 2 A 1  tan2 A 3
2
7
1 
4
 
4 cos3X  cos 2X  X   cos2X cos X  sin2X sin X
2 cos 2

X  1 cos X  2 sin X cos X sin X  2 cos3 X  cos X  2 sin2 X cos X

 2 cos3 X  cos X  2 1  cos2 X cos X 
 4 cos3 X  3cos X
sin3X  sin 2X  X   sin2X cos X  sin X cos2X
 2 sin X cos2 X  sin X (1  2 sin2 X )
 2 sin X (1  sin2 X )  sin X  2 sin3 X
 4 sin3 X  3sin X
cos 4 A  2 cos2 2 A  1  2 2 cos A  1  1  8 cos4 A  8 cos2 A  1

2
5
 2 tan A  4 tan A
2 
2 tan2 A 2
 1  tan A   1  tan2 A
6 tan 4 A  
1  tan2 2 A  2 tan A 
2
(1  tan2 A) 2 4 tan2 A
1 
2
 1  tan A  (1  tan2 A) 2
4 tan A(1  tan2 A)

(1  tan2 A) 2 4 tan2 A
7 a We use the formula obtained in 4 to express sin3x
4 sin3 x  3sin x  sin2 x
or equivalently
sin x(4 sin2 x  sin x  3)  0
Then sin x  0 gives x  0,2 and
(4 sin2 x  sin x  3)   sin x  1 4 sin x  3
3 3
then sin x  1 is given by x  and sin x  gives x  0.848,2.29
2 4
b cot 2x  2  cot x
Note that
1 1  tan2 x
cot 2x  
tan2x 2 tan x

Worked solutions
Then the equation becomes
1  tan2 x 1
2
2 tan x tan x
which simplifies into
1  tan2 x  4 tan x  2  0
or equivalently
tan2 x  4 tan x  1  0
We use the quadratic formula to get that
tan x  2  3
23 11 19 7

so x  , , ,
12 12 12 12
c We use the formula obtained in 4 to express cos3x
4 cos3 x  3cos x  3cos x  2 cos2 x  1  1
4 cos3 x  2 cos2 x  6 cos x  0
or equivalently
2 cos x (2 cos2 x  cos x  3)  0
 3
so 2 cos x  0 gives x  , and
2 2
(2cos2 x  cos x  3)  (2cos x  3)(cos x  1)  0
3
which gives for cos x  no real results as it is outside of the domain of the cosine function.
2
Finally, cos x  1 , gives x  
Exercise 6N
1 Reasoning

csc   1 when sin  1 , so at    2n , n 
2
3
csc   1 when sin  1 , so at    2n , n 
2
csc  is unidentified when sin  0 , so at   0  n , n  we have vertical asymptotes
csc    as sin  0
csc   as sin  0

Worked solutions
2 Reasoning

cot   1 when tan  1 , so at    n , n 
4
3
cot   1 when tan  1 , so at    n , n 
4
cot  is unidentified when tan  0 , so at   0  n , n  we have vertical asymptotes
cot    as tan  0
cot   as tan  0
3 a f  x   sin x
Then g  x   3f  4x  . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :
We apply a vertical stretch of scale factor 3 parallel to the y-axis
1
We stretch the function y  3sin x by a scale factor parallel to the x-axis
4
2 
The period of the new function is therefore 
4 2

The amplitude of g  x  is 3 and the period of g  x  is
2
3
b The graph will the same as for sin  x  with a vertical shift of
2
c Let f  x   sin x , and g  x   2f  x  . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :
Then we reflect f  x  with respect to the x axis, and apply a vertical stretch of scale factor
2 parallel to the y axis.
We stretch the function y  2 sin x by a scale factor 1 /  parallel to the x-axis
2
The period of the new function is therefore 2

The amplitude of g  x  is 2 and the period is 2
   
d Let f  x   sin x , then g  x   2f  4  x     1 . We apply the following transformations to
  4 
f x :
We apply a vertical stretch of scale factor 2 parallel to the y-axis.
1
We stretch the function by a scale factor parallel to the x-axis
4

We shift horizontally by
4
We shift vertically downwards by 1

Worked solutions
4 a Let f  x   cos x and g  x   2f  x   2 . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :
We apply a vertical stretch of scale factor 2 parallel to the y axis.
We shift the function vertically upwards by 2.
b Let f  x   cos x and g  x   f 3x   1 . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :
1
We stretch the function by a factor of parallel to the x axis
3
We shift vertically downwards by 1
2
The new period is
3
c Let f  x   cos x and g  x   2f 3x  . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :
We reflect along the x axis.
We stretch the function by a factor of 2 parallel to the y axis
1
3
2
The new period is
3
d Let f  x   cos x and g  x   3f 2x   3 . We apply the following transformations to f  x  :
We stretch the function by a factor of 3 parallel to the y axis
1
2
2
The new period is 
2
We shift the function vertically upwards by 3
5 There is one solution in the interval 0  x   as there is only one intersection between f  x 
and g  x  in that interval.
Exercise 6O
1 a The amplitude is 5
the vertical shift is 1

the horizontal/phase shift is
12
2
the period is now
3
max  min max min

5 and 1  , then
2 2
the maximum value is 6 , as

Worked solutions
the minimum value is 4
b The amplitude is 2
the vertical shift is 2
 5  5
We rewrite the argument as 3  x   , so the horizontal/phase shift is
 6  6
2
the period is now
3
max  min max min

5 and 1  , then
2 2
the maximum value is 6 , as
the minimum value is 4
2 a The maximum value is 220 , taken from the amplitude
b The minimum value is 220, as there is no vertical shift
c The amplitude of V is 220
2 1
d The period is given by 
120 110
max min 14.4  1.2

3 a a   6.6 m
2 2
vertical shift
max min 14.4  1.2

d    7.8m
2 2
period of the function
2 2
 12  b 
b 12
Then our function looks like
 2
h t   6.6 sin 
12
t  c    7.8
 
Note that 08 :15 is equivalent to t  8.25 hours. At t  8.25 , h  14.4 . Substituting into
our equation for h  t  , gives us

Worked solutions
 2
6.6 sin 
12
8.25  c    7.8  14.4
 
 2 
sin   8.25  c    1
 12 
 2 
 8.25  c    2
 12 
8.25  c  3
c  5.25
Then
 2
h t   6.6 sin  t  5.25   7.8
 12 
b sketch of the graph, first minimum occurs at t  2.25
c The time intervals during which the boat could enter or leave the harbour on that particular
day are calculated by plotting y  5 along with h  t  , and obtain the intervals for which
h t   y over a period of 24 hours. This gives 4.41  t  12.1 and 16.1  t  24 .
4 a The minimum value is 3.5 and the maximum value is 2.5 , this is a cosine function. We
calculate the vertical shift and the amplitude as
2.5  3.5
d   3
2
2.5  3.5 1
a 
2 2
so
1
f x  cos x  3
2

b Horizontal shift, , and we choose a cosine function. The amplitude is
2
73
a 2
2
and
73
d  5
2
is the vertical shift. Then the function is
 
f  x   2 cos  x    5
 2
c We choose a cosine function. The amplitude is
24
a 3
2

Worked solutions
and the vertical shift is
24
d   1
2
2
The period is  , so b   2 . Then the function is

f  x   3cos 2x   2
d We choose a sine function, reflected along the x axis. The amplitude is
22
a 2
2
2 2
and there is no vertical shift. The period is , so b   3 . Then the function is
3 2
3
f  x   2 sin3x
  
e This is a tangent function, shifted horizontally by , so f  x   tan  x  
4  4
f This is a secant plot, shifted upwards by 1, where the asymptotes are at x   , , etc…
This corresponds to
1
f  x   sec x 1
2
Exercise 6P
 5  5  7
1 a   , b   , c   d   ,
6 6 4 4 6 6
 7 2 4
e   0,2 f   , g   ,
4 4 3 3
 2 5
2 cos1 x   
2 9 18
and
 2 
tan1 x  tan  sin   0.748
 9 
 3
3 a tan x  0 for  x   and  x  2
2 2
 3 5 7
b sec 2x  0 for x  and x 
4 4 4 4
c sin4x  3 never happens as it is outside of the domain of sine
4 a We solve
y  sin2x
for x, giving

Worked solutions
sin1 y
x 
2
Then
sin1 x
f 1  x  
2
is defined for x  0,1
In the case of g  x  ,
g 1  x   2x .
and it is also well defined for all x
1 1
b g 1    2    1
2 2
and
 
sin1 g   sin1 
  6  3
f 1g   
6 2 2
which has no real results
2
5 a 5
period
2
so the period is
5
b e amplitude is 6
c The sine function is symmetric about the origin
d We stretch the function by a factor of 6 parallel to the y axis
1
5
2
The new period is
5
There are no vertical shifts
Exercise 6Q
1 a For all of these, we graphically show the plot for the left hand side and the right hand side
and find the points of intersection
csc2   3cot   1
1 cos 
3 1
sin2  sin 
1  3cos  sin  sin2 

Worked solutions
cos2   3cos  sin  2 sin2   0
(cos   2sin )(cos   sin )  0
so we are searching for the solutions of
cos   2 sin
or equivalently
2 tan  1
1
tan  
2
which has solutions   0.463,3.605 , and
cos   sin
 5
which is true for   ,
4 4
b 2 tan  3  5cot 
5
2 tan   3 
tan 
2 tan2   3 tan  5
2 tan2   3 tan  5  0
2 tan  5 tan  1  0

Then we get that
5
tan  
2
which gives   1.19, 4.33 and
tan  1
3 7
which gives   ,
4 4
c 2 sec2   3  tan  0
1 sin 
2 3 0
cos2  cos 
2  3cos2   sin cos   0
2 sin2   cos2   sin cos   0
We divide by cos2  and get
2 tan2   tan  1  0
or equivalently
1
(tan   1)(tan   )  0
2

Worked solutions
3 7
so tan  1 gives   , and tan  1 / 2 gives   0.464,3.61
4 4
d 5csc   cot   2 tan
5 cos  sin 
 2
sin  sin  cos 

5cos   cos2   2 1  cos2  
3cos2   5cos   2  0
(cos   2)(3cos   1)  0
Then cos   2 has no real solutions, and
1
cos  
3
then   1.231,5.052
Exercise 6R
d cos  x  h  cos  x 
1 a (cos x)  lim
dx h 0 h
cos x cos h  sin x sin h  cos x

 lim
h 0 h

 lim  cos x
 cos h  1  sin x sin h 

h 0  h h 

 cos x lim
 cos h  1  sin x lim sin h
h 0 h h 0 h
 0  sin x 1   sin x
 2h 
sin  2x   sin 2 x 
d  2 
b (sin2x)  lim
dx h 0 h
2
sin2x cos h  sin2 cos 2x  sin2x

 lim
h 0 h
2
cos h  1 sin h
 lim(sin2x  cos 2x )
h 0 h h
2 2
cos h  1 sin h
 sin2x lim  cos 2x lim
h 0 h h 0 h
2 2
 sin2x  0  2  cos2x  2cos2x

Worked solutions
 x 3h  x
sin     sin  3 
d x  3 3   
c (sin )  lim
dx 3 h 0 3h
x x x

sin   cos h  sin h cos    sin  
 lim 3 3 3
h 0 3h
  x  cos h  1  x  sin h 
 lim  sin    cos   
h 0
 3 3h  3  3h 
x cos h  1 x sin h

 sin   lim  cos   lim
3
  h 0 3 h 3
  h 0 3h
x 1 x 1 x

 sin    0  cos    1  cos  
3 3 3 3 3
  h 3 
sin  2x  3  2     3   sin 2x  3
d   2 2  
d (sin 2x  3)  lim
dx h 0 h 3

2 2
sin 2x  3 cos h  sin h cos 2x  3  sin 2x  3

 lim
h 0 h3
2
cos h  1 sin h
 sin 2x  3 lim  cos 2x  3 lim
h 0 h3 h 0 h  3
2 2
 0  sin 2x  3  2 cos 2x  3  1  2 cos 2x  3
tan x  tan h
tan  x  h  tan x  tan x
d
2 a (tan x)  lim  lim 1  tan x tan h
dx h 0 h h 0 h
tan h (1  tan2 x) tan h

 lim  sec2 x lim  sec2 x  1  sec2 x
h 0 h h 0 h
cos  x  h cos x

d cot  x  h  cot  x  sin  x  h sin x
b (cot x)  lim  lim
dx h 0 h h 0 h
sin x cos  x  h   cos x sin  x  h 

sin x sin  x  h 
 lim
h 0 h
sin  x  x  h 
sin x sin  x  h 1 1 1 1
 lim  1lim  lim    csc2 x
h 0 h h 0 sin x sin  x  h  sin x h0 sin  x  h  sin2 x
 h
tan  3x    tan3x
d  3
c (tan3x)  lim
dx h 0 h
3

Worked solutions
h
tan3x  tan
3  tan3x
h h
1  tan3x tan tan (1  tan2 33x)
 lim 3  lim 3
h 0 h h 0 h
3 3
h
tan
2
 sec 3x lim 3  sec2 3x  3  3 sec2 3x
h 0 h
3
Exercise 6S
d d
(cos x)  sin x  (sin x)  cos x
dy d  cos x  dx dx  sin2 x  cos2 x 1
1 a    2
    csc2 x
dx dx  sin x  sin x sin2 x sin2 x
dy d  1  2  cos x
b     1  (sin x)  cos x    cot x csc x
dx dx  sin x  sin2 x
dy d
2 a  (sin2x)  cos 2x  2  2 cos 2x
dx dx
dy d
b  (cos 2x  1)  sin2x  1  2  2 sin2x  1
dx dx
dy d
c  (cos 8  3x )  sin8  3x   3  3cos 8  3x 
dx dx
  7  2x  
 cos  
dy d  7  2x  d   13  
d  (cot  ) 
dx dx  13  dx   7  2x  
 sin  
  13  
 7  2x  2  7  2x   7  2x  2  7  2x 
 sin    13  sin  13   cos  13   13  cos  13 
 13       

2  7  2x 
sin  
 13 
2  7  2x  2  7  2x 
(sin2    cos  13 )
13  13    2  7  2x 
 csc2  
2  7  2x  13  13 
sin  
 13 
df  x 
3 a
dx
 
  sin x5  3  5x 4  5x 4 sin x5  3  
df  x  d(sin(x2  1))1
b
dx

dx

 1  sin2 x 2  1  cos x 2  1  2x   
2x cos x 2  1    2x cot
 x 2

 1 csc x 2  1 
sin2 x 2  1 
df  x  d
c
dx

dx

(cos 4x 3  2x 2  7x  17 ) 1)  
Worked solutions
  
1  (cos 4x3  2x2  7x  17 )2   sin 4x3  2x2  7x  17  12x2  4x  7   

12x 2
 
 4x  7 sin 4x 3  2x 2  7x  17 

cos2 4x 3  2x 2  7x  17 
  
 12x2  4x  7 tan 4x3  2x2  7x  17 sec 4x3  2x2  7x  17   
 
df  x  d  1 
d  
dx dx  cos
  x
e 1 
 
1  (cos  
e x  1 )2   sin  
1
ex  1    ex  1
2
 
1/2
 ex
1
 
e x sin e x  1

1 
e x tan e x  1 sec e x  1
2
  e  1 cos
x 2 x
e 1 2 ex  1  
df  x 
e  cos(cos(tan x))   sin(tan x)  sec2 x   sec2 x sin(tan x)cos(cos  tan x )
dx
Exercise 6T
1 a y  cos x 2x  1  2 sinx
b  
y  2 x  x2 sin2x  1  2x  cos2x
 sin x  x  cos x  cos x  x sin x

c y  
x2 x2
2  sin2x  2 2x  3 cos2x 2 sin2x   4x  6  cos2x

d y  2

sin 2x sin2 2x
1 1
 2  x  2  1

sec2 x ( 2  x)  tan x 
e y  2
2x
sec2 x 1 tan x
  
2x 2 2  x 3/2
2 a y  3cos3x
Then evaluate at the point,
   3 
y     3 cos    3
3
   3 
b y  2 sin2x
Then evaluate at the point,

Worked solutions
 5  5
y    2 sin(2 )  2
 4  4
c y  sin x   x  2 cos x
Then evaluate at the point
y 0  0  2 1  2
d y  3cos x  3x sin x
   3  3 3
y     2 cos  sin  0  
2
  2 2 2 2 2
e y  3x2 tan x  x3 sec2 x

2 3
 3   3   3   3  2  3  27 3 27 2
y    3  tan    sec   
 4   4   4   4   4  32 16
3 a sin2   cos2   1, so the gradient is 0.
tan 
b  sec  , so the gradient is tan  sec 
sin 
sin2 x  2 sin2 x  3 sin x sin2 x  cos2 x  2 cos2 2 x  3 cos 2 x cos x

c The gradient is
(cos x  cos 2x)2
3(cos x  1)

(cos x  cos 2x)2
Exercise 6U
1 a Let f  x   cos x , then f 1  x   cos1 x  y , then f  y   cos y and so
dy 1 1 1 1 1
    
dx df 1
 sin y sin(cos x) 2 1
1  cos ((cos x)) 1  x2
dy
Then, we use the chain rule
d 1 2
(arccos 2x)  2 
dx 1  4x 2
1  4x 2
b We use the form obtained in Investigation 8, and find
d 3 1 3 3
(arcsin x)   
dx 2 1 x 2 2 2 1  x2
c Let f  x   tan x , then f 1  x   tan1 x  y , then f  y   tan y and so
dy 1 1 1
   cos2 y  cos2(tan1 x) 
dx df sec2 y 1  x2
dy

Worked solutions
Then
d 1 2 1
(tan1 2x  1)  2  
1  2x  1
2 2 2
dx 4 x  4 x  2 2 x  2x  1
dy d  1  2x
2 a  (2x arccos x)  2 arccos x  2x    2 arccos x 
dx dx  1 x
2
 1  x2
1 2x
 2x  2 arccos x  2 arccos x
dy d  arccos x  1  x2 2
b      1 x
dx dx  2x  4x 2 4x 2
1 arccos x

2x 1  x 2 2x 2
dy x2  1
c  2x arctan3x  3 
dx 1  9x 2
d 1 1
3 a
dx
 arcsin x  arccos x   2
 0
1 x 1  x2
This is valid because we are calculating two angles that add up to  in a right-angled
triangle.
d 1 1
b (arctan x  arctan   x )   0
dx 1  x2 1  x2
Here both inverse tangents correspond to the same angle, in different quadrants (due to the
negative sign). So the rate of change between both is zero.
c
d   2x   2 1  
2 x 2  1  2 x 2 x 
 2 arctan x  arcsin  2   2  
dx   x  1 x  1  2x 
1 2
2
 
x2  1

 x  1

2

1


 2 x 2  1    2
 2
2
0
2
x 1  x2  1  2
x 1 x 1
x 
2
2
1  
x  1
2
2
Trigonometric functions give angles as outputs, so we can call
1  arctan x
and
 2x 
2  arcsin  2 
 x  1
Then we want to show that
21  2
so we check
x 1 2x
sin 21   2 sin 1 cos 1  2     sin2
2
x 1 2
x 1 x2  1

Worked solutions
Exercise 6V
1 a f  x   sin 3x   
The tangent is
  
y  f x    0
3 3
We calculate
f   x   3cos 3x   
 
Then f     3 cos      1
3
So the tangent equation is

y x
3
The normal is
1  
y  x    0
   3
f 
3
 
y  x  
 3
b f  x   arccos2x
2x
We calculate the derivative f   x   
1  4x 2
Then f  0.05  0.101
and f 0.05  1.147
The tangent equation is y  0.101  x  0.05  1.147
1
and the normal is y  
0.101
 x  0.05  1.147
or equivalently y  9.9  x  0.05  1.147
c f  x   x sin2x
We calculate f   x   sin2x  2x cos2x
and so f   0.5  1.382
and f 0.5  0.421
Then the tangent equation is y  1.382  x  0.5  0.421

Worked solutions
1
and the normal is y 
1.382
 x  0.5  0.421
2 a x cos2x  tan 3x     1
Point of intersection (using GDC) is 0.298,0.247 .
b Normal to y  x cos2x
f '  x   2x sin x  cos2x
so f  0.298  0.653
1
Then the equation of the normal is y 
0.653
 x  0.298  0.247
y  1.531  x  0.298  0.247
Normal to y  tan 3x     1
f '  x   3sec2 3x   
so f  0.298  7.65
1
Then the equation of the normal is y 
7.65
 x  0.298  0.247
y  0.131  x  0.298  0.247
c We calculate the y -intercepts of each of the normal functions, which we call y1 and y2
respectively.
y1 0  1.531 0  0.298  0.247  0.703
and y2 0  0.131 0  0.298  0.247  0.286
The intersection between both function is given by x  0.298 , as it is the point that they
both share.
Then the two lines form a triangle, with sides
c  0.703  0.286  0.417
0.298  0.703  0.247  0  0.474

2 2
a
0.298  0.286  0.247  0  0.247

2 2
b
0.4742  0.2472  0.4172

Then cos C   0.477
2 0.474 0.247
C  cos1 0.477  1.073  61.5
(cos x  x sin x)  x  cos x   x cos x(1  sin x) cos2 x  x2 sin x

3 a y  2

(x  cos x) (x  cos x)2
for x  0
Worked solutions
 
b Tangent at point  , 0  . We calculate
 2 
2
  
cos2  sin
  2 2 2  1
y   
2   2
(  cos )
2 2
Then the tangent is given by
   
y  1  x    0    x  
 2   2
and the normal is given by
1   
y  x    0  x 
1  2 2
4x 2  1
4 a y   8x  arctan2x  2
1  x2
b y 0.5  8 0.5 arctan 2  0.5  2    2

and y 0.5  4 0.5  1 arctan0.5  0.927
2

and so the equation of the tangent at 0.5 is
y    2 x  0.5  0.927  5.14  x  0.5  0.927
Exercise 6W
d 1
1 a  6  0.1rot s1
dt 60
y
and tan    y  100 tan 
100
dy d
Then  100 sec2   10 sec2 
dt dt
We are measuring  with respect to the shoreline, so when they are at right angles with
respect to each other is exactly when   0 , so
dy
 10 ms1
dt  0
50 1
b tan      tan1  0.464
100 2
dy
Then  12.5 ms1
dt  0.464
c When the ray approaches being parallel to the light beam, the velocity of the light beam is
increasing and is undetermined at the point where it is exactly parallel.
dy km 1 1min 1000m
2 a  90  90    25 ms1
dt h 60min 60 s 1km

Worked solutions
We measure the angle with respect to the horizontal of the camera ‘line of sight’. Then we
can write
y
tan    30 tan   y
30
dy d 25 d
Then  30 sec2   cos2  
dt dt 30 dt
At   0 , the bird is directly in front of the camera, so we calculate
25
 1  0.833 rot s1
30
d
b We integrate function with respect to t to find
dt
30
t2  tan 
25
then at t  0 is when the bird is directly in front of the camera. So one second later is at
d
t  1 , gives   0.695 , so we evaluate at this value of  and we get 0.491 rot s1
dt
3 a We use the cosine rule to write a relationship between the decreasing angle  and the
decreasing side 6  y so we are modelling the decrease y as
52  52  6  y  50  6  y 
2 2
cos   
255 50
Then 6  y   50  50 cos 
2
We differentiate both sides with respect to t and get
dy d
2 6  y   50 sin 
dt dt
dy
or equivalently, substituting with  0.1 cms1 we get
dt
d
0.004y  0.028 csc  
dt
b In this case, we change the 6 for a 5 in the expression above, and write the rate of change
as
52  52  5  y  50  5  y 
2 2
25  10y  y 2
cos    
255 50 50
50 cos   25  10y  y 2
Then differentiating we get
d dy dy
50 sin   10  2y  10 0.1  2y 0.1  1  0.2y
dt dt dt
and so
d 0.2y  1 0.2y  1
  csc 
dt 50 sin  50

Worked solutions
4 a We have the relationship for the volume of the sphere
4 3
V  r
3
We differentiate with respect to t and get
dV 4 dr
  3r 2
dt 3 dt
dV
We use that  3 cm3 min1 and rearrange to get
dt
3 dr

4 r 2 dt
so evaluating at r  10 gives
3
 0.002387 cmmin 1
4 10
2
b We have the relationship for the surface area of the sphere
SA  4 r 2
and the relationship between the surface area and the volume as
A
r V.
3
so differentiating with respect to t gives the relationship
dA 1 A dr dV
 r 
dt 3 3 dt dt
For r  4.5, we use the relationship in a to get that
3 3 dr
   0.0118
4 r 2 4  4.52 dt
which we substitute into the rate of change for A, then
4  4.5
2
dA 1
  4.5  0.0118  3
dt 3 3
Hence
dA
 1.333 cm2 s1
dt
5 a take y to be the horizontal distance, and calculate the expression
y
tan  
10000
Then
y  10000 tan
dy
We convert into m s−1 to keep units consistent, so
dt

Worked solutions
dy km
 1025  284.72 ms1
dy h
We differentiate the expression for y to get
dy d dy
 10000 sec2  
dt dt dt
The angle we’re looking at corresponds to
8000
  tan1  38.7
10000
Then we substitute into expression for the derivatives to get
d 284.72
 cos2 38.7  0.017 degs1
dt 10000
b When the plane is directly above the radar,   0 , so
d 284.72
  1  0.028 degs1
dt 10000
6 a We can write the distance between the camera z and the train as
z y 2  22  y2  4
Then we use the chain rule to get

1
dz 1 2
  2y  dy y dy

 y 4 2

dt 2 dt y  4 dt
2
We evaluate at z  4 so 4  y 2  4 , so y  3.46 . Substituting into the above equation we

get that
dz 3.46 km
  75  64.9
dt 4 h
d y
b So we are looking for when y  3.46 , where tan  
dt 2
3.46
so   tan1  60 . We differentiate with respect to t and get
2
d dy 1
sec2   
dt dt 2
which then substituting and converting 75 km/h to 20.8 m/s gives
d 1
sec2 60  20.8 
dt 2
which gives
d
 2.6 degrees per second.
dt
7 We have that
y
cos  
3
Worked solutions
where y is the horizontal distance in metres. Then
y  3cos 
dy 6
We convert to meters per second,   0.06 m / s . We differentiate with respect to t and
dt 100
get
d dy
3 sin  
dt dt
The angle corresponding to the horizontal distance of 1 m is
1
sin  
3
1
so   sin1  0.34 . We substitute all together is
3
d
3 sin0.34  0.06
dt
d
then  0.06
dt
Chapter review
1 Vcube  43  64 cm3
we equate to the volume of the sphere
4 3
64  r
3
so
48
r3 

then
r  2.48cm
2 a Vtot  Vcone  Vh
1 2 1
 r hcone   6  14  6   301.6 cm3
2
Vcone 
3 3
14 3 14 3
  r     6    452.4 cm
3
Vh 
23  23 
Vtot  301.6  452.4  754 cm3
b For the surface area we need to be careful to not count the circular base.
The cone slant height is
s  82  62  10

Worked solutions
SAcone   rs   610  188.5cm2
SAh 
1
2

4 r 2 
1
2
  
4 6   226.2 cm2
2
Then
SAtot  188.5  226.2  414.7 cm2
32  52  32
3 a cos CAB   0.833
235
then cos1 0.833  0.586  33.6 .
b i Note that AY  XB as this is an isosceles triangle. Then
AB  BY  AY
53  2
Then
AB  AY  XB  XY
5  2  2  XY
Then XY  1 .
So the length of the perimeter is
CY  CX  XY  4.516
1 2 1
r   3 0.833  3.749 cm2
2
ii AACX 
2 2
iii Height of triangle ABC is
h  9  2.52  1.66
5  1.66
AABC   4.15 cm2
2
Then
AABC  AACX  4.15  3.749  0.401  ACXB  AACY
AR  AABC  2ACXB  3.348 cm2
4 a 6 sin2 x  5  cos x
6(1  cos2 x)  5  cos x
6 cos2 x  cos x  1  0
(3cos x  1)(2cos x  1)  0
1 1
and so cos x  and cos x  
3 2
1 1
b x  cos1  360  70.529  289.4, 430.5, and x  cos1   180  60  240, 480
3 2

Worked solutions
5 4 tan2 x  12 sec x  1  0
sin2 x 1
4  12 1  0
cos2 x cos x
4 sin2 x  12 cos x  cos2 x  1  0
 
4 1  cos2 x  12 cos x  cos2 x  1  0
3cos2 x  12 cos x  5  0
Then
cos x  4.38
which is undefined, and
cos x  0.38
cos1  0.38  112.3
and 112.3
tan A  tan2 A
6 tan3 A  tan 2 A  A 
1  tan A tan2 A
2 tan A
tan A  2
 1  tan2 A  tan A (3  tan A)
2 tan A 2
1  3 tan A
1  tan A
1  tan2 A
7 We use a change of variables. Let   3 . Then we can rewrite the equation as
4 
cos     cos 
3 
or equivalently
 4 
cos  2     cos 
 3 
3 4
n  2     
3 3
Then
2 4 6
  , , ,0,2
7 7 7
If we substitute into the equation cos 4  cos3 , and apply the identities for cos 2  2  and
cos 2    we get the equation
8 cos3   4 cos2   4 cos   1  0
2 4 6
so the roots to the equation are precisely cos , cos , cos where x  cos 
7 7 7
Substitute the inverse roots to show the required equality.
8 a sin  x  60  cos x

Worked solutions
sin x cos60  sin60 cos x  cos x
1 3
sin x  cos x  cos x
2 2
1 3
tan x  1
2 2
 3
tan x  1    2
 2
 
x  15,195
tan A  tan x 2
b tan  A  x   
1  tan A tan x 3
3  tan x 2

1  3 tan x 3
3(3  tan x)  2(1  3tan x)
3 tan x  7
7
x  tan1   293,113.2
3
9 sin3A  sin  A  2A  sin A cos2A  sin2A cos A
 sin A(1  2 sin2 A)  2 sin A (1  sin2 A)
 sin A  2 sin3 A  2 sin A  2 sin3 A  4 sin3 A  3sin A
x
10 We can write the equation for the angles, relabelling arctan x  1 and arctan  2
2
5
1  2 
6
Then we calculate the sine on both sides (could be cosine or tangent, any function will do) and
get
5
sin 1  2   sin( )
6
sin1 cos 2  sin2 cos 1  1
We complete the triangle and get that
x x x2
  1 1  x2  1
1 2 4
or equivalently
2
 x2   x2 
1 
4
 2
 1 x  2
 1
   
x 4  x2  0

Worked solutions
which has solutions

x2 x2  1  0 
and so
x  0, x  1
A sin  B  C 
sin  2 
A BC 2  
11 tan tan 
2 2 A B C 
cos cos  
2  2 
Note that
ABC 
as ABC are the angles of a triangle. Then
A   B  C 

2 2
so
A    B  C  B C 
sin  sin       cos  
2  2  2   2 
and
A    B  C  B C 
cos  cos       sin  
2  2  2   2 
Then we substitute back into the first equation to get
B C B C B C C B
(cos cos  sin sin )(sin cos  sin cos )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
 B C C B B C B C
 sin 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2   cos 2 cos 2  sin 2 sin 2 
  
Note that
B B 1
sin cos  sin B
2 2 2
and equivalently for C. We multiply the brackets and substitute with the form for sinB to get
C C B B
sin B(cos2  sin2 )  sin C(cos2  sin2 )
2 2 2 2  sin B  sin C
2 C 2 C B B sin B  sin C
sin B(cos  sin )  sin C(cos2  sin2 )
2 2 2 2
Finally, we have that the sine rule holds, so we rewrite in terms of only sinC to get
b b
 sin C  sin C 1
c bc
 c 
b b bc
sin C  sin C 1
c c
12 The angle CAB is
CAB  247  36  211

