This E-BOOKLET was especially

prepared as one
of the requirements in Zoology

1
In this course overview

We will study the invertebrates and vertebrates classification and

characteristics of the species.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Phylum

1. Animal-like Porifera 03
2. Phylum Porifera 06
3. Phylum Coelenterata/cnidaria 09
4. Phylum Ctenophora 12
5. Phylum Mollusca 16
6. Phylum Annelida 20
7. Phylum Echinodermata and hemichordate 24
8. Phylum Arthropoda 28
9. Phylum Platyhelminthes 31
10. Phylum Nematoda 35
Class of Phylum Chordata

1. Class Myxini 39
2. Class Cephlaspidomorphy 42
3. Class Chondrichthyes 45
4. Class Osteichthyes 48
5. Class Aves 51
6. Class Amphibia 55
7. Class Reptilia 58
8. Class Mammalia 61

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 ANIMAL LIKE PROTIST/PROTOZOA

● Animal-like protists are called protozoa. Protozoa are single-

celled eukaryotes that share some traits with animals. Like animals,
they can move, and they are heterotrophs. That means they eat things
outside of themselves instead of producing their own food.

Species: Rhizopoda
Phylum: Sarcomastigophora
Higher Classification: Sarcomastigophora

Description

● Rhizopoda are a broad group of protozoan amoeboid organisms

placed in the kingdom Protista. They include the naked and testate
amoebae, some members of the slime moulds and foraminifera. The
latter are almost exclusively marine
organisms, either benthic or planktonic.

Characteristics

● The shape of the pseudopodia, and

the morphology of the enclosing shell or test,
when present, are major defining
taxonomic characteristics. The rhizopoda are
important aquatic and terrestrial protozoa at
the base of food webs and thus provide a
major link in the transfer of energy to higher order consumers.

https://www.microscopemaster.com/rhizopoda.html

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Species: Amoebalike protists
Phylum: Amoebozoa
Higher classification: Tubulinea

Description

● include a wide group of unicellular organisms that live in marine and

fresh water. They move and feed by forming extensions of their cells,
called pseudopods ("false feet") or pseudopodia. Amoeboids engulf
food particles by extending pseudopodia around the prey.

Characteristics

● Each amoeba contains a small mass of jellylike cytoplasm, which is

differentiated into a thin outer plasma membrane, a layer of stiff, clear
ectoplasm just within the plasma membrane, and a central granular
endoplasm. The endoplasm contains food vacuoles, a granular
nucleus, and a clear contractile vacuole.

https://images.app.goo.gl/ZjfZJVAuFZyq498g6

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Species: Ciliates
Phylum: Ciliophora
Higher Classification: Alveolate

Description

● Form a natural group distinguishable from other protozoa by a number

of specialized features, including the possession of cilia, which are
short hair-like processes, at
some stage in their life cycle,
the presence of two types of
nuclei, and a unique form of
sexual reproduction.

Characteristics

● The ciliates are a group

of protozoans characterized
by the presence of hair-like
organelles called cilia, which
are identical in structure to
eukaryotic flagella, but are in general shorter and present in much
larger numbers, with a different undulating pattern than flagella.

http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/wimsmall/cilidr.html

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 PHYLUM PORIFERA

● Comprises the sponges.

● Sponges are simple invertebrate animals that live in aquatic habitats.
● They are found in shallow ocean environments to depths as great as
five kilometers (km).

Species: Leucosolenia
Phylum: Porifera
Kingdom: Animalia
Class: Calcispongiae

Description

● Found in tide pools and on wharves and represented by numerous

species, the widespread genus includes most of the asconoids,
structurally the simplest sponges.

Characteristics

● A genus of branched sponge that remains very small in size (2.5cm

long). They grow in a colony of slender individuals by a common root-
like process. Water enters the central cavity through numerous
perforations.

https://images.app.goo.gl/ykR1qh8bxGA9AaKN8

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Species: Euplectella
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Hexactinellida

Description

● Venus' flower basket is a glass sponge. It is a marine sponge found in

the deep waters of the Pacific ocean. The sponges are often found to
house glass sponge shrimp, usually a breeding pair, who are typically
unable to exit the sponge's lattice due to their size.

