CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS FROM THE REGIONS

Core Subject

Class No: _____ Date: __________________________

Name: __________________________________ Module 1 – 1st Quarter – SY2021-22
Grade and Section: ________________________ Teacher: _______________________

I. Title: Researching and Describing Various Contemporary Art Forms,

Techniques, and Performance Practices from the Various Regions

II. Objectives (MELCs):

After accomplishing this module, you must be able to:
a. define contemporary arts in the Philippines,
b. describe various contemporary art forms and practices from the various regions,
c. research on various contemporary art forms,
d. classify various art forms found in the Philippines, and
e. appraise the culture of the Philippine arts with awareness and appreciation.

III. Materials:
[a] Any related references and reading materials (textbook, learner’s material, video).
[b] Examples of contemporary arts and any related artworks.

IV. Time Frame: Week 1-2

V. Concept:
LESSON 1: NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTEMPORARY ARTS
Contemporary art is the art of today, produced by artists who are living in our time as it
provides opportunities to reflect on society and the issues that are important to us and the
world (“Art Education Definitions,” 2020). In addition, it is part of a cultural dialogue that
concerns larger contextual frameworks such as identity, family, community, and nationality.
Visiting contemporary art exhibitions and talking about living artists is an important aspect
of appraising the culture of the Philippine arts with awareness and appreciation.

Contemporary art defines the work of artists who are living in the 21st century (Art21, 2020).
Contemporary art mirrors contemporary culture and society, offering a rich resource to
consider current ideas and rethink the familiar. The work of contemporary artists is a
dynamic combination of materials, methods, concepts, and subjects that challenge
traditional boundaries and defy easy definition. Diverse and eclectic, contemporary art is
distinguished by the very lack of a uniform organizing principle or ideology. In a globally
influenced, culturally diverse, and technologically advancing world, contemporary artists
give voice to the varied and changing cultural landscape of identities, values, and beliefs.

Activity 1: Contemporary Arts Concept Map

Directions: Supply the needed information in the concept map below. Write legibly and avoid
erasures. Note: This activity is a part of Quiz 1. Be guided by the rubric at the end of Lesson
2 of this module for scoring your work.

Meaning Scope Role Purpose

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 Characteristics of the Contemporary Arts
Curiosity, openness, and dialogue are the most important tools for engaging with works of
art. Instead of questioning whether an artwork is good or bad, the study of contemporary art
requires an open-ended methodology and an inquiry-based approach. Asking questions that
ignite discussion and stimulate debate is an important first step toward appreciating and
interpreting works of art that can defy expectation, may provoke strong responses, or
contradict personal beliefs or societal values.

Activity 2: Inquiry in the Contemporary Arts

Directions: Construct questions that you may want to figure out from the art example below.
How do you ask a question to solve your inquiry? What will you ask regarding the art and
its meaning toward appreciating and interpreting it? Note: This activity is a part of Quiz 1.
Be guided by the rubric at the end of Lesson 3 of this module for scoring your work.

Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan (Delotavo, 1978)
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Characteristics of the Philippine Contemporary Arts (by Classification)

Audiences play an active role in the process of constructing meaning about works of art.
Some artists say that the viewer contributes to the artwork by offering his personal
reflections, experiences, opinions, and interpretations. Contemporary Philippine Art is art
produced by Filipino artists coming from the different regions in the Philippines in the 21st
century reflecting cultural diversity and technological advancement. The following are the
general characteristics of the Philippine contemporary arts by classification:

Dominant Traditional
Alternative
(Mainstream) (Indigenous)
It is a foreign- It is usually social realist or advocacy- It preserves local
influenced, industry- oriented either individual (e.g. Joey traditions (e.g.
driven, technology- Ayala, Grace Nono, Kidlat Tahimik) or GAMABA [Gawad sa
assisted arts-oriented collectives (artist groups) - collaborative Manlilikha ng Bayan]
for mass-consumption and interdisciplinary practices (e.g. awardees – Samaon
(e.g. Ogie Alcasid, Ugatlahi Artist Collective, Sipat Lawin Sulaiman, Lang
Sarah Geronimo). Ensemble, Gerilya). Dulay).

Activity 3: Characteristics of the Philippine Contemporary Arts

Directions: Identify the general characteristic of the arts portrayed in the artwork “Itak sa
Puso ni Mang Juan” by Delotavo (1978). Explain briefly. Note: This activity is a part of Quiz
1. Be guided by the rubric at the end of Lesson 2 of this module for scoring your work.