Worked solutions
and the two sides adjacent to it are 120 and 234 , so the distance to C corresponds to the third
side, calculated with the cosine rule as
c2  1202  2342  2  120  234 cos211
c  342.5km
The bearing of town B from C is given by the complementary angle to
360  36  211  113
so the angle we are searching for is
180  113  67
13 a The acceleration is given by the double derivative of x with respect to t, so (assuming a

constant)
dx
 2a cos t sin t  a sin2t
dt
so
d2 x
 2a cos2t
dt 2
b The particle is at rest where the velocity is zero, so where
dx
 0  a sin2t
dt
n
Then we have that 2t  n , and so t 
2
c First we check where the acceleration is zero, which will give us the turning points of the
velocity, as
d2 x
 2a cos2t  0
dt 2
  n
so 2t   n and so t   . To find whether it is a maximum or a minimum, we
2 4 2

check that the velocity as time approaches t  it decreases from both the right and the
4
3
left, so this is a minimum. For t  . we have the opposite behaviour, so this is a
4
maximum. This is for positive a. If we have a negative a, the maximum and the minimum
will be reversed.
1 25
14 a A  5  10 sin30º  (2 marks)
2 2
b BD2  52  102  2  5  10 cos30º (2 marks)
BD  125  50 3 (1 mark)

BD  25 5  2 3  (1 mark)

Worked solutions
BD  5 5  2 3
ˆ
sinCDB sin 45º
c  (2 marks)
13 5 52 3
ˆ  13 2
sinCDB (1 mark)
10 5  2 3
ˆ can either be acute or obtuse
d The angle CDB (1 mark)
and the two possible values add up to 180º. (1 mark)
15 a l  52  32  5.83 cm (2 marks)
S  2    3  5.83...  110 cm2 (2 marks)

1
2    32  5
b 3  100  30.9% (2 marks)
  3.12  10.1
16 2 cos2 x  sin2x  2 cos2 x  2 sin x cos x  0 (1 mark)
2 cos x  cos x  sin x   0 (1 mark)
cos x  0, cos x  sin x (1 mark)
(or cos x  0, tan x  1 )
 3
cos x  0  x  , x  (1 mark)
2 2
 5
tan x  1  x  , x  (1 mark)
4 4
17 a i 1  y  3 (1 mark)
ii 2 (1 mark)
b a  2 (1 mark)
2
b  (2 marks)
2
c 1 (1 mark)
1
c 2 cos  x  1  0  cos  x  (1 mark)
2
   5 7 
 x   , , , , (1 mark)
 3 3 3 3 
 1 1 5 7 
x   , , , , (1 mark)
 3 3 3 3 
cos x cos x sin x

18 a  tan x   (1 mark)
1  sin x 1  sin x cos x
cos2 x  sin x 1  sin x 

 (1 mark)
1  sin x   cos x 

Worked solutions
cos2 x  sin2 x  sin x

 (1 mark)
1  sin x   cos x 
1  sin x
 (1 mark)
1  sin x   cos x 
1
 (1 mark)
cos x
 sec x
cos 2x
b  tan2x  sec 2x
1  sin2x
So sec 2x  2 (1 mark)
1
cos 2x  (1 mark)
2
 7 9 15
2x  , , , (2 marks)
4 4 4 4
 7 9 15
x  , , , (2 marks)
8 8 8 8
dy 1  1 
19 a     (2 marks)
dx 1   1 2  x 2 
x
dy 1
 (1 mark)
dx 1  x2
b Valid attempt to apply product rule (1 mark)
dy x 2earctan x
 2xearctan x  (3 marks)
dx 1  x2
 dy  x2  
  earctan x  2x  
 dx  1  x 2  
20 Valid attempt at implicit differentiation (1 mark)
dy
 cos y  dx 
  sin x sec2  cos x   (2 marks)
  dy    
At  , 0  :  cos 0   sin  sec2  cos   (1 mark)
 2  dx 2   2 
dy
  sec2 0 (1 mark)
dx
 1 (1 mark)
1
So gradient of normal is  1 (1 mark)
 1
  
So equation is y  0  1  x   , or y  x  (2 marks)
 2  2

Worked solutions
21 a S  x   sin2 2x  cos2 2x  2 sin2x cos 2x (3 marks)

1 sin 4 x
 1  sin4x
(1 mark) for correct shape, (1 mark) for 2 cycles, (1 mark) for correct max/min

c i (1 mark)
2
ii 0y 2 (1 mark)
(3 marks)
e i k 2 (1 mark)

ii p , q  2 (2 marks)
4
22  12
22 a D (1 mark)
2
 17 (1 mark)
22  12
A (1 mark)
2
5 (1 mark)
360
The period is  24 (1 mark)
B
Therefore B  15 (1 mark)
So T  5 sin 15 t  C    17
At 3, 12 , 12  5sin 15 t  C    17 (1 mark)

1  sin 15 3  C  
15 3  C   90 (1 mark)
C 9 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
Therefore T  5 sin 15 t  9   17
b Solving T  5 sin 15 t  9   17 and T  20 by GDC (1 mark)
Solutions are T  18.54 and T  11.46 (2 marks)
18.54  11.46  7.08 hours 7 hours 5 minutes (1 mark)
1 2 50 r 2
23 V  r h  (1 mark)
3 3
dV 100 r
 (2 marks)
dr 3
dV dV dr
  (1 mark)
dt dr dt
100 r dr
2  (1 mark)
3 dt
40 dr
r  0.4  2  
3 dt
dr 3
  cm min1 (1 mark)
dt 20

Worked solutions
Generalizing relationships: exponents,

7 logarithms and integration
Skills check
1
2 3

dy cox 3x  5  x  5x sin x
 
 
3x 2  5  x 3  5x tan x     
dx cos2 x cos x
dy dy dy
2 3xy 2  y 3  2y sin x cos x  sin2 x  y sin x  cos x
dx dx dx
dy

 3xy 2  sin2 x  cos x
dx
 y  sin2x  sin x  
dy y  sin2x  sin x 
 
dx 
3xy 2  sin2 x  cos x 
Exercise 7A
 2  2 1 1 2
   3 x  dx   3  2 x
2
1 a C   x C
3
5 5 1 5 4
 4 x dx  4  4 x
3 4
b C  x C
16
3 2 5 8 25
c  4x dx  4  5 x
2 2
C 
5
x C
7  12 7 1 1
d 2x dx 
2
 2x 2  C  7x 2  C
x x
e  2 sin  2  cos  2  dx   sin xdx   cos x  C
1 4
2 a  x 
3
 3x 2  4x  3 dx  x  x 3  2 x 2  3x  C
4
1 5 3 1
b  x 
4
 4x 3  3x 3  x 4 dx  x  x 4  x 2  x 3  C
5 2 3
x 
2
2
c  x 2  x 4  2x3  5x2  4x  4
So,
1 5 1 4 5 3
 x   
2
2
 x  2 dx   x 4  2x 3  5x 2  4x  4 dx  x  x  x  2x 2  4x  C
5 2 3
1 4
 2  x   8  12x  6x 
3
d dx  2
 x 3 dx  8x  6x 2  2x 3  x C
4
 1 
  x  cos x  cos   x  cos x  sec x  dx
2
e 2  dx 
x
1 2
 x  sin x  tan x  C
2
y  f x   3x 
2
3  4 dx  x3  4x  C

Worked solutions
f  1  1  4  C  2  C  1
 y  f  x   x 3  4x  1
  
1
1
f t     t  2  t 2  dt  t 2  2t  2t 2  C
1
4
  2
f  4  8  8  4  C  4  C  0
1 2
 f t  
1
t  2t  2t 2
2
 2x  1   8x 
3
5 y  dx  3
 12x 2  6x  1 dx
 2x 4  4x3  3x2  x  C
At x  1, y  2
 2  2  4  3  1  C  C  8
 y  2 x 4  4 x 3  3x 2  x  8
 sin     cos     sin     2 sin    cos     cos   d

2
2 2
6 2 2
dx  2 2 2 2
  1  2 sin    cos   d   1  sin  d

2 2
   cos   C
7 f     2  3sin  d  2  3cos   C
f 0  3  C  2  C  5
So f    2  3 cos   5
8 a f x   3  cos x dx  3x  sin x  C

   1  1
f     C  C 
6
  2 2 2 2
1
 f  x   3x  sin x 
2
b f   x   2 sec2 x  3 sin x
f x   2 sec 
2
x  3 sin x dx  2 tan x  3 cos x  C
f 0  3  C  4  C  1
 f  x   2 tan x  3 cos x  1
c f   x   2 cos x  C
 
f    2  C  0  C  2
4
f  x   2 sin x  2x  D
f 0  D  1
 f  x   2 sin x  2x  1
d f   x   2x  3sin x  C

Worked solutions
f  0  C  4
f  x   x 2  3 cos x  4x  D
f  0   3  D  5  D  8
 f  x   x 2  3 cos x  4 x  8
9 Let the velocity be v t  and the displacement be s t 
v t    a t  dt  9t
2
 2t  C
v 0  C  1
 v  t   9t 2  2t  1
s  t    v  t  dt  3t 3  t 2  t  D
s 1  3  1  1  D  3  D  0
 s  t   3t 3  t 2  t
10 Let the velocity be v t  and the displacement be s t 
v t    a t  dt  6 sin t  C
v 0  0  C  0  C  0
 v  t   6 sin t
s  t    v  t  dt  6 cos t  D
 
s    3  D  2  D  5
3
 s  t   6 cos t  5
1 1
 1  3x  1  3x   C   21 1  3x   C
6 7 7
11 a dx  
73
2
 3 4  x   4  x 2  C  2  4  x 2  C
1 3 3
b 2
dx  3 
3
3 4
c  3 cos 5x  2  4 sin 5x  2 dx  5 sin 5x  2  5 cos 5x  2  C
 2 2  3x 
 13

 1  2x  3 dx  2 
1 3 1 3
 2  3x  3   1  2x  3  C
1 2 4
d
3 2 2 4
3
   2  3x  3  1  2x  3  C
2 4
 
12 f     2 sin  2  
 2
 
f     cos  2    C
 2
f 0  C  1
 
 f    1  cos  2  
 2
Exercise 7B
4
Integral:  5dx  5x 0  5  4  0  20
4
1
0

Worked solutions
Area of a rectangle: 5  4  20
10 2.5 10
2 Integral:  2x  5 dx    2x  5 dx   2x  5 dx
0 0 2.5
2.5 10
   x 2  5x    x 2  5x     6.25  12.5  0  100  50   6.25  12.5
0 2.5
 62.5
1 1
Area:
2
5 2.5  2 7.5 15  62.5
3 0 3
3 Integral:  3  x dx   3  x dx   3  x  dx
3 3 0
0 3
 x2   x2 
 3x    3x  
 2  3  2 0
 9  9
 0   9     9    0  9
 2   2 
1 1
Area of triangle: bh  6  3  9
2 2
0 4 4
 x2 
  4  x  dx  4  x  3  4x 
0
4 Integral: 
3
4dx 
0 

2 0
 12  16  8  20
 a  b 7  3
Area of trapezium:  h     4  20
 2   2 
1 3 1
 x2  3
5 a   x  3 dx   6  2x  dx   2
3 1
 3x   6 x  x 2   12
 3
1
b The height of the triangle is 4 and the base length is 6 since

the lines respectively intersect the x-axis at x  3 and x  3
1 1
 Area of triangle: bh  6   4  12
2 2
1 1
6  x  x 3 dx  2 x  x 3 dx   by symmetry as f(x) is an odd function
1 0
1
1 1  1 1 1
 2  x2  x 4   2    
2 4 0 2 4 2
6 6
7  x 2  5x  6 dx    x 2  5x  6 dx  
1 1
6
1 5  1 5   1 5 
   x 3  x 2  6 x     216   36   36       6 
3 2  1 3 2   3 2 
 2  15  36  19 343
   54     54  
 6  6 6
4 2 3 4
8 x  x  
 5x  6 dx   x 2  5x  6 dx    x 
2 2 2
 5x  6 dx   5x  6 dx
1 1 2 3

Worked solutions
2 3 4
 x3 5 2   x3 5 2   x3 5 2 
  x  6x     x  6x     x  6x 
 3 2 1  3 2 2  3 2 3
11

6
x  
9 4 sin     0
3 2
x 
   n
3 2
n  
x 

3
 n 
2
n  
 1 3
a x  3  n   so take n  1  x  for the first
 2 2
9
and n  2  x  for the second
2
 1 
b x  3  n   so take n  0  x   for the first
 2 2
9
and n  1  x   for the second
2
9
2
x  
c  4 sin    dx
3 2
 32
 2 3 9
x   2
x   2
x 
 3 4 sin  3  2  dx   4 sin  3  2  dx   4 sin  3  2  dx
3
2 2 2
 48
10
0 4
  4  x  dx    4  x  dx
2
2 0
0 4
 x  3
 x2 
 4x    4x  
 3  2  2 0
16 40
 8 
3 3
Exercise 7C
 
3
81
3 1
1 a 4
 814  33  27
 13 1
 8  1253 5
b    
 125  2
1
8 3

Worked solutions
 32  5  2
2 2
4
c    
 3
2
 243  9
3 3
 a12y 3  4  a12  4 a9
2 a    4 

 16y   16y  8y 3
b 
3 2 1
a2  2a1  1 a a  2a  1 
 a  2a2  a3

a 3
a3 a3  
 
 a a2  2a  1  a  a  1
2
b4  b11 b7
c  7 1
b7 b
3 23  23 3 56
   8y 
1 1
3 9y 3  3 8y 2  9y 3
2 2 3
 y  y
2 2
Therefore, when y  64,

3 3
9y 3  3 8y 2  64 6  32   48
5
2 2
4
a b c  
5 2 3
a3b3c

a
5  23
b
2  23
c
3 21

7 7
a2 b 2 c
 25
6 3
 ab  2  ab 
   
 c   c 
1 1 1 1 1 1
abc abc 2 2 2
abc
2 2 2
 
2n
5 a 21  34n1  7  92n  7  3  34n1  7  32
 7  34n  7  34n  0
 
2n 1
b 48  42n1  6  24n1  3  24  22  3  2  24n1
 3  24n2  3  24n2  3  24n3
6 a 
23x  27 x 2  23x 1  24 x 2  0 
1
23x  0 so 1  24 x 2  0  24 x  4  x 
2
1 1
 
1 2 x
b 912 x   32 
27x  4 3 
x 4
3
 324x  3123x  3x 10  1  x  10
c 9x  9  10  3x  32x  9  10  3x
Let y  3x , then
y 2  10y  9   y  9   y  1  0  y  9 or y  1
y 9x 2
y 1 x 0
1
d 2x  2  7   22 x 1  7  2x 1  1  4  22 x  7  2x  2  0
2x 1

Worked solutions
Let y  2x , then
4y 2  7y  2  0   4y  1  y  2   0
1
y 
4
 x  2 y  0 so y  2 
10  5 10
7 300000r  500000  r     1.0524... so 5 %
3
1 48.76  37.21
8 a i
6

37.21
 100  5.17%  to 3s.f.
1  51.97  48.76 
ii 
6  48.76
  100  1.10%  to 3s.f.

iii The average percentage increase between December 2015 to December 2016 is equal to
the average of the percentage increases from December 2015 to June 2016 and June
2016 to December 2016 (this is equal to 3.31% to 3s.f.)
b Individual Response.
c (53.47  49.33)  30  0.138  14 cents
9 Paloma: 2000 1.06  20571.44  to the nearest hundredth

410
Concita: 1500 1.06  500 1.03  to the nearest hundredth

10 1012
 20041.77
10 The amount Sureepan pays on the nth year is given by 40000  1.075  0.5
n
So after four years he pays


40000  1.075  0.5  ...  1.0754  0.54  42606.41 Bhat 
to the nearest hundredth
Exercise 7D
1 a 5  log3 243
1
b log16 2 
4
c logq p  5
d 4  log10 0.0001
e y  logx 11
2 a 54  625
1
b 642  8
c mp  n
d b0  1
e 102  0.01

Worked solutions
1
3 a logx 2  128  2  x128  x  2128
b log4 x  3  x  43  64
3 3 4
c logx 8   8  x 4  x  8 3  16
4
3 3
d log9 x   x  92  27
2
e logx 49  2  49  x2  x  7  x  0
m
4 a loga  loga m  loga n2  loga m  2loga n
n2
2
 m 3 2  m 2
b loga  3   loga  3  
 n  3  n  3
2
3

loga m  loga n3    
1
3
loga m  2loga n
   
 40  6 
5 a log6  3log2  log 40  log6  log8  log 40  log    log30
 8 
36
b log3 36  2  log3 36  log3 9  log3  log3 4
9
1 3
loga m  loga mn2  loga  m4  mn2   
  log mn23

1 3
c
4
 a
4 4  
6 a log2 12  log2 48  3  log2 12

48
 3  log2 1
4
 3  2  3  5
1 2
b log2 81  log2 48  log2 27  log2 3  log2 48  log2 9
4 3
 3  48 
 log2    log2 16  4
 9 
7 a    
4log a  3log b  log a4  log b3  a4  b3
3
 a  b4
 2a  2a
b log a  log b  log2  log  0 1
 b  b
b
a 
2
c log b  1  4log a  log b  log10  log a4  

 10 
 
 log a4  log 
 b 

10
 a4 
b
1
 10  4
a 
 b 

Worked solutions
1
8 a log2 3  log3 2  log2 3  1
log2 3
1
b log6 10  log36   2log6   2
log6
1 1 3
c log4 3  log3 8   log3 8   3log3 2 
log3 4 2log3 2 2
1 1 1
d log5 8  log25 8     2log8 5  2
log8 5 log8 25 log8 5
1 1
e   log6 3  log6 2  log6 6  1
log3 6 log2 6
1 1
f log5 40   log5 40  log5 64  log5 40  log5 8
2log64 5 2
 40 
 log5    log5 5  1
 8 
   
log y log x
9 a xlog y  10log x  10log x log y  10log y  y log x
1 1
b   logxy x  logxy y  logxy  xy   1
logx xy logy xy
1 1
10 p  loga x    logx a
p loga x
1
 logx a 
p
Similarly,
1 1 1
  logy a  logy a 
q loga y q
1 1 1
a logxy a   
loga xy loga x  loga y p  q
1 1 1
b logx a   
y
loga  
x
y
loga x  loga y p  q
11 a x  log3 10  2.10 3s.f.
b 53x 1  12  3x  1  log5 12
log5 12  1
x   0.848  to 3s.f.
3
1 1
2  5  5 10x  0.01
x
c 2x  5x 1 
5
 10x  0.05  x  log 0.05  1.30 3s.f.
9
12 a log5 x  9logx 5 
log5 x

Worked solutions
 log5 x   9  log5 x  3
2
1
 x  53  125 or x  53 
125
b 3log7 x  log7 49  log7 x3  2  8  

 
 log7 x 3  6
 x  763
 
1
 x  76  72  49
3
1
c log4 x  logx 4  log4 x  2
log4 x
 log4 x   2log4 x  1  0
2
 log4 x  1  0
2
 log4 x  1
x 4
 
2
13 25x  6  5x  16  5x  6  5x  16  0

 5x  8 5x  2  0  
x x
5  0  5  8  x  log5 8
1 1 1
14 log2 x   log2 x   log2 x  log2 x  9
logx 4 2logx 2 2
3
 log2 x  9
2
 log2 x  6
 x  26  64
12
15 a log5 x  12logx 5  log5 x  7
log5 x
 log5 x   7log5 x  12  0
2
 log5 x  4  log5 x  3  0
 log5 x  4 or log5 x  3
so x  54  625 or x  53  125
 
2
b 5  7x  21  7x  4  0

 5  7x  1 7x  4  0  
1
 7x  or 7x  4
5
1
 x  log7    0.827 or x  log7 4  0.712
5
16 Using technology, −3.42, −2.71
17 a The first equation is equivalent to 2log5 x  3log3 y  16

Worked solutions
 2log5 x  3log3 y   3 5log5 x  log3 y 

 17log5 x  16  3  6   34
 log5 x  2  x  25
 log3 y  5log5 x  6  4  y  81
b 3loga b  1  a  b3
 ab  b4  16  b  2  b  0
a8
c 2m log4 16  n  4m  n
n
 81m  3n  814  3n  2  3n  54  n  3
3
m
4
1
d log4 x  log16 6x  9  log4 6x  9
2
 x 2  6 x  9   x  3  0  x  3
2
 y  log4 3
 2 
k
6 1    
  3  
18   17.8
2
1
3
k
2 17.8
1  
3 18
k
2 17.8
   1
3 18
2  17.8 
 k log    log 1  
3  18 
 17.8 
log 1 
 18 
k   11.10....
2
log  
3
 kmin  12
7 7
2
 685
19 a 5  2   5     5   21.4m  to the nearest tenth of a metre
 8 8  32
 7  7 2  7 3 7 
k 1
b 5  2  5          ...    
8 8 8  8  

 7 
k 1
7
k 1
 1   1   7 

k 1
7  8    5  10  7  8
5  10    5  70 1    
8 7  8 1   8  
 1  
 8  8
 

Worked solutions
 7 
k 1
c 5  70 1      39.5
  8  

k 1
7 34.5
1  
8 70
k 1
7 34.5
  1
8 70
 34.5 
log 1 
 70 
  k  1 
7
log  
8
 34.5 
log 1 
 70 
 k 1  6.08...
7
log  
8
Therefore kmax  6
20 a  5
5.5
r   1.1
5
1.1n  1
Sn  5  300
1.1  1
 1.1n  6  1  7
log7
n  20.42...
log1.1
So 20 experiments
Exercise 7E
1
1 Green: a 
4
Red: a  2
2 a f  x  1  kax 1  akax  af  x 
b f  x  2  kax 2  a2kax  a2f  x 
c f  x  1  kax 1  a1kax  a1f  x 
d Conjecture: f  x  n  anf  x 
Proof: f  x  n  kax  n  ankax  anf  x 

Worked solutions
4 ex  e x  2  e2x  2ex  1  0
 (ex  1)2  0  ex  1  x  0
5 a A reflection in the line x  0 (the y-axis)
y  f   x   e x
b A reflection in the line y  0  the x-axis
y  f  x   e x
c A reflection in the line y  0  the x  axis followed by a reflection in
the line x  0  the y  axis
y  f   x   e x
7 x  ay  y  loga x
So f 1  x   loga x
f f 1  x   aloga x  x by direct substitution and definition of inverse function
8 a f  x    ln x
b g  x  | ln x |
c h  x   ln | x |

Worked solutions
y  log2  x  2 is a translation of y  log2 x by 2 units in the positive x  direction
y  log2 x   2 is a translation of y  log2 x by 2 units in the negative y  direction
10 a Domain: x  : x  1 , Asymptote: x  1,
b Domain: x  , x  2 , Asymptote: x  2
Exercise 7F
dy
1 a  15e5 x  4
dx
dy d
 
2 2
b  3x 2 e3x  6 xe3x
dx dx
dy
c  4 ln5 54 x
dx
dy d
d 
dx dx
 cos x  ecos x   sin x ecos x
e
dy

dx dx
d
 x 1
x
 1  1

 2 x

 x

2
1
x
dy 5
f 
dx x

Worked solutions
dy 5
g 
dx 5x  4
dy f 'x
h 
dx f x
dy
2 a  3e2 x  4  6 xe2 x  4  3e2 x  4 1  2x 
dx
1
3 1
x
 x 2 ex
3
b y xe
dy  1  12  x 13 1  1  23  x 13 1  12 x 13 1  16 x 13
  x  e  x2  x e  x e  x e
dx  2  3  2 3
1 x 13

 12
 e 3x  2 x 6
6
1

dy 2 2x 3
c  3x2 ln 2x  1  x3   3x2 ln 2x  1 
dx 2x  1 2x  1
d y  3sin xe x
dy 3  cos x  sin x 
dx

 3 sin x e x  3 cos xe x   ex
dy
e
dx
  
 2e2 x  tan3x  e2 x  3 sec2 3x  e2 x 2 tan3x  3 sec2 3x   
 1   1 
dy
e x

2 x
 x
 2 x
e x

e x
  2 x
1 x  
3 a 
 
2
dx e2 x e x
1 x
 x
2 xe
1 1 1
dy
ln x   x
x
ln x  2 ln x  2
b  2 x  2 x 
ln x  ln x  2 x ln x 
2 2 2
dx
c
dy


1  ex  e   1  e e   e  e  e
x x x x 2x x
 e2 x

2e x
1  e  1  e  1  e 
2 2 2
dx x x x
1
dy 1  x   x  ln x 1  x 1  ln x 
d  
1  x  x 1  x 
2 2
dx
e
x x
dy e 1  e  x  e

x
    e   e 1  e  x  e   1  x  2e
x x x x x
  e 
2 2 x
dx e x e
x
 ln x 
x 1
4 a y e
dy 1 1 e x 1
ln x  
x 2
 e  
2 x x ln x 
2
dx 2 x x
b y  x x  ex log x
Worked solutions
dy d

dx dx
 x log x  ex log x  1  log x  x x
 
1
5 a y  1  ex  1  ex
2
dy 1 x
 
 12
 e 1  ex
dx 2

 At 0, 2 
dy 1 1 2
 2  2 
1

dx 2 2 2 4
dy 1 2ln 1  x 
b  2  ln 1  x  
dx 1 x 1 x
 1  3 2 
At  ,  ln   ,
2  2 
 
3
2ln
dy 2  4ln 3   ln 81 
  
dx 1 2 16 
2
1
6 a f 'x  1  0  x  1
x
Thus there exists only solution to f '  x   0 so there

is only turning point
b 
The turning point is located at 1, f 1  1, 1 
1
f ''  x     0 so the turning point must be a maximum
x2
c Domain: x  0
Range:    f  x   1
d x 0
7 a f '  x   ex  1  0  x  0
Thus there exists only solution to f '  x   0 so there

is only turning point
b The coordinates of the turning point is 0, f 0  0,1  

Worked solutions
f ''  x   ex  0 so the turning point must be a minimum
c Because there is a single turning point and it has just been shown that
the point is a minimum
d Domain: x 
Range: f  x   1
e y  x
8 a Because ln| x | is not defined at x  0
b f  x   0  x ln | x |  0 or x  0 by definition of the function
For x  0, x ln x  0  x  1  x  1
c For x  0, f '  x   ln x  1  0  x  e1
For x  0,
f  x   x ln   x 
 f '  x   ln   x   1  0  x  e 1
So there are two x-intercepts and these are located at x  e 1
1
d For x  0, f ''  x  
x
1
 
 f '' e 1 
e 1
0
so there is a minimum at e 1, e 1 

and by symmetry, there is a maximum at e 1 , e 1  
e
9 a f '  x   2xex  x2ex  xex 2  x 
 f '  x   0  x  0 or x  2 so there are two turning points

Worked solutions

f ''  x   2e x  2xe x  2xe x  x 2e x  2  4x  x 2 e x 
 f ''  x   0  x  4x  2  0  x  2  2
2
So there are two points of inflection
b The turning points are located at  0,0 and 2, 4e2  

At 0,0 , f '' 0   2  0 so this is a minimum
 
At 2, 4e2 , f ''  2   2e2  0 so this is a maximum
c x  2  2
d x 0
f f ' 1  3e
 y  f 1  f ' 1  x  1

 y  e  3e  x  1
 y  3ex  2e  e 3x  2 
2 
g x  intercept is located at  ,0 
3 
y  intercept is located at  0, 2e 

1 2 2e
 The area of the triangle is given by
2
2e   3   3
 
10 a f '  x   ex sin x  ex cos x  ex  sin x  cos x 
f '  x   0  e x  sin x  cos x   0

 tan x  1 e x
0 
3 3
so in the range  x , the two roots are located at
2 2
 3
x  and x 
4 4
f ''  x   e  sin x  cos x   e x  cos x  sin x   2e x cos x
x
 f ''  x   0  cos x  0 e x
0 

Therefore there are two points of infl exion, at x  
2
   1 
b f ''     2e 4   0 so minimum at x  
 4 2 4

Worked solutions
 3  3 1 3
f ''    2e 
4
 0 so maximum at x 
 4  2 4
  2     2 
c  2 , e  and   2 e 
   
 
  
d f '    e 2 so the normal at this point has gradient  e 2
2

   
f '     e 2 so this is parallel to the normal at x 
 2  2
Exercise 7G
x4
1 a  x 
3
 sec2 x dx   tan x  C
4
 1  1
  3e
x
b   sin x  dx  3e x  ln x  cos x  C
2x  2
1
c  2 sin x cos xdx   sin2xdx   2 cos 2x  C
1
d   tan 
3x  1 dx   sec2 3xdx 
2
tan3x  C
3
 3  3 1 x
  2x  3
x
e  dx  ln x  3
 2 ln3
 3 
f   1  3x  dx   ln 1  3x C
 x   x 11 
g   x  1  cos x  dx    x 1
 cos x dx

 1 
  1   cos x dx  x  ln x  1  sin x  C
 x 1 
 2  d 2
h   cos x  e
sin x
  dx   
x  dx
 
esin x   dx  esin x  2ln x  C
x
 e x 
i
 d
  2 x  4 sin x cos x  dx    dx e    2 sin2x dx
x
 
x
e  cos2x  C

Worked solutions
1
2 a f x   2x  sin 4x  dx  x
2
 cos 4x  C
4
1 1
f  0  C 0C  
4 4
1 1
 f  x   x  cos 4 x 
2
4 4
1 3
b f x   x 
2
 e x  sec2 x dx  x  e x  tan x  C
3
f  0  1  C  1  C  0
1 3
 f x  x  e  x  tan x
3
 3  3
c f x     3x 2  3e x 3  dx  ln 2x  5  x 3  3e x 3  C
 2x  5  2
f 3  0  27  3  C  25  C  5
3
 f x  ln 2x  5  x 3  3e x 3  5
2
3 a f ''  x   2 cos2 x  1  cos2x
1
f 'x  sin2 x  C
2
  1
f '    C  1  f '  x   sin2 x  1
2 2
1
f  x    cos 2x  x  D
4
1 3
f 0    D   D  1
4 4
1
 f  x    cos 2x  x  1
4
1 2 x 1 1
b f 'x  e  cos 1  2x   C
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
f '     C   C  
2
  2 2 2 2
1 1 1
 f '  x   e2 x 1  cos 1  2 x  
2 2 2
1 2 x 1 1 x
f x  e  sin 1  2x    D
4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1
f   D D
2 4 4 2 2
1 2 x 1 1 x 1
 f x  e  sin 1  2x   
4 4 2 2
 
x  2
4  2 2 
  x  sec x  dx   2
4
4 a 2
 tan x    1  1  2
 4    4  32 32 
 
1 3
 e
3
b 3 x 2

 sin x dx   e3 x 2  cos x 
3 0
0

Worked solutions
 1  2 1   1 2  1 2  1
 e     e  1  e e  1 
 3 2   3  3 2
 
2 2
 1 2x   1  x 1 3 1 2x 
1  2x  x  e  dx   ln2 2  3 x  2 e 1
2
c
 1 8 1   1 1 1 
    e4       e2 
 4ln2 3 2   2ln2 3 2 
2
1 e 7
 
ln16 2
1  e2 3

1 1
 x 6   1 x   3  1
d 0  3  1  3x  dx  ln3 3  2ln 1  3x 0   ln3  2ln2   ln3
 1  2
 2  ln2    ln 4
 ln3  ln3
 
2
 2  x x2    x  1 x2 
2
e 0  sec  2   xe  dx  2 tan  2   2 e 

0
  1 3 1  1 
2 2 2
1  
 2  e 4     e 4  1  3e 4 
 2  2 2 2 2  
  
4 4 4
2x x 11  1 
f  x  1 dx 2
2 2 x 1
dx  2 1 
2 x
dx
 1
 2  x  ln  x  1  2  4  ln3  2  2 2  ln3

4
 
3
 cos 6 x  3
 cos2 3x  sin2 3x 
g   cos 3x  sin3x  dx    cos 3x  sin3x  dx
6 6

3 
  cos 3x  sin3x  dx   1 sin3x  1 cos 3x  

3

 3 3 
6 6
1 1 2
     
3 3 3
 
4
 sin2x  4

h 0  cos x  dx  20 sin xdx 2  cos x 0  2  2

4
 
1 1 1  1

6

6

i 2 sin2 x cot x dx   sin2xdx   cos 2x 06     1 

0 0 2 2 2  4
1 1
2
 x 2   1 x 2 2 1 1
j 0  2  1  x  dx  ln2 2  2ln 1  x 0  ln2  2ln 2  ln2

1
ln2
 
2  1  ln 4
5 f  x   tan xdx   ln  cos x   C

Worked solutions
f 0  C  0
 f  x    ln  cos x 
Range: f  x   0  f  x   
 
f '    1 so the gradient of the tangent here is 1 and the gradient
4
of the normal is -1
  