Characteristics

● The Venus Flower Basket is radially symmetric and moderately sized,

ranging from 7.5cm-1.3m in height. It has a unique lattice structure of
fused siliceous
spicules, giving it a
glass-like look. A net of
living tissue surrounds
the siliceous spicules
that is created by the
amoeboid cells called
archaeocytes.

https://images.app.goo.gl/yeLGSd
sSdt6wBwRC8

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Species: Chalina
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae

Description

● It is a marine sponge called finger sponge or deadman's fingers and is

found from Rhodes Islands to Labrador. It is a highly branched
structure of orange red colour and is having a small common stalk.

Characteristics

 Chalina is commonly known as Finger sponge. It belongs to the class

Demospongiae of phylum Porifera. It has a branched structure and has
perforations all over its body which gives it a honeycomb-like look.

https://images.app.goo.gl/nqpHEC1btW4FWAdx7

8
 PHYLUM COELENTERATA/CNIDARIA

● Also called coelenterate, any member of the phylum Cnidaria

● a group made up of more than 9,000 living species.

Species: Hydras
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Kingdom: Animalia

Description
● Hydra are inconspicuous freshwater relatives of corals, sea anemones
and jellyfish. All are members of the phylum Cnidaria, characterized by
radially symmetrical bodies, presence of stinging tentacles and a
simple gut with only one
opening.

Characteristics
● Hydras spend their life
as a Polyp, a sessile
organism, with most found in
freshwater, rather than
saltwater. They are radially
symmetrical and feed on
small organisms in the water
by stinging them with their
Cnidoblasts and ingesting the paralyzed prey through their mouth.
Hydra play a vital role in the planktonic make up of slow moving water
bodies which they inhabit and are sensitive environmental indicators.

https://theconversation.com/meet-hydra-the-shape-shifting-dr-
manhattan-of-the-animal-kingdom-28129

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Species: Sea anemones
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Order: Actiniaria

Description
● Anemones are stinging polyps that spend most of their time attached
to rocks on the sea bottom or on coral reefs waiting for fish to pass
close enough to get ensnared in their venom-filled tentacles.

Characteristics
● Sea anemones have a soft, simple polyp-style body with two tissue
layers and a central gut cavity. The anemone's "mouth" leads to its gut.
The "mouth" of the anemone is surrounded by stinging tentacles which
are used to disarm food such as plankton and small animals and to
disable enemies. Anemones, related to corals, do not share corals'
hard exoskeleton structure.

https://dtmag.com/thelibrary/tentacalizing-a-look-at-anemones/

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Species: Sea whips
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Order: Gorgonacea.

Description
● This branch-like coral is
covered in polyps and has
highly variable coloration,
including purple, yellow, red,
and white. Size: Can reach
three feet in height. Food:
Suspension feeder; eats
plankton.

Characteristics
● Any of several genera of corals of the order Gorgonacea, characterized
by a long, whiplike growth and a variety of bright colours. The “whip”
consists of a colony of tiny polyps that grow upon one another in a
continuous single stem. Spicules, or needle like structures, of lime
embedded in the polyp body provide a firm but flexible support.

https://images.app.goo.gl/zM8F8yeJdV18zGSe6

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 PHYLUM CTENOPORA

● Radially or biradial symmetrical.

● Body multicellular, few tissues, some organs and organelles.
● Body contains an internal cavity and a mouth and anal pores.
● Swims by means of plates of cilia (the combs)
● Reproduction mostly sexual as hermaphrodites, occasionally asexual.
● Has a well developed subepidermal nerve net.
● Has a distinct larval stage which is planktonic.
● Lives in marine environments.
● All are carnivorous.

Species: Hormiphora
Phylum: Ctenophora Eschscholtz
Class: Tentaculata Eschscholtz
Order: Cydippida

Description

● The tentacle sacs are

aligned with the pharynx
for most of their length.
The tentacles arise in
the midsection closer to
the aboral end of the
body. The tentacles
have side branches as
does Pleurobrachia, but
the tentillae are sparse
and in an ordered. The
comb rows run nearly
the full length of the
body and are all equal in length. The body is elongate and nearly
circular to slightly flattened in cross section. Transparent or slightly
blue. Length to at least 10 cm.