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 LESSON 2: A REVIEW ON MODERN ART
In all of human history, art has mirrored life in the community, society, and the world in all
its colors, lines, shapes, and forms. The same has been true in the last two centuries, with
world events and global trends being reflected in the art movements. The decades from
1900 to the present have seen the human race living in an ever-shrinking planet. The 20th
century saw a boom in the interchange of ideas, beliefs, values, and lifestyles that continues
to bring the citizens of the world closer together (Sunico, 2015).

Social, Political, and Environmental Changes

There has been migration across the globe, allowing different cultures, languages, skills,
and even physical characteristics of different races to intermingle like never before. The 20th
century also suffered through two World Wars, and several regional wars in Asia, Africa,
and the Middle East. There was the Great Depression of the 1930s and the Asian economic
crisis of the 1990s. Considered the modern-day plague, AIDS has afflicted millions the world
over, while millions more continue to live in hunger, disease, and poverty. Environmental
destruction has also become a major concern.

Effects on the World of Art

The art movements of the late 19th century to the
20th century captured and expressed all these and
more. Specifically, these were the movements
known as impressionism and expressionism.

While earlier periods of art had quite set conventions

as to the style, technique, and treatment of their
subjects, impressionists and expressionists
conveyed their ideas and feelings in bold, innovative
ways. These were the exciting precursors of the
modern art of the 21st century. Among the various
styles that arose within the expressionist art
movements were neoprimitivism, fauvism, dadaism, Impressionism, La Promenade by
surrealism, and social realism. Monet (1875)

Neoprimitivism Fauvism Dadaism Surrealism Social Realism

Head by Woman with I and the Village Persistence of Miners’ Wives

Modigliani Hat by Matisse by Chagall Memory by Dali by Shahn
(1913) (1905) (1911) (1931) (1948)

Another group of artistic styles emerged at the same time as the expressionist movement.
It had the same spirit of freedom of expression and openness that characterized life in the
20th century, but it differed from expressionism in certain ways. This group of styles was
known as abstractionism. Grouped under abstractionism are the following art styles:
Cubism Futurism Mechanical Style Nonobjectivism

Three Musicians by Armored Train by The City by Léger New York City by
Picasso (1921) Severini (1915) (1919) Mondrian (1942)

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 In the 1920s and 1930s, aspiring young American painters, sculptors, and writers sailed to
Europe to expand their horizons. The result was the establishment of what came to be
known as “The New York School”. The daring young artists in this movement succeeded in
creating their own synthesis of Europe’s cubist and surrealist styles. Their style came to be
known as abstract expressionism. By the early 1960s, the momentum of The New York
School slowed down, a new crop of artists came on the scene using lighter treatment and
flashes of humor, even irreverence, in their arts. The movements have come to be called:
neodadaism and pop art, conceptual art, op art, and the new realism.

Pop Art Conceptual Art Op Art

In the Car by Lichtenstein One and Three Chairs by Current by Riley (1964)
(1963) Kosuth (1965)

The 20th century also saw the rise of new art forms aside
from the traditional ones of painting and sculpture. Among
these were installation art and performance art.
Installation art makes use of space and materials in truly
innovative ways e.g. Cordillera Labyrinth (Villanueva, 1989)
made from bamboo and runo grass, an outdoor installation
at the Cultural Center of the Philippines, while performance
art makes use of the human body, facial expressions, Installation Art, Cordillera
gestures, and sounds. Both speak powerfully about Labyrinth by Villanueva
contemporary issues, challenging their viewers to respond. (1989)

Philippine’s Contexts
In the Philippines, technological advances continue to be a major driving force in the
directions that each of these art forms has taken. Among the results have been exciting
innovations in materials manipulation, coloring and embellishment techniques, and creation
and production processes applied to all today’s media—whether physical and tangible or
virtual in cyberspace. These have enabled amazingly innovative art forms to evolve far
beyond traditional painting, sculpture, and architecture. As quickly as technology can
develop new devices and techniques, modern artists adapt them to enhance their creative
expression. The modern techniques and trends in photography, film, print media, digital
media, and product and industrial design, not only have brought Philippine artistry to the
world’s attention, but they have opened up an entire range of opportunities for young
Filipinos to develop and apply these talents.