Tangent: y  ln 2   x    y  x  ln 2 
 4 4
  
Normal: y  ln 2    x    y   x  ln 2 
 4 4
    
Base of triangle (along y  axis):  ln 2     ln 2   
 4  4 2

Height of traingle:
4
1    2
so area is     
2  2   4  16
x 9 x 9 A B
6 f x    
2x 2  x  3 2x  3  x  1 2x  3 x  1
 x  9  A  x  1  B 2 x  3
Set x  1 : 10  B 5  B  2
Compare coefficients of x : 1  A  2B  A  4  A  3
x 9 2 3
 f x   
2x 2  x  3 x  1 2x  3
x 9  2 3 
 dx      dx
2x 2  x  3  x  1 2x  3 
3
 2ln x  1  ln 2 x  3  C
2
1 1 1 1 1 
7     
x 2  1  x  1  x  1 2  x  1 x  1 
1 1  1 1  1
 dx      dx  ln  x  1  ln  x  1   C
x2  1 2  x  1 x  1 2
1 x 1
 ln C
2 x 1
5x  9 5x  9 A B
8 f x    
x 2  9  x  3  x  3 x  3 x  3
 5x  9  A  x  3   B  x  3 
Set x  3 : 24  6B  B  4
Set x  3 :  6  6 A  A  1 .
5x  9 1 4
 f x  2  
x 9 x 3 x 3
 5x  9   1 4 
  2  dx      dx  ln  x  3  4ln  x  3  C
 x 9  x  3 x  3
1  2x 1  2x A B
9   
x  x2 x  x  1 x x  1

Worked solutions
 1  2 x  A  x  1  Bx
Set x  0 : 1  A  A  1
Set x  1 : 3  B  B  3
1  2x 1 3
  
x  x  1 x x  1 .
1 1
1  2x 1 3 
dx  ln x  3ln  x  1  1
1
 2
dx    
1 x  x 1 x x  1  2
2 2
 1 3 1 27  27
  0  3ln2    ln  3ln   ln   2    ln
 2 2 8 8  32
1 1 1
2
 2  3x  x 2  2
 1  x 2  1  3x  2
 1  3x 
10   2  dx    2  dx   1   dx
0  1  x  0  1  x  0  1  x2 
1 2 1  3x
  dx
2 0 1  x2
1  3x 1  3x A B
  
1  x2 1  x  1  x  1  x 1  x
 1  3x  A 1  x   B 1  x 
Set x  1 : 4  2 A  A  2
Set x  1 :  2  2B  B  1
1  3x 2 1
  
1  x2 1  x 1  x
So
1 1
2
 2  3x  x 2  1 2 2 1 
0  1  x 2 
 dx     dx
2 0 1  x 1  x 
.
1 1
1  1 3
   2ln 1  x   ln 1  x   2    2ln  ln   0
2 0 2  2 2
1  2 1 8
  ln  4     ln
2  3 2 3
Exercise 7H
1 Let u  3x2  4  du  6xdx
2 23 2
 
3
1
  6x 3x 2  4dx   u 2 du  u C  3x 2  4 C
2
3 3
2 Let u  x3  du  3x2dx
  3x2 cos x3dx   cos udu  sin u  C  sin x3  C  

3 Let u  2  x  x2  du  1  2x  dx
  1  2 x  e2 x x dx   eu du  eu  C  e2 x  x  C
2 2
4 Let u  cos2x  du  2sin2x dx
  2sin 2 xecos2 x dx   eu du  eu  C  ecos2 x  C

Worked solutions
5 Let u  3x  du  3x ln3 dx
  3x ln 3sin 3x dx   sin udu   cos u  C   cos 3x  C  

3 3 12
6 Let u  x 2  du  x dx
2
3
 xe x3
dx   eu du  eu  C  e x3
C
2
7 Let u  x  1  du  dx
  2 x x  1dx   2  u  1 udu   2u

3
2
 2u 2 du
1

2 5 2 3 4 5 4 3
 2  u2  2  u2  C  u2  u2  C
5 3 5 3
4 4
 x  1  3  x  1  C
5 3
 2 2
5
4
 
x  1 2 3  x  1  5  C 
3

15
4
 x  1 2 3x  2   C
3

15
8 Let u  x  1  du  dx
 1 3

 1  x  1  xdx   2  u 
udu    2u 2  u 2 du
 
2 23 2 52 4 32 2 52
 2 u  u C  u  u C
3 5 3 5
4 2
 x  1 2  5  x  1 2  C
3 5

3
2
 
x  1 2 10  3  x  1  C 
3

15
2
 x  1 2 7  3x   C
3

15
3 2
9 Let u  x 3 
2

x  du  3x 2  3x dx 
 3  1
 x 
 x sec2  x 3  x 2  dx   sec2 udu
2
 2  3
1 1  3 
 tan u  C  tan  x 3  x 2   C
3 3  2 
10 Let u  cos2x  du  2sin2x dx
 sin2x 2
cos 2 x
 dx   12  2 du   12  ln2
u 1
2 u
C
1
 2cos 2 x  C
2ln2
11 Let u  1  x2  du  2x dx
1 1 3 1
 
3
1
x 1  x 2 dx    u 2 du   u 2  C   1  x 2 C
2
2 3 3
12 Let u  1  x  du  dx

Worked solutions
x
2
1  xdx    1  u  u 2 du    u 2  2u 2  u 2 du
2 1
 1 3 5

2 23 4 25 2 27
 u  u  u C
3 5 7
2 4 2
  1  x  2  1  x  2  1  x  2  C
3 5 7
.
3 5 7
2
 
1  x  35  42(1  x )  15 1  x   C 
3
2
 2
105
2
 
1  x  2 8  12x  15x 2  C 
3

105
1
13 Let u  1  x  du   dx
2 1 x
x2
   
2
 1 x
dx  2 1  u2 du  2 1  2u2  u4 du
 2 1 
 2  u  u3  u5   C
 3 5 
4 2
 2 1  x  2  1  x  2  5 1  x  2  C
1 3 5
3
2

1  x  2 15  10 1  x   3 1  x   C . 
1 2

15
2
 
1  x  2 3x 2  4 x  8  C 
1

15
14 Let u  1  x  du  dx
u7 u 6
 x 1  x   u  1 u du 
5 5
dx   C
7 6
1 1
1  x   1  x   C
7 6

7 6
1
1  x   6 1  x   7  C
6

42
1
1  x  1  6 x   C
6

42
15 Let u  1  cos x  du  sin x dx
 sin x 
  1  cos x  dx   u du  ln u   C
1
 ln 1  cos x   C
16 Let u  e5 x  du  e5 xdx
1 2 23 2 3 5 x 
e e5 x dx   u 2 du  
5 x
u  C   e2 C
3 3
17 Let u  3  x  du  dx
2 2
 x  3  u  9 6 
  3  x  dx    u  du    u2  u  1du
 9u 1  6 ln u  u  C
9
  6 ln 3  x   x  3  C
3x

Worked solutions
Note it is permissible to incorporate the constant -3 into the arbitrary

constant
u3
18 Let u  2x  3  x  and du  2dx
2
1
 1  x  u  1 u 2 du
1
4
2 x  3dx  
   u
4
1 3
2
1
 u 2 du    1 25 1 23
10
u  u C
6
1 1
2 x  3  6 2 x  3  C
5 3
 2 2
.
10
1
 
2 x  3 2 3 2 x  3  5  C 
3

30
1
 2 x  3  2 3x  7   C
3

15
19 Let u  1  x  du  dx
3  x  4 3  u  3 1 3 
 1  x  2
dx   
u2
du  3   2  du
u u 
 3ln | u | 9u 1  C
9
 3ln | 1  x |  C
1 x
20 Let u  2  tan x  du  sec2 x dx
 sec2 x 
  2  tan x  dx  ln | u | C  ln | 2  tan x | C
Exercise 7I
1 Let u  x  1  du  dx
Limits: x  2  u  1, x  5  u  4
 u 
5 4 4
x u 1 1 1

2 x 1
dx 
1 u
 1
2
du 
 u 2 du
2 3 4 1 4 2 20
 u 2   2 u 2    8  1  2 2  1 
3  1  1 3 3
2 Let u  2  x  du  dx
Limits: x  3  u  1, x  4  u  2
4 2 2 2
 x  2  u
   dx  1  u   du 
3 2  x 
1 2 1
2  u  4 4 
 2  u  du    u
2
2

u
 1 du

.
1
 4 
    4ln | u | u 
 u  2
  4  1  2  4ln2  2   ln16  3
3 Let u  1  cos x  du   sin xdx

Worked solutions

Limits: x  0  u  2, x  u 1
2

1 2
2
 sin x  1 1
  dx    du   u du
0 1  cos x  2 u 1
 ln2
3 3
4 Let x  sin u  dx  cos udu
2 2
3 
Limits: x  0  u  0, x  u
2 2
3 
2
1 2
1 3 

0 9  4x 2
dx  
0
 cos u  du
9  9 sin2 u  2 

1 2

2 0
 du 
4
5 Let u  2x  1  du  2dx
Limits: x  1  u  1, x  2  u  3
4
 u  1
2 3 16  
16 x 4 1  2  du
 dx  
1  2 x  1
2 2
21 u
1  u  1
3 4 3
1  4 1 
 
21 u 2
du    u2  4u  6   2 du
21 u u  .
3
1 u 3
2 1
   2u  6u  4ln u  
23 u 1
1 1 1 1 
  9  18  18  4ln3      2  6  1 
2 3 2 3 
56
  ln9
3
1  2x 
3 3
2
1  x  x2 2
1  2x
6 
1 1  x  x2
dx  
1 1  x  x2
dx
Let u  1  x  x 2  du  1  2x  dx
3 1
Limits: x  1  u  1, x  u
2 4
1  2x 
3 1
2
1  x  x2 4
1
 dx  u du
1  x  x2
1
2
1 1
1 
1
 2 u 2   2   1   1
1 4
 1 2 
7 Let u  sin x  du  cos xdx
 1  3
Limits: x  u ,x  u
4 2 3 2
3 3
2
1  1 2 14  1
 1 u 3
du    2      2  
 2u  12 23  3
2
8 Let u  tan x  du  sec2 xdx

Worked solutions

Limits: x  0  u  0, x  u 1
4

1
4
1
 sec x tan3 xdx   u3du 
2
0 0 4
 
6
sin x cos x 1 6
sin2x
9 
 cos3 2x
dx 
2  cos

3
2x
dx
12 12
Let u  cos 2x  du  2 sin2xdx

 1  3
Limits: x  u , x  u
6 2 12 2
 1 3
6 2 2
sin x cos x 1 1 1 1
 
 cos3 2x
dx  
4  u3
du 
4 
1 u3
du
3
12 2 2 .
3
1  1 2  142
 1
   u      4 
4 2  12 83  3
10 Let u  3x  du  ln3  3x dx
Limits: x  0  u  1, x  2  u  9
2 9
1 1 2  23  9
  3x 3x dx   u 2 du  u
0 ln3 1 3ln3  1
2 52
 27  1 
3ln3  3ln3

11 tan3 x  tan x  tan2 x  tan x sec2 x  1  sec2 x tan x  tan x 
  
4 4 4
 tan  sec x tan xdx   tan xdx

3 2
xdx 
0 0 0
Using question 8, and the fact that


4
  1 
 tan xdx   ln 
0

2 
.

4
1  1  1  1 
 tan
3
xdx   ln    1  2ln  
0 4  2 2   2 
1

2
1  ln2 as required
12 Let u  cos kx  du  k sin kx dx
  k 
Limits: x  0  u  1, x   u  cos  
3  3 
  k 
cos  
 3 
1 1 4  k  1
3
1
  sin kx cos kxdx  
3
 u3du    cos   
0 k 1 k 4  3  4 .
1  4  k  1
 1  cos 
4k 
  k  0
 3  8
 k  k
 cos4   1
 3  2

Worked solutions
13 3x2  12x  16  3 x2  4x  16  
 3  x  2   4  16  3  x  2   4
2 2
 
2 2
2 2
3 3
1 1

2 3x 2  12x  16
dx  
2 4  3  x  2
2
dx
2 tan  2
Let x   2  dx  sec2 
3 3
2 
Limits: x  2   , x  2    0
3 4
2 
2
3
1 14  2
1 
 
2 3x 2  12x  16
dx 
4 0 3 2

  3
sec2  d

2
1  tan  
4 3  .
 
1sec2  4
1 4 
 
2 30 1  tan2

d  
2 30
d 
8 3
as required
e2 x  1
14 e x  e x  e x e2 x  1    ex
 ln 3  ln 3
1 ex
 
0 e x  e x
dx  
0 e 1
dx
2x
Let e  tan   e dx  sec2  d  e2 x  1 d

x x
 
  .
Limits: x   ln 3    , x 0 
6 4

 ln 3
1 6
  
 
0 e x  e x
dx   d


6

4

12
4
15 a There are many ways to do this, the easiest being:
x
2 tan
2 2t
tan x  
1 1  t2
1  tan2
2
Construct RA triangle with opposite side of length 2t and adjacent of length 1 – t2
Then the hypotenuse is of length
2t
1  t   2t  1  t 
2 2 2
2
 1  2t 2  t 4  2
 1  t 2  sin x  as required
1  t2
b Differentiating implicitly,
dx
cos x 

2 1  t 2  2t  2t 

2  2t 2 
2 1  t2  
     
2 2 2
dt 1  t2 1  t2 1  t2
2
1t
cos x 
1  t2

dx 1  t 2 2 1  t
 
2

2   as required
dt 1  t2 1  t2 2  1  t2 

Worked solutions
x 2dt
c Let t  tan    dx 
2
  1  t2

Limits: x   t  1, x  0  t  0
2

1
2
1 1  2 
 dx   dt
0 1  sin x
2t  1  t 2 
1 0
1  t2
1 1
2 2
 dt   dt
0 1  t 
2 2
0 1  t  2t
1
 2 
     1  2   1 as required
1  t  0
Exercise 7J
 2xe dx  2 xe dx
x x
1
dv
Let u  x and  ex
dx
du
so  1 and v  e x
dx
 
  2xe x dx  2 xe x   e x dx  2e x  x  1  C
dv
2 Let u  3x and  sin x
dx
du
so  3 and v   cos x
dx
  3x sin xdx   3x cos x  3 cos xdx
 3x cos x  3 sin x  C
 3  sin x  x cos x   C
dv
3 Let u  1  2x and  ex
dx
du
so  2 and v  e x
dx
  1  2x  e x dx  e x 1  2x   2 e x dx
 e x 3  2 x   C
dv
4 Let u  2  x and  sin 2  x 
dx
du
so  1 and v  cos 2  x 
dx
  2  x  sin 2  x  dx  2  x  cos 2  x    cos 2  x  dx
 2  x  cos 2  x   sin 2  x   C

Worked solutions
1  2x dv x
5 Let u  and  sec2
3 dx 2
du 2 x
so  and v  2 tan
dx 3 2
x
sin
 1  2x  2 x 2 x 4 2
  sec dx  1  2x  tan   dx
 3  2 3 2 3 x
cos
2
2 x 8  x
 1  2 x  tan  ln  cos   C
3 2 3  2
dv
6 Let u  x and  2x 1
dx
du 1 x 1
so  1 and v  2
dx ln2
x2x 1 1 x2x 1 1
  x2x 1 dx    2 x 1
dx   2x 1  C
ln2
2
ln2 ln2 ln2
2x 1  1 
 x  C
ln2  ln2 
dv
7 Let u  x and  3 x
dx
du 1 x
so  1 and v   3
dx ln3
x x3 x 1 x3 x 1
  x dx     3 x dx    3 x  C
ln3
2
3 ln3 ln3 ln3
3 x  1 
 x  C
ln3  ln3 
dv
8 Let u  ln x and  x3
dx
du 1 x4
so  and v 
dx x 4
1 4 1
  x 3 ln xdx  x ln x   x 3dx
4 4
1 4 1 4
 x ln x  x C
4 16
x4

16
 4ln x  1  C
x dv
9 Let u  ln and  2  5x
3 dx
du 1 5 2
so  and v  2x  x
dx x 2
x  5  x  5 
  2  5x  ln dx   2 x  x 2  ln    2  x  dx
3  2  3  2 
 5 2 x 5 2
  2x  x  ln  2x  x  C
 2  3 4

Worked solutions
dv
10 Let u  arcsin x and 1
dx
du 1
so  and v  x
dx 1  x2
x
  arcsin xdx  x arcsin x  dx
1  x2
Using substitution to evaluate this integral:
Let u  1  x 2  du  2 x dx, .
x 1 du
 1 x 2
dx   
2 u
1 1
1 

2  u 2 du  u 2   1  x 2
 arcsin x dx  x arcsin x  1  x2  C
dv
11 Let u  ln 4x and  1  3x  x 2
dx
du 1 3 2 1 3
so  and v  x  x  x
dx x 2 3
 3 1   3 1 
 
  1  3x  x 2 ln 4x dx   x  x 2  x 3  ln 4x   1  x  x 2  dx
 2 3   2 3 
 3 2 1 3 3 2 1 3
  x  x  x  ln 4x  x  x  x  C
 2 3  4 9
1
12  loga xdx 
ln a 
1  ln xdx
dv
Let u  ln x and 1
dx
du 1
so  and v  x
dx x
1
  loga xdx 
ln a

x ln x   dx 
ln x x
x  C
ln a ln a
x

ln a
ln x  1  C
dv
13 Let u  arccos x and x
dx
x 2 arccos x 1 (1  x 2 )  1
  x arccos x dx  2
 
2 1  x2
dx
x 2 arccos x 1  1 
    1  x 2 dx   dx 
2 2 1 x 2

x 2 arccos x 1 1
  arcsin x   1  x 2 dx
2 2 2

Worked solutions
Use substitution to evaluate this integral:

Let x  sin   dx  cos  d
Then  1  x 2 dx   1  sin2  cos  d
  cos2  d (use the identity cos 2  2 cos2   1)
1

2
 cos 2 +1 d
1 1
 sin2   sin  cos     Substitute back x for  
4 2
1
 x 1  x 2  arcsin x
2
Hence
x 2 arccos x 1 1
 x arccos x dx  2
 arcsin x  x 1  x 2  c
4 4
dv
14 Let u  arctan x and  4x
dx
du 1
so  and v  2 x 2
dx 1  x 2
x2
  4 x arctan xdx  2 x 2 arctan x  2 dx
1  x2
1  x2  1
 2 x 2 arctan x  2 dx
1  x2
 1 
 2 x 2 arctan x  2 1   dx
 1  x2 
 2 x 2 arctan x  2  x  arctan x   C
 
 2 x 2  1 arctan x  2x  C
x
2
15 I  arccos x
Let u  arccos x dv  x 2
1 x3
du   v 
1  x2 3
3
x 1 x3
I  arccos x   dx
3 3 1  x2
Use substitution to evaluate this integral
1
Let u  1  x 2  du  2 x dx  x dx   du
2
x3 1 1u
I  arccos x   du
3 6 u
x3 1  1 1

 arccos x    u 2  u 2  du
3 6  
x 3
1  1
2 3

 arccos x   2u 2  u 2   c
3 6 3 
1
x3 u2  u
 arccos x  1    c (Substitute back x for u and simplify)
3 3  3
=
x 3
arccos x 
2 
1 x 
1
1  x2 
c
 
3 3  3 
 
x3 1  x2

3
arccos x 
9
2  x2  c  
Worked solutions
dv
16 Let u  arctan x and 1
dx
du 1
so  and v  x
dx 1  x 2
3 3
3 x
 
0
arctan xdx   x arctan x  0   1 x
0
2
dx
1
 
3
 3 arctan 3  ln 1  x 2 
2 0
1
 3 arctan 3  ln 4
2
 3 arctan 3  ln2
dv
17 Let u  ln x and  x 5
dx
du 1 1
so  and v   x 4
dx x 4
3 3
1 3 1
 x 5 ln xdx    x 4 ln x   x 5dx
1 4 1 41
ln3 1 3
   x 4 
324 16 1
ln3 1  1  ln3 5
    1   
324 16  81  324 81
1

324
20  ln3
dv
18 Let u  x and  sec2 x
dx
du
so  1 and v  tan x
dx
 
4
 x  
4
0  cos2 x  dx   x tan x 0  0 tan xdx

4
 
 2

  ln  cos x   4   ln
4  0 4
dv
19 Let u  ln 3x  and  1  2x  x 2
dx
du 1 x3
so  and v  x  x 2 
dx x 3
e
e
 x3   e
 x2 
 
  1  2 x  x 2 ln 3x dx   x  x 2 
3 
 ln 3x     1  x 
3 
dx
1  1 1 
e
 e3  1  x2 x3 
  e  e2   ln 3e   ln3   x    .
 3 3  2 9 1
 e3  1  e2 e3 11 
  e  e2   ln 3e   ln3   e    
 3 3  2 9 18 
 e3 1  e2 2e3 11
  e  e2    ln 3   
 3 3 2 9 18

Worked solutions
dv
20 Let u  x and  sin x
dx
du
so  1 and v   cos x
dx
 04x sin xdx    x cos x  04  04cos xdx
  
 
  sin x  04
4 2
 1 2 4   
  
4 2 2 8
Exercise 7K
1 Integrating by parts
Let u  2 x 2dv  e2 x
1
du  4 x v  e2 x
2
 2x e dx  x e  2 xe dx
2 2x 2 2x 2x
Integrating by parts again

Let u  x dv  e2 x
1
du  dx v  e2 x
2
 1 2 x 1 2 x 
 x e  2  xe   e dx 
2 2x
2 2 
1 2x
 x 2e2 x  xe2 x  e C
2
 1
  x 2  x   e2 x  C
 2
2x
e

2

2x 2  2x  1  C 
Let u  x 3 dv  sin x
2
du  3x v   cos x
x sin xdx   x 3 cos x  3 x 2 cos xdx

3

Let u  x 2 dv  cos x
du  2 x v  sin x

  x cos x  3 x 2 sin x   2x sin xdx
3

  x cos x  3x sin x  6  x sin xdx
3 2

Let u  x dv  sin x
du  dx v   cos x
  x 3 cos x  3x 2 sin x  6  x cos x   cos xdx  
3 2
  x cos x  3x sin x  6 x cos x  6 sin x  C
 
 3 x 2  2 sin x  x 6  x 2 cos x  C  

Worked solutions
Let u  x  x 2 dv  cos x
du  1  2 x v  sin x
  x  x  cos xdx
2
 
 x  x 2 sin x   1  2 x  sin xdx
Let u  1  2 x dv  sin x
du  2 v   cos x

 xx  2
sin x  2 x  1 cos x  2 cos xdx 
 
  x  x  sin x  1  2 x  cos x  2 sin x  C
2
 2  x  x  sin x  1  2 x  cos x  C
2
4 Integrate by parts
x
Let u  x2 dv  sin  
4
x
du  2 x v  4 cos  
4
x x x
x sin  dx  4x 2 cos    8 x cos  dx
2
4
  4
  4
Integrate by parts again
x
Let ux dv  cos  
4
x
du  dx v  4 sin  
4
x x x
 4 x 2 cos    32 x sin    32 sin   dx
4
  4
  4
x x x
 4 x 2 cos    32 x sin    128 cos    C
4 4 4
x x
 
 4 x 2  32 cos    32 x sin    C
4 4
x
Let u  x 3 dv  e 3
x
du  3x 2 v  3e 3
x x x
 x e 3 dx3x e 3  9 x e 3 dx
3 3 2

x
x
du  2 x v  3e 3
x
 x x

 3x 3e 3  9  3x 2e 3  6  xe 3 dx 
 
x x x
 3x 3e 3  27 x 2e 3  54 xe 3 dx

Worked solutions

x
Let u  x dv  e 3
x
du  dx v  3e 3
x x
 x x

 3x 3e 3  27 x 2e 3  54  3xe 3  3 e 3 dx 
 
x x x x
 3x 3e 3  27 x 2e 3  162 xe 3  486e 3  C
x

 3e 3 x 3  9 x 2  54 x  162  C 
Let u  x 2 dv  e x
du  2 x v  ex
2 2 2
0
x 2e x dx   x 2e x   2 xe x dx
0 0

Let u  x dv  e x
du  dx v  ex
2
  x 2e x   2  xe x  
0 0  2

2
0
e x dx 
 2   xe  
2 2 2
  x 2e x  x
 e x 
0 0 0
 4e  0  2 2e  0  2 e2  1

2 2
 4e2  4e2  2 e2  1  
 2 e 1 2

Let u  x2 dv  sin x
du  2 x v   cos x
  
0
2
x 2 sin xdx    x 2 cos x  2  2 2 x cos xdx
0 0

Let ux dv  cos x
du  dx v  sin x
  


   x 2 cos x  2  2   x sin x  02 
0


0
2
sin xdx 

  
   x 2 cos x  2  2  x sin x  02  2   cos x  02
0
 
 0  0  2   0  2  0  (1)
 2 
  2
Let u  1  x2   dv  cos x
du  2x v  sin x
 
 1  x  cos xdx  1  x  sin x 


2 2
 2 2 x sin xdx
2
2
0 0 0

Worked solutions

Let ux dv  sin x
du  dx v   cos x
 

 
 
  1  x 2 sin x   2    x cos x  02  
2
2
cos x dx 
 0 0
 

 
 
  1  x 2 sin x   2  x cos x  02  2 sin x  02
2
 0
 2  
  1    0  2 0  0  2 1  0
 4  
 2  2  4
 1  2 
 4  4
Let u  x2 dv  e3 x
e3 x
du  2 x v 
3
1   1 2 3 x  
1
1 1 2 3x 2 1
3 0
x e dx   
3   3
x e 
0 3
  xe3 x dx 
0

Let ux dv  e3 x
e3 x
du  dx v 
3
2   1 
1 1
1 1 2 3x   1 1
  x e     xe3 x    e3 x dx 
3 3  0 9   3 0 3 0 
1 1 1
1  1 2 3x  2 1  2  1 3x 
 x e    xe3 x   3 e 
3  3 0 9  3 0 27  0
1 1 1
1  e3  2  e3  2  e3 1 
   0    0    
33 0 9  3  0 27  3 3  0
1 2 3 2
 e3 
9 27
e 
81
e3  1  
5e3  2

81
1  1 
1 1 
10 2 x 2e2 x dx  2   x 2e2 x    x 2e 2 x dx 
0  2 0 0 
Integrating by parts
Let u  x2 dv  e 2 x
e 2 x
du  2 x v 
2
1   1 
1
1 
2 x 2e 2 x dx  2    x 2e 2 x    xe 2 x dx 
  2 0
0 0


Worked solutions
Simplifying and integrating by parts again

Let ux dv  e 2 x
e 2 x
du  dx v 
2
 1 
1
  1 
1
1
1 
 2   x 2e 2 x   2    xe 2 x    e 2 x dx 
 2 0   2 0 2 0 
1 1 1
 1   1   1 
 2   x 2e 2 x   2   xe 2 x     e 2 x 
 2 0  2 0  2 0
1
 1   1   1  1 
 2   e 2  0  2   e 2  0    e 2     
 2   2   2  2  0
1 1
 2e 2  e 2 
2 2
1  5e 2

2
1 5
 1  2 
2 e 
Exercise 7L
1 Let I   tan x sec2 xdx
Integrating by parts,
Let u  tan x dv  sec2 x
du  sec2 x v  tan x
I   tan x sec xdx  tan2 x   tan x sec2 xdx
2
 I  tan2 x  I
tan2 x
I 
2
tan2 x
I   C (redefine I to include constant)
2
2 Let I   sin x cos xdx
Let u  sin x dv  cos x
du  cos x v  sin x
I  sin2 x   sin x cos x dx
 I  sin2 x  I
1
I  sin2 x
2
1
 I  sin2 x  C (redefine I to include constant)
2

Worked solutions
3 Let I   sin2x cos3xdx
Let u  sin2x dv  cos 3x
1
du  2 cos 2x v  sin3x
3
1 2
I  sin2 x sin3x   sin3x cos 2 xdx
3 3
Integrating by parts again,

Let u  cos 2 x dv  sin3 x
1
du  2 sin2 x v  cos 3x
3
1 2 1 2 
I  sin2 x sin3x    cos 2 x cos 3 x   sin2 x cos 3 x dx 
3 3 3 3 
1 2 4
 I  sin2 x sin3x  cos 2 x cos 3 x  I
3 9 9
5 1 2 
 I   sin2 x sin3 x  cos 2 x cos 3 x 
9 3 3 
1
I 
5
3 sin2x sin 3x  2 cos 2x cos 3x   C (redefine I to include constant)
4 Let I   e3x cos2xdx
Let u  e3 x dv  cos 2 x
1
du  3e3 x v  sin2 x
2
1 3x 3
I  e sin2 x   e3 x sin2xdx
2 2
Let u  e3 x dv  sin2 x
1
du  3e3 x v 
cos 2 x
2
1 3 1 3 
I  e3 x sin2 x    e3 x cos 2x   e3 x cos 2x dx 
2 2 2 2 
1 3x 3 9
I  e sin2 x  e3 x cos 2 x  I
2 4 4
13 1 3x 3 3x
 I  e sin2 x  e cos 2x
4 2 4
13 e3 x

4
I 
4
2 sin2x  3 cos 2x 
e3 x
I 
13
2 sin2x  3 cos 2x   C (redefine I to include constant)
5 Let I   sin2 xdx   sin x sin xdx
Integrating by parts
Let u  sin x dv  sin x
du  cos x v   cos x
I   sin x cos x   cos2 xdx

Worked solutions
 1  sin x dx
2
 I   sin x cos x 
 I   sin x cos x   dx  I
 2I   sin x cos x  x
1
 I   x  sin x cos x   C (redefine I to include constant)
2
Chapter review
2   
x 1
2
1 a  3 2x  8  0
1 x
   
2
 2  3 2x  8  0
4
   12 2   32  0
2
 2x x
 2  8 2  4   0
x x
2x  8  0  x  3
2x  4  x  2
So x  2 or x  3
1
b  
2 5x  9 
5x 1
Multiply throughout by 5x
   
2
 2 5x  9 5x  5  0

 25 x
 15  5  0
x
2  5x  1  0  has no solutions since 5x  0 for all x 

5x  5  0  x  1
2 a log2 x  log2 3  log2 5  log2 6

 3x 
 log2    log2 6
 5 
3x
  6  x  10
5
x 3
b log9 x  log9 7  log9   
7 2
x 3
  92  27  x  189
7
3
3 a log2 x   log2 x  3log2 x  2log2 x  4
logx 2
1
 log2 x  2  x  22 
4
b log7 x  4logx 7  0
4
 log7 x  0
log7 x

Worked solutions
 log7 x   4  log7 x  2
2
log7 x  2  x  72  49
1
log7 x  2  x 
49
dy
4  6e3 x  21e3 x
dx
d 2y
dx2

 18e3x  63e3x  9 2e3x  7e3x  9y 
5 ln x  ln x2  ...  ln x m  ln x  2ln x  ...  mln x
1
 1  2  ....  m ln x  m  m  1 ln x  2m  m  1
2
 ln x  4  x  e4
1
 4  ln x   4 ln x   1  0
2
6 ln x 
ln x
Let ln x  y
Then
y 2  4y  1  0
4  16  4
y  2 5
2
1 1
ln x  2 5
ln x 2 5
2 5
2 5
1
 2 5 2 5
 2 5
7 f  x 
1  2e   3e  3e  4e   3e  6e
2x x x 2x x 3x
1  2e  1  2e 
2 2
2x 2x
f  x  0

 3e x  6e3 x  3e x 1  2e2 x  0 
1 1 1
 e2 x   x  ln
2 2 2
1 1
Justification of maximum either by demonstrating f ''  ln   0
2 2
or alternatively by arguing that lim f  x   lim f  x   0,
x  x 
1 1
and f  ln   0 so since f  x  is continuous, the single turning
2 2
point must be a maximum
Therefore the coordinates of the maximum point are
1 1  1 1   1 1 3 2   3 2
 ln , f  ln     ln ,     ln 2, 
2 2  2 2   2 2 4   4 