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Characteristics

● They are free-swimming, transparent, jelly-like, soft-bodied, marine

animals having biradial symmetry, comb-like ciliary plates for
locomotion, the lasso cells but nematocytes are wanting. They are also
known as sea walnuts or comb jellies.

http://www.biologie.uni-
rostock.de/oekologie/balticsea/03%20animals/03%20ctenophora/Hormipho
ra%20cucumis.htm

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Species: Pleurobrachia
Phylum: Ctenophora
Class: Tentaculata

Description

● pileus is a small, oval to spherical comb jelly, up to 1-2.5 cm high with

two long fishing tentacles. The fishing tentacles are up to 15-20 times
the length of the body (up to 50 cm long), bear lateral filaments, and
can be completely retracted into the body.

Characteristics

● The transparent body is spherical or slightly oval with a maximum

diameter of 25 mm. It has eight rows of ciliary plates, used for
propulsion. These "comb rows" are generating the beautiful color
reflections often associated with the comb jellies.

http://planktonchronicles.org/fr/episode/pleurobrachia/

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Species: Tentaculata
Phylum: Ctenophora
Class: Eschscholtz

Description

● is a class of comb jellies. The common feature of this class is a pair of

long, feathery, contractile tentacles, which can be retracted into
specialised ciliated sheaths. In some species, the primary tentacles are
reduced and they have smaller, secondary tentacles. This species is
brilliantly luminescent.

Characteristics

● The Tentaculata possess two tentacles, which in turn possess sub-

tentacles along one side. These tentacles are armed with special
adhesive (sticky) cells called ‘Colloblasts’. These colloblasts help
attach prey items to the tentacles, which are then drawn across the
mouth of the animal so that the prey can be eaten.

https://images.app.goo.gl/MNY7ULy8cYtDne6LA

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 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA

● Have soft-bodies
● Triploblastic and bilaterally symmetrical and coelomate. The study of
Mollusca is called Malacology.
● They are sluggish invertebrates, with a thin fleshy envelope or mantle
covering the visceral organs.
● The term Mollusca was derived from the term given by Aristotle to
cuttlefish. Mollusc means soft.

Species: Snails
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda

Description

● A snail is a small mollusk with a spiral-shaped shell. Snails are famous

for moving very slowly, and for leaving a trail of slime behind them They
all have shells that they can retreat within or without a shell, a similar
animal is instead called a slug. Snail can be traced back to the
diminutive form of the Old English snaca, "snake" or "creeping thing.".
they have one or two pairs of tentacles on their head.

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Characteristics

● One of the slowest creatures on Earth. As they move along snails leave
behind a trail of mucus which acts as a lubricant to reduce surface
friction. This also allows the snail to move along upside down.
Depending on the species snails can live 5 25 years.

https://images.app.goo.gl/bsipmyvd2kZx4N4H

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Species: Squid
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda

Description

● They are cephalopods in the superorder Decapodiformes with

elongated bodies, large eyes, eight arms and two tentacles. Like all
other cephalopods, squid have a distinct head, bilateral symmetry, and
a mantle. Squid are rapid swimmers, moving by jet propulsion, and
largely locate their prey by sight.

Characteristics

● Squid have 10 arms. Two of their arms are longer than the other eight
and are called tentacles. Squid have some unique adaptations. Some
can change color, some use bioluminescence to create light, and some
shoot ink to cloud the water and lose predators.

https://images.app.goo.gl/15ich3aVcWbtDuYRA

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Species: Octopuses
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda

Description

● They have bulbous heads, large eyes, and eight very useful arms.
“Cephalopod” is Greek for “head-foot,” which makes sense, since their
limbs are attached directly to their head.

Characteristics

● They have three hearts and blue blood; they squirt ink to deter
predators; and being boneless, they can squeeze into tight spaces.
They are quite intelligent and have been observed using tools.

https://images.app.goo.gl/HqPVHe5CGL
iLsETh6

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 PHYLUM ANNELIDA

● Having over 17,000 species

● Phylum Annelida is a large phylum.
● Annelids are also known as ringworms or segmented worms.
● They exist in various environments including marine waters, fresh
waters and also in moist terrestrial areas.