Activity 4: Modern Art and Contemporary Art

Directions: Explain the similarities and differences between Modern Art and Contemporary
Art. Identify distinct characteristics of the arts. How does Contemporary Arts develop? Write
legibly and avoid erasures. Note: This activity is a part of Quiz 1. Be guided by the rubric at
the end of Lesson 2 of this module for scoring your work.

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 Quiz 1 Rubric (Activity 1 to 4, 20 points)
Indicators Description HPS Score
The student supplies the needed information in the
Contemporary
concept map. The content satisfies what is asked from
Arts Concept 5
the activity; it is appropriate, credible, sufficient, and
Map
valid.
The student constructs questions that he/she may want
Inquiry in the
to figure out from the art example. The content satisfies
Contemporary 5
what is asked from the activity; it is appropriate,
Arts
credible, sufficient, and valid.
The student identifies the general characteristic of the
Characteristics
arts portrayed in the artwork “Itak sa Puso ni Mang
of the Philippine
Juan” by Delotavo (1978). The content satisfies what is 5
Contemporary
asked from the activity; it is appropriate, credible,
Arts
sufficient, and valid.
The student explains the similarities and differences
Modern and between Modern Art and Contemporary Art and
Contemporary identifies distinct characteristics between the arts. The 5
Art content satisfies what is asked from the activity; it is
appropriate, credible, sufficient, and valid.
Total 20
/20

LESSON 3: CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS AND PRACTICES IN THE PHILIPPINES

Contemporary art encompasses a wide range of art forms and constantly redefines and
dismantles traditional categories of arts (Lico, et al., 2018). Art is classified into the following
broad categories: fine art, popular art, and craft. Based on medium, art is classified into
visual arts, architecture, music, dance, theater, photography, cinema, broadcast art, digital
art, and installation. Other forms of art include sculpture, literature, and printmaking.

Painting and Other Visual Arts. Painting refers to the

application of color, pigment, or paint to a surface (paper, wood,
canvas, metal, or walls) using common painting mediums (oil,
watercolor, and acrylic). In the Philippines, a newer set of artists
further challenged artistic conventions and presented new
approaches to the subject matter. Some of the works are social
commentaries skillfully depicted by the juxtaposition of historical
and contemporary imageries. Social realism, which gravitated
on protest themes, also materialized as an influential genre in
The Contrast by the latter half of the 20th century (Cerbo, et al., 2010).
Ocampo (1940)

Sculpture and Installation. The sculpture is a three-

dimensional artwork that maybe through different processes,
such as carving, modeling, assembling, or casting. Similar to
sculpture is a relatively new art form termed installation defined
as art that is or has been installed or arranged in a location,
designed to transform the perception of a particular space. With
the rise of modernism in the country, Napoleon Abueva was
soon followed by emerging artists who freely explored styles and
Four Masks by
materials used in sculpture (e.g. hardwood, plastics, metals).
Fernandez (1991)

Architecture. Architecture refers to the art and science of

designing and constructing buildings and other structures. In the
post-war years, the new Philippine government was faced with
the rehabilitation and reconstruction of buildings destroyed
during the war. In the seventies, the Cultural Center of the
Philippines was built in Manila. The modernity of design and
method of construction was evident in most structures, such as
CCP (Sunico, 2015) found in Makati, Quezon City, and Manila.

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 Music. Music is an artistic form of auditory communication
incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and
continuous manner. It is also defined as any pleasing and
harmonious sound produced by singers or musical instruments.
Philippine music flourished during the Contemporary period.
Also known as Pinoy pop, it covers a variety of forms: folk songs,
dance tunes, ballads, Broadway-inspired songs, rock n roll, and
its variants, disco, jazz fusion, and rap.
Apo Hiking Society
(Sunico, 2015)

Dance. Dance is a medium for personal creativity, including

expressing oneself in a free, spontaneous, guided, or structured
movement, manifesting one’s uniqueness and individuality.
After the American Occupation, the 1940s and 50s witnessed
not just the true socio-political liberation of the Philippines but
also the transition of native cultural art and traditions from mere
apprenticeship to incorporation and fusion of Filipino
expressions and sensibilities with world culture. Some of the
Lisa Macuja
dances include ballet, jazz dance, hip-hop, and breakdance.
(Sunico, 2015)