Worked solutions
dy 1 ln x ln x
8 For x  1, y  ln x    
dx x x ln x x ln x
For 0  x  1, y  ln x   ln x
dy 1 ln x ln x ln x
    
dx x x ln x x   ln x  x ln x
dy ln x
So 
dx x ln x
1 3
f 'x  3  ln x   x ln x 
2 2
9 a
x
3 3 2 3 6
f ''  x    ln x   x  x ln x   x 2 ln x   x 2 ln x
2 2
x2
3
 f ''  x   2 ln x    ln x  2   0
x
So ln x  0 or ln x  2
ln x  0  x  1
ln x  2  x  e2  22  4 which is outside the domain
Therefore the only point of inflection is 1, 0 
3
f 'x  ln x 
2
b
x
c Tangent intersects the y  axis at 0, 2
 e2 
Normal intersects the y  axis at  0,1  
 3
Then the base of the triangle lies on the y  axis and has length
e2
3 , and the height of the triangle is e since the lines meet at
3
x e
1 1 e2  e e2 
 Area  bh   3   e  3  
2 2 3 2 3
3
 2 x  3 x 2  3x  3 3
2x  3
10 
1
2
x  3x  3
dx  
1
2
x  3x  3
dx
Let u  x 2  3x  3  du  2 x  3 dx
Limits: x  3  u  3, x  1  u  1
2 x  3
3
3
x 2  3x  3 3
1  1
 dx   u 2 du  2 u 2 
1 x 2  3x  3 1  1
2  3 1 

Worked solutions
1 1
11 Let 2x  sin  dx   cos d
2 2
1
Limits: x   sin   1    0,
2
x  a  sin   2a    arcsin 2a 
a 1 arcsin(2 a) 1  1 
 1 dx     cos   d
2 1  4x 2 0
1  sin  
2 2 
arcsin(2 a)
arcsin(2 a) 1  
 
0 2
d   
 2 0
1 
 arcsin 2a 
2 24

 2a  sin
12
1    1   
 a  sin    sin   
2  12  2 3 4
1    
  sin cos  cos sin 
2 3 4 3 4
1 3 1 1 1 
     
2 2 2 2 2 
3 1

4 2
12 Any tangent passing through the origin is of the form y  mx
and furthermore, any such line will intersect f  x  once. Therefore,

the tangent at the point of contact satisfies the equations
x
1 1 2x 1
mx  e 2 and m  f '  x   e
2
x x
1 1 1
 xe 2  e 2  x  2
2
1 2 1 1
 m  e2 
2 2
1
y  x
2
13 Let 3x  2cos u  3dx  2sin u du
2
2   2 
  4  9 x 2 dx   4  9  cos u    sin u du
3   3 
2
3
 sin u 4  4 cos2 udu
4
   sin2 udu (using the identity cos 2u  1  2 sin2 u)
3
2
   1  cos 2u du
3

Worked solutions
2 1 
  u  sin2u   C
3 2 
2
   u  sin u cos u   C
3
2 2
= sin u cos u  u  C .
3 3
2 9 x 2  3x  2  3x 
 1    arccos  C
3 4  2  3  2 
x 2  3x 
 4  9 x 2  arccos  C
2 3  2 
14 By parts twice:
1
1
du  2 x v  2 e2
x x x
x e dx  2 x 2e 2  4 xe 2 dx
2 2

x
Let u  x dv  e 2
x
du  dx v  2e 2
x
 x x

 2 x 2e 2  4  2 xe 2  2 e 2 dx 
 
x x x
 2 x 2e 2  8 xe 2  16e 2  C
x

 2e 2 x 2  4 x  8  C 
15 Let I   3x sin xdx
Integrating by parts:
Let u  3x dv  sin x
du  ln3 3 x
v   cos x
I   3 sin xdx  3x cos x  ln3 3x cos xdx
x
Integrating by parts again:

Let u  3x dv  cos x
du  ln3 3 x
v  sin x
I  3 cos x  ln3 3x sin x  ln3 3x sin xdx
x
 
 I  3x cos x  ln3 3x sin x  ln3 I
2
 1  ln3  2
I  3 x
 ln3 sin x  cos x 
x
3
I   ln3 sin x  cos x 
1  ln3
2

Worked solutions
16 a Attempt to factorise (1 mark)
3e x

 1 ex  4  0  (1 mark)
1 1
ex   x  ln   (1 mark)
3 3
  ln3 (1 mark)
ex  4 has no solutions (1 mark)
b Attempt to factorise (1 mark)
ln x  9 ln x  4  0 (1 mark)
ln x  9  x  e9 (1 mark)
ln x  4  x  e4 (1 mark)
17 a 105x 1  15 (1 mark)
log10 105x 1  log10 15 (1 mark)
5x  1  log10 15 (1 mark)
1  log10 15
x  (1 mark)
5
 x
b  
ln 32  x  ln  7 2  (1 mark)
 
x
2  x  ln3  2
ln7 (1 mark)
x ln7
2ln3  x ln3  (1 mark)
2
4ln3  2x ln3  x ln7
4ln3  x ln7  2x ln3
4ln3  x ln7  2ln3
4ln3
x  (1 mark)
ln7  2ln3
18 a y  3log10 2x  100 (1 mark)
y  3log10 2  x  50 (1 mark)
The transformations required are therefore:
Translation 50 units to the left (1 mark)
1
Stretch along the x -axis, scale factor (1 mark)
2
Stretch along the y -axis, scale factor 3 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
y  log10 2x  100

3
b
ln 2x  100
3
 (use of change of base formula) (1 mark)

ln10
 3 
  ln 2x  100 (1 mark)
 ln10 
dy  3   2 
   (2 marks)
dx  ln10   2x  100 
6
 (or equivalent) (1 mark)
2x  100 ln10
log4 4 1
19 a log16 4   (1 mark)
log4 16 log4 16
1
 (1 mark)
log4 42
1

2log4 4
1
 (1 mark)
2
1
b log16  x  4  log16  x  12 
2
log16  x  4  log16  x  12  log16 4 (1 mark)
 x4 
log16    log16 4 (1 mark)
 x  12 
x4
4 (1 mark)
x  12
x  4  4x  48
3x  44
44
x  (1 mark)
3
dy
20 a   x 3e x  3x 2e x (2 marks)
dx
  e 3x
x 2
 x3 
dy
Substituting x  3 gives  0 , hence a stationary point. (1 mark)
dx

Worked solutions
d2y
dx 2
  
 e x 6 x  3x 2  e x 3x 2  x 3  (2 marks)

 e x 6 x  6 x 2  x 3 
Substituting x  3 (1 mark)
d2y
 9e3  0 , so a maximum. (1 mark)
dx 2
1
b x 1 y  (1 mark)
e
dy 2
x 1  (1 mark)
dx e
1 2
Equation of tangent is y    x  1 (2 marks)
e e
ey  1  2x  2
2x  ey  1  0 (1 mark)
21 2x2  3x  2  2x  1  x  2 (1 mark)
5x A B
 
2x  1  x  2 2x  1 x  2
5x  A  x  2  B 2x  1 (1 mark)
1
x   A 1 (1 mark)
2
x  2  B  2 (1 mark)
5 5
 1 2  1 
1  2x  1 + x  2  dx   2 ln 2x  1  2ln x  2 1 (2 marks)
1
 ln9  2ln7  2ln3 (2 marks)
2
 ln3  2ln7  2ln3 (1 mark)
 2ln7  ln3
 ln49  ln3
 49 
 ln   (1 mark)
 3 
49
So p 
3
1 1
3
dx 13 dx
22 a 
1
= 
1  9x 2 3 16 1
 x2
(1 mark)
6 9
1
Substitute x  sin u (1 mark)
3

Worked solutions
dx 1
 cos u (1 mark)
du 3
1 
13 dx 12 cos u du
3 1
  (1 mark)
1
x 2 9 1
 19 sin2 u
6 9 6 9
1 2 cos u du
 
3  1  sin2 u
6
12
  du (1 mark)
3
6
1   
    (2 marks)
32 6
1  
  
33

 (1 mark)
9
b 0.349 (1 mark)
x
23 a  sin  x cosec x dx (1 mark)
2
2
dx 
x
dv
Use integration by parts with u  x and  cosec2 x
dx
du
ux 1 (1 mark)
dx
dv
 cosec2 x  v   cot x (1 mark)
dx
x
 sin 2
x
dx   x cot x   cot x dx (2 marks)
  x cot x  ln sin x  c (1 mark)
b A   x cot x  ln sin x  2 (1 mark)

4
         
   cot  ln sin    cot  ln sin  (1 mark)
 2 2 2   4 4 4
  1 
  0  0     ln  (2 marks)
 4 2
 1
  ln
4 2
  12
  ln2 (1 mark)
4
 1
  ln2 (1 mark)
4 2
Worked solutions
 1
  ln 4 (1 mark)
4 4
1

4
  ln 4
24 a  log2 343 (1 mark)
a  3d  log2 1331 (1 mark)
Solve simultaneously to find d (1 mark)
log2 343  3d  log2 1331
3d  log2 1331  log2 343
 1331 
3d  log2  
 343 
1  1331 
d log2   (1 mark)
3  343 
1
 1331  3
d  log2   (1 mark)
 343 
 11 
d  log2   (1 mark)
 7 
So log2 x  a  d (1 mark)
 11 
 log2 343  log2  
 7 
 11 
 log2  343   (1 mark)
 7 
 log2  49  11
 log2 539 (1 mark)
So x  539
25 Use integration by parts
du
u  e x   e x (1 mark)
dx
dv 1
 sin3x  v   cos 3x (1 mark)
dx 3
e x cos 3x 1
e
x
sin3x dx  
3 3
 
   cos 3x e x dx (2 marks)
e x cos 3x 1
   e x cos 3x dx
3 3
By using integration by parts a second time,

Worked solutions
e x sin3x 1
e   e x sin3x dx (2 marks)
x
cos 3x dx 
3 3
e x cos 3x 1  e x sin3x 1  x 
e   e sin3x dx 
x
So sin3x dx     (1 mark)
3 3 3 3 
e x cos 3x e x sin3x 1
 e sin3x dx     e x sin3x dx
x

3 9 9
10 e x cos 3x e x sin3x
9  e x sin3x dx  
3

9
(1 mark)
9  e x cos 3x e x sin3x 
e
x
sin3x dx     (1 mark)
10  3 9 
e x

10
 sin3x  3 cos 3x   c

Worked solutions
8 Modelling change: more calculus
Skills check
1 a lim
x2  16
 lim
 x  4  x  4  lim x  4  4  4  8
x 4 x  4 x 4 x4 x 4
3x 3  x 2
b lim  lim3x  1  0  1  1
x 0 x2 x 0
1 1
c lim 2
 2 1
x 0 x 1 0 1
3
2 4
2x 4  3 x 20 2 2
2 a lim  lim   , horizontal asymptote is y 
x  2  3x 4 x  2 03 3 3
3
x4
1
3x x x 2  3  0   3 0   0 , horizontal asymptote is y = 0
b lim 3  3 lim 3  3 lim  
x  x  1 x  x  1 x  1 1  0 
1 3
x
10 25
 x  5
2 1  2
x 2  10x  25 x x  1  0  0  1  1 , horizontal asymptote is
c lim  lim  lim
x  x2  5 x  x2  5 x  5 10 1
1 2
x
y=1
1
3 a Substitute u  x 2  1  dx  dx
2x
3
2u 2
 2x 
2
x  1dx  udu  C
3
3


2 x2  1  2
C
3
1
b Substitute u  sin x  dx  du
cos x
u2
 sin x cos xdx   udu  2
C
sin2 x
 C
2
c Integrate by parts  uv '  uv   vu '

1
u  ln x  u ' 
x
v '  4 x  5  v  2 x 2  5x
2 x 2  5x

 2x 2  5x ln x   x

dx  2x 2  5x ln x   2x  5dx 
 
 2 x 2  5x ln x  x 2  5x  C
 x  2x  5 ln x  x  5  c

Worked solutions
Exercise 8A
1 a Find the points of intersection:
x = −1, 0, 1
0
 x 3 1  1 x3 
  2  2x 2  2x  2
A      3x  2 x    dx 
1  2  2 2  
1
 1 x3   x3 1 
   2  3x  2x
2
   2x 2  2x    dx
0  2   2 2  
1
A  0.25  0.25 
2
b Find the points of intersection
x = −1, 0, 1
1
 2 
A  2  x 3  x dx
0 
1
A  2  0.1 
5
c Find the points of intersection
x = −2, 0, 2
0 2
A  
2
    
0
  
 2x 3  x 2  5x  3x  x 2  dx   3x  x 2  2x 3  x 2  5x dx 
0 2
 2 x   3x  2x dx
3 3
A  3x dx 
2 0
A  8  8  16
d Find the points of intersection
x = −0.934 and 0.934

0.934
 8 cos 
2
A x  sec2 x dx  8.59
0.934
e Find points of intersection

x=
2
 
 2
         2 
A   1  tan   dx   x  2ln  cos       ln2
0  2     2   0 2
2 a Find points of intersection
x = 0.531 and 3.43
  x  2 
3.43
 1 2 
A  
0.531  1  x
  4 dx  10.1

b Point of intersection
x = 0.476

Worked solutions
4
A 
0.476
  
x  e1 x  1 dx  7.00
c Points of intersection
x = 0.537, 2.58, 7.31 and 7.97
2.58
  x 4  7.97
  x 4 
A   2 sin x   e 2  1  dx    2 sin x   e 2  1 dx  1.33
0.537    7.31   
3 Points of intersection
x = 1.39, 2.60 and 3.40

2.60 3.40
A
1.39
 ln  x  1  cos 2x  dx   cos 2x  ln  x  1 dx  0.528  0.14  0.668
2.60
Exercise 8B
1 The graphs of the functions taken two at a time intersect at the points (0,0), (1,4), and (2,1).
The area of the region defined by these points of intersection is:
1
  x2 
2
4  x2 
  x 
 dx    2   x 
2
A  3x   x   dx
0   4   x
1   4  
1 2
5   4 x2 
   x 2  2 x dx    2  x  dx
04  1 x 4 
1 2
 5x 3   4 x2 x3 
  x2      
 12 0  x 2 12 1
17  7 1 5
    sq units
12  12 2  2
2 The graphs of the functions taken two at a time intersect at the points (0,1), (0.5,2) and
(0.631,1.56).
The area of the region ABC is:

0.5 0.641
1 x 
 4  
x
A  2x dx    2 dx
0 0.5  x 
0.5 0.641
4 x
2   x
2x 
    ln x  
 ln 4 ln2  0  ln2  0.5
 0.03894...  0.1237...
 0.163 sq units
3 The graphs of the functions intersect at the points (0,2), (0.925,2.29), and (2.2,4.76).
The sum of the areas enclosed by the two graphs is:

0.925 2.20
  x   dx      
 1  x  ex2 2 x  x 4  7x 2  6 x  2 dx
2
4
A  7x 2  6 x  2  1  x  e x 2 x
0 0.925
 
 0.842  0.241
 1.083 sq units (to 3 dp)
4 a Find the point of intersection

Worked solutions

x 3  4x  x x 2  4  x  x  2   x  2   0 
x  0  x  0,2
The entire area enclosed is
2 2
 x4 
  4x  x 
3
A dx  2x 2   4
0  4 0
k
 x4 
 2 x 2   2
 4 0
k4
 2k 2  2
4
 k 4  8k 2  8  0
 k  1.08
1
b y  x3  x  y 3
y
y  4x  x 
4
m
 1 y
   y 3  dy  1
0  4
3 34 1 2
 m  m 2
4 8
4
 m2  6m3  16  0
 m  2 2  2.83
Exercise 8C
4 4
 4 15
1 a V    y 2dx    xdx   x 2  
1 1 2 1 2
2 2
 31
b V    x 2dy    y 4dy  y 5 
1 1 5  5
1 1 1
   
2
2 a V    y 2dy    x 2  x dx    x 4  2x 3  x 2 dx
0 0 0
1
1 1 1  31
  x5  x 4  x3  
 5 2 3 0 30
4 4
   
2
b V    1  x dx    1  2 x  x dx
1 1
4
 4 23 1 2   4 1  7
 x  x  x    
 3 2 1 3 6 6
  
2 2
 2
c V    y dx    cos x sin xdx 
2
 sin2xdx
0 0 2 0
 
 
 cos 2x 02   1  1 
4 4 2

Worked solutions
  
4 4 4
d V    y dx    tan  1    sec2 x  1 dx
2 2
 
0 0 0

   4   
 tan x  x 04   1  
 4 4
1 1 1
 
2
e V    y 2dx    e x dx    e2 x dx
0 0 0
 1   1
 e2 x    e2  1  1  2 
2 0 2 2 e 
3 3
1
f V    y 2dx    dx
0 0 x 1
 ln  x  10   ln 4
3
6
3 V    y 2dx
0
6
x2
 
144

36  x 2 dx 
0
6


144 
36 x 2
 x 4 dx 
0
6
  1 
 12 x 3  x 3 
144  5 0
  5 4 1 

2432 

2 3  2535 
5 
  
 1  36
  18  54   
 5  5
2
4 a V    x 2dy
0
2 2
   4 sin2 ydy  2  1  cos 2y dy
0 0
2
 1 
 2 y  sin2y 
 2 0
 1 
 2  2  sin 4     4  sin 4 
 2 
b V    x 2dy
0
1
y 
   tan2  dy
0  4 
1
 y 
    sec2  1 dy
0  4 
1
4 y 
   tan  1
 4 0
4 
    1  4  
 

Worked solutions

5 This is equivalent to rotating x = sin y from y = 0 to y  through 2 radians about the y-axis
2
 
2
 2
 V    sin ydy  2
2
1  cos 2y dy
0 0

  1 2
 y  sin2y 
2  2 0
2

4

6 This is equivalent to rotating x = cos y from y = 0 to y  through 2 radians about the
2
y-axis
 
2
 2
 V    cos ydy  2
2
1  cos 2y dy
0 0

  1 2
  y  sin2y 
2 2 0
2

4
7 Intersection points: (0,0) and (2.31,1.16)
2.31   x
2
 
  
2
a V   arctan  x    e 3  1  dx  2.35
   
0
 
 3ln  y  1   4.18

1.16

 tan  y  
2 2
b V 
0
8 The functions intersect at x = 0.467 and x = 2.10. Therefore,

2.10 
x 
2

V     1  ln x    tan  dx  3.58
2

0.467   2  
 cos x   dx  1.31

0.601

2 2
9 The functions intersect at x = 0.601, Therefore, V   ex  1
0
Exercise 8D
1 a s t    v t dt
  sin2t  t sin2t dt

0
2
1 2
 cos 2t  0   t sin2tdt
2 0
2 2
 1 t  1
   cos 2t  cos 2t    cos 2tdt
 2 2 0 0 2
2
t  1 1 
 cos 2t  sin2t 
 2 4 0
1 1 1
 cos 4  sin 4   0.362
2 4 2
Worked solutions
2
b D  1  t  sin2t dt  0.479
0
 3
2 a i 3 cos t  0  t  ,
2 2
 3
ii 3 cos t  0  t 
2 2
 3
iii 3 cos t  0  0  t  and  t  2
2 2
2
b  3 cos tdt  0
0

2 2 
c 
0
3 cos t dt  12 cos tdt  12 sin t 02  12
0

3 a i sin2t  0  t  0,
2
ii sin2t  0  no solution

iii 0  t 
2

2
1 
1
b  sin2tdt   2 cos 2t  2
0

2
 1  1  1
0
 
2 2
c  sin2t dt   sin2tdt  1
0 0
4 a i 2t  0  t  2
ii 2  t  0  no solution
iii 2t  0 0  t  2
2 2
 2 3
 4 2
b  2  tdt    2  t 2  
0  3 0 3
2 2
4 2
c 
0
2  t dt  
0
2  tdt 
3
5 a i ecos t sin t  0  t  0,  ,2
ii ecos t sin t  0    t  2
iii ecos t sin t  0  0  t  
2
2
e sin tdt    ecos t   0
cos t
b
0
0

Worked solutions
2  2
 ecos t sin t dt   ecos t sin tdt  e

cos t
c sin tdt
0 0 
 2
  ecos t   ecos t 
0 
1  1
    e   e 
e  e
 1
 2  e   4.70
 e
t
6 a i 0t 0
1  t2
t
ii  0  no solution
1  t2
t
iii 00t 3
1  t2
3
t 1 1
 
3
b 1 t  ln 1  t 2   ln10  1.51
2
2   0 2
0
3 3
t t 1
c  1t
0
2
dt  1 t
0
2
dt 
2
ln10  1.51
t
t

t
 t    
t
7 0 3 e dt  9 e 3   9 1  e 3 
3
t2
8 a  v t dt  s t   s 0  s t   8  2  s t   6
0
1 1 1
t2
b  v t dt  s t   s t   s t   6  16  s t   22
t1
2 1 2 2
c s(t1) = 6, so 6cm to the right of the origin at t = t1
s(t2) = 22, so 22cm to the right of the origin at t = t2

t2
 v t dt  s t   s t   s t   22  7  s t   15
t1
3 2 3 3
so 15cm to the right of the origin at t = t3
1 3 9
9 a Area of first triangle:    3 
2 2 4
32 5
Area of trapezium:
2
1  2
1 5 15
Area of second triangle:   3 
2 2 4
7
 s 7  s  0   v  t dt
0
9 5 15 22
 2      5.5
4 2 4 4

Worked solutions
So 5.5cm to the left of the origin

7
9 5 15 17
b  v t  dt  4  2 
0 4

2
 8.5
Exercise 7E
dy 2x 2 dy
1 a  2  y2  2x 2
dx y dx
  y 2dy   2x 2dx
y 3 2x 3
  c
3 3
1

 y  2x 3  c  3
 3 2x 3  c
dy dy
b  ey  x  e y  e x
dx dx
  e y dy   e x dx
  e y   e x  c
 e y  e x  c

 y  ln e x  c 
 y   ln  e x
 c
fy 3 dy
c e2 x  y  3 e2 x
dx y dx
  ydy   3 e2 x dx
y 2 3 2x
  e c
2 2
 y 2  3 e2 x  c
 y   3 e2 x  c
dy 1 dy
d  y cos x   cos x
dx y dx
1
 y dy   cos xdx
 ln y  sin x  c
 y  esin x  c  A esin x
dy x  sin x dy
e   5y 4  x  sin x
dx 5y 4 dx
  5y 4dy    x  sin x dx

1 2
 y5  x  cos x  c
2
1
1 5 x2
 y   x 2  cos x  c   5  cos x  c
2  2

Worked solutions
f 1  9x  dy
dx
12dy

1
dx 1  9x 2
1
  dy   1  9x 2
dx
1
y  arctan 3x   c
3
1 1 1 1
dy dy
2 a x2  y2  0  y2   x 2 subject to y(1) = 4
dx dx
1 1
  y 2 dy    x 2 dx
2 23 2 3
 y   x2  c
3 3
3 3
 y 2  x 2  k
When x = 1, y = 4
 8  1  k  k  9
3 3
 y2  9  x2
2
2
 3 3
  3

 y   9  x 2   3
 9  x 2 
   
2 dy dy 2
b x ex y 0y   x ex subject to y(0) = 1
dx dx
  ydy    x e x dx
2
1 2 1 2
 y   ex  c
2 2
2
 y 2   ex  c
At x  0, y  1
 1  1  c  c  2
2
 y 2  2  e x
2
 y  2  e x (take positive root due to initial conditions)
dy dy
c  ex 2y  e2y  ex subject to y(0) = 0
dx dx
  e2y dy   e x dx
1 2y
 e  ex  c
2
When x  0, y  0
1 1
 1c  c  
2 2
1 2y 1
 e  ex 
2 2
 e2y  2 e x  1
1
 y  ln 2 e x  1
2
 
dy 1 dy
d
dx
 2xy sin x 2 
y dx
 
 2x sin x2 subject to y(0) = 1  

Worked solutions
1

y
 
dy   2 x sin x 2 dx
 
 ln y   cos x 2  c
When x  0, y  1
 0  1  c  c  1
 ln y  1  cos x 2  
y e
 
1 cos x 2
dy dy
e ex x 0   x e x subject to y(0) = 2
dx dx
  dy    x e x dx
 
 y     x e x   e x dx   x e x  e x  c  e x  x  1  c
 
 When x  0, y  2
 2 1 c  c 1
 y  x e1  e x  1  e x  x  1  1
Exercise 7F
dT
1 a  k T  T0   k 180  T 
dt
1 dT
b  k
T  T0 dt
ln T  T0   kt  c
 T  T0  A e kt
When t  0, T  100
100  T0  A (1)
When t  10, T  80
80  T0  A e10k (2)
When t  20, T  65
65  T0  A e20k (3)
Multiplying (2) by e10k and subtracting from (1)

100  80 e10k

100  80 e10k  T0 1  e10k  T0   1  e10k
80  65 e10k 100  80 e10k
 T0  
1  e10k 1  e10k
1 4
 100  80 e10k  80  65 e10k  k  ln  
10  3 
 T0  20C
c T0  20  A  80
1  4
 ln  t
 T  t   20  80 e 10  3 
 4
3 ln 
 T 30  20  80 e 3
 53.8

Worked solutions
dT
2 a  k 180  T 
dt
1 dT
b k
180  T dt
  ln 180  T   kt  c
 T  t   180  A e kt
T  0   180  A  0  A  180
 
T 5  180 1  e5k  120
2 1 1 1
1  e5k   k   ln    ln3
3 5 3 5
  ln 3 
t
 T  t   180 1  e 5 
 
 
so T 10   180 1  e 2 ln 3  160C
3 Since OP = OQ, OQ = 2x and the coordinates of Q are (2x,0)
y 0 y
The gradient of PQ is therefore 
x  2x x
dy
Since PQ is the tangent of P, its gradient is
dx
dy y
 
dx x
dy dx
 
y x
dy dx
  
y x
 ln y   ln x  c, since x  0 and y  0
 ln y  ln x  c
 ln  xy   c
 xy  k
The point (1,2) lies on the curve

k 2
2
y 
x
dP
4 a  kP
dt
1 dP
b k
P dt

Worked solutions
1
  P dP   kdt
 P  P0 ekt where P0 is the initial population size
P  0   500  P0  500
 P  500 ekt
When t  3, p  10000
ln20
 10000  500 ekt  k 
3
ln 20
t
 P  500 e 3
5ln20
c P 5  500 e 3
 73680.63...  73700
d When P = 500000
ln 20
t
500000  500 e 3
3
t  ln 1000   6.917596...
ln20
so 7 hours (to the nearest hour)
dV
5 a  cr
dr
4 3
V  r
3
dV dr
 4 r 2
dt dt
dr
 cr  4 r 2
dt
dr c k c
   k 
dt 4 r r 4
dr k
b    rdr   kdt
dt r
r2
 kt  d
2
Substituting 0, 8  , d  32
r2
 kt  32
2
4
Substituting 30,13  , k 
3
r2 4
t  15    15  32
2 3
 r 2  104
r  10cm
dN
6 a  kN 100  N 
dt

Worked solutions
1 dN
 k
N 100  N  dt
1 a b
 
N 100  N  N 100  N
 1  a 100  N   bN
1
N  0 : 1  100a  a 
100
1
N  100 : 1  100b  b 
100
1 1 1  dN
  k
100  N 100  N  dt

1
 ln N  ln 100  N    kt  c
100 
 N 
 ln    100kt  c
 100  N 
N
  A e100kt
100  N
1
b A e100k 
99
1
A e200k 
49
100 k A e200k 99
e  
A e100k 49
1 99
k  ln  0.0070..  0.007(3 dp)
100 49
99
ln 1 49
 Ae 49   A  0.004999..  0.005 (3 dp)
99 9801
1
f ''  x     0 so the turning point must be a maximum
x2
c Rearranging the result from the first part
 99 
4900 ln 49 t
100 kt e  100 2.01t 
100 A e
N t    9801  
1  A e100kt  99 
49 ln 49 t  2.01t  200 
1 e  
9801
N(7) = 40.172… so 40 students
dP P  P  P
7
dt
 1 
50 

2000  100000
2000  P 
100000 dP
 1
P 2000  P  dt
 50 50  dP
   1
 P 2000  P  dt
 50ln P  50ln 2000  P   t  c
t
P
  A e50
2000  P

Worked solutions
t
2000 A e50
 P t   t
1  A e50
P  0   300
2000 A 3
  300  A 
1 A 17
t
6000 e50  2000 1.02  
t
 P t   t

 1.02t  5.67 
17  3 e50  
P(3) = 315.6234…
so 316 to the nearest integer (accept 315)
dP 4  P  2
8 a  P 1   P 350  P 
dt 5  350  875
1 dP 2
 
P 350  P  dt 875
1 1  dP 2 350  700 4
     
 P 350  P  dt 875 875 5
 P  4
 ln    c
 350  P  5
4
P t
  A e5
350  P
4
t
350 A e 5
 P t   4
t
1  A e5
1
P 0  7  A 
49
4
350 e 5  350 1.083  
t t
 P t   4
 
t  1.083t  49 
49  e 5  
b lim P t   350
t 
dv 1
9 a a  v
dt 2
dv 1
b  v
dt 2
1 dv 1
 
v dt 2
1 1
  dv    dt
v 2
t
 ln v    c
2
t

 v t   A e 2
If v(0) = 20, then A = 20

t

so v t   20 e 2

Worked solutions
dv 2s
10 a av 
ds s2  1
2s
  vdv  s 2
ds
1
v2

2

 ln s2  1  c 
When s = 1, v = 2
 2  ln2  c  c  2  ln2

 v 2  2ln s2  1  4  2ln2 
 2

v  2ln s  1  4  2ln2 (positive sqaure root due to initial conditions)
 s  1
2
 2ln  4
 2 
b When s = 5,
 676 
v  2ln 26   4  2ln2  ln    4  ln169  4  2ln13  4
 4 
dv  v2  1
11 a 
dt
 
50
 32   
50

v 2  1600 
 
1 dv 1
 
1600  v 2 dt 50
1 1
 2
dv   dt
1600  v 50
1  v  t
 arctan   c
40  40  50
 v  4t
 arctan   c
 40  5
 4t 
 v  t   40 tan  c  
 5 
v  0   40

 40  40 tan c  tan c  1  c 
4
  4t 
 v  t   40 tan   
4 5 
v 10   53.8 m s1 (3 s.f.)
Exercise 8G
1 a xy '  x2 cos x  y
 x v  xv '  x 2 cos x  xv
 x 2v '  x 2 cos x
 v '  cos x
v  sin x  c
 y  x  sin x  c 

Worked solutions
b x2y '  3x2  xy
 x 2 v  xv '  3x 2  x 2v
 v  xv '  3  v
 xv '  3  2v
1 1
 v' 
3  2v x
1 1
 dv   dx
3  2v x
1
  ln 3  2v   ln x  c
2
 ln 3  2v   c  2ln x
A
 3  2v  A e2 ln x 
x2
1 A
v  3  2 
2 x 
x A 1 3x 2  c
 y  3  2  
2 x  2x

3x 2  A 
2x

dy
c x2  y 2  xy  4x 2
dx
x 2 v  xv '  x 2v 2  x 2v  4x 2
 xv '  v 2  4
1 1
 v' 
4  v2 x
1 1
 dv   dx
4  v2 x
1 v 
 arctan    ln x  c
2 2
 v  2 tan 2ln x  c 
 y  2 x tan 2ln x  c 
y
2 Let v 
x
x2y '  y 2  xy  4x2
From 1 c we know the solution is
y  2 x tan 2ln x  c 
When x  1, y  2 so

2  2 tan c  tan c  1  c 
4
 
 y  2 x tan  2ln x  
 4
y y2
3 y'   subject to y 1  2
x x2

Worked solutions
y
Let v 
x
 xv ' v  v  v 2
 xv '  v 2
1 1
 2
v' 
v x
1 1
  2 dv   dx
v x
1
   ln x  c
v
1
v 
c  ln x
x
y 
c  ln x
When x  1, y  2
1 1
2    c   so
c 2
2x
y 
1  2ln x
4 x2y '  y 2  3xy  2x2 subject to y 1  1
 x 2 v  xv '  x 2v 2  3x 2v  2 x 2
 v  xv '  v 2  3v  2
 xv '  v 2  2v  2
1 1
 v' 
v 2  2v  2 x
1 1
 dv   dx
1  v  1
2
x
 arctan v  1  ln x  c
 v  tan ln x  c   1
y  x  tan ln x  c   1
When x  1, y  1
 1  tan c  1  c  0
 y  x  tan ln x   1
Exercise 8H
1 a y ' y  ex
I  e  ex
dx
 e x y ' e x y  e2 x
dy x

dx
 
e y  e2 x
1
 e x y  e2 x  c
2
1 x
 y  e  c e x
2
b  x  1 y '  y  x2y   x  1 y '  x2  1 y  0