Species: Polychaete
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Polychaeta

Description

● live under rocks, in coral crevices, in abandoned shells or burrow into

the mud or sand. Some build their own sheltering tubes made from
bottom debris. Polychaetes differ from other annelids in having a well
differentiated head with specialized sense organs and no clitellum.
They have many setae, usually arranged in bundles on the parapodia.
The head bears eyes, antennae, and sensory palps. Some
polychaetes are free moving pelagic forms, some are active burrowers
and crawlers, and some are sedentary, living in tubes or burrows. Most
sedentary dwellers are particle feeders, using ciliary or mucoid
methods of obtaining food. Their principal food source is plankton and
detritus.

Characteristics

● Each has a head, a tail and a segmented body, and typically each body
segment has a pair of leg-like parapodia with spiny bristles sticking out.
It's these bristles that give the worms their name: "polychaete" is Greek
for "with much hair."

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https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1018775/view/nereis-pelagica-
polychaete-worm

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Species: Leech
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Clitellata

Description

● Their bodies are flattened, much wider than they are thick. They are
usually dark colored, often brown or sometimes black or dark green.
Leech species that suck blood have sharp teeth. Predatory species
may have teeth, or may have only crushing jaws it have 32 brains

Characteristics

● Leeches have 10 eyes, arranged in five pairs close to the anterior

sucker. But they have poor eyesight. Leeches use their eyes primarily
to detect changes in ambient light. If a shadow appears above them,
they quickly detect it. This shadow reflex has two uses for the leech. If
the leech detects a threat, it slows down its ventilation to become
undetectable to the predator. If it detects a potential source of food, it
hunts it. Blood is not the only food that leeches eat. They eat small
animals in ponds, frogs, tadpoles, worms and snails.

https://images.app.goo.gl/qZM2yYmCN1LeQe7D8

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Species: Earthworms
Phylum: Annelida
Class: Clitellata
Order: Haplotaxida

Description

● Annelida in Latin means, “little rings.” The body of the earthworm is

segmented which looks like many little rings joined or fused together.
The earthworm is made of about 100-150 segments. They exhibit a
tube-within-a-tube body plan, are externally segmented with
corresponding internal segmentation, and usually have setae on all
segments. Earthworms are commonly found in soil, eating a wide
variety of organic matter.

Characteristics

● A worm has no arms, legs or eyes. There are approximately 2,700

different kinds of earthworms. Worms live where there is food,
moisture, oxygen and a favorable temperature. In one acre of land,
there can be more than a million earthworms.

https://images.app.goo.gl/iUvfGtHUeZg
GZsVK7

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 PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA AND HEMICHORDATE

● Entirely marine
● Lack ability to osmoregulate
● Almost entirely benthic, nonsegmented, deuterostomes, some have
dorsal, hollow nerve cord.

Species: Graptolithina
Phylum: Hemichordata
Class: Pterobranchia

Description

● Graptolites were floating animals that have been most frequently

preserved as carbonaceous impressions on black shales, but their
fossils have been found in a relatively uncompressed state in
limestones. They possessed a chitinous outer covering and lacked
mineralized hard parts. When found as impressions, the specimens
are flattened, and much detail is lost.

Characteristics

● A class of extinct, colonial, marine organisms which secreted a

chitinous exoskeleton with characteristic growth bands and lines. The
complete skeleton (colony) is referred to as a rhabdo-some.

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https://images.app.goo.gl/fn9SkxHuDHhwdA8u8

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Species: Starfish
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Asteroidea

Description

● They typically have a central disc and usually five arms, though some
species have a larger number of arms. The aboral or upper surface
may be smooth, granular or spiny, and is covered with overlapping
plates.

Characteristics

● Hard plates under their skin instead of a backbone.

● Spines or spicules covering the top (or dorsal) surface.
● Hundreds of tube feet, which help feeding and movement.
● A mouth that is located in the centre of their bottom side (the ventral
surface).

https://images.app.goo.gl/Ay18XXKfU8meyuRk6

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Species: Sea cucumbers
Phylum: Echinodermata
Class: Blainville

Description

● are soft-bodied sea animals that have a circle of five to twenty tentacles
around the mouth. Some sea cucumbers have a thick, muscular body
wall, but others are clear and jellylike. Most sea cucumbers look like
thick worms or slugs, but some are U-shaped.