Literature. Literature is the art of written works. The word

literature translates literally as “acquaintance with letters.” The
country went through many different stages, sometimes
tumultuous, and these are mirrored in Philippine literature. The
1970s marked social unrest and the declaration of Martial Law
curtailed the freedom of expression and the press. Writers,
however, did not stop writing. They wrote of the Marcos and the
post-Marcos era and the Filipino people’s hopes and dreams.
Pugad Baboy by Medina
(2002)

Theater Arts. The theater is an art form that expresses the

ideas and emotions of the artist/s. It combines all the other art
forms. It makes use of dramatic literature for the script;
architecture, sculpture, painting, and its related arts for set
design; and music for setting the mood of the audience.
Because of this, it is considered the most complex of all the art
forms thus the title: The Queen of the Arts. In the 1960s, the
theater started to use vernacular, focusing on societal issues
Ibalong (2012),
and concerns. Other related art includes cinema and film
Tanghalang Pilipino
production.

Activity 5: Contemporary Art Forms and Practices Concept Map

Directions: Supply the needed information in the concept map below. Write legibly and avoid
erasures. Note: This activity is a part of Quiz 2. Be guided by the rubric at the end of Lesson
4 of this module for scoring your work.

Contemporary
Meaning Practices
Art Forms
Painting and
Other Visual
Arts

Sculpture and
Installation

Architecture

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 Music

Dance

Literature

Theater Arts

LESSON 4: SKILLS, TECHNIQUES, AND PRODUCTION IN CONTEMPORARY ART

Many contemporary artists do not have formal studies in the fine arts but are self-taught.
Concerned with the development of their talent and skills in art-making, they study on their
own, interact with artists and read a lot about the lives of artists and their artworks. They
explore the materials in hardware stores, experiment with chemical reactions on their base
material.

Techniques are how artists use and manipulate materials to achieve the desired formal
effect, and communicate the desired concept, or meaning, according to his or her style
(Datuin, et al., 2016). Techniques involve tools and technology, ranging from the most
traditional (e.g. carving, silkscreen, analog photography, and filmmaking) to the most
contemporary (digital photography and filmmaking, music production, industrial design, and
robotics). There are different types of techniques that artists can choose from (Ramirez,
2016):

Techniques Description
It is made by adhering flat elements such as newspaper or magazine
Collage cut-outs, printed text, illustrations, photographs, cloth, or string to a flat
surface to create a thick layer that is almost like a relief sculpture.
It is the process of applying gouache to paper or glass then transferring
Decalcomania
a reversal of that image onto canvas or other flat materials.
It is done by adhering cut-outs of paper and then coating these with one
Decoupage
or more coats or transparent coating varnish.
It is the technique of rubbing with crayon on a piece of paper which has
been placed over an object or an image. The impression of the image
Frottage
can be created using leaves, wood, wire screen, or metal with
embossed image or words.
It is used for photography or film where a pictorial image is juxtaposed
Montage
or placed overlapping to make another picture or design.
It is used where the canvases are padded, sewn, and often filled with
Trapunto
sequins, beads, shells, buttons, tiny mirrors, bits of glass, rickrack,
Painting
swatches of precious textiles, and others from travels and journeys.
Computer or digital arts make use of electronic and mechanical
Digital
devices, rather than the artist’s hand, to produce the desired images
Application
and effects. Thus, these are technology-based art forms.

In art production, an artist can work alone or interact with fellow artists. Interactive and
collaborative work is gaining popularity among Filipino artists. Visual and performance
artists combine their talents and skills for public performances, such as visual art, music,
and performances by the artists.

Activity 6: Techniques in Contemporary Art

Directions: Identify and explain the techniques used in the artworks below (Set A and Set
B). Supply the needed information in the boxes. Write legibly and avoid erasures.

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 Note: This activity is a part of Quiz 2. Be guided by the rubric at the end of Lesson 4 of this
module for scoring your work.