Worked solutions
x2  1
 y ' y  y '  x  1 y  0
x 1
 x2 
 x
 x 1dx
I  e
 2 
 e 
 x2 
 x
 y '  x  1 y   0
 2 
e  
 x x 
2
d
 e 2 y   0
dx  
 
x2
x
e2 y  A
x2
 x
y  Ae 2
c xy ' y  x2  1
d

dx
 xy   x 2  1
1
 xy  x 3  x  c
3
1 2 c x 3  3x  c
 y  x 1 
3 x 3x
d y ' y  sin ex  
I  e  ex
dx
 
e x  y ' y   e x sin e x
d
dx
e y   e sin e 
x x x
 e y   cos  e   A
x x
 y   e cox  e   A e x x x
2
e y ' xy  x ex
1 2
I  e
xdx x
 e2
x2 x2 3 x2
 e 2 y ' x e 2 y  x e 2
d  x2 
2 2
3x
 e y   x e 2
dx  

x2 2
1 32x
 e2 y  e c
3
2
x
1 x2 
y  e ce 2
3
f x2y ' 2xy  cos x
d
dx

x 2y  cos x 
 x 2y  sin x  c
sin x  c
y 
x2

Worked solutions
2
g xy ' 2y  cos x  y ' y  cos x
x
2
I  e x  e2 ln x  x 2
dx
 x 2y ' 2xy  x 2 cos x

d

dx

x 2y  x 2 cos x 
 x 2y   x 2 cos xdx
By parts twice,
x cos x  x 2 sin x  2 x sin xdx

2

 x 2 sin x  2  x cos x   cos xdx  c 
2
 x sin x  2x cos x  2 sin x  c
 
 x 2  2 sin x  2 x cos x  c
y 
x 2

 2 sin x  2 x cos x  c
x2
1
2 a xy '  y  x 3 sin x  y ' y  x 2 sin x subject to y    0
x
1
  xdx 1
I e  e ln x 
x
1 1
 y ' 2 y  x 2 sin x
x x
d 1  2
  y   x sin x
dx  x 
y
x
2
  sin xdx
x
By parts twice,
x sin xdx   x 2 cos x  2 x cos xdx

2
  x 2 cos x  2 x sin x   sin xdx  

2
  x cos x  2x sin x  2 cos x  c
 
 2  x 2 cos x  2 x sin x  c

 y  x  2  x 2 cos x  2x sin x  c 
  
When x   , y  0

 0     2  2  c  c  2   2
  

2

 y  x  2  x cos x  2x sin x  2   2 

3 2 3
b xy '  2y  y ' y  2 subject to y 2  5
x x x
2
1
I  e x  e2 ln x  2
 dx
x
1 2 3
 2 y ' 3 y  4
x x x

Worked solutions
d 1  3
  2 y  4
dx
 x  x
y 3 1
 2   4 dx   3  c
x x x
1
 y  cx 2 
x
When x  2, y  5
1 11
 5  4c   c 
2 8
11x 2 1
y  
8 x
c y ' y tan x  sec x subject to y 0  2
I  e e 
tan xdx  ln cos x 
 sec x
dy
 sec x  sec x tan xy  sec2 x
dx
d

dx
 y sec x   sec2 x
 y sec x  tan x  c
 y  sin x  c cos x
When x  0, y  2
2  c  c  2
 y  sin x  2 cos x
Exercise 8I
1 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   2  2yn  e4 xn
dx
0 0 1 -1
1 0.1 0.9 -0.470320046
2 0.2 0.8529679954 -0.1552649549
3 0.3 0.8374414999 0.02392278827
4 0.4 0.8398337787 0.1184359246
5 0.5 0.8516773712
so y 0.5  0.852
2 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   2xnyn
dx
0 1 2 4
1 1.4 3.6 10.08
2 1.8 7.632 27.4752
3 2.2 18.62208 81.937152
4 2.6 51.3969408 267.2640922
5 3.0 158.3025777

Worked solutions
y 3  158.3
3 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   xn2  yn2
dx
0 0 1 1
1 0.1 1.1 1.22
2 0.2 1.222 1.533284
3 0.3 1.3753284 1.981528208
4 0.4 1.573481221
 y 0.4  1.57 , underestimated since y’ is increasing
4 n xn yn dy
 f  xn , yn   exn  2yn2
2
dx
0 0 1 3
1 0.1 1.3 4.390050167
2 0.2 1.739005017 7.089087672
3 0.3 2.447913784
y 0.3  2.45
5 a n xn yn dy
dx

 f  xn , yn   2xn 1  xn2  yn2 
0 1 2 0
1 1.1 2 0.462
2 1.2 2.0462 0.94512
3 1.3 2.140712
 y 1.3  2.14 , using a smaller step size would give a more accurate answer
b Integrating factor method
dy
 2 xy  2x  2x 3
dx
I  e
2 xdx 2
 ex
dy
 
2 2 2
 ex  2x ex y  ex 2x  2x 3
dx

dy x2
dx
 2

e y  ex 2x  2x 3  
 e x y   2 x 3 e x dx   2 x e x dx
2 2 2
Note that  2x
3 2
e x dx  x
2
2x e dx  x
x2 2
e x   2 x e x dx (by parts)
2 2
 e x y  x 2 e x   2 x e x dx   2 x e x dx  c
2 2 2 2
2
 x 2 ex  c
2
 y  x 2  c e x

Worked solutions
When x  1, y  2
 2  1  c e1  c  e
 y  x   x 2  e1 x
2
y 1.3  2.191576
Exercise 8J
sin x cos x
1 a lim  lim 1
x 0 x x 0 1
tan3x 3sec2 3x 3
b lim  lim 
x 0 tan 4x x  0 4sec2 4x 4
1  cos x sin x
c lim  lim 0
x 0 x x 0 1
2 2
ex  e9 2x ex
d lim  lim  6 e9
x 3 x  3 x 3 1
1

1  ln x
e lim  lim x  1
x e x x e 1
1
e e
 1 1
arctan x 
4 1  x 2
2 1
f lim  lim  
x x 1  x 
  
x 1 2
tan 1 sec2 2
4 4 4 4
cos x  cos 2x  sin x  2 sin2x

g lim  lim 0
x 0 x  cos x x 0 1  sin x
h lim
 
sin x 2
 lim
   2lim cos  x   2x
2x cos x 2 2 2
   2
sin x 2
x 0 ln  cos x  x 0 tan x x 0 2
sec x
1
ln 1  x   x 1
1  x x 1
i lim  lim  lim  lim 1
x 0 cos x  1 x 0  sin x x 0 sin x x 0 cos x
x2 2x 2
j lim  lim  lim 1 x  0
x  e1 x x   e1 x x  e
x2 2x 2 2
k lim x
 lim  lim  lim 0
x  e ln x x  x1  x  x  1 1 1  x  ex ln x
e   ln x  e   ln x  2  
x  x x x
cos x  cos 2x  sin x  2 sin2x  cos x  4 cos 2x 1  4 3

l lim  lim  lim  
x 0 x2 x 0 2x x 0 2 2 2
2x 3  x 2 6 x 2  2x 12x  2 12
2 a lim  lim  lim  lim 0
x  2  x  x 4 x  1  4x 3 x  12x 2 x  24x
so y = 0
3x3  2x2  1 9x 2  4x 18x  4 18

b lim 3
 lim  lim  lim  3
x  2x x x  1  3x 2 x  6x x  6

Worked solutions
so y = −3
3x 5  7 x 15x 4  7 60x 3
c lim 2
 lim  lim 
x  2x  4 x  4x x  4
so no horizontal asymptote exists
ln2 2x  lim ln2 2x  

2
2x
d lim  lim
x  x 2 x  2x x  2
so no horizontal asymptote exists
Exercise 8K
1 a f  0  0
f '  x   e x  x  1  f '  0   1
f ''  x   e x  x  2   f ''  0   2
f '''  x   e x  x  3  f '''  0   3
f    x   ex  x  4  f   0  4
4 4
1 3 1 4
 f  x   x  x2  x  x  ...
2 6
b f  0  1
f '  0   1
f ''  0   1
f '''  0   1
f   0  1
4
x2 x3 x 4
 f x  1  x     ...
2 6 24
c f  0  0
f '  x   cos x  f ' 0   1

f ''  x    sin x  f '' 0   0
f '''  x    cos x  f '''  0   1
f    x   sin x  f    0   0
4 4
x3
 f x  x   ...
6
d f  0  1
f '  x   2 sin x cos x   sin2x  f '  0   0

f ''  x    cos 2 x  f '' 0   2
f '''  x   4 sin2 x  f ''' 0   0
f    x   8 cos 2x  f    0   8
4 4
x4
 f  x   1  x2   ...
3

Worked solutions
e f  0  1
f '  x   1  x   f ' 0  1

2
f ''  x   2 1  x   f ''  0   2
3
f '''  x   6 1  x   f '''  0   6
4
 x   24 1  x   f 4 0  24
 4 5
f
 f  x   1  x  x 2  x 3  x 4  ...
f f  0  1
 
2
f '  x   2x 1  x 2  f ' 0  0
   
2 3
f ''  x   2 1  x 2  8x 2 1  x 2  f '' 0   2
   
3 3
f '''  x   8 x 1  x 2  16 x 1  x 2  terms divisible by x 2  f ''' 0   0
   
3 2
f    x   8 1  x2  terms divisble by x  f    0   24
4 4
 16 1  x 2
 f  x   1  x 2  x 4  ...
g Using question 1 f
 1 
f x  x  2 
1  x 

 x 1  x 2  x 4  ...  x  x 3  ... 
Exercise 8L
9x 2 3n x n 
3n x n
1 a e3x  1  3x 
2!
 ... 
n!
 ...  
n 0 n!
1 
b
1 x
 1  x  x 2  x 3  ...  (1)n x n   (1)
n 0
n
xn
c Using the series sound in part b

1 
 1  2x  2x   3x   ...  (1)n(2x)n  ...   (1) (2x)
2 3 n n
1  2x n 0
x 6 x10 x 2(2n1) 
x2(2n1)
d  
arctan x2  x2 
3

5
 ...  (1)n
2n  1
 ...   (1)
n 0
n
2n  1
e y  f  x   sin2 x
f '  x   2 sin x cos x  sin2 x  f ' 0   0

f ''  x   2 cos 2 x  f '' 0   2
f '''  x   4 sin2 x  f ''' 0   0
f    x   8x cos 2 x  f    0   8
4 4
Can show inductively that f 

2 m 1
0   0 for x  and f   0    1 22m 1
2m m 1
 1 22m1 x 2m
m 1

for x  so f  x   
m 1 2m !
1 1 
n x
2n 
2 sin2 x  1  cos 2x   1    1 
2 2  n 0 2n ! 

Worked solutions
1 n 2x 

2n

 1  1    1 
2
 n 1 2n ! 

2n
1  n 2
    1 x 2n
2 n 1 2n !

22n 1
  1 2n ! x
n 1 2n

n 1
which coincides with the answer to 1 e
7x  2 A B
3 f x   
 x  1  x  2 x 1 x 2
 7 x  2  A  x  2   B  x  1
x  2 : 12  3B  B  4
x  1 : 9  3 A  A  3
7x  2 3 4
  
 x  1  x  2 x 1 x 2
1
 x
 3  x  1
1
 2 1  
 2
n
 
n  x
 3  1 x n  2   1   
n
n 0 n 0  2 
n
 
 x
 3  1 x n  2    
n
n 0 n 0  2
 3  1 

n
 21 n x n
n 0
 x3 x5 
x    ...  x
sin x  x 6 120
4 a lim  lim  
x 0 x3 x 0 x3
 x3 x5 
   ...
 6 120   lim   1  x  ...   1
2
lim 3  
x 0 x x 0
 6 120  6
 x2 x3   x2 x3 
1  x    ...  1  x    ...
x
e e x
2 6 2 6
b lim  lim    
x 0 x x 0 x
 x3 x5 
2x    ...
6 120   2lim 1  x  x  ...  2
2 4
 lim   
x 0 x x 0
 6 120 
2  2 cos x  1  cos x 
3 3
c lim  8lim
x 0 x6 x 0 x6
3 3
  x2 x 4   x2 x 4 
1  1    ...     ...
 2 24  2 24
8lim   8lim  
x 0 x6 x 0 x6
3
 1 x2  1
 lim    ...  8   1
x 0 2 24 8
 

Worked solutions
d lim
x 2  sin2 x
 lim
 x  sin x   x  sin x 
x 0 x 2 sin2 x x 0 x 2 sin2 x
 x3 x5   x3 x5 
 2x    ...    ...
6 120 6 120
 lim   
x 0
3 x5 x7
x    ...
6 120
 x3 x5 1 x2 
 2x    ...    ...
6 120 6 120
 lim   
x 0 x2 x4
1   ...
6 120
1
 x ...
1
lim 3 
  3
x  0 1  x ...
1  1  3 1 
1          ...    n  1
  2  2   2   2 
5 a
 2  n!
 n
1  3  5  ...  (2n  3)
 (1)n 1
2n n !
 (1)n 1
2n !
 
2
n
2 n ! (2n  1)

2n !
 1  (1) n 1
(1)n x n
 
2
n
n 0 2 n ! (2n  1)

2n ! 1 1 1 3 5
 1 x 1  x n  1  x  x2  x  x 4  ...
 
2
n 0 n
2 n ! (2n  1) 2 8 16 128
1  1
b f (x)  1  x  1  x 2    2  ( x) n
n 0  n
 
1 
 3 
 1  x    n x
3 n
f (x)  3
(1  x) n 0  
 3  3  4  5  ...  (3  n  1)
 
n n!
3  4  5  ...  (n  2)!
 (1)n
2n !
n (n  1)(n  2)
 (1)
2
n  n  2

 1  x   (1)  n 2 3
 x  1  3x  6 x  10 x  ...
n 0  2 
1 
 2 
    n   4x 
2 n
c f (x )   1  4x 2  2
1  4x 
2
2 n 0  

Worked solutions
 2  2  3  4  ...  (2  n  1)
 
n n!
2  3  4  ...  (n  1)
 (1)n
n!
( n  1)!
 (1)n  (1)n(n  1)
n!
1  
   (n  1)(4)n x 2n   4n (n  1)x 2n
 
2
1  4x 2 n 0 n 0
 1  8 x 2  48 x 4  ...
1  1
1    2x 3

   
n
d f (x ) 
4 3
 1  2x 3 4
   4 
n 0 
1  2x
 n 
1 5 9 1 
 1        ...    n  1 
   4 4 4 4 
 4  n!
 n 
1  5  9  ...  (4n  3)
 (1)n
4n n !
1 
1  5  9  ...  (4n  3)
 
n
  1   (1)n 2x3
4
1  2x 3
n 0 4n n !

1  5  9  ...  (4n  3) 3n
1  (1)
n 0
n
2n n !
x
1 3 5 6
1 x  x  ...
2 8
1 2 1 2 5

1
1 3 3 3 3 3
6 f  x   1  x  3  1 x     x2      x3
3 2! 3!
1 2 5 8  1   2   5   8   11 

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 
         x   
4     x 5  ...
4! 5!
1 1 5 3
 1  x  x2  x  ...
3 9 81
f  0.2   1.06272

7 y 0  
2
y '  x   y tan x  cos x  y '  0  1


y ''  x   y ' tan x  y sec x  sin x  y ''  0   
2
 
 y x   x 2
x  ...
2 4
8 y  0  1

Worked solutions
 y '  x   y 2  x  y '  0   12  0  1
y ''  x   2yy ' 1  y '' 0   1
y '''  x   2  y '  2yy ''  y ''' 0   4

2
y    x   4y '' y ' 2y ' y ''  6y '' y ' 2yy ''

4
 y    0   4  2  2  4   14
4
y    x   6y ''' y ' 6  y ''  2y ' y ''' 2yy    8y ''' y ' 6  y ''   2yy  
5 2 4 2 4
 y    0   8  4   6  2 14   66
5
x 2 4x 3 14x 4 66 x 5
 y x  1  x      ...
2! 3! 4! 5!
y  0.2   1.2264 (4 dp)
Chapter review
5
4
1 a A   sin x  cos x dx

4
5
   cos x  sin x  4
4
 2 
 2 2 2
 2

b A  2 sin x  sin2x dx
0

 1 
  2 cos x  cos 2x   4
 2 0
2 a x2  x3  x2 1  x   0  x  0,1
1 1
 x3 x 4  1
 
2 3
A x  x dx     
0  3 4 0 12
2
b x  x3
2 2
 1 
x  0  x  x 3  x 3  x 3  1   0
 
 x  0,1
1
 2  3 5 x2  1
A  2  x 3  x dx  2  x 3  
0  5 2 5
c  
x 4  2x2  2x2  x 4  4x2  x2 x2  4  x2  x  2 x  2  0
 x  2,0,2
From the sketch the graphs just touch at x = 0 so the enclosed area is the integral from
x = −2 to x = 2

Worked solutions
2 2
A    
2x 2  x 4  2x 2 dx 
   4x
2

 x 4 dx
2 2
2
 4x 3 x5  128
   
 3 5  2 15
d The graphs intersect at x = 0 and x = 4

4
 x2 
 A  2   4  x 2  4 dx
0  2 
2 4
 x2   x2 
 2 
2
 4  x 2  4dx  2 
2
 4  x2  4  dx
0   2  
2 4
3x 2  x2 
 2 dx  2  8  dx
0 2 2 2 
4
2  x2  64
 3x 2   2 8 x   
0
 2 2 3
e Sketch the graphs and find the points of intersection for x > 0:
x 6
x  5 x  x 6
5
 25x   x  6   x 2  12x  36
2
 x 2  13x  36   x  9   x  4   0  x  4,9
Substituting these values back into the equation verifies they are valid for x < 0:
x 6
 25x   x  6   x 2  12x  36
2
x 
5
x 2  37x  36   x  1  x  36   0  x  1, 36
Substituting these into the original equations shows x = −36 is a spurious root and the only
valid root in this region is x −1
4 9
x  6   x  6
A  5 
1 
x dx    x 
 4  5 
dx
0
x  6 
4
x  6 
9
 2 3
  
1 5
  x dx   
 0  5
 x dx    x  x 2 dx
 4  3 
1 4 9
 x2 6x 2 1
  x 2 6 x 2 23  2 3 x2 6x  5
     x 2      x    x2    
 10 5 3 0  10 5 3 0  3 10 5 4 3
f The graphs intersect as x = ±2
Note that the total area is double the area enclosed in the first quadrant
 
2 2 
 8 x2   2 x 2
dx
 A  2   dx  2  
04  x
2
4   x 
2
4 
0
1    
 
 2 
2
  x  x3 
 2 4 arctan    
  2  12  0
 2     2 4
 2 4 arctan1    2 4      2 
 3  4
   3  3

Worked solutions
3 Total area enclosed is double the area enclosed in the first quadrant. The intersection in the
first quadrant is at x = 1 (by inspection or algebraically)
1
 2x 
 A  2  2  x 3 dx
0 x  1 
1
 x4 

 2 ln x 2  1  

4 0

1
 2ln2 
2
xy dy
4 a 
x  1 dx
1 dy x x 11 1
  1
y dx x 1 x 1 x 1
1  1 
  dy   1  dx
y  x  1
 ln y  x  ln  x  1  c
x ln x 1  c A ex
y e 
x 1
1 dy x
b  2
y dx x 1
1 x
  dy  x 2
dx
y 1
1
 ln y 
2

ln x 2  1  c 
y e
1
2
 
ln x 2 1  c
 Ae
ln  x 2 1   A x2  1
or y  
c x2  1 
dy
c 1  xy '  y 2  x  y 2  1   y  1  y  1
dx
1 dy 1
 
 y  1  y  1 dx x
1 1 1  dy 1
    
2  y  1 y  1  dx x
1 1 1  1
  2  y  1  y  1 dy   x dx
1  y  1
 ln    ln x  c
2  y  1
 y  1
 ln 
y  1
2
  2ln x  c  ln x  c  
 
y 1
  Ax 2
y 1
1  Ax 2
y 
1  Ax 2
cx 2  1
or y 
1  cx 2

Worked solutions
dy 1 1
d  
dx xy  y y  x  1
dy 1
y 
dx x 1
1
  ydy   dx
x 1
y2
  ln  x  1  c
2
 y   c  2ln  x  1
dy 2
e  y  x 2  sin2x
dx x
2
I  e x  x 2
dx
dy
 x2  2 xy  x 2 sin2 x  x 4
dx
d

dx
 
x 2y  x 2 sin2x  x 4
x5
 x 2y   x   x sin2xdx 
2
sin2x  x 4 dx  2
c
5
1 2 x5
 x cos 2 x   x cos 2 xdx  c
2 5
1 x 1 x5
  x 2 cos 2 x  sin2 x   sin2 xdx  c
2 2 2 5
x 1 x2 x5
 sin2 x  cos 2x  cos 2x  c
2 4 2 5
sin2x cos 2x cos 2x x 3

y     c
2x 4x 2 2 5
dy
f  y tan x  1
dx
dy
 cos x  y sin x  cos x
dx
d

dx
 y cos x   cos x
 y cos x  sin x  c
 y  tan x  C sec x
dy 1 1 1x
g  y  e2
dx 2 2
1 x
  2dx 
I e e 2
x
dy 1  2x
 1
e  e y 
2
dx 2 2
d   2x  1
1
 e y  
dx   2
1
 x x
e 2
y  c
2
x x
x  1
 y    c  e2   x  c  e2
2  2

Worked solutions
dy
5 a  ky
dt
1 dy
b k
y dt
 ln y  kt  c
 y  y0 ekt where y0 is the amount of substance at t  0
y0 ln2
 y0 e5500k  k  
2 5500
ln 2
 t
 y  y0 e 5500
ln 2
y0  t
c  y0 e 5500
5
1 ln2
 ln     t
5 5500
5500ln5
t   12770.60452
ln2
so 13000 years (to the nearest thousand years)
a 6 xn yn dy xn y n
 f  xn , yn   1 
dx 4  xn2
0 0 1 1
1 0.25 1.25 0.9206349206
2 0.5 1.48015873 0.8026455026
3 0.75 1.680820106 0.6332756133
4 1 1.839139009
y 1  1.84
dy x
b  y  1 subject to y 0  1
dx 4  x 2
x
 x  x2 dx 
1

ln 4  x 2  1
I e e 2

4  x2
1 dy x 1
  3
y 
dx
 
2
4x 4  x2 2 4  x2
d  1  1
   y   
dx  4x 2
 4  x2
y x
  arcsin    c
4x 2
2
 x 
y  4  x 2  arcsin    c 
 2 
1
y  0   2c  1  c 
2
2   x  1
 y  4  x  arcsin    
  2  2
y 1  1.7729...

Worked solutions
Since y’ is decreasing the value of y is greater than the actual value.
7 f  x   ln 1  sin x 
cos x
f 'x 
1  sin x
 f ' 0  1
f ''  x  
1  sin x    sin x   cos x  cos x   1  sin x 
1
1  sin x  1  sin x 
2 2
1  sin x
 f ''  0   1
 cos x cos x
f '''  0   
1  sin x  1  sin x 
2 2
 f '''  0  1
1  sin x    sin x   cos x  3 cos x 1  sin x 

2
f x 
 4
1  sin x 
4
 sin x 1  sin x   2 cos2 x  sin x  sin2 x  cos2 x  cos2 x

 
1  sin x  1  sin x 
3 3
 sin x  1  cos2 x

1  sin x 
3
 f  0   2
 4
f   0  5
5
1 2 1 3 2 4 5 5
 f x  x 
x  x  x  x
2! 3! 4! 5!
x2 x3 x 4 x5
x   
2 6 12 24
8 Using L’Hopital’s Rule:
sin x  x cos x  1  sin x

lim  lim  lim 0
x 0 x sin x x 0 sin x  x cos x x 0 2 cos x  x sin x

Worked solutions
Using MacLaurin Series:
 x3 x5 
x    ...  x
sin x  x 6 120
lim  lim  
x 0 x sin x  
x 0
x3 x5
x x    ...
 6 120 
 x3 x5   x x3 
   ... lim     ...
6 120 x 0 6 120
 lim      0
x 0  x3 x5   x2 
x x    ... lim 1   ...
 6 120  x 0
 6 
(dividing top and bottom by x 2 in penultimate step)
9 Using L’Hopital’s Rule:
1
ln x x 1
lim  lim 
 
x 1 sin 2 x
  
x 1 2 cos 2 x 2
Using MacLaurin Series:
ln x ln 1  x  ln  x  1
lim  lim  lim
x 1 sin 2 x  x 0 sin 2  x  1  x 0 sin 2 x 
 x2 x3   x x2 
x    ... 1    ...
2 3 2 3   1
 lim    lim 
x 0 
2 x   ...
3
 x 0 4 2
 2 x  2   x  ...
3 2
  3
6
 
10 a
(1 mark) for correct shape, (1 mark) for symmetry about the y-axis, (1 mark) for points of
intersection
1

b A = 2 x  x 2 dx  (1 mark)
0
1
 x2 x3 
= 2   (1 mark)
2 3 0
1 1
= 2   (1 mark)
2 3
1
= square units (1 mark)
3
11 a d t   sin2t  sin t  0.24 (2 marks)
b Use GDC to find the maximum of d  1.88 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
occurs when t  2.25 (1 mark)
c Find intersection of graphs (1 mark)
t = 1.13 (1 mark)
12 a
(1 mark) for shape, (1 mark) for domain
b f  x   g  x   x  1.68, x  1.80 (2 marks)
c 1.68  x  1.80 (1 mark)
1.799...
d   f  x   g  x dx  5.68
1.678...
(2 marks)
OR can be done using technology
13 Let the number of insects be y.

dy
 ky (1 mark)
dx
1
 y dy   kdt (1 mark)
ln y = –kt + c (1 mark)
y  ekt  c
y = Ae–kt
when t = 0, y = 500 000  A = 500 000 (1 mark)
y = 500 000e–kt
when t = 5, y = 400 000
400 000 = 500 000e–5k (1 mark)
4
 e5k
5
4
5k  ln
5
1 4
k  ln (= 0.0446) (1 mark)
5 5
250 000 = 500 000e–kt (1 mark)
1
 e kt
2
1
ln  kt
2
5 1
t  ln = 15.5 years (1 mark)
4 2
ln
5

Worked solutions
 sec ydy   cos xdx

2
14 a (2 marks)
tan y  sin x  c (1 mark)

tan  sin   c  c  1 (1 mark)
4
tan y = 1 + sin x (1 mark)
y = arctan (1 + sin x)

b Since the denominator is 0 when x  , to apply l’Hopital’s rule the numerator must also be
2
0. (1 mark)
 
Hence k  arctan 1  sin   arctan2 (1 mark)
 2
arctan(1  sin x)  arctan2 0
lim 2
 , so by applying l’Hopital’s rule:
x

  0
x  2
2
 
arctan(1  sin x)  arctan2 cos x cos2 y 0

lim  lim  (2 marks)
x

 
2
x
   0
2x  
x  2
2 2
   2
Applying l’Hopital’s rule again gives
  
 sin cos2(arctan(1  sin )  2 cos(arctan(1  sin )
 lim 2 2 2 (3 marks)

x
2
15 a y = ln (1 + sin x)
cos x
y'  (1 mark)
1  sin x
1
y ''   (1 mark)
1  sin x
cos x
y  
3
(1 mark)
1  sin x 
2
 sin x 1  sin x   2 1  sin x  cos2 x

2
y  
4
(2 marks)
1  sin x 
4
y(0) = 0; y′(0) = 1 (1 mark)
y″(0) = –1; y(3)(0) = 1; y(4)(0) = –2 (2 marks)

1 1 1 4
ln 1  sin x   x  x 2  x 3  x  ...
2 6 12
b i ln(1 – sin x) = ln(1 + sin(–x)) (1 mark)

1 1 1 4
 x  x2  x3  x  ... (1 mark)
2 6 12
ii ln(1 + sin x) + ln(1 – sin x) = ln(1 – sin2 x) (1 mark)

= ln cos2 x (1 mark)
1 4
lncos2 x   x 2  x  ... (1 mark)
6
1 1 1 4
lncos x  lncos2 x   x 2  x  ... (1 mark)
2 2 12

Worked solutions
d 1
iii
dx
lncos x   cos x    sin x  (1 mark)
= –tan x (1 mark)
1
tan x  x  x 3  ... (2 marks)
3
x4
c
tan x 2 

x2 
3
 ...
(1 mark)
2 4
ln cos x x x
   ...
2 12
x2
1 ...
 3 (1 mark)
1 x2
   ...
2 12
→ –2 as x → 0 (1 mark)
lim 
 
 tan x 2 
  2 (1 mark)
x   ln cos x 
 

Worked solutions
9 Modelling 3D space: vectors
Skills check
1 a c  212  202  29
b a  132  72  10.95
 y2  y1    x2  x1    5  3   4  2  10
2 2 2 2
2 d
2
3 We calculate the slopes and get that ma    mc so a and c are parallel
3
3
mb  , ma  mb  ma  md  1 so b and d are parallel, and both perpendicular to a. e is not
2
parallel or perpendicular to any of the other lines.
4 We use method of elimination
 16 x  12y  4

15x  12y  6
We subtract both and get that x  2
and so 4  2  3y  1
18
y   3
3
Exercise 9A
1 correct vectors drawn
2 a ab b –a  b c ba d 2a - b
3 3 3a b 1 1
e 2a - b f 2b  a g –  h b a
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 a AG = AB + BC +CG = a + b + c
b CE = CB + BA + AE = −b – a + c
c DF = DA + AB + BF = −b + a + c
1 1 1 1
d MN = MB + BC + CG + GN =  cbc a b c a
2 2 2 2
5
4 We have that DC  y where y is some length. Then the ratio gives us that
3
3
PC  y
5
5 a HC  HF  FE  EC
where FE  AB

Worked solutions
HC  HQ  AB
HC  HC  AB
HC  1  k  AB
Hence they are parallel.
This means we can form a right angled triangle HQA and Pythagoras’ theorem gives us

HC  1  2 AB
b MN  ME  ED  DN
1 1
MN  FE  ED  DC
2 2
1 1
MN  AD  OD  DC
2 2
Hence they are parallel.
Again we have a right angled triangle which gives us that
 2
MN  1   AB
 2
 
6 KL  KB  BL
NM  ND  DM
We know that they are the midpoints, so
AB BC
KL  
2 2
and
AD DC
NM  
2 2
Then we form a parallelogram.
Exercise 9B
1 We need to show that
BD  PQ
so we use the triangle rule for both diagonals to get
BC  CD  BD
and
PC  CQ  PQ
where
1
PC  BC
2

Worked solutions
and
1
CQ  CD
2
Then
BD  2  PC  CQ  2PQ
hence they are parallel. Additionally,
1
PQ  BD
2
2 If PQ is perpendicular to AC, then PQ is parallel to BD, as the diagonals are perpendicular. Then
PQ  QC  CP
AC  AD  DC
BD  DC  CB
BD  2QC  2CP  2PQ  BD and PQ are parallel, hence PQ is orthogonal to AC
AD  2CP , DC  2QC
Then
AC  2CP  2QC  2 CP  QC   2PQ
as requested
3 a AG  a  c  b
b CE  c  b  a
c DF  a  b  c
1 1
d MN  cb a
2 2
4 i    a   a     a     a     a
ii We just the associativity of scalar multiplication
     a  a  a
iii We just the distributivity of scalar multiplication
    a  a  a
iv 1 is the identity so the operation from the left and the right returns the same vector
1 a  a 1  a
v multiplying by zero will always return zero, as each component of the vector is multiplied by
zero.
0a  0