Characteristics

● Respiratory trees are unique to sea cucumbers and are not found in
any other echinoderm. All species of Holothuroids must use at least
one of these organs to breath. Respiratory trees are often fed oxygen
by the sea cucumber actually breathing through their anus. This is
where the respiratory trees extract the oxygen.

https://images.app.goo.gl/228iCwBMDX
PYZaes9

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 PHYLUM ANTROPODA

● Arthropods are joint-legged animals

● arthropods living on land and in water.
● An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a
segmented body, and paired jointed appendages.

Species: Crab
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Malacostraca
Order: Decapoda

Description

● decapod crustaceans which have a very short tail and are covered with
a thick shell, or exoskeleton and are armed with a single pair of claws.
Crabs are invertebrates. Their exoskeleton protects them from
predators and provides support for their bodies.

Characteristics

● They're primarily known for being emotional, nurturing, and highly

intuitive, as well as sensitive and at times insecure.

https://images.app.goo.gl/6DKjTb8Exmhgfh8u8

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Species: Spiders
Phylum: Arthropod
Class: Arachnid

Description

● are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, chelicerae with fangs
generally able to inject venom, and spinnerets that extrude silk. They
are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species
diversity among all orders of organisms.

Characteristics

● divided into two tagmata, eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the
presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an
exoskeleton, which is periodically shed. Spiders also have several
adaptations that distinguish them from other arachnids.
● Something common to all 40,000 species of spiders is that they all spin
silk. And as spiders have evolved, so has their ability to work with silk.
One spider can produce up to seven different types, each used for a
different purpose such as spinning webs or capturing prey.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_spider

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Species: Shrimps
Phylum: Arthropod
Class: Malacostracans

Description

● They are decapod crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primarily

swimming mode of locomotion most commonly Caridea and
Dendrobranchiata. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs,
whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for
perching. Shrimp are widespread and abundant.

Characteristics

● Characterized by a semi transparent body flattened from side to side

and a flexible abdomen terminating in a fanlike tail. The appendages
are modified for swimming, and the antennae are long and whiplike.
Shrimp occur in all oceans in shallow and deep water and in freshwater
lakes and streams.

https://nickelodeon-movies.fandom.com/wiki/Shrimp

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 PHYLUM PLAYTHELMINTHES

● They are triploblastic, acoelomate, and bilaterally symmetrical.

● They may be free-living or parasites.
● The body has a soft covering with or without cilia.
● Their body is dorsoventrally flattened without any segments and
appears like a leaf.

Species: Flatworm
Phylum: Playthelminthes
Class: Turbellaria

Description

● are unsegmented worms with a tail and a head end. They are bilaterally
symmetrical with a definite upper and lower surface. They have no
body cavity or and no specialized respiratory or circulatory organs. This
is the reason behind the flat shape, common to all flatworms.

Characteristics

● Flatworms have no true body cavity, but they do have bilateral

symmetry. Due to the lack of a body cavity, flatworms are known as
acoelomates.
● Flatworms have an incomplete digestive system. This means that the
digestive tract has only one opening. Digestion takes place in the
gastrovascular cavity.
● Flatworms do not have a respiratory system. Instead, they have
pores that allow oxygen to enter through their body. Oxygen enters
the pores by diffusion.
● There are no blood vessels in the flatworms. Their gastrovascular
cavity helps distribute nutrients throughout the body.
● Flatworms have a ladder-like nervous system; two interconnected
parallel nerve cords run the length of the body.

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https://images.app.goo.gl/xBrynBxErFTk1yGH7

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Species: Planaria
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Turbellaria

Description

● Are free-living flatworms that live in freshwater. They are typically

found under rocks and debris in streams, ponds, and springs. First,
planarians have bilateral symmetry with two nerves extending the
length of the body, an enlarged "brain" and two eye spots.

Characteristics

● The planarian has a soft, flat, wedge-shaped body that may be black,
brown, blue, gray, or white. The blunt, triangular head has two ocelli ,
pigmented areas that are sensitive to light.

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaria

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Species: Diplozoon
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Class: Monogenea

Description

● is a flatworm from the class Monogenea found in freshwater fishes in

Asia and Europe and known for its complete monogamy. This parasite
is commonly found on the gills of European cyprinid fishes. It has
several hooks at its mouth which it uses to grab on to the gills of a fish.