Set A Artwork Set B Artwork

Technique Used: Technique Used:

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Explanation:
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Related Art Form and Explanation:
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Explanation:
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Related Art Form and Explanation:
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Quiz 2 Rubric (Activity 5 to 6, 20 points)

Indicators Description HPS Score
Contemporary The student supplies the needed information in the
Art Forms and concept map. The content satisfies what is asked from
10
Practices the activity; it is appropriate, credible, sufficient, and
Concept Map valid.
The student identifies and explains the techniques used
Techniques in
in the artworks, and supplies the needed information in
Contemporary 10
the boxes. The content satisfies what is asked from the
Art
activity; it is appropriate, credible, sufficient, and valid.
Total 20
/20

LESSON 5: CONTEMPORARY ART FORMS AND PRACTICES FROM THE REGIONS

Contemporary art traces its roots to the developments in the early 1900s, with social and
economic developments brought about by American colonialism, as well as the entry of new
technology into the country. These changes gave rise to new ways of expression as well as
the transformation of traditional art forms. The Information Age has a significant impact on
contemporary art as it enables the emergence of a wide array of art styles and forms, gives
rise to new concepts in art, and introduces a higher level of interactivity in the creation and
experience of art (Lico, et al., 2018).

Visual Arts. Contemporary Philippine visual arts consist of indigenous art and studio art.
The art throughout the regions is characterized by a vast array of styles and forms, taking
inspiration from social issues, local traditions, indigenous cultures, and established fine art
forms.

Architecture. Contemporary Philippine architecture reflects the evolution of style and

purpose in the erection of various structures. Significant styles in contemporary Philippine
architecture include postmodernism, neovernacular, high-tech, alternative architecture,
deconstructivism, and green architecture.

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 Theater and Performance. Contemporary theater and performance in the Philippines are
characterized by multi-art performances, an integrated arts approach, improvisation, and
the use of local literary traditions to interpret social reality.

Dance. Contemporary Philippine dance was influenced by the contemporary dance in the
West. Later developments in Philippine dance brought about new ideological modes and
stylistic approaches that incorporate innovative movements and movements in indigenous
dances.

Music. Contemporary Philippine music is characterized by the incorporation of native

practices and the integration of music with movement and visual elements.

Cinema. Contemporary Philippine cinema emerged after the Martial Law Period. The
independent film movement utilized current technology in film. The rise of digital film
technology-empowered a new generation of filmmakers to explore innovative themes and
experiment with style. The contemporary film has also brought to light regional languages
and segments of the population whose concerns would not have otherwise been focused
on by mainstream cinema.

MINI PERFORMANCE TASK 1 - IMPROVISED CONTEMPORARY ART TECHNIQUE

Contemporary art is often looked at with a skeptical eye. The truth about contemporary art
is that it uses techniques that most people aren’t quite used to, causing that skepticism to
come into play. They challenge the mind and offer unique perspectives in a way that art has
never been able to do before. For that reason, they’re some of the most valuable techniques
that a person can experience through artwork (Schwartz, 2017).

Activity 7: Improvised Techniques (Mini Performance Task 1, 25 points)

Directions: Choose one of the different types of techniques (e.g. Collage, Decalcomania,
Decoupage, Frottage, Montage, Trapunto Painting, Digital Application) that artists can apply
in art-making. Then, make your own contemporary technique from your chosen type of
technique that you can use for this task. For this task, the theme of your artwork using your
improvised technique is “Faith” or “Love”. Supply the needed artwork and information in the
boxes (you may have another sheet of paper for this task, then attached it in this module;
your artwork should be original). Write legibly and avoid erasures. Be guided by the rubric
below for scoring your work.

Artwork Title:
Technique Used:
Improvised Technique:
Artwork

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 Artwork Explanation (Background or Meaning):
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Improvised Techniques Rubric (Mini Performance Task 1, Activity 7)

Indicators Description HPS Score
The content satisfies what is asked from the
Sufficiency of
task/activity (artwork title, the technique used, 5
the Content
improvised technique, artwork, & artwork explanation).
Appropriate-
The content is appropriate, credible, and valid
ness of the 5
according to the instructions of the task/activity (theme).
Content
Originality The artwork is original and based on the given theme
and using the appropriate technique as indicate in the 5
Technique instructions.
Artwork The artwork provides an explanation and relates to the
Explanation given theme. The explanation is clear, valid, and 5
(Meaning) understandable.
Mechanics The document is free of errors (spelling, grammar, and
and punctuation). The task is submitted by the deadline; 5
Timeliness right on time.
Total 25
/25

LESSON 6: DESCRIPTION APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ART

Describing an artwork, especially if it is in the contemporary style, requires knowledge of art:
its scope, principles, and production and understanding of the artist and the factors that
affect art-making. Because many contemporary artists react to issues in society, it also helps
to know about the community and environment in which the artist makes art (Ramirez,
2016).