Worked solutions
Exercise 9C
1 a a  b  2  3 i   5  4 j  i  j
b a  b  2  3 i   5  4 j  5i  9 j
c 5a  6b  5 2i  5 j   6  3i  4 j   10i  25 j  18i  24 j  28i  49 j
d 7b  4a  7  3i  4 j   4 2i  5 j   21i  28 j  8i  20 j  29i  48 j
3 3 3 3 6 15 9 12 21
e a  b  2i  5 j    3i  4 j   i  j i j  i
5 4 5 4 5 5 4 4 20
2 a Let  3i  2 j     i  5 j   5i  j
where  and  are constants. Then
3 i  2 j   i  5 j  5i  j
This gives two equations
3    5
2  5  1
Then
  5  3
we substitute to get 
2  5 5  3   1
13  26
 2
and we substitute again to get 
  5  3 2  1
5i – j = 2p − q
b Let
 3i  2 j     i  5 j   10i  9 j
3 i  2 j   i  5 j  10i  9 j
3    10
2  5  9
Then
  10  3
we substitute to get  .
Worked solutions
2  5 10  3   9
13  41
41
 
13
 41  7
  10  3  
 13  13
41 7
p q
13 13
c Let
 3i  2 j     i  5 j   9i  7 j
here  and  are constants. Then
3 i  2 j   i  5 j  9i  7 j
3    9
2  5  7
Then
  9  3
2  5  9  3   7
13  52
  4
  9  3  4  3
−4p + 3q
d Let
 3i  2 j     i  5 j   i
3 i  2 j   i  5 j  10i  9 j
3    1
2  5  0
Then

Worked solutions
  1  3
2  5 1  3   0
13  5
5
 
13
 5  2
  1  3 
 13  13
5 2
p q
13 13
e Let
 3i  2 j     i  5 j    j
3 i  2 j   i  5 j   j
3    0
2  5  1
Then
  3
2  5  3   1
13  1
1
 
13
 1  3
  3   
 13  13
1 3
p q
13 13
f Let
1 2
 3i  2 j     i  5 j    i j
2 3

Worked solutions
1 2
3 i  2 j   i  5 j   i j
2 3
1
3    
2
2
2  5 
3
Then
1
   3
2
 1  2
2  5    3  
 2  3
19
13 
6
19
 
78
1  19  3
   3 
2  78  13
19 3
 p q
78 13
3 Note that
QR  PS
so we calculate
QR  i  3 j  4i  j  3i  2 j
and so
PS  3  x  i  3  y  j
where P  xi  yj , corresponding to  x, y  coordinates of P. Then we equate both expressions

and get
3 x  3
3  y  2
so x  0 and y  5 . Then P  0,5
4 In the notation bellow, any vector with a single letter is measured from the origin (e.g. OA=A)

Worked solutions
 3   i   1   i   2   i 
          
OA  OB  CD   2    j    2    j    0   j 
0  k   1   k  1  k 
          
 2   i   2   i   0   i 
          
OE  OA  CG   0    j    0    j    0   j 
 1   k   2   k   1  k 
          
 3   i   2   i   1   i 
          
)F  OB  CG   2    j    0    j    2   j 
 0   k   2   k   2   k 
          
 1   i   2   i   1  i 
          
OH  OD  CG   1    j    0    j    1   j 
 2   k   2   k   0   k 
          
Then A  2,0,1 , E  0,0, 1 , F  1,2, 2 , H   1,1,0
5 i Commutative: Let a  xi  y j , and b  mi  n j for real x, y, m, n . Then for all a, b
a  b   x  m i   y  n j   m  x  i   n  y  j  b  a
where we have used the commutativity of addition of real numbers.
ii Associative: Let c  l i  p j for real l , p , then for all a, b, c
 a  b   c   m  x  i   n  y  j  l i  p j   m  x  l  i   n  y  p j
 mi  n j   x  l  i   y  p j  a   b  c 
where we have used the commutativity and associativity of addition of real numbers.
iii Identity: for 0  0i  0 j and for all a
0  a   0  x  i   0  y  j   x  0 i   y  0  j  x i  y j  a
where we have used the identity and commutativity of addition of real numbers.
iv Let a  xi  y j . Then for all a, a
a   a    x  x  i   y  y  j   x  x  i   y  y  j  a  a  0i  0 j  0
where we have used the identity and commutativity of addition of real numbers.
6 i For any real  ,  and for all a  xi  y j for real x, y we have
   a     xi  y j    xi  y j     xi     y j     a 
and
   xi     y j      xi    y j    a 
where we have used the commutativity of the multiplication of real numbers.
ii Let b  mi  n j for any real n, m
  a  b      x  m i   y  n j    xi  mi  y j  n j   xi  y j  mi  n j  a  b

Worked solutions
where we have used the commutativity and associativity of the multiplication of real
numbers.
iii      a        xi  y j    xi   xi  y j  y j   xi  y j   xi  y j  a   b
where we have used the commutativity and associativity of the multiplication of real
numbers.
iv 1a  1  xi  y j   1  x  i  1  y  j  xi  y j  a
where we have used the identity of multiplication of real numbers
v 0a  0  xi  y j   0  x  i  0  y  j  0i  0 j  0
and
 0i  0 j      0 i     0 j  0i  0 j  0
Exercise 9D
7i  24 j 7i  24 j 7 24
1 a a
ˆ   i j
2
7  24 2 25 25 25
b ˆ  3i  2 j  3i  2 j  3 i  2 j
b
32  22 13 13 13
4i  5 j  20k 4i  5 j  20k 4 5 20
c c
ˆ   i j k
42  52  202 21 21 21 21
i  3 j  4k i  3 j  4k 1 3 4
d dˆ    i j k
2
1 3 42 2
26 26 26 26
20i  21 j 20i  21 j 20 21
2 a a
ˆ   i j
2
20  21 2 29 29 29
a are of the form  ˆ

All vectors parallel to ˆ a for real 
i  3j i  3j 1 3
b bˆ    i j
2
1 3 2
10 10 10
All vectors parallel to bˆ are of the form  bˆ for real 
5i  6 j  30k 5i  6 j  30k 5 6 30
c c
ˆ   i j k
2
4  5  202 2
61 61 61 61
All vectors parallel to ĉ are of the form ˆ

c for real 
2i  j  5k 2i  j  5k 2 1 5
d dˆ    i j k
22  12  52 30 30 30 30
All vectors parallel to dˆ are of the form  dˆ for real 
3 We write the equation explicitly b = −i +5j + (λ −5)k
2a  b

Worked solutions
2 2
4a  b
 
4 32  22   2  12  52     5
2
3 2  10  1  0
10  100  12 5  22
  
6 3
5i  j 5i  j 5 1
4 a a
ˆ   i j
2
5 1 2
26 26 26
56 6 30 6
Then the required vector is mˆ
a i j i j
26 26 26 26
b ˆ  4i  5 j  20k  4i  5 j  20k  4 i  5 j  20 k

b
42  52  202 21 21 21 21
ˆ 4  63 5  63 20  63
Then the required vector is m b i j k  12i  15 j  60k
21 21 21
5 a This is the same cuboid as in exercise 9C, 4. A space diagonal could be
 0   2    i 
      
AG   3    0     j   2i  3 j  2k
 1  1    k 
      
 AG  17
b Recall that A  2,0,1 , E  0,0, 1 , F  1,2, 2 , H   1,1,0
Then
AD  i  j  k
AE  2i  0 j  2k
AB  i  2 j  k
V  Abase  h  AD AE AB  12  12  12 22  22 12  22  12  12
Exercise 9E
1 a a  b  a b cos   3  4 cos30  6
b a  b  a b cos   12  8 cos115  40.6

c a  b  a b cos   3  5 cos  13.5
7
3
d a  b  a b cos   5 2  17 cos  85
4
2 a a  b  3  6   4  5  2
b a  32  42  5

Worked solutions
b  62  52  61
a  b  a b cos   5 61 cos   2
2
cos  
5 61
  1.62rad  93
3 a a  b  1   2  4  3   3  1  7
b a  12  42  32  26
b  22  32  12  14
a  b  a b cos   26  14 cos   7
7
cos  
2 91
  1.19rad  68.5
4  a  2b  2a  b  2a  a  a  b  2b  2a  2b  b  0
2  2  2  a  b  4 a  b  2 3 3  0
2
ab   a b cos   2 3 cos 
3
1
  cos1
3 3
  1.38rad  78.9
5 Let a  x i  y j and b  mi  n j for any real x, y, m, n . Then
i a  b  a b cos   b a cos   b  a
2
ii a  a  a a cos 0  a
We prove it for the two dimensional case.
iii Let a  x i  y j , b  mi  n j , and c  si  t j for any real x, y, m, n . Then
a   b  c   x   m  s   y   n  t   xm  xs  yn  yt  xm  yn  xs  yt  a  b  a  c
We have used multiplicative properties for real numbers, therefore this can be extended to
any dimension of vector, as the associativity and distributivity of scalar multiplication holds.
iv Let      a  b   ( a b cos  )   a b cos     a  b cos   a   b  cos 
Hence
  a  b    a   b  a   b  .
 a  b   a  b  a  a  2a  b  b  b 
2 2 2 2
6 i a  2 a b  b  a  b  2 a b cos 

Worked solutions
 a  b   a  b  a  a  2a  b  b  b 
2 2 2 2
ii a  2 a b  b  a  b  2 a b cos 
Each of these cases correspond to the cosine rule for a triangle with sides a, b, and a  b .
7 We use both definitions to write the scalar product between a and b , i.e.
a  b  a1b1  a2b2  a b cos 
Hence both definitions are equivalent.
8 We form the systems of equations
and
 a  2b  3a  b  a  3a  a  b  2b  3a  2b  b  0
This simplifies to
2 a  a   b  b  a  b  0
and
3  a  a   2b  b  5  a  b   0
2 2
We will express a and b in terms of the scalar product between a and b. This means we
solve the system of equations for the norms of a and b
b  b  2 a  a   a  b
3 a  a   4 a  a   2 a  b  5 a  b  0
 a  a   3  a  b 
Note that the dot product is negative. This will be important as it allows us to take square roots
of negative numbers multiplied by the dot product. Then we substitute into form for the norm
of b
b  b  6  a  b   a  b  7  a  b 
Then we write
a  b  3  a  b  7  a  b  cos 
or equivalently
1  21 cos 
so cos   1 / 21 , giving   77.4
Exercise 9F
1 a d  2  0 i  3  0 j  2i  3 j
Then the vector equation of the line is
 x  0 2
    k 
y
   0  3

Worked solutions
b d   1  2 i  3  1 j  3i  2 j
 x   1  3 
    k 
y   3  2
c d  3  2 i   6  5 j  5i  j
x  3  5
    k 
 y   6   1
 1 2 3  7 7
d d      i    1 j   i  j
 2 3 4  6 4
 1  7
x  2
  
      k  6
y
   3   7 
   
 4   4 
x  2  1
2 a p  a  d          
y
   7 1
 x 2
 x  2  
 
y  7  
 y  7  
 x 2  y 7  y  x 9
b n   p  a  0  n  p  n  a
 2 x  2  2 
       
 3   y   3   7 
 2x  3y  4  21
2x  3y  25
2x  25
y 
3
3 a We obtain the direction vector of L,
x 3 y 1

2 3
Then
3x  9  2y  2  
Then
1
3x  9    x  3  
3
and

Worked solutions
1
2y  2    y  1  
2
1 1
Hence the direction vector is d   i j
3 2
Then the vector equation parallel to L and passing through T is
 1
 x   3   
3
    
y   8   1 
 
 2 
b The perpendicular line must have a normal vector for its direction vector
1 1 1 1
d  i jn i j
3 2 2 3
Then the vector equation perpendicular to L passing through T is
1
 x   3   
2
     
y
    8  1
 
3
c We find the intersection between L and r as
x  1  2
r       
y
   1  4
We write this in Cartesian notation
x  1  2
y  1  4 
Then
x 1 y 1
  4x  4  2y  2  y  2x  3
2 4
We write L in Cartesian form and get
x 3 y 1 11
  6x  9  2y  2  y  3x 
2 3 2
To find the intersection between the two, we equate both lines and get
11 5
2x  3  3x  x 
2 2
and
5
y  2   3  2
2
5 
So we must find a line passing through T and  ,2  , so be obtain the direction vector as
2 
 5 11
d   3   i  8  2 j   i  6j
 2  2

Worked solutions
Then the equation of the line passing through T and the intersection between the two lines is
 11 
 x   3   
     2 
y   8   6 
 
4 a For them to be parallel, their direction vectors have to be proportional to each other.
Note that
r  3i  2 j    i  a j   d1  i  a j
p  1  2  i  5    2 j  d2  2i  5 j
For them to be parallel, we must have
d1   d2
for real  . Then the normalised
i  a j   2i  5 j 
1
Note that 2  1 gives   , so
2
1 5
a  5 
2 2
b For them to be perpendicular, their scalar product must be zero, so
2
d1  d2  0  1  2  a  5  0  5a  2  a 
5
Exercise 9G
1 a d   4  1 i  2  3 j  1  2 k  3i  j  3k
Then we write the vector equation simply as
x  1  3
     
y 
    3    1
 z   2  3
     
b d  5  3 i  7  0 j   2  5 k  2i  7 j  3k
Then we write the vector equation simply as
x  3  2
     
 y    0    7
 z   5  3
     
2 a We write the form for r as
x  3   1
     
y  
   1   1
z  2  3
     
We substitute with P, and get

Worked solutions
0 3
2  1  
5  2  3
From the first equations,   3 , and then substituting with that value of  in the last one
gives
2  3 3  11  5
Hence there is a contradiction, and so P does not lie on the line.
b A parallel line has the same direction vector, and now the equation of the line is
 x  0  1 
     
 y   2    1 
 z  5 3
     
c We substitute T into the equation of the line to get the system of equations
2  3  
4  1  
a  2  3
Then   5 , and is consistent in the first two equations. Then
a  2  3 5  17
3 a If the lines are parallel, their direction vectors are proportional to each other. We obtain
them by rewriting in the equations for the lines in vector form
x 1 y  2 z  3
L1 :   
2 3 5
so
x  2  1
y  3  2
z  5  3
so
d1  2i  3 j  5k
and
y 1 z  2
L2 : x  2   
2 4
so
x   2
y  2  1
z  4  2
so

Worked solutions
d2  i  2 j  4k
The lines are not parallel as there is no real  for which
d1   d2
b The lines are skew if they are not parallel or perpendicular to each other. We check the
scalar product between their direction vectors:
d1  d2  2  1  3   2  5  4  16  0
Hence the lines are skew.
4 a We rewrite the lines in parametric form
x  3  5
     
L1 :  y    2     4 
z  1  3
     
x  7   1 
     
L2 :  y    4     2 
 z   1  3 
     
At the intersection, both lines will take on the same values, so we construct the system of
equations
3  5  7  
2  4  4  2
1  3  1  3
From the first equation we get that
  3  5  7  5  4
and so
2  4  4  2  5  4  14  14    1
so
  5 1  4  1
We check that these values satisfy the third equation
1  3 1  1  3  1
so the lines do not intersect.
b We rewrite the lines in parametric form
x  0  1
     
L1 :  y    1    2 
z  3   1
     
 x   7  3
     
L2 :  y    0     1 
z  7   2 
     

Worked solutions
equations
  7  3
1  2  
3    7  2
We substitute the first equation into the second equation and get
1  2  7  3   
1  14  6  
5  15
 3
and so
  7  3 3  2
which is consistent with the third equation.
c We rewrite the lines in parametric form
 x  0 2
     
L1 :  y    2     5 
 z  0  4
     
x  1   3
     
L2 :  y    1     2 
 z   3  1
     
equations
2  1  3
2  5  1  2
4  3  
The first equation gives us that
1  3
 
2
We substitute this into the third equation and get
 1  3 
4 3  
 2 
2  6  3  
5  5
  1
and so

Worked solutions
1  3  1
  1
2
which is consistent with the second equation.
5 First we find the point of intersection between L1 and L2
 x   1  2
     
L1 :  y    5     3 
 z   4   4
     
 x   3  1
     
L2 :  y    6     2 
z  4   1 
     
equations
1  2  3  
5  3  6  2
4  4  4  
The first equation gives us that
  1  2  3  2  2
We substitute this into the third equation and get
4  4  4  2  2
6  6
 1
and so
  2 1  2  4
This is not consistent with the second equation, so the lines are not concurrent.
Exercise 9H
1 a We use the provided formula
 a2b3  a3b2   3  3   5  2   1  10   9 

       
 a3b1  a1b3     5  1  2  3    5  6    11
 a b  a b     4  3   7 
 1 2 2 1
 2   2  3  1     
1   2  0  0   2  0   2 
     
b  0  3  1   2     0  2    2 
   0  3   3 
 1 0 13     
 4  2   1  1   8  1   7 
     
c  1  2  3  2    2  6    8 
 3  1  4  2   3  8   11 
       

Worked solutions
 3  2 
    2   1       6 2   13 
 4  3      
 1   4 3   6 
d  1  1      2     1  1    2 
 2     
   2  3   5 
  1   2   3      
6 4   12 
  2     3     4   1 
      
2 A  ab
 3   4   6    1   12  6   18 

     
a  b    6   3  2   4     18  8    10 
   1  9   10 
 1   1  3  3     
Then
a  b  182  102  102  22.9
3 a AB   2  1 i  0  4 j  3  2 k  3i  4 j  k
AC   1  1 i  2  4 j   4  2 k  2i  2 j  2k
1
b A AB  AC
2
 4  2  1  2   8  1   7 
     
AB  AC   1   2   3  2    2  6    4 
   6  8   2 
 3   2   4  2     
Then
AB  AC  72  42  22  49  16  4  8.31
Then the area is
1
A
2
8.31  8.15
4 i Let the vectors 𝒂, 𝒃, 𝒄 be well defined. Then
a  b  a b sin   a b sin      b a sin       b  a 
where we have used the commutativity of real numbers and properties of sines. Note that if
the angle from a to b is  , then the angle from b to a is –
ii We calculate
 a2  b1c2  b2c1   a3  b1c3  a3c1  

 
a   b  c    a3  a2b3  a3b2   a1  b1c2  b2c1     a  c  b   a  b  c
 
 a1  b1c3  b3c1   a2  a2b3  a3b2  
 a2b3  a3b2     a2b3  a3b2    a2   b3   a3   b2      a2  b3    a3  b2 

       
iii   a3b1  a1b3      a3b1  a1b3     a3   b1   a1   b3       a3  b1    a1  b3 
 a b  a b       
 1 2 2 1
   a1b2  a2b1    a1   b2   a2   b1      a1  b2    a2  b1 
Hence

Worked solutions
  a  b    a  b  a   b ,  
iv We can expand out the cross products explicitly as
  a2  b2  c3   a3  b3  c2   a c  a c   b c  b c 
  2 3 3 2 2 3 3 2
 a  b      a3  b3  c1   a1  b1  c3    a3c1  a1c3    b3c1  b1c3    a  c    b  c 

   a c  a c   b c  b c 
  a1  b1  c2   a2  b2  c1   1 2 2 1  1 2 2 1
5 We write out the vectors
AB  2  1 i   1  1 j  0  1 k  i  2 j  k
AC  2  1 i   4  1 j  2  1 k  i  3 j  k
AD   2  1 i  2  1 j  2  1 k  3i  j  k
Then
  2  1   1  3   3   2  3   3   1   3 
 
 AB  AC   AD   1  1  1  1    1    1  1    1    2    1 
 1  3  2  1   1   3  2   1   5   1 
             
 1   3   2  1  5  1  0
Hence the three points are coplanar.
6 a We find D such that AB = DC. Then
 2  1  1 
     
AB   1   2    3 
 3  1  2 
     
and
 4   d1   4  d1 
     
DC   5    d2    5  d2 
 1  d   1  d 
   3  3
Then we have the equations
4  d1  1
5  d2  3
1  d3  2
Then
D  3,8, 3
b Note that the vectors DC, DA and DH enclose the parallelepiped, so
 1  i
   
DC   3    j 
 2  k 
   

Worked solutions
 1  3   i   2   i 
       
DA   2  8    j    6    j 
1  3   k   4   k 
       
 4  3  i   1   i 
       
DH   3  8    j    5    j 
 6  3  k   9   k 
       
c The volume of the parallelepiped is given by
V   DC  DA  DH  0 1   8  5   129  68
7 Assuming D is the apex, we obtain
BC  BD  DC  1  2 i   2  1 j   4  5 k  i  j  9k
1 1 1
V  Base  h   BA  BD BC
3 3 2
 3  4  2   2   12  4   8 
     
BA  BD   2  1   2  4    2  8   10 
   4  3   7 
 2   2   3  1     
Then
V 
1
6
 
82  102  72 12  12  92  22.2
a  b  a  b  a  b  a
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
8 b cos2   a b sin2   a b (cos2   sin2  )  a b
9 We calculate
 a2  b1c2  b2c1   a3  b1c3  a3c1  

 
a   b  c    a3  a2b3  a3b2   a1  b1c2  b2c1     a  c  b   a  b 
 
 a1  b1c3  b3c1   a2  a2b3  a3b2  
Exercise 9I
0 2  1

     
1 a p  a  u  v   2     1     2 
 1  4  1
     
1 0 1

     
b p  a   u   v   2     3     4 
3 2  2 
     
 3   2  2
     
c p  a  u  v   4     0    1 
2 3 5
     
2 a AB   1  0 i  2  1 j  0  3 k  i  j  3k
AC  3  0 i   2  1 j   4  3 k  3i  3 j  k

Worked solutions
Then we can write the vector equation of the plane as
0  1  3
     
p   1     1     3 
3  3  1
     
b x    3
y  1    3
z  3  3  
c We eliminate the parameters in b
  3  x
which we substitute into the equation for y and z to get
y  1  3  x  3  y  x  1
z  3  3 3  x   
We cannot express the equation in terms of x, y , and z, so the Cartesian equation is
y  x 1
3 a The normal vector is
 2   1   9 
     
 1    2    2 
 4   1   5 
     
 9  x  9   0 
       
 2    y    2    2 
 5   z   5   1
       
9x  2y  5z  4  5
9x  2y  5z  9
 0   1   2 
     
b  3    4    2 
 2   2   3 
     
 2   x   2   1 
       
 2    y    2    2 
 3  z  3   3 
       
2x  2y  3z  2  4  9
2x  2y  3z  3
 2   2   3 
     
c  0    1   16 
 3   5   2 
     

Worked solutions
 3   x   3   3 
       
16    y   16    4 
 2   z   2   2 
       
3x  16y  2z  69
4 a We substitute the point into the equation of the plane
3 5  4  4  2  2  5  5
Hence the point is not on the plane
b The normal vector is
d  3i  4 j  2k
Then we are searching for a plane with the same normal vector but a different point.
 3  x  3   5 
       
 4    y    4    4 
 2   z   2   2 
       
3x  4y  2z  15  16  4
3x  4y  2z  5
5 We equate solve the equations of a plane as a system of equations
x y z 1
2x  3y  9z  10
x  2y  3z  4
We subtract the third from the first and get
y  2z  5
y  2z  5
We subtract two times the first from the second, and get
5y  7z  8
Then substituting our value for y we get that
5 2z  5  7z  8
z 1
Then
y  2 1  5  3
and so
x   3  1  1
x 5

Worked solutions
6 a We express y and z in terms of x
y  3  2z  x
z  1  3y  2x
Then
y  3  2  x  2  x
y  3  2x  4  x
Which we can then substitute into the equation for z as
z  1  3 3  2 z  x   2x
this simplifies into
z  x 2
and so
y  x 1
We let x   , and so
x
y   1
z   2
We eliminate  to find the Cartesian equation, as
x  y 1  z 2
b We can set the new equation to be generated by
A   i     1 j     2 k
and
T  2i  4 j  k
so we can write it as
2 1  0  2 2  1 2

             
p   4    1   1    4    5    1    4  x  4y  3z  21
1 1  2  1 3  1 1
             
7 If two planes are parallel, their normal vectors are parallel, then
n1  n2  n1 n2 sin  n1 n2  0  0
If the vector product of the normal vectors is zero, we have
n1  n2  n1 n2 sin  0    0
hence they are parallel

Worked solutions
Exercise 9J
1 a x 5  
y 1

2
1 z

3
or equivalently
x   5
y  2  1
z  1  3
We substitute in the equation of the plane
2    5  4 2  1  1  3  3
2  10  8  4  1  3  3
9  18
 2
There is a unique solution, so the line and the plane intersect at a point. This point is
x  25  7
y  2 2   1  3
z  1  3 2  5
So they intersect at 7,3, 5 .
b 1  2x  
y 3

4
2z  2

3
or equivalently
1
x 
2
y  4  3
3  2
z 
2
1     3  2 
5    4  3  4  3
 2   2 

Worked solutions
13
 
9
There is a unique solution, so the line and the plane intersect at a point. This point is
determined by
2
x 
9
79
y 
9
7
z 
6
x 5
c 
4
y 2

2
z 3

3
or equivalently
x  4  5
y  2  2
z  3  3
2  4  5   2  2  2 3  3  3
This has no solutions, so there is no intersection.
79
y 
9
7
z 
6
1 x
d 
2
y 2

3
1  3z  
or equivalently
x  1  2
y  3  2
1
z 
3

Worked solutions
1   
2 1  2   3  2  3    1
 3 
This has infinite solutions, so the line is contained in the plane.
2 The normal of the plane and the direction vector of the line must be orthogonal, so their dot
product must be zero. We obtain the parametric equation of the line as
x
   x  m
m
y 1
   y  2  1
2
z 2
   z  4  2
4
Then
 m
 
d 2
4
 
and the normal of the plane is
2
 
n  m
 3 
 
Then
 m  2 
   
d  n   2    m   2m  2m  12  0
 4   3 
   
gives
m3
3 This is precisely what we have calculated above, as
d  n  d n cos 
and    / 2 , so d  n  0.
Exercise 9K
1 a Let x  
3  y  2z  1
  4y  2x  3
Then
4  2
y 
3
and

Worked solutions
1  13
z 
6
which determine the equation of the line
b n1  3,1, 2
n2  1, 4,2
n1  n2 3 1  1  4   2 2 5

cos    
n1 n2 2
3 1 2 2 2 2
1 4 2 2 2
7 6
Then
5
  cos1  1.275
7 6
2 Any system of equations formed has no solution, so these lines do not intersect.
3 a We have that
x   2
y  3  1
z  2  2
Substitute in the equation of the plane as
3    2  2  3  1  2  2  1
 1
Then the point of intersection is P  3, 2, 4
b The direction vector of the line is
d  i  3 j  2k
The normal vector of the plane is
n  3i  2 j  k
Then
dn 1 3   3 2  2  1 5

sin    
d n 2
1 3 2 2 2 2
3 2 1 2 2 14
  0.365
4 We look at the angle between the normal vectors
n1   a,0, a
and
n2   b, b,0
Note that
n1  n2  a  b

Worked solutions
n1  2 a
n2  2 b
ab  2 a b cos 
so
1
cos   
2
It is the angle between their normal vectors if it is acute and it is the supplementary angle if it

is obtuse, hence for both the positive and the negative case, the angle will be
3
Exercise 9L
1 a For a, we have that the direction vector will be
da  0  3000 i  0  5000 j
and since the speed is 4m/s we have to normalise and multiply by this so that the
magnitude holds. Then
4  3000i  4  5000 j 12 20
da   i j
2
3000  5000 2
34 34
and so with the point  3000,5000 , the equation of the position becomes
 12 20 
a   3000i  5000 j   t  i j
 34 34 
similarly for l we have
d l  0  7000 i  0  9000 j
and since the speed is 4 ms−1 we have to normalise and multiply by this so that the
magnitude holds. Then
6   7000 i  6   9000 j 42 54
da   i j
70002  90002 130 130
and so with the point 7000,9000 , the equation of the position becomes
 42 54 
l  7000i  9000 j   t   i j
 130 130 
b We check when each boat gets to the point (0,0). For a
12
x  3000  t
34
20
y  5000  t
34
Then at (0,0)

Worked solutions
12 20
3000  t  5000  t
34 34
32
t  2000
34
125 34
t   364.4 s
2
For l we have
42
x  7000  t
130
54
y  9000  t
130
Then at (0,0)
42 54
7000  t  9000  t
130 130
12
t  2000
130
130
t  500  1900.3 s
3
Boat a will arrive first.
2 a The initial position is given at time t  0 so
p 0  23i  8 j  43k
b The speed is given by the magnitude of the direction vector
d  22  12  42  21  4.58ms1
c Intersection between the line given and the plane. The components of p are
x  23  2t
y  8t
z  43  4t
We substitute into the equation of the plane to get
12 23  2t   3 8  t   5  43  4t   2
276  24t  24  3t  215  20t  2
39  13t
3t
d Total distance = 3 21  13.75 m
3 a Assuming distance is in km and time in hours
Speed of p1

Worked solutions
v1  82  92  0.252  12.04 kmh1
Speed of p2
v2  72  112  0.22  13.04kmh1
b Assume that there is an intersection. We write out the components of p1 and p2
x1  147  8t
y1  156  9t
z1  5  0.25t
x2  118  7
y2  189  11
z2  7  0.2
We equate the components to get a value of t
147  8t  118  7
156  9t  189  11
5  0.25t  7  0.2
This gives   15 and t  20 which is consistent in all three equations. Hence the paths
intersect. The point of intersection is given by
 x   147  8 20    13 

     
 y    156  9 20     24 
 z     
   5  0.25 20   25 
c The times at which they reach this point are different, and unique. Hence they will not
collide.
Chapter review
1 a a  b  AB
Hence the midpoint will have half of that length, so
1
m
2
a  b
10
b AD  DC , so AD and DC are the parallel sides of the trapezium.
3
c Midpoints are (6, 1), (4.5, 3.5), (2, -1), (8.5, 5.5), which give two pairs of parallel lines with
equal length and thus form a rhombus.
2 a We calculate the Cartesian form
x  2    3
y  2  

Worked solutions
z   1
We subtract the second from twice the first
2x  y  4  2  2  6  
Then
2x  y  4  7
We add 7 times the third equation as
2x  y  7z  7  4  7  7
2x  y  7z  3
b We substitute with each of the points, leading to the equations
2 2  0  7  a  3
2  b  4  7  1  3
2  1  d  7 0  3
Then we solve them and get
3  4
a  1
7
3  4  7
b 4
2
3  2
d  1
1
c We write (taking all vectors from the origin)
C  B  A  D  A  B  D  2A
 5   1  2   1 
       
C   5    1   2 0    5 
 1  0   1  1 
       
d We substitute with the point E and get
2 1   2  7 1  11  3
so the point E does not lie in the plane
e We use the formula for the volume of the pyramid. We calculate
 1  2   3 
     
AC   5    0    5 
 1   1  2 
     
 4   2  2
     
AB   4    0    4 
 1  1  0 
     

Worked solutions
 1   2   1 
     
AE   2    0    2 
 1   1  2 
     
Then
1
V 
6
 AC  AB   AE
1
V 
6
 8  1   4  2   22 2  8
3 a The direction vector of the line will be the normal to the plane
d  2, 2,1
Then the equation of the line is
2 2
   
p   2     2 
1 1
   
b The point of intersection is obtained by substituting
x  2  2
y  2  2
z 1 
into the equation of the plane
2 2  2   2  2  2   1     0
4  4  4  4  1    0
  1
Then the point of intersection is
0
 
0
0
 
Then the distance between this point and the plane is
OA  22  22  12  3
c A point on the plane is B  0,0,0 and we define the vector
BP   x0  i  2y0 j  z0k
The normal of the plane is n
n  2i  2 j  k
Then the distance we need is
AB  n 2x0  2y0  z0 2x0  2y0  z0

d   
n 2
2 2 12 2 3

Worked solutions
4 a Note that
a  b  pr  4  rp
and
 
a  b  p2  4  r 2 cos 
since the components form an arithmetic sequence with common difference d , we have the
relationship
pd 2
2d  r
We use this to rewrite the formula for the dot product in terms of d and get
2  d  2  d   4  2  d  2  d  
12  2d 2 6  d 2

2  d   4  2  d 
2 2
12  2d 2 6  d 2
as required.
1
b When the angle is 60 , the cosine is so
2
6  d2 1

6  d2 2
12  2d2  6  d2
3d2  6
d2  2
Then d   2
5 If these planes are perpendicular, then their normal vectors are always perpendicular, so we
check
n1  n2  sin   cos   cos  sin   1
These planes are not perpendicular
6 If they are perpendicular, their dot product will be equal to zero. We use the fact that their
magnitude is 1 to calculate
2u  3v   5u  2v   10u  u  4u  v  15v  u  6v  v