Characteristics

● It is usually around 0.7 centimeters long and has bilateral symmetry. It

has several hooks at its mouth which it uses to grab on to the gills of a
fish. From there it feeds on the blood of a cyprinid.

https://images.app.goo.gl/awp4Tm1hAH
5F8y2p8

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 PHYLUM NEMATODA

● Their body is bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic.

● They are cylindrical in shape.
● They exhibit tissue level organization.
● Their body has a cavity or pseudocoelom.
● The alimentary canal is distinct, with the mouth and the anus.
● They are sexually dimorphic.

Species: Hookworm
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea

Description

● An intestinal parasite that usually causes diarrhea or cramps. Heavy

infestation with hookworm can be serious for newborns, children,
pregnant women, and persons who are malnourished.Hookworms live
in the small intestine. Hookworm eggs are passed in the feces of an
infected person.

● The worm is pinkish-white. Adult male hookworms range in size from

8-11 mm long, whereas adult females range in size from 10-13 mm
long. This species is dimorphic, with the males having bursa
characteristics and needle-like spicules with small tips, which are
distally fused.

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https://images.app.goo.gl/8HdouJQwFekNXedR9

36
Species: Pinworm
Phylum: Roundworms
Class: Secementea

Description

are small parasites that can live in the colon and rectum. You get them when
you swallow their eggs. The eggs hatch inside your intestines. While you
sleep, the female pinworms leave the intestines through the anus and lay
eggs on nearby skin. Pinworms spread easily.

Characteristics
Pinworms are thin and white, measuring about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to 13
millimeters) in length. While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms lay
thousands of eggs in the folds of skin surrounding the anus.

https://www.medicinenet.com/pinworm_infection/article.htm

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Species: Heartworm
Phylum: Roundworms
Class: Secernentea

Description
● is a serious disease that results in severe lung disease, heart failure,
other organ damage, and death in pets, mainly dogs, cats, and ferrets.
It is caused by a parasitic worm called Dirofilaria immitis. The worms
are spread through the bite of a mosquito.

Characteristics
● Adult heartworms, most of which reach sexual maturity at 6-6.5
months, can be quite large. Female worms attain lengths of 23-31 cm
(up to 12 inches). Males are smaller at 15-19 cm and have a
characteristic spiral or coiled tail.

https://images.app.goo.gl/BVt4NQs9LVnQTyGH8

38
 CLASS MYXINI

The Myxini are unique among living chordates in that they have a partial
cranium, but no vertebrae, and so they are not truly vertebrates. The
skeleton is composed of cartilage, and lacks bone.

Species: Hagfish
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Agnatha
Order: Myxiniformes

Description
● Hagfishes are scaleless, soft-skinned creatures with paired thick
barbels on the end of the snout. Depending on the species, they grow
to about 40 to 100 cm (16 to 40 inches) long. Primitive vertebrates,
hagfishes have a tail fin (but no paired fins) and no jaws or bones.
Characteristics
● Hagfish are scaleless with
soft skin.
● They have four hearts.
● They breathe through their
nose and skin.
● Hagfish can't see well, but
have other sharp senses.
● They're jawless and
boneless.
● Their feeding habits are
disgusting but important.
● Hagfish can go months
without eating.

https://images.app.goo.gl/dr7qNAhyBU9EwyTK9

39
Species: Eel
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii

Description

● Eels are elongated fish, ranging in length from 5 cm in the one-jawed

eel to 4 m in the slender giant moray. Adults range in weight from 30 g
to well over 25 kg. They possess no pelvic fins, and many species also
lack pectoral fins. Eels swim by generating body waves which travel
the length of their bodies. They can swim backwards by reversing the
direction of the wave.
● Most eels live in the shallow waters of the ocean and burrow into sand,
mud, or amongst rocks. A majority of eel species are nocturnal, thus
are rarely seen. Sometimes, they are seen living together in holes, or
"eel pits". Some species of eels also live in deeper water on the
continental shelves and over the slopes as deep as 4,000 m.

Characteristics
● They have long, narrow bodies with long dorsal and anal fins. Most
eels have no scales. The eel's backbone is made up of over 100
vertebrae which makes it
very flexible. Eels have gills
and very sharp teeth.

https://images.app.goo.gl/x7NCkUVpwMKodVK1A

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Species: Jawless fish
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Agnatha

Description

Living jawless fish (lampreys and hagfish) have a long, cylindrical body and
a cartilaginous skeleton. The numerous extinct species were often heavily
armored and are among the earliest vertebrate fossils known.

