Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WORK
MEASUREMENTS
Jeremiah R. Garcia
METHODS ANALYSIS
• It focuses on how a task is accomplished.
• Whether controlling a machine or making or assembling
components, how a task is done makes a difference in
performance, safety and quality.
• Methods techniques are used to analyze:
• Movement of individuals or material. – The analysis is performed
using flow diagrams and process charts.
• Activity of human and machine and crew activity. The analysis is
performed by activity charts.
• Body movement (primarily arms and hands). - This analysis is
performed using operations charts.
Visual Workplace
• A visual workplace uses low-cost visual devices to share
information quickly and accurately.
• The visual workplace can eliminate non value added
activities by making standards, problems and
abnormalities visual.
LABOR STANDARDS
• Labor standards are the amount of time required to
perform a job or part of a job.
• Effective manpower planning is dependent on a
knowledge of the labor required.
• Labor standards are set in four ways:
• Historical experience
• Time studies
• Predetermined time standards
• Work sampling
Historical Experience
• Labor standards can be estimated based on historical
experience – that is, how many labor hours were required
to do a task the last time it was performed.
• They are usually available from employee time cards or
production records.
• However, they are not objective, and we do not know their
accuracy, whether they represent a reasonable or a poor
work pace, and whether unusual occurrences are
included.
Time Studies
• The classical stopwatch study, or time study, originally proposed
by Frederick W. Taylor in 1881, involves timing a sample of a
worker’s performance and using it to set a standards.
• A trained and experienced person can establish a standard by
following these eight steps:
• Define the task to be studied.
• Divide the task into precise elements.
• Decide how many times to measure the task.
• Time and record elemental times and ratings of performance.
• Compute the average observed (actual) time.
• Determine performance rating and then compute the normal time for
each element
• Add the normal times for each element to develop a total normal time for
the task.
• Compute for the standard time.
Time Studies
• Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Performance
rating factor)