11 u  v  4  11cos   4  0
4
cos  
11
  69
7 a x  3  4
y 1 
z  2  5

Worked solutions
4 3  4  3 1     2  5  1
15  16  3  3  2  5  1
17
 
20
17
Then the point P is at    and so the point is
20
 17  131
x  3 4
 20  20
 17  37
y  1   
 20  20
 17  33
z  2 5 
 20  10
b Angle between the line and the plane
d  3, 1,2
n   4, 3,1
d n 3  4   1  3  2 1

sin       84.8
d n 32  12  22 42  32  12
8 a    0.5   5 4  0

a  b  2x 2x  4x x
4x  2x  20  0
This is true for x  2 .
b The equation of the plane is given by
1  4  4 
     
p   1    16     0.25 
 2  5  4 
     
9 a We have the following relations
a  kˆ  a kˆ cos 
a  ˆj  a ˆj cos 
a ˆ
i  a ˆ
i cos 
Note that the norm of the unit vectors is one, and
a  kˆ  a  ˆj   a  ˆi 
2 2 2
a 
We substitute with the relations obtained and get

2 2 2 2
a  a cos2   a cos2   a cos2 

Worked solutions
1  cos2   cos2   cos2 
b The norm of a is
a  32  62  22  7
We substitute into the relations obtained in a to get
3  7cos     64.6
6  7cos     149
2  7 cos     73.4
c When the plane passes through zero, the normal vector will correspond precisely to the unit
vectors i, j, k . As we saw in a, these can be written as the cosines of the angles. Hence
n  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k
Then the equation of the plane can be written as
x cos   y cos   z cos   0
10 a We calculate the vectors
 1   2   1 
     
AP   2    0    2 
 4 0  4 
     
and
 0   2   2 
     
AQ   1    0    1 
 4 0  4 
     
These will be the two vectors on the plane equation. Additionally we take a point, choosing
for simplicity A = (2,0,0). Then the plane equation in vector form is
2  1  2 
     
p  0    2     1 
0 4 4
     
To write it in Cartesian form, we write out the system of equations
x  2    2
y  2  
z  4  4
We subtract the third one from twice the second one, to get
z  2y  2
so
z  2y
 
2
and we add the second one to twice the first one, to get

Worked solutions
y  2x  4  2  2    4
or equivalently
y  2x  4  3
Then we substitute with our value for  to get
 z  2y 
y  2x  4  3  
 2 
This simplifies to
4x  4y  3z  8
b using the equation of the plane written in a. BG gives the direction vector of the line.
 0   2   2 
     
BG   0    2    2 
 4 0  4 
     
Then the equation of the line is written as
0  2 
   
p   0     2 
 4 4
   
c Angle between plane

4x  4y  3z  8
and line
0  2 
   
p   0     2 
 4 4
   
We have that
d n  2  4   2  4   4 3 12 6

sin     
d n 2
2 2 42 2 2
4 4 3 2 2
2 246 246
Then
  22.5
2
 
11 a AB   0  (1 mark)
 1 
 
3
 
AC   2  (1 mark)
2
 

Worked solutions
 2  3
   
AB  AC   0    2  (1 mark)
 1  2 
   
2
 
  7  (1 mark)
 4
 
1 1 2
2   7  42
2
b AB  AC  (2 marks)
2 2
69
 (1 mark)
2
 2  3  2 
     
c r.  7    0  .  7  (2 marks)
 4  0  4 
     
2
 
r.  7   6 (1 mark)
 4
 
2x  7y  4z  6
 3   2   13 
     
d  5    7    10  (2 marks)
 1   4   11 
     
 13 
 
n  10 
 11 
 
1 8
y 0x  ,z  (or equivalent) (2 marks)
5 5
  15  13 
   
r   0    10  (or equivalent) (1 mark)
 8   11 
 5   
 2   1   3 
     
12 AB  OB  OA   2    0    2  (1 mark)
 3  1  2 
     
 0   1   1
     
AC  OC  OA   4    0    4  (1 mark)
2 1  1 
     
3 1  2
     
AD  OD  OA   1    0    1  (1 mark)
3 1  2
     

Worked solutions
 3   7 
1 1    
Volume  AB.AC  AD   2  .  4  (2 marks)
6 6    
 2   9 
1

6
 21  8  18
31
 units2. (1 mark)
6
13 AP  p  a (1 mark)
BP  p  b (1 mark)
AP.BP   p  a .  p  b  (1 mark)
  p  a .  p  a (1 mark)
 p.p  a.p  a.p  a.a (1 mark)
 p.p  a.a (1 mark)
2 2
 p  a (1 mark)
 0 since p  a (1 mark)
Therefore AP is perpendicular to BP and APB  90
1 4
   
14 a Equation of line perpendicular to  and passing through P is r   0     3 
2 1
   
(2 marks)
Attempting to solve P and  simultaneously: (1 mark)
4 1  4   3  3   2     19
4  16  9  2    19
26  6  19
1
  (1 mark)
2
1 4
  1  
Therefore OQ   0   2    3  (1 mark)
2 2  
  1
5
 
  3  (1 mark)
3
 
b Distance between P 1,0,2 and Q 5, 3,3 is given by

Worked solutions
5  1   3  0  3  2
2 2 2
(2 marks)
 16  9  1
 26 (1 mark)
15 a 4 1  6   3 5  2    3  2   14 (1 mark)
4  24  15  6  3  2  14
22  16  14
1
  (1 mark)
2
1  6   2 
  1   
r   5    2    6  (2 marks)
 3  2  2   4 
     
So P  2,6, 4 .
 2  4
   
b 6
  lies on the plane and n  3 (2 marks)
 4   1 
   
 2   4 
   
 6 . 3 
 4   1 
So distance      (1 mark)
42  32   1
2
8  18  4

26
14  14 26 7 26 
    (1 mark)
26  26 13 
 2   8   6 
     
16 a AB  OB  OA   0    2    2  (1 mark)
6 0  6 
     
8  6 
   
r   2     2  (2 marks)
0 6
   
12   4   8 
     
b CD  OD  OC   3    4    1  (1 mark)
 0   4   4 
     
 4 8
   
r   4     1  (2 marks)
 4 4
   

Worked solutions
 6  8
   
c Direction vectors are  2  and  1 
6  4
   
 6   8   2 
     
 2    1    72  (2 marks)
 6   4   22 
     
8,2,0 lies on AB and  4, 4, 4 lies on CD
 4 
 
AC   2  (1 mark)
 4
 
 4   2 
   
 2  .  72 
 2   4   22 
     
Projection of AC to the vector  72  is (2 marks)
 2
2
 22   722  222
 
8  144  88
 (1 mark)
 2
2
 722  222
240
 (1 mark)
5672
 240 5672 480 1418 60 1418 

 
5672

5672

709
  3.19 
 
10   1   11 
     
17 Choosing   1 (say), gives r   4    2    2  (1 mark)
 4  1  5 
     
Therefore A 5,8,0 , B 10, 4, 4 and C 11, 2,5 lie on  (2 marks)
 5   6 
   
AB   12  and AC   10  (2 marks)
 4   5 
   
 5   6   20 
     
AB  AC   12    10    1  (2 marks)
 4   5   22 
     
 20   5   20 
     
So equation of plane is r.  1    8  .  1  (2 marks)
 22   0   22 
     
 20 
 
r.  1   108 (1 mark)
 22 
 
20x  y  22z  108 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
20 1 22
x y z 1 (1 mark)
108 108 108
 5 1 11 
 x y z  1
 27 108 54 
2
 
18 Direction vector of line is  5  (1 mark)
 p
 
5
 
Direction normal to plane is  p  (1 mark)
 p
 
If the angle between the line and the plane is  , then
2 5
   
 5  . p
 p  p
sin       (3 marks)
2  5  p2 52  p2  p2
2 2
10  5p  p2
 (1 mark)
22  52  p2 52  p2  p2
 is maximum when sin is maximum. (1 mark)
By GDC, maximum occurs when p  6.797 (1 mark)
So maximum value of sin is 0.96 (1 mark)
 MAX  73.7 (1 mark)
3 1
   
19  1   k  1 , so L1 and L2 are not parallel. (2 marks)
1 1
   
Consider i and j components: (1 mark)
1  3  2   and   1   (1 mark)
Solving simultaneously: (1 mark)
 1 ,  2 (1 mark)
Substitute into k component: (1 mark)
2    1   , 2  1  1  2 (so equations are consistent). (1 mark)
Therefore L1 and L2 intersect at the point where   1 and   2 , so are not skew.
(1 mark)

Worked solutions
Equivalent systems of representation:

10 more complex numbers
Skills check
2
2 Re  z1   2, Im  z1   ,
3
3
Re  z2    , Im  z2   1,
4
1 3
Re  z3   , Im  z3    .
2 2
17 7
3 a 1 – 13i b   i
4 4
4 a z *  2  3i,  z  2  3i,
1 2 2
  i, z  13
z 13 13
4 3 4 3
b z*  i,  z    i,
5 5 5 5
1 4 3
  i, z  1
z 5 5

Worked solutions
Exercise 10A
2   2   2 2
2 2
2 a r 
2 
  arctan   
2 4
 
2  2i  2 2cis  
4
3
b r 
2

 
2
3 3  
i  cis  
2 2 2
 4   3  5
2 2
c r 
3
    arctan    3.78
4
 
 4  3i  5cis 3.78
r  212   20  29
2
d
 20 
  2 arctan    5.52
 21 
21  20i  29cis 5.52
 3
2
 1
2
e r   2
    arctan  3   23
 2 
1  3i  2cis  
 3 
4 4  3 
f  i  cis  
3 3  2 

Worked solutions
2 2
 2  2 5 2
g r       
 3   4  12
 3 
  2  arctan    5.64
 4 
2 2 5 2
  i  cis 5.64 
3 4 12
7   7  10 
4 a z  cis      cis  
12  9  12  9 
7  
b z*  cis   
12  9
7   7  8 
c z*  cis      cis  
12  9  12  9 
Exercise 10B
   7
i   i
1 a z1z2  8e  3 4
 8e 12
b 
z3 z4  30cis 90o  45o  30cis 135o   
 11 23   45   17 
5 i  7
 
14  5 i  14   5 i  14  
c z5 z6  e  e  e
9 9 9
d 
z7 z8  cis 220o  275o  cis 495o  cis 135o     
 3   3  1 1 2 2
2 a z1  cos    i sin   i   i
 4   4  2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 i
b z2  cos  i sin  cis e 3
3 3 3
3 2  3 2   17 
i i i   i   6 2 6 2
c z1z2  e 4
e 3
e4 3 
 e  12    i
4 4
 2 2  1 3   2 6  2 6
d    i  i      i    
2 2  2 
2   4 4  4 
   4
17 2 6 17 2 6
cos  ;sin 
12 4 12 4
17 2 6
 
2
sin 6 2
17 12  4 8  2 12 8  4 3
e tan     2 3
12 17 6 2 62 4 4
cos
12 4
 3 1  i

3 a 3  i  2  i   2e 6
 2 2 


Worked solutions
 
 
i   
6
z 3  i  2re 
3
2r  3  r 
2
 
 0 
6 6
 7
    
6 6
7
 Real if  
66
up to multiples of  
or  
3
and less than 3 if r 
2
5
 1 i   5 5  i
b z  1  i   2z      2z  cos  i sin   2ze
4
 2 2  4 4 
 5 
i   
4 
 2re 
5  7
     or
4 4 4
5 3
  2   
4 4
3 
 Imaginary if  
4
or   
4
up to multiples of  
Modulus greater than 4 if 2r  4  r  2 2
        
4  sin  i cos   sin  i cos   sin  i cos 
 12 12  6 6  4 4
               
i 3  cos  i sin   cos  i sin   cos  i sin   i cis     cis     cis   
 12 12  6 6  4 4   12   6   4
   
i     i
  i   1
2
 12 6 4 
 ie  ie 2
Exercise 10C

3cis
1 a
z1
 4  3 cis    5   3 cis   17   3 cis  7 
5      
z2 4 4 3  4  12  4  12 
4cis
3
 7   
5cis     5 cis   6  5
b
z3 *
  6      cis     2   5 cis  5   5 cis  7 
5       
 z2   8  4  6 3  4  6  4  6 
4cis     4 cis  
 3   3 

3cis
z1 4 3   5 7  3  31  3  17 
c   cis     cis    cis  
z2 z3  5   7  20  4 3 6  20  12  20  12 
 4cis 3   5cis 6 
  
 z3 
*
 5  7  5  
*
 5   3   
*
5  3  5  3 
d     cis          cis      cis  2   cis  
z z
 1 2  12  6 4 3  12   4   12  4  12  4 


Worked solutions

 1 i  i
2 1 i  2    2e
4
 2 2
1 3  i

1  3i  2   i   2e 3
2 2 


i   
z1 2e 4
2 i 712 2 i  4  3 
a  
 e  e
z2 i 2 2
2e 3
 2    11   13 
z2 * i  
3 4
i 
12 
i 
b   2e  2e or 2 e  12 
z1

1 1 1 2 i 12
c     
 e
z1z2  i 

i 

i   4
 2e 4   2e 3  2 2e  4 3 
  
*
z1 *  z  1 1 2 1 i
d     1    *  cis  e3
 z1z2  *  z 1z2  z2 2 3 2
3 3 3 3 2   3 2  7 
3 a    cis     cis  
2  2i  1 i   4  4  4  4 
2 2   2 2cis 4
 2 2
 1 1   
4 2  i  2 2cis   
4  4i  2 2   4  11   13 
b    2 2cis     2 2 cis  
1  3i  1 3   2   12   12 
2  i cis  
 2 2   3 

 3 1   
2 5  i cis   
15  5i  2 2  10 10    10  3 
c     6  cis    cis  
2  6i 1 3  2   2  2  2  2 
2 2  i cis  
2 2  3

1 3  5 5 3
4 a z1  5   i   i
2 2  2 2

 1 i  
b z2  3  3i  3 2     3 2cis
 2 2 4

5cis
z1 3 5 2 
c   cis
z2  6 12
3 2cis
4
5 5 3
z1
 2

2
i
5 1  3i 5 1  3i 1  i 
   
 
z2 3  3i 6 1 i 6 1  i  1  i 

5 1 3  i

 3 1   5 1  3   i 5  3 1 
6 2 12 12

d
5 2
6
cos 
5
12 12
1 3  
Worked solutions

cos
12

6 5
5 2 12
1 3 
1 3

2 2
   6 2
4
e
5 2
sin


5 3 1  
6 12 12
 sin


6

5  3 1  3 1

6 2
12 5 2 12 2 2 4
  6 2  6 2 1
6 2
 
2
f tan   6 2
12 6 2 62 4

1
4

6  2 12  2 
1
4
84 3 2 3   
Exercise 10D

 1 i   i
1 z1  2     2cis  2e
4
 2 2 4
3 2  3 4 
 i 

 i 23  i   i
25
a z13 z22   2e 4   2e   8 2e 
4 3 
 8 2e 12
   
5
i
z15 4 2e 4 2 i 54
b 3
 i 2
 e
z2 8e 2
5
  i 23   10

      
* 5 * i
c z14 z2*  2ei  2e   2e
 i
 32e
3

   
13 i

 64e 3
6
 i 3 
 2e 
z 
6
* 6 i 2 
d
2
    2 e i
 16 2e 4
 z 
3 3 
*
 i
3
 2 2e 4
i
 2e 
1 4
 
   5       5     
2 z1  2  cos  cos   i   2  cos  i sin  ; z2  2  sin  i sin   2  coa  i sin 
 3  6    3 3  6 3  3 3 
3
 i 

 2 e 
3
i 2
z13    2 2 e  2 ei 3

z25  i 3 
5
32 i 3 16
 2 e  e
 
2019 2019
 sin   i cos    cos   i sin 
3    i 2019    i 2019
 cos   i sin    cos   i sin  
   i   i
504
 i 2016i 3  i 4

Worked solutions
1  3i 1  3i  2  i  5  5i i

4 a r     1  i  2e 4
2i 2  i  2  i  5
8
 i 

b 2  i   2e 4   16 2  i   32  16i
 
9
 i 

 2e 4   1 i

  16 2e 4  1
c S9  2  i  
 2  i  
i i
2e 4  1 2e 4  1
 i

 i


16 2e 4  1   2e 4  1  i

i

    32  16 2e 4  2e 4  1
 2  i   2  i 
 i

 i

  i i 

 2e  1  2e  1
4 4
2  2  e 4  e 4   1
    
 1 i   1 i 
33  16 2    2  
 2 2  2 2
 2  i 
 1 
3  2 2 
 2
33  16 1  i   1  i 
 2  i 
1
 2  i  16  15i 
 47  14i
Exercise 10E
1 a 3  1  0

   1  2    1  0 
But   1 so it must be the case that  2    1  0
     
2 * *
b *
 *  1  2  *  1*  2    1  0*  0
2019  3 
673
c 1
2019  2020 1    2   1  0  1
2 1    ...      1  0  
6 7
 1  0;  1
2 k
i
k  e 7
, k  1,2,...,6
1    ...6 can be factorised
  1    2    3    4    5   6  
since *  6 , 2*  5, 3*  4

Worked solutions
  1    1*    2    2*    3    3*  

2  2Re 1    1  2  2Re 2    1  2  2Re 3    1 
 2 2   4   6 
   2 cos   1     2  2 cos   1     2  2 cos   1 
 7   7   7 
 2

 1.25  1  2  0.445  1  2  1.80  1  
1 1 k 
i   
3 a 5 e4 i  2ik
 4
 5e 4 2
1 1
1 
 3 i 5 1
  i   2 k  5 
 
1
5 1 1 i  2 k  
30 
b 3i 2     25  e 6
5

  2 5
e 
 2 2 
   
1 1
1 k 
 1 3 
6
 i 2 2k  6 i   
c    i    e 3 
  e 9 3
 2 2   
4 a z1  1.18  0.334i  Polar1.22 e0.277i
 
i  0.277  
2
z2  1.22 e   0.334  1.18i
i 0.277   
z3  1.22 e  1.18  0.334i
 3 
i  0.277  
2 
z4  1.22 e 
 0.334  1.18i
b z1  1.40  0.106i  Polar1.40e0.671i
 2 k 
 0.671i  
5 
zk 1  1.40e , k  1,2,3, 4
z2  0.533  1.30i; z3  1.07  0.907i;
z4  1.19  0.735i; z5  0.330  1.36i
c z1  1.40  0.287i  Polar 1.43e0.202i
 k 
 0.202 i  
3 
zk 1  1.43 e , k  1,2,3, 4,5
z2  0.453  1.36i; z3  0.949;
z4   z1; z5   z2; z6   z3
 1 i   i 34 2ik 
5 a 8    8  e 
 2 2  
1  i 
 
i
86  e 8  e 8 
z   z *
1 1
    2 cos 
6 6
b Re z 6 
1
 
2 2 8
 2  1
cos  2 cos 1 
4 8 2
 1 1  2 1 2 2
 cos  1    
8 2 2 2 2 4
 Re z 6  2   1 2 2
4

2 24
4

2 24
2

Worked solutions
Exercise 10F
P  n : cis 
n
1  cisn
The statement P 1 is true:

cis  cis
i.e.  cis   cisk

k
Then,
 cis    cis   cis    cisk   cis 
k 1 k
  cos k  i sin k   cos   i sin  

  cos k cos   sin k sin    i  sin k cos   sin  cos k 
 cos  k     i sin  k    using the compound angle formula
 cos   k  1    i sin   k  1  
so P  k   P  k  1
Therefore it has been shown that P 1 is true and that if

P  k  is true for some k  
then so is P  k  1 . Thus,
P  n  is true for all n  
by the principle of mathematical
induction
z 4   cos   i sin  
4
2 a
  
 cos4   4 cos3  sin  i  6 cos2  sin2   4 cos  sin3  i  sin4  
 4 2 2 4
 
 cos   6 cos  sin   sin   i 4 cos  sin   4 cos  sin3  3

b z 4  cos 4  i sin4
Comparing these with the answers found in part a,
i cos 4  cos4   6 cos2  sin2   sin4 
ii sin4  4 cos3  sin  4 cos  sin3 
sin  sin3 
4 4
sin 4 4 cos  sin   4 cos  sin 
3
cos  cos3  
3
c tan 4   
cos 4 cos   6 cos  sin   sin 
4 2 2 4
sin 
2
sin4 
16 
cos  cos4 
2
4 tan   4 tan3 

1  6 tan2   tan4 
4
 1 4 4z 3 6 z 2 4z 1
3 a z    z   2  3  4
 z z z z z
4 1
 z 4  4z 2  6  
z2 z 4
4
 1  4 1   2 1
b z    z  4   4z  2   6
 z   z   z 

Worked solutions
 2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6
Also,
4
 1
 z    16 cos 
4
 z
1 1 3
 cos4   cos 4  cos 2 
8 2 8
1 1 3
c   cos4 xdx    cos 4x  cos 2x   dx
8 2 8
1 1 3x
 sin 4x  sin2x  C
32 4 8
4 a 6  1  2  1 4  2  1  0
2  1 so it must be that 1  2   4  0
102   6 
17
b 1
1004   6 
167
2  2
 20008   6 
20004
4  4
 1  102  1004   20008  1  1   2   4  1  

i
5 Let z  e 8
 
i i
Let S  1  e 8
e 4
 ...  e i

i
u1  1, r  e 8
9
 i 
1   e 8 
S   

i
1e 8
 i 

i 

 i 8 i 

1  e  1  e  1   e  e   1
  8 8 8
i i
i
1e e 8
1e 8
     
S  
 
 
i i  i 

i 

 i

i 

1e 1e
1  e  1  e  1   e 8  e 8   1
8 8 8 8
    
  
2i sin 4i sin cos
 8  1616  i cot 
  16
2  2 cos 4 sin2
8 16
Chapter review
3
 i   3   3  
1 z  6e 4
 6  cos    i sin  
  4   4 
 1 i 
 6    3 2  3i 2
 2 2
so Re  z   3 2, Im  z   3 2

Worked solutions
z2  52   12  13
2
2
 z12 z2  13r 2  52  r 2  4  r  2  r  0
1 1 z * 1 z*
3  
1  z 1  z  1  z * 1   z  z *  z 2
1 z * 1  1  cos   i sin   1  sin  

     1  i 
2  2Re  z  2  1  cos   2 1  cos  
  
2 sin cos 
1 2 2   1 1  i tan  
 1  i  
2   2  2
 2 cos2
 2 
4 a z5  1  e2in
2 in
z e 5
 e.g. n  0,1,2,3, 4
2 i 4 i 6 i 8 i
 z  1, z  e 5
, z e 5
, z e 5
, z e 5
b The five roots above can be written as
1, ,  2 ,  3 ,  4 i.e. the fifth roots of unity

As a consequence of the fact that the roots of unity sum to zero,

Re 1     2   3   4  0 
2 4 6 8
 1  cos  cos  cos  cos 0
5 4 5 5
2 4 6 8
 cos  cos  cos  cos  1
5 4 5 5
1
  cos   i sin    cos   i sin 
n n
5 a zn 
zn

  cos n  i sin n   cos  n   i sin  n  
  cos n  i sin n    cos n  i sin n 
 2 cos n
6
 1 6 6 z 5 15z 4 20z 3 15z 2 6 z 1
b z    z      5  6
 z z z2 z3 z4 z z
15 6 1
 z 6  6z 4  15z 2  20   
z2 z 4 z 6
c Using part a,
6
 1  6 1   4 1   2 1 
 z     z  6   6  z  4   15  z  2   20
 z   z   z   z 
 2 cos 6  12 cos 4  30 cos 2  20
but also
6
 1
 z    2 cos    64 cos 
6 6
 z

Worked solutions
 64 cos6   2 cos 6  12 cos 4  30 cos 2  20

1 3 15 5
 cos6   cos 6  cos 4  cos 2 
32 16 32 16
 
2 2
 1 3 15 5 
d   cos6 xdx    cos 6 x  cos 4x  cos 2x   dx
   32 16 32 16 
4 4

 1 3 15 5x  4
 sin6 x  sin 4 x  sin2 x 
192 64 64 16  
4
5  1 15 5 
     
32  192 64 64 
5 11
 
64 48
 41 
6    arctan    1.0595656...  1.06 3s.f.
 23 
1
7 3z1  2z2  z3
2
 17     17   
  9  10 cos  2 cos      i  3  10 sin  2 sin    
 83  4   83  4 
 1.9997458...  (3.9996610....)i
 2.00  (4.00)i  to 3s.f.
sin 4x 4 cos 4x
8 lim  lim  4 using L'Hopital's Rule
x 0 sin x x 0 cos x
9 The distance from the centre to each vertex is 2
Therefore split the pentagon into five isosceles triangles, and using the formula
1
Triangle area = ab sin C , we have
2
5 2  2 
Pentagon area = 2  sin   9.51056...  9.51 to 2d.p.
2  5 

10 2   a  2i   a2  4ai  4  a2  4 4ai
2

 4a 
 
arg  2  arctan  2
 a  4
 1
4a
 4  tan 1
ah2
a2 tan 1  4a  4 tan 1  0
a  3.66
   5   5  
11 a z1z2  4 cis    3 cis    12 cis    (1 mark)
 3  6   6 3
 
 12 cis   (1 mark)
2

Worked solutions
 12i (1 mark)
 
4 cis   
b
z1
  3   4 cis     5  (1 mark)
 
z2  5  3  3 6 
3 cis  
 6 
4  7  4  5 
 cis     cis   (1 mark)
3  6  3  6 
3 3
z  4  5  64  15 
So  1    cis    cis   (1 mark)
 z2  3  6  27  6 
64  
 cis   (1 mark)
27 2
64
 i (1 mark)
27
 2 
c z12  16 cis   
 3 
 2 
 
*
So z12  16 cis   (1 mark)
 3 
 2 2 
 16  cos  i sin 
 3 3 
 1 3
 16    i  (1 mark)
 2 2
 
 8  8 3i (1 mark)
12 1  i  2 (1 mark)

arg 1  i  (1 mark)
4

1  i  2 cis
4
10
 2
10
1  i
10
 cis by de Moivre’s theorem (1 mark)
4
5
 25 cis (1 mark)
2

 25 cis
2
 32i (1 mark)
 3
2
13 a z  1 2 (1 mark)

arg z   (1 mark)
3

Worked solutions
 
z  2 cis    (1 mark)
 3
 n 
b z n  2n cis    (1 mark)
 3 
n
zn    2 k (1 mark)
3
So n  6 (1 mark)
 15 
1  i 3 
15
c  215 cis    (1 mark)
 3 
 215 cis  5 
 215 cis   (1 mark)
 215   32768 (1 mark)
cos   i sin   cos5   5cos4  i sin   10 cos3  i sin 

5 2
14 a
10 cos2  i sin   5 cos  i sin   i sin 

3 4 5
(2 marks)
 cos5   5icos4  sin  10 cos3  sin2   10icos2  sin3   5cos  sin4   isin5  (1 mark)
b By de Moivre’s theorem,  cos   i sin   cos5  i sin5

5
(1 mark)
Equating real parts of each expression: (1 mark)
   
2
cos5  cos5   10 cos3  1  cos2   5 cos  1  cos2  (1 mark)

 cos5   10 cos3   10 cos5   5cos  1  2 cos2   cos4   (1 mark)
 16 cos5   20 cos3   5cos 
15 a Let z3  27i
z 3  27 (1 mark)

 
arg z 3  
2
(1 mark)
     
z 3  27  cos     i sin     (1 mark)
  2   2 
      
z 3  27  cos    2 k   i sin    2 k   (1 mark)
  2   2 
  4 k     4 k   
z 3  27  cos    i sin  
  2   2 
  4 k     4 k    
z  3  cos    i sin   (1 mark)
  6   6 

Worked solutions
Choosing k  1,2,3 (or equivalent)

z1  3 cis (1 mark)
2
7
6
11
6
1 2 
b Area  3    3  3  sin  (2 marks)
2 3 
1 3
 3 33 
2 2 

27 3
 (1 mark)
4
z n   cos   i sin   cos n  i sin n

n
16 a (1 mark)
1
 z  n   cos   i sin   cos  n   i sin  n   cos n  i sin n
n
(2 marks)
zn
1
So z n    cos n  i sin n    cos n  i sin n  (1 mark)
zn
 2 cos n
4 2 3 4
 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 1
b  z    z  4z    6 z    4z      (2 marks)
 z  z
  z
  z
  z
4 1
 z 4  4z 2  6  2
 4 (1 mark)
z z
1  1 
 z4   4  z2  2   6 (1 mark)
z4  z 
 2 cos 4  4 2 cos2   6 (1 mark)
 2cos 4  8cos2  6
4
 1
Now  z    2 cos    16 cos4 
4
(1 mark)
 z
1
Therefore cos4  
16
2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6 
 
6
1 6
0 cos  d  16 0 2 cos 4  8 cos 2  6 d
4
c (1 mark)

1 1 6
  sin 4  4 sin2  6  (1 mark)
16  2 0

Worked solutions

1 1 2  6
  sin  4 sin    (1 mark)
16  2 3 3 0
1 1  3   3 
  
   4      (1 mark)
16  2  2   2 


1  3 
  2 3 
16  4 

1 9 3 
   (1 mark)
16  4 

 9 3
 
16 64
3 i 3 i 2
17 a   1 (2 marks)
3 i 3 i 2
So r  1
 3  i
arg 
 3  i 
 arg  
3  i  arg  3 i  (1 mark)
 
   
     (1 mark)
6  6 3

So   (1 mark)
3
3 i i
 e3
3 i
n n
    
    
n n
b i 3 i  3 i   2 cis    2 cis     (1 mark)
 6   6 
n  n 
 2n cis  2n cis    (1 mark)
6  6 
 n n  n   n  
 2n  cos  i sin  cos     i sin   
 6 6  6   6 
 n n n n 
 2n  cos  i sin  cos  i sin  (1 mark)
 6 6 6 6 
 n n 
 2n  cos  cos  (1 mark)
 6 6 
 n 
 2n  2 cos  (1 mark)
 6 
 n 
 2n 1 cos  
 6 

Worked solutions
 8 
   
8 8
ii 3 i 3 i  29 cos   (1 mark)
 6 
 4 
 29 cos  
 3 
 1
 29    (1 mark)
 2
 28  256 (1 mark)
18 a *  2 (1 mark)
1       
2 2
*
 1    2
2
 1  3 
  (1 mark)
 1 
 02  0 (1 mark)
1    3   
2 2
b 2
 1    2  22 (1 mark)
 
2
 22  4 4 (1 mark)
 4 (1 mark)
c 1  2  3 1  3  2   1    
2 2 2

   22 1    2  2  2  (1 mark)

   22 2  2   since 1    2  0 (1 mark)
 22  3  43  2 4 (1 mark)
 22  53  2 4
 22  5  2 (1 mark)

 2 1    2  3  (1 mark)
 20 3
3 (1 mark)
 
19 i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
2 2
   
 cos   2 k   i sin   2 k  (1 mark)
2  2 
 4 k     4 k   
 cos    i sin  
 2   2 
 4 k     4 k   
So z  2i  cos    i sin   (1 mark)
 6   6 

Worked solutions
 
k  0  z  2i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
6 6
5 5
k  1  z  2i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
6 6
9 9
k  2  z  2i  cos  i sin (1 mark)
6 6
3 1
z  2i   i
2 2
3 1
z  2i    i
2 2
z  2i  i (3 marks)
3 5 3 5
So roots are z1   i , z2    i and z3  i (1 mark)
2 2 2 2

Worked solutions
11 Valid comparisons and informed

decisions: probability distributions
Exercise 11A
1 a P(French and German)  P(French)  P(German)  P(French or German)

10 8  5  8
   1  
15 15  15  15
b P(exactly one language)  1  P(both)  P(neither)

8 5 2
1  
15 15 15
9 9! 362880
2 Number of ways of picking 4 letters:      126
4
  4!(9  4)! 24  120
6
 
4 37
P(at least one vowel)  1  P(no vowels)  1    
126 42
9 9! 362880
3 Number of ways of picking 2 fruits:      36
 2  2!(9  2)! 2  5040
3
 
2 1
a P(2 kiwis)    
36 12
63 1
b P(two different fruits)  
36 2
12  12! 479001600

4 Number of ways of picking 3 crayons:      220
3
  3!(12  3)! 6  362880
7
 
3 7
a P(all green)    
220 44
b P(not all same colour)  1  P(all same colour)  1  P(all green)  P(all blue)
5
 