Characteristics
The jawless fish include the lampreys and the hagfish. Jaws, fins, and
stomachs are absent in the jawless fish. Features of the jawless fish include
a notochord, paired gill pouches, a pineal eye, and a two-chambered heart.

https://images.app.goo.gl/A6BiDh5xDjifqXEZ7

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 CLASS CEPHLASPIDOMORPHY

Cephalaspidomorphs are a group of jawless fishes named for Cephalaspis

of the osteostracans. Most biologists regard this taxon as extinct, but the
name is sometimes used in the classification of lampreys, because lampreys
were once thought to be related to cephalaspids.

Species: Eel sucker. petromyzon marinus

Phylum: Chordata
Class: Hyperoartia

Description
● Have a distinctive eel-like body, but unlike the eel their skeletons are
made of cartilage rather than bone. Sea lampreys grow up to 1.2 m in
length, weighing up to 2.5 kg.
Characteristics
● Sea lampreys are unique from many other fishes in that they do not
have jaws or other bony structures, and instead possess a skeleton
made of cartilage.

https://images.app.goo.gl/i4Ed2cJyte47TvCdA

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Species: Lampreys
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Hyperoartia

Description
● They have a long, flexible body with eyes, mouth and gills at one end,
and a tail fin at the other. But it's what they lack that makes them really
unusual. Like some other primitive fish, lampreys don't have bones:
their skeleton is cartilaginous.

Characteristics
● They live in coastal and fresh waters and are found in temperate
regions around the world, except Africa. The eel-like, scaleless animals
range from about 15 to 100 centimetres (6 to 40 inches) long. They
have well-developed eyes, one or two dorsal fins, a tail fin, a single
nostril on top of the head, and seven gill openings on each side of the
body. The skeleton of a lamprey consists of cartilage; the mouth is a
round sucking aperture provided with horny teeth.

https://images.app.goo.gl/TCC3QhMNoCe63XxE7

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Species: Ohio Lampreys
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Cephalaspidomorphi

Description
● They are considered to be an endangered/rare species in some states,
due to siltation, pollution, and construction of dams. Their mouth is not
fully developed, very small, and hidden between folds of skin. Adults
have a disk shaped mouth with varying amounts of teeth depending on
the species. The Ohio lamprey has a single, continuous dorsal fin. Fully
grown, Ohio lampreys reach 10-14 inches, but may get to 15 inches.
Characteristics
● Adult Ohio lampreys are normally found in medium or large streams or
in small rivers with moderate to slow currents and debris or gravel and
sand substrates. They infrequently inhabit small streams. Most of the
Ohio lampreys we have collected were parasitizing carp, but we also
found one attached to the snout of a longnose gar, Lepisosteus
osseus, and several more attached to the heads and shoulders of
smallmouth buffalo, Ictiobus bubalus. Little is known of the life history
of the Ohio lamprey in Alabama.

https://images.app.goo.gl/DtK3fVuJFGpVASAr7

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 CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

● It is a class that contains the cartilaginous fishes: they are jawed

vertebrates with paired fins, paired nares, scales, a heart with its
chambers in series, and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone.
The class is divided into two subclasses: Elasmobranchii and
Holocephali.

Species: Spiny dogfish

Phylum: Chordate
Class: Cartilaginous species

Description
● They are slim, with a narrow, pointed snout and characteristic white
spots. They are gray above and white below. They have two dorsal
fins with ungrooved large spines. Males grow up to 3.3 feet, and
females grow up to 4 feet.

Characteristics
● This long, slender dogfish
has a pointed snout, large
eyes, and spines in front
of its two dorsal fins. It is
a brownish slate color,
fading to a pale
underbelly, with rows of
white spots down its
upper body that fade with
age.

https://images.app.goo.gl/FWcixtCQbe9a6F1t5

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Species: Shark
Phylum: Chordate
Class: Cartilaginous fishes

Description
 They are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a
cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head,
and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are
classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the
sister group to the rays.