Three elements constitute a description of contemporary art: what the artwork is all about
(subject matter), what materials/medium were used in the process of art-making, and the
art form. At this point, we do not yet make any judgment.
a. Subject matter is what you see that is depicted in the artwork. It may be a human
form where the figures are engaged in an activity or a combination of texture and
color. It may also be a figure made from found objects put together or assembled
into a coherent whole.
b. Material is what the artwork is made of. It can also be a combination of objects used
in the artwork.
c. Art elements and principles refer to the physical qualities of the image. The artist
uses color, lines, space, and other elements to create visual images. These are
arranged in an organized manner that observes unity, harmony, rhythm, or other
principles of design in a creative way.

To guide you in describing the contemporary artwork, there are some questions that you
can answer under each element:

What is the main figure in the artwork?

Subject Matter How is the main figure placed within the artistic frame?
How do the other figures in the artwork relate to the main figure?
What are the materials or objects used by the artist?
Do these materials bring out the intended effect of the artist? If the artist
Materials
chose other materials, do you think the same effect will be achieved? Why
and how?
Art Elements What are the dominant elements in the artwork?
and Principles How are these used in the artwork?

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 How are line, shape, or volume used within the artistic frame?
How are texture, movement, or space used within the artistic frame?
What are the unifying features in the artistic composition?
Are there any variations among the repeated elements? How does the art
form appeal to the visual sense?

VI. Evaluation: Let’s check your understanding! (Mini Performance Task 2, 25 points)

MINI PERFORMANCE TASK 2 - DESCRIPTION APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY ART

Describing an artwork, especially if it is in the contemporary style, requires knowledge of art:
its scope, principles, and production and understanding of the artist and the factors that
affect art-making.

Activity 8: Contemporary Art Description (Mini Performance Task 2, 25 points)

Directions: Describe the painting Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan by Delotavo (1978) on page 2.
Use the three elements that constitute description in contemporary art (refer to the guide
questions for each element). Write legibly and avoid erasures. Be guided by the rubric below
for scoring your work.

Artwork Title: Itak sa Puso ni Mang Juan (Delotavo, 1978)

Subject Matter
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Materials
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Art Elements and Principles
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Contemporary Art Description Rubric (Mini Performance Task 2, Activity 8)

Indicators Description HPS Score
The content satisfies what is asked from the task
Sufficiency of
(artwork title, the technique used, improvised 5
the Content
technique, artwork, and artwork explanation).
Appropriate-
The content is appropriate, credible, and valid
ness of the 5
according to the instructions of the task/activity (theme).
Content

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 The artwork is original and based on the given theme
Delivery and
using the appropriate technique as indicate in the 5
Originality
instructions.
Artwork The artwork provides an explanation and relates to the
Explanation given theme. The explanation is clear, valid, and 5
(Meaning) understandable.
Mechanics The document is free of errors (spelling, grammar, and
and punctuation). The task is submitted by the deadline; 5
Timeliness right on time.
Total 25
/25

VII. Reflection

If you would make contemporary art, what art form would you choose and what title would
you think? How does your art contribute to an individual, community, school, or society?
Write your reflection below.

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VIII. References

Art21 (2020). Contemporary art in context. Art21. Retrieved from https://art21.org/for-

educators/tools-for-teaching/getting-started-an-introduction-to-teaching-with-
contemporary-art/contemporary-art-in-context/
Art Education Definitions (2020). Contemporary art. New York University. Retrieved from
https://steinhardt.nyu.edu/programs/art-education/art-education-definitions
Cerbo, S. N. et al (2010). The arts: An introduction to the humanities. Suatengco Publishing
House.
Datuin, F. M. et. al. (2016). Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions. Rex Book Store,
Inc.
Delotavo, A. (1978). Itak sa puso ni Mang Juan [Online image]. Curiator.
https://www.afterall.org/2013/11/07/DELOTAVO_ITAK_SA_PUSO-850x689.jpg
Lico, G. et. al. (2018). Sining rehiyon: Contemporary Philippine arts in the regions for senior
high school. C & E Publishing, Inc.
Ramirez, V. E. (2016). Contemporary Philippine arts from the regions. Vibal Group, Inc.
Schwartz, M. (2017, September 3). 3 popular contemporary artwork techniques. Galerie
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