7 3 35
1    
44 220 44
5 a P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  0.3  0.5  0.2  0.6
b P(B  A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  0.5  0.2  0.3
c P(A  B)  P(A)  P(A  B)  1  0.3  0.3  0.4
6 a P(A  B)  P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B)  0.4  0.6  0.7  0.3
b P(A  B)  P(A)  P( A  B)  0.4  0.3  0.1
c P( A  B)  P( A)  P(B)  P( A  B)

P( A  B)  P(B)  P( A  B)  0.4  0.1  0.3
so P(A  B)  0.6  0.4  0.3  0.7

Worked solutions
7 U  {1,2,3} , A  {3} , B  
n( A) 1
b i P( A)  
n(U) 3
n(B) 0
ii P(B)   0
n(U) 3
Exercise 11B
1 a Independent
b Independent
c Not independent
d Independent
2 a
b i P(at least one student went zip lining)  1, as 32 students chose zip lining.
P(both)
ii P(orienteering | zip lining)  ,
P(zip lining)
32 26 46 6
P(both)  P(zip lining)  P(orienteering)  P(either)     ,
50 50 50 25
6
3
P(orienteering | zip lining)  5 
2
32 8
50
26 13
iii P(orienteering)  
50 25
6
P(both) 25 6
iv P(zip lining | orienteering)   
P(orienteering) 13 13
25
6
3
P(orienteering | zip lining)  5 
2
32 8
50

Worked solutions
5  2  7  3 17
3 a P(art)  
35 35
4  2  7  6 19
b P(biology)  
35 35
1  3  7  6 17
c P(chemistry)  
35 35
27 9
d P(art | biology)  
2  7  4  6 19
76 13
e P(biology | chemistry)  
3  7  6  1 17
6 1 7
f P(chemistry | not art)  
35  (5  2  3  7) 18
g P(homework | no homework)  0
P(both blue  same colour)

4 P(both blue | same colour) 
P(same colour)
P(both blue) P(both blue)
 
P(same colour) P(both blue)  P(both yellow)
3 2

8 7 3
 
3 2 5 4 13
  
8 7 8 7
5 a
8 7 6 28
b i P(all puzzles)    
13 12 11 143
 5 4 3  138
ii P(at least one puzzle)  1  P(no puzzles)  1     
 13 12 11  143
6 Let A be the event that he scores on the first shot and B be the event that he scores on the
second shot. Now, we have P( A)  0.85 , P(B | A)  0.1 and P(B | A)  0.75 . We want to find
P(( A  B)  ( A  B))  P( A  B)  P( A  B)
 P( A)P(B | A)  P( A)P(B | A)
 0.85  0.1  0.15  0.75  0.1975
1 3 2 1 7
7 a P(B)  1  P(B)  1  (P( A)P(B | A)  P( A)P(B | A))  1       
 3 5 3 2  15
4
b P(A  B)  P(( A  B)')  1  P( A  B)  1  P( A)P(B | A) 
5

Worked solutions
Exercise 11C
1 P(yellow)  P(both yellow)P(yellow | both yellow)  P(one of each)P(yellow | one of each)

P(both green)P(yellow | both green)
5 5  8 8
      
2 4 1 1 3 2 2 18
             
13  10 13  10 13  10 65
     
2 2 2
5 5  8 8
      
 2  2 1  1  1 2 55
P(yellow from A | yellow)        0 
13  4 13  3 13  234
     
2 2 2
2 a P male   P(high income)P(male | high)  P(medium income)P(male | medium)

P(low income)P(male | low)
 0.1  0.5   0.65  0.7   0.25  0.8  0.705
b P(high income | male)
 P(high income and male)  P(male)

 0.05  0.705
 0.07
c P(female | high income)  0.5, from the question.
3 Let D be the event that the transistor is defective and Mi be the event that the transistor is
from machine i , now:
P(M2 )P(D | M2 )
P(M2 | D) 
P(M1 )P(D | M1 )  P(M2 )P(D | M2 )  P(M3 )P(D | M3 )
0.45  0.97

0.5  0.96  0.45  0.97  0.05  0.92
 0.4535
4 Let A1 be the event that the teacher took two 320GB laptops, A2 be the event that the teacher
took one 160GB laptop and one 320GB laptop and A3 be the event that the teacher took two
160GB laptops. Also let B be the event that the student took a 160GB laptop. We wish to find
P  A1  P  B | A1 
P  A1 | B  
P  A1  P  B | A1   P  A2  P  B | A2   P  A3  P  B | A3 
8
 
 2   12
 20  18 14 12
  
 2  95 18
 
8 12   8   12  14 12 48 11 33 10
           
2 1 1 2
   12       11     10 95 18 95 18 95 18
 20  18  20  18  20  18
     
2  2  2 
28

171
4 4 4
5 P(basket)   0.009   0.006   0.002  0.00567  0.567%
12 12 12
6 a P(Rh+)  0.45  0.63  0.37  0.84  0.14  0.83  0.04  0.75  0.7405  74.05%

Worked solutions
P(AB)P(Rh- | AB)
b P(AB | Rh-) 
P(O)P(Rh- | O)  P(A)P(Rh- | A)  P(B)P(Rh- | B)  P(AB)P(Rh- | AB)
0.04  0.25

0.45  0.37  0.37  0.16  0.14  0.17  0.04  0.25
 0.03853  3.853%
Exercise 11D
1 a Yes
b No because the sum of the probabilities is not equal to 1
2 a x 0 1 2 3 4
1 27
P(X  x) 0 4 32
2 2
Not a probability distribution as some of the probabilities are greater than 1
b x 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 6 12
P(X  x)
2 7 6 17 11
Not a probability distribution as one of the probabilities is greater than 1
1 1
3 a Need to find k such that k(10  11  12)  1 , so k  
10  11  12 33
b The mode is the most likely outcome, which in this case is x  12
10 12 2
c P(X is even)  P(X  10)  P(X  12)   
33 33 3
Exercise 11E
1 1 1 1 1 23
1 E( X )  xP(X  x)  0   1  2   3  4  
6 6 3 4 12 12
2 Have to find k such that 0.1  0.2  k  2k   k  0.1  1
so 1  4k  0.2  4k  0.8  k  0.2 ,
E(X )  xP(X  x)   4  0.1  5  0.2  6  0.2  7  0.4  8  0.1  6.2
3 P(X  3)  1  P(X  2)  0.15 , P(X  2)  P(X  2)  P(X  1)  0.35 , let p0  P(X  0) and
p1  P(X  1) . Then E(X )  0  p0  1  p1  2  0.35  3  0.15  1.45 gives us that p1  0.3 and
therefore p0  0.2 .
a x 0 1 2 3
P(X  x) 0.2 0.3 0.35 0.15
b The mode is x  2

Worked solutions
10 
4 There are    120 ways of picking the three students.
3
x 0 1 2 3
1 1 1 1
P(X  x)
120 30 20 30
1
5 a Need to find p where p  2p  1 , so p 
3
1  1  2 10
b E( X )  xP( X  x)  2    5     4
3 3 3 3
Exercise 11F
1 3 1 1 6 3 19
1 a E(X )  xP(X  x)  1   2  3      2.375
8 8 2 8 8 2 8
b E(5X )  5E(X )  5  2.375  11.875
1 3 1 1 12 9 49
c E( X 2 )  12   22   32       6.125
8 8 2 8 8 2 8
d Var(X )  E(X 2 )  (E(X ))2  6.125  2.3752  0.484 (3.s.f.)
e Standard deviation of X  Var(X )
 0.484... = 0.696 (3s.f.)
2 a P(X  1)  2P(X  2)  a  a  2a  b  2(a  a  a)  b  a , so combining with 5a  b  1

1
gives us that 6a  1  a  b 
6
1 1 1 2 1 13
b E( X )  0   1  2   3  4  
6 6 6 6 6 6
1 1 1 2 1 13
E( X 2 )  02   12   22   32   42  
6 6 6 6 6 2
2
13  13  65
c Var( X )  E( X 2 )  (E( X ))2    
2  6  36
3 Let X1 be the value of the bottom card and let X 2 be the value of the top card
1 1 1 1 2 1
a P(S  4)  P( X1  A  X2  3)  P( X1  3  X2  A)      
10 9 10 9 90 45
P(S  8)  P( X1  A  X2  7)  P( X1  2  X2  6)  P( X1  3  X2  5) 
P( X1  5  X2  3)  P( X1  6  X2  2)  P( X1  7  X2  A) 
 1 1 6 1
 6   
 10 9  90 15

Worked solutions
P(S  11)  P( X1  A  X2  10)  P( X1  2  X2  9)  P( X1  3  X2  8) 

P( X1  4  X2  7)  P( X1  5  X2  6)  P( X1  6  X2  7)  P( X1  7  X2  4) 
P( X1  8  X2  3)  P( X1  9  X2  2)  P( X1  10  X2  A) 
 1 1  10 1
 10     
 10 9  90 9
b s 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2
P(S  s)
90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90
c E(S)  11 (because of symmetry)

407 44
 
E S2  s2P(S  s)  E(S)2 
3
 121 
3

4 a Need to find k such that k (8  4)2  (8  5)2  (8  6)2  (8  7)2  k 12  22  32  1 , so   
1 1
30k  14k  1  k  
30  14 44
1 4
b P(T  4)  (8  4)2 
44 11
1 2 4 15
P(T  4) 
44

1  22  32  
11 22

4
P(T  4  T  4) 11 8
P(T  4 | T  4)   
P(T  4) 15 15
22
12 22 32 (8  4)2 (8  5)2 (8  6)2 (8  7)2

c E(T )  1  2  3  4 5 6 7
44 44 44 44 44 44 44
4
 
Var (T )  E T 2  (E(T ))2
12 22 32 (8  4)2 (8  5)2 (8  6)2 (8  7)2
 12   22   32   42   52   62   72   16
44 44 44 44 44 44 44
193 17
  16 
11 11
d The mode is the most likely value which is t  4
Exercise 11G
4
0
1 a Need to find k such that 1  2
k(x  2)2 dx  
0
3
4k dx ,
4 0
0 k  4
8k 16k 1
1 
2
k(x  2)2 dx  
0
3
4k dx   (x  2)3   4kx 03 
3  2 3

3
 8k  k 
8

Worked solutions
1
1 (x  2)2  (x  2)3  1
c i P( X  1)   2 8
dx  
 24
 
 2 24
1
1 1 x 1
ii P(0  X  1)  0 2 dx   2 0  2
0
1 (x  2)2
0 1 (x  2)3  1 7 1 19
iii P(1  X  1)  P(1  X  0) 
2
 1 8 dx  2   24   2  24  2  24
1
2 a
3
3 3   x2  9k 2
b Need to find k such that 1   0
k(3  x)dx , 1  0 k(3  x)dx  k  2  3x   2  k  9
 0
2.3
2.3 2(3  x)  6x  x2  11
c P(1.2  X  2.3)  
1.2 9
dx  
 9
 
1.2 36
1
1 1  2x c 1  2
3 a Need to find c such that 1   2x c dx , 1  0
c
2x dx     c 1
 c  1 0 c  1
0
0.5 0.5 1
b P( X  0.5)  
0
2x dx   x 2 
0

4
Exercise 11H
a This function is a probability density function because it is non-negative for all possible
4
4 x  x2 
values and the integral is equal to 1. 
0 8
dx     1
16 0
4
4 x 20  x2  15
b P(1  x  20)   1 8
dx  
4
0 dx     0 
16
 1 16
4
4 x2  x3  8
c Mean  0 8
dx    
 24 0 3
Mode: As f (x) is strictly increasing, the mode occurs at the point x  4

Worked solutions
M x
Median: Need to find M such that 0.5  
0 8
dx , so
M
M x  x2  M2
0.5  
0 8
dx    
16 0 16
 M  2 2  M  2 2
2 4 2
4 x3 8  x4  8 8 2 2
Standard deviation  
0 8
dx    
3
    
 0  3 
32 9

3
2
2 2   x3  4a 3
2 Need to find a such that 1  
0
ax(2  x)dx , so 1   0
ax(2  x)dx  a  x 2 
 
 
3  0 3
a
4
2
2 3 2  8 x 3  3x 4 
a E( X )   0 4
x (2  x)dx  
 16
 1
0
2
2 3 3  3(5x 4  2x5 )  6 1
b Var ( X )  
0 4
x (2  x)dx  1  
 40
 1  1 
0 5 5
M 3
c Need to find M such that 0.5  0 4
x(2  x)dx , so
M
M 3 3  x3  3M2 M3
0.5  
0 4
x(2  x)dx    x 2 
 4 
 
3  0 4

4
 M  1, 1  3  M  1
d As f (x) is symmetric, the mode occurs at the middle value x  1
 
3 a
 
P
 12

 X  
6   2 cos(2x) dx  sin(2x) 
6
12
6
12

1
2
 3 1
M
b Median: Need to find M such that 0.5  
0
2 cos(2x)dx , so
M M sin1(0.5) 
0.5  
0
2 cos(2x)dx  sin(2x)0  sin(2M)  M 
2

12


1 4 1
Mean   0
4
2x cos(2x)dx   cos(2x)  x sin(2x)  (  2)
2 0 4
Mode: As f (x) is decreasing over the whole interval (from knowledge about cos) we know
that the mode is at x  0
2 3
4 a Need to find k such that 1  0
k dx   2k dx , so
2
2 3 2 3 1
1 
0
k dx  2
2k dx  kx 0  2kx 2  2k  2k  4k  k 
4
b Median is x  1 .

Worked solutions
2 3
2 x 3 x  x2   x2  1 5 7
c E( X )   0 4
dx  2 2
dx         
8 4
  0  2 2 4 4
2 2 3
2 x2 3 x2 7  x3   x3  49 2 19 49 37
Var ( X )  
0 4
dx  2 2
dx          
4 12 6
  0  2 16
   
3 6 16 48
3
5 a Need to find b in terms of a such that 1  
0
ax 2  b dx , so
3
3  ax 3  1
1 
0
ax 2  b dx  
 3
 bx   9a  3b  b   3a
0 3
1
1 1  1 8a 1
 
1
b 0.5  
0
ax2  3a 
3
dx   x  9ax  ax 3   
3 0 3 3
a
16
3
3 25x x 3  1  25x 2 3x 4   69
c E( X )   0

48 16
dx   
 48  2
  
4  0 64
2 3
3 25x 2 x 4  69   1  25x 3 3x5  4761 33 4761 9987
Var ( X )  
0 48

16
dx    
 64 

 48  3
     
5 0 4096 20 4096 20480
Exercise 11J
 0.5  2 1.5  2 
1 a P(0.5  X  1.5)  P  X    (0.1667)  (0.5)  0.4338  0.3085
 3 3 
 0.1253
 0.5  2 
b P( X  0.5)  P  X    (0.5)  0.3085
 3 
 2  2
c P( X  2)  P  X    1  (0)  0.5
 3 

Worked solutions
 25  30 
2 a P( X  25)  P  X    (0.625)  0.2660
 8 
 17  30 35  30 
b P(17  X  35)  P  X    (0.625)  (1.625)  0.7340  0.0521
 8 8 
 0.6819
 12  30 
c P(X  12)  P  X    1  (2.25)  1  0.5  1  0.0122  0.9878
 8 
3 a Mean: 5, Standard deviation: 3
 4  5
b P( X  4)  P  Z    (0.3333)  0.3695
 3 
 a  5  a  5 1 a5
c 0.011  P( X  a)  P  Z        (0.011)  2.2904   a  1.8712
 3   3  3
 b  5  b  5 b 5
0.871  P( X  b)  P  Z    1     1(1  0.871)  1.1311
 3   3  3
 a  1.8712
220  11  240  21  260  38  280  17  300  13 26000

4 a Mean    260
11  21  38  17  13 100
Standard deviation
2202  11  2402  21  2602  38  2802  17  3002  13 6813600
  2602   67600
11  21  38  17  13 100
 25.152
b 1(0.05)  1.6449 and 1(0.95)  1.6449 , so need to find a and b such that
a  260 b  260
 1.6449 and  1.6449 . Therefore a  218.6 g and b  301.4 g
25.152 25.152
5 X ~ N(150,0.5)
 149  150 
a P( X  149)  P  Z    (2)  0.0228
 0.5 
 151.5  150 
b P(X  151.5)  P  Z    1  (3)  0.00135
 0.5 
 149  150 151  150 

c P(149  X  151)  P  Z   (2)  (2)  0.9773  0.2275  0.955
 0.5 0.5 
6 T ~ N(13.2,1.5)
 12.1  13.2 
a P(T  12.1)  P  Z    (0.7333)  0.232
 1.5 
 14.9  13.2 
P(T  14.9)  P  Z    (1.1333)  0.871
 1.5 
t  13.2
b If P(T  t )  0.444 then   1(0.444)  0.1408  t  12.989
1.5

Worked solutions
Exercise 11K
 4  8 4  8 48
1 0.321  P( X  4)  P  Z    1
   (0.321)  0.4649 
      
   8.604    74.03
2
 1  1    1 1 
2 0.345  P(X  1)  P  Z        (0.345)  0.3989  and
      
 3 3    1 3
0.943  P(X  3)  P  Z       (0.943)  1.5805  solving
      
simultaneously gives   1.403 and   1.010
 1  1.02   1  1.02  1 1  1.02

3 0.013  P( X  1)  P  Z        (0.013)  2.2262 
      
   0.00898
 46.8     46.8    1
4 a 0.203  P(X  46.8)  P  Z    1     (1  0.203)  0.8310
     
46.8    42.6     42.6    1
 and 0.315  P(X  42.6)  P  Z        (0.315)
      
42.6  
 0.4817  solving simultaneously gives   44.141 and   3.200

      1 1 1  1 
b P  X      P    X      P   Z        
 2   2 2   2 2  2
   2 
 0.6915  0.3085  0.383
 200  320 350  320   350  320   200  320 

5 a P(200  X  350)  P  Z       
 20 20   20   20 
 0.9332  0  0.9332
 m  320   m  320  m  320

b 0.1  P( X  m)  P  Z    1 
1
   (1  0.1)  1.2816 
 20   20  20
 m  345.63g
 350  320   350  320 

c P(X  350)  P  Z    1    0.0668 , the expected number sold that
 20   20 
weighed more than 350g is 500  0.0668  33.4
 400     400    1 400  

d 0.15  P(Y  400)  P  Z    1     (1  0.15)  1.0364  and
      
 370     370    1 370  
0.1  P(X  370)  P  Z        (0.1)  1.2816  solving
      
simultaneously gives   386.59 g and   12.942 g
6 We wish to find the maximal value of  such that

 1  1.03   1  1.03  1  1.03
0.01  P( X  1)  P  Z    
1
   (0.01)  2.3264     0.0129
      

Worked solutions
Chapter review
1 U  {Mon, Tue,Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat, Sun}2 , A  {(Mon, Mon)} ,

B  {(Mon, Mon),(Tue, Tue),(Wed,Wed),(Thu, Thu),(Fri, Fri),(Sat, Sat ),(Sun, Sun)} ,
C  {(Mon, Tue),(Tue,Wed),(Wed, Thu),(Thu, Fri),(Fri, Sat ),(Sat, Sun),(Sun, Mon),
(Mon, Sun),(Sun, Sat ),(Sat, Fri),(Fri, Thu),(Thu,Wed),(Wed, Tue),(Tue, Mon)}
n( A) 1
a P( A)  
n(U) 49
n(B) 7 1
b P(B)   
n(U) 49 7
n(C ) 14 2
c This question should be clearer, what is defined as the same week? P(C )   
n(U) 49 7
n( A) 4 2
2 U  {0,1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9} , A  {3,6,7,9} , P( A)   
n(U) 10 5
9 1
3 Want to find n such that P(six at least once)   P(no sixes)  , so
10 10
0 n n
1  n  1   5  5 log(10)
       11    n   n  12
10  0   6   6  6
  6
log  
5
7
4 a P(first red) 
10
7 6 3 7 7
b P(second red)  P({RR,WR}     
10 9 10 9 10
7 3 3 7 7
c P(exactly one red)  P({RW,WR})     
10 9 10 9 15
7 3 3 7 7 6 14
d P(at least one red)  P({RW,WR, RR})       
10 9 10 9 10 9 15
5 a P(infection)  0.2  0.1  0.8  0.75  0.62
P(vaccinated  infection) 0.1

b P(vaccinated | infection)    0.161
P(infection) 0.62
c P(not vaccinated| infection)  1  P(vaccinated| infection)  1  0.161  0.839
8 0
8  1   1  1
6 P(2 wins)         ,
8  2   2  256
7 1 5 3 3 5 1 7
8  1   1   8  1   1   8  1   1   8  1   1  1
P(1 win)                              ,
7 2 2 5
          2 2 3 2
     2 1 2
     2 2
1 1 127
P(loss)  1    . By encoding a win as a 1 and a loss as a -1, the expected number
256 2 256
1 1 127 3
of wins and losses is 2   1   (1)  
256 2 256 256
0 5
 5   4   16 
7 a P(no defective)         0.328
 0   20   20 

Worked solutions
i 5 i
5
 5   4   16 
b P(at least 3 defective)  P(3 defective)  P(4 defective)  P(5 defective)       
i 3  i   20   20 
 0.0579
 1500  1300   1500  1300 

8 a P(H  1500)  P  Z    1    0.0548
 125   125 
 1050  1300   1050  1300 

b P(H  1050)  P  Z       0.0228  2.28%
 125   125 
2
  1200  1300 1400  1300  
 P(1200  H  1400)
2
c  P  H 
  125 125 
2
  1400  1300   1200  1300   2
         (0.7881  0.2119)  0.332
  125   1 25  
 2.01     2.01    1 2.01  

9 0.04  P( X  2.01)  P  Z    1     (1  0.04)  1.7507  and
      
 1.99     1.99    1 1.99  
0.07  P( X  1.99)  P  Z        (0.07)  1.4758  solving
      
simultaneously gives   2.00 and   0.00620
10 a P(faulty)  0.01  0.35  0.03  0.20  0.025  0.24  0.02  0.21  0.0197
P(conveyor D  faulty) 0.02  0.21

b P(conveyor D | faulty)    0.213
P(faulty) 0.0197
1
11 To show that k   , have to show that 
0
 x sin( x)dx  1 ,
1
1  sin( x) 
0
 x sin( x)dx  
 
 x cos( x)  1  0  1 .
0
1
1  (2   2 x 2 )cos( x)  2 x sin( x)  4
Mean  0  x sin( x)dx  
2
 1 2
  2
0 
Variance
2
1  4
0  x sin( x) dx  1   2 
3

 
1 2 2
  x(6   x ) cos( x)  3( 2 x 2  2) sin( x) 
2 2
 4   6   4 
   1  2   1  2   1  2 
  3
0         
2( 2  8)

4
12 a If they were mutually exclusive, then P  A  B   0 , (1 mark)
but since they are independent, we have P  A  B   P  A P  B   0.3  0.8  0 .
Therefore, we have a contradiction, and so A and B are not mutually exclusive.
(1 mark)
b i P  A  B   P  A P  B   0.3  0.8  0.24 (2 marks)

Worked solutions
ii P  A  B  P  A  P  B   P  A  B   0.3  0.8  0.24  0.86 (2 marks)
P  A  B  P  A  P  A  B  0.3  0.24 0.06

iii P  A | B      0.3 (2 marks)
P  B  P  B  0.2 0.2
iv P  A  B  P  B   P  A  B   0.8  0.24  0.56 (2 marks)
k k
13 a  k  k 2  2k 2   1 (1 mark)
2 2
3k 2  2k  1  0 (1 mark)
3k  1 k  1  0 (1 mark)
1
k  (1 mark)
3
k k
b E X   xP  X  x  0   0.5  k  1  k 2  1.5  2k 2  2  (1 mark)
2 2
k
E X    k 2  3k 2  k
2
3k
 4k 2  (1 mark)
2
2
1 3 1
 4    
3 2 3
4 1
  (1 mark)
9 2
17

18
k
c P  X  1.25  2k 2  (1 mark)
2
2
1 1
 2   (1 mark)
3 6
2 1
 
9 6
7
 (1 mark)
18
 
Var  X   E X 2  E  X 
2
d (1 mark)
 2
1 1 1
2
1 3 2 1   17 
2
 02       12       22      (1 mark)
 6 2 3 9 2 9 6   18 
 0.469 (1 mark)
14 a X ~ B 24,0.04

Worked solutions
 24 
P  X  2    0.04 0.96 
2 22
(1 mark)
2
 0.180 (1 mark)
b P  X  4  0.998 (2 marks)
c P  X  2  0.249 (2 marks)
d Var  X   np 1  p (1 mark)
 24  0.04  0.96
 0.922 (1 mark)
15 a 
X ~ N 36, 3.122 
 40  36 
P  X  40  P  Z   (1 mark)
 3.12 
 0.1 (1 mark)
 34  36 38  36 
b P 34  X  38  P  Z  (1 mark)
 3.12 3.12 
 P  0.641  Z  0.641 (1 mark)
 P  Z  0.641  P  Z  0.641 (1 mark)
 0.739  0.261
 0.478 (1 mark)
 M  36 
c P Z    0.015 (1 mark)
 3.12 
 M  36 
P Z    0.985
 3.12 
M  36
 2.170 (1 mark)
3.12
 M  42.77
 M  42 minutes, 46 seconds (1 mark)

 30  36 
d P  X  30  P  Z   (1 mark)
 3.12 
 P  Z  1.923
 0.027 (1 mark)
195  0.027  5.3 (1 mark)
Therefore, the expected number of days is 5 . (1 mark)
16 a Let X be the discrete random variable ‘mass of a can of baked beans’.

Then X ~ N 415,122 

Worked solutions
P  X  m  0.65  P  X  m  1  0.65  0.35 (1 mark)
Using inverse normal distribution on GDC  m  410.4 (2 marks)
b You require P  X  422.5 | X  420 . (1 mark)
P  X  422.5
P  X  422.5 | X  420  
P  X  420 
1  P  X  422.5
 (1 mark)
1  P  X  420 
0.266
 (1 mark)
0.338
 0.787 (1 mark)
c Using GDC
P  X  413.5  0.450 (2 marks)
Let Y be the random variable ‘Number of cans of beans having a mass less than 413.5 g’.
In Ashok’s experiment, Y is Binomially distributed across 144 trials with probability of

‘success’ (i.e. mass less than 413.5 g) being 0.450.
So Y ~ B 144,0.450 (1 mark)
P Y  75  0.0524 (1 mark)
1
17 a 
k  10x 2  x 3 dx  1  (1 mark)
0
1
10x 3 x 4 
k   1 (1 mark)
 3 4 0
 10 1 
k   1 (1 mark)
 3 4
37k
1 (1 mark)
12
12
k 
37
1 1
12
b E X    xf  x  dx 
37 0

10x 3  x 4 dx  (1 mark)
0
1
12 10x 4 x5 
    (1 mark)
37  4 5 0
12  5 1 
    (1 mark)
37  2 5 
276  138 
     0.746  (1 mark)
370  185 

Worked solutions
1 1
12
c    x f x
E X2  2
dx 
37 0
 
10x 4  x5 dx (1 mark)
0
1
12  5 x 6 
 2x   (1 mark)
37  6 0
12  1
 2  
37  6
22
 (1 mark)
37
 
Var  X   E X 2  E  X 
2
(1 mark)
2
22  138 
  
37  185 
 0.0382 (1 mark)
m
12 1
d  10x  (1 mark)
2
 x 3 dx 
37 0 2
m
12 10x 3 x 4  1
    (1 mark)
37  3 4 0 2
12  10m3 m4  1
   (1 mark)
37  3 4  2
10m3 m4 37
 
3 4 24
80m3  6m4  37
GDC  m  0.789 (2 marks)
 110    110  
18 a P Z    0.10   1.282 (2 marks)
   
 130    130  
P Z    0.45   0.126 (2 marks)
   
Attempt to solve simultaneously: (1 mark)
  128 (1 mark)
  14.2 (1 mark)
b P  X     0.22
0.22
0.5   0.39 (1 mark)
2
P  X  a  0.39  a  124.2 (1 mark)
P  X  b  0.39  b  132.2 (1 mark)

Worked solutions
So 124.2  X  132.2 (1 mark)


2
19 a k  cos x dx  1 (1 mark)
0

k sin x 02  1 (1 mark)
  
k  sin  sin0   1 (1 mark)
 2 
k 1  0  1 (1 mark)
k 1
 
2 2

b  x cos x dx   x sin x 0   sin x dx (2 marks)
2
0 0

2
 
 x cos x dx   x sin x   cos x  02 (1 mark)

2
0
0
 
   0   0  1 (1 mark)
2 

 1 (1 mark)
2
 
2  2
 x cos x dx   x sin x 0   2x sin x dx

2 2
(2 marks)
2
0 0
 
  x2 sin x  2  2  x cos x  sin x 02 (1 mark)
0
  x2 sin x  2 sin x  2x cos x  2

0
2
 2 (1 mark)
4
2
2 
 
2
Var  X    x cos x dx    x cos x dx 

2
(1 mark)
0 
0
 
2
2  
  2    1 (1 mark)
4 2 
2 2 
 2    1 (1 mark)
4  4 
  3

Mathematics HL - Analysis and Approaches - WORKED SOLUTIONS - OXFORD 2019

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Mathematics HL - Analysis and Approaches - WORKED SOLUTIONS - OXFORD 2019

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WORKED

From patterns to generalizations:

© Oxford University Press 2019 1

1 a Next three terms are 9, 10.5, 12

b Next three terms are 5, 2, -1

c Next three terms are 243, 729, 2187

1, -1, -3, -5, -7

© Oxford University Press 2019 2

3 a 5, 10, 15, 20, …. The multiples of 5

© Oxford University Press 2019 3

e The sequence can be written as 0  2, 1  3, 2  4, 3  5, ..., (n  1)  (n  1)

OR The sequence can be written as 12  1, 22  1, 32  1, 42  1, ...

Explanation: think of this as

 1  1   1   1   1   1  ...

© Oxford University Press 2019 4

6 a The series can be written as 8  8  3  8  2  3  8  3  3  8  4  3

It has five terms and the general term can be written as ur  11  3r

b The series can be written as 1  3  2  5  3  7   4  9  5  11

d The series can be written as 1²  3²  5²  7²  9²

e The series consists of the multiples of 3k

© Oxford University Press 2019 5

 u15  5  6 15  1  5  6 14  89

u11  10  7 11  1  10  7 10  60

u17  a  2 17  1  a  2 16  a  32

© Oxford University Press 2019 6

u15  u1  d 15  1  180  u1  14d  180

7 Let the three terms be a, a  d, a  2d

Let the three terms be a  d, a, a  d

Substituting for a and d in a  d, a, a  d the three numbers would either be or 20, 8,  4

8 In year 2017, Jung Ho earned 38000  17 500  46500

9 a This is an arithmetic series with u1  3, d  3  3  6

© Oxford University Press 2019 7

b This is an arithmetic series with u1  31, d  40  31  9

c This is an arithmetic series with u1  a  1, d  a  2  (a  1)  3

10 a Since 3r  8 is linear relation this is an arithmetic series with 50 terms.

b Since 7  8r is linear relation this is an arithmetic series with 100 terms.

c Since 2ar  1 is linear relation in r , a is a constant this is an arithmetic series with 20

11 a This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  4, d  5

b This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  3, d  8

© Oxford University Press 2019 8

c This is an arithmetic sequence with u1  1, d  5

© Oxford University Press 2019 9

Using solve or Nsolve (depending on GDC type)

© Oxford University Press 2019 10

© Oxford University Press 2019 11

 S15  0.1   0.143  to 3s.f.

© Oxford University Press 2019 12

14 Let the three pieces have lengths u1, u2 and u3

© Oxford University Press 2019 13

1 a 220  7 10  290

2 Let Jane's starting salary be S

so Jane's starting salary was €42150 to the nearest euro

© Oxford University Press 2019 14

© Oxford University Press 2019 15

6 a Interest 12% pa  1% per month

Let the payment per month be x . Interest is compounded monthly

After one month the amount due is

After 3 months the amount due is

After 24 months the amount due would be

1500 1.01  1.01 x  1.01

Monthly payments of $70.61

b Total amount paid

b 3  0.95 10  12.5  12.5m

c 2.4  9(0.15)  3.75m