Characteristics
● Sharks do not have bones.
● Most sharks have good eyesight.
● Sharks have special electroreceptor organs.
● Shark skin feels similar to sandpaper.
● Sharks can go into a trance.
● Sharks have been around a very long time.
● Scientists age sharks by counting the rings on their vertebrae.
● Blue sharks are really blue.

https://images.app.goo.gl/g1VbkGmmj3ALHSLJ6

46
Species: Sturgeons fish
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Acipenseroidie

Description
● are long-lived, late-maturing fishes with distinctive characteristics,
such as a heterocercal caudal fin similar to those of sharks, and an
elongated, spindle-like body that is smooth-skinned, scaleless, and
armored with five lateral rows of bony plates called scutes.

Characteristics
● Sturgeons have bony plates covering the head and five longitudinal
rows of similar plates along the body. The tail fin is heterocercal, the
upper lobe being longer than the lower. The toothless mouth, on the
underside of the snout, is preceded by four sensitive tactile barbels that
the fish drags over the bottom in search of invertebrates, small fishes,
and other food.

https://images.app.goo.gl/aEPLrTRYezNv18cE8

47
 CLASS OSTEICHTHYES

● Bony fishes share several distinguishing features: a skeleton of bone,

scales, paired fins, one pair of gill openings, jaws, and paired nostrils.
Osteichthyes includes the largest number of living species of all
scientific classes of vertebrates, more than 28,000 species.

Species: Ray-finned fishes

Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii

Description
● is a clade of the bony fishes. The ray-finned fishes are so-called
because their fins are webs of skin supported by bony or horny spines,
as opposed to the fleshy, lobed fins that characterize the class
Sarcopterygii.

Characteristics
● The swim bladder is also a unique feature of most ray-finned fish,
enabling them to maintain buoyancy as they move up or down in the
water.

https://images.app.goo.gl/3ScxfW9PizVZX5AV6

48
Species: Lobe-finned fishes
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Bony Fishes

Description
● are bony fish with fleshy, lobed, paired fins, which are joined to the
body by a single bone. The fins of lobe-finned fishes differ from those
of all other fish in that each is borne on a fleshy, lobelike, scaly stalk
extending from the body.

Characteristics
● One of the most important characteristics of lobe-finned fish is the lobe
in their fins. Unlike other fish, sarcopterygian fish has a central
appendage in their fins containing many bones and muscles. The fins
are very flexible and potentially useful for supporting the body on land,
as in lungfish and tetrapods.

https://images.app.goo.gl/yin8R9oNVPfryS4Z7

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Species: Salmonidae
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii

Description
● The family is characterized by the presence of an adipose fin, fins
without spines, and smooth, small scales. Closely related fishes are
the whitefish of the family Coregonidae (sometimes named in the
Salmonidae as a subfamily) and the smelts of the family Osmeridae.

Characteristics
● They all have small scales, a lateral line, and an adipose fin. These
features can be used to distinguish them from the other fish families
that are found in this country.

https://images.app.goo.gl/2bbucUiAuMtt1nYm7

50
 CLASS AVES

● Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class

Aves, characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of
hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and
a strong yet lightweight skeleton.

Species: Snowy Owl

Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Description
● They have strikingly bright white feathers that are dappled with black
or grey, which camouflage perfectly into the snowy tundra. These birds
are quite large. Their wingspan can be nearly 5 ft. wide, and they can
easily weigh up to 6.5 lbs..

Characteristics
 A snowy owl is 4 feet, seven inches in wingspan. They are large, white
and round headed with yellow eyes and a black, short, strong and
sharp bill. Their feet and claws are thickly covered with feathers,
mostly white with narrow brown spots. Females and their young are
more greatly marked than males..

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https://images.app.goo.gl/ndJBrLeaH9CsTEM37

52
Species: Ducks
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Description
● Duck is the common name for numerous species in the waterfowl
family Anatidae which also includes swans and geese. Ducks are
divided among several subfamilies in the family Anatidae; they do not
represent a monophyletic group but a form taxon, since swans and
geese are not considered ducks. Ducks are mostly aquatic birds,
mostly smaller than the swans and geese, and may be found in both
freshwater and seawater
.
Characteristics
● Their webbed feet act like paddles and they waddle instead of walk
because of their feet. The duck's feet cannot feel cold even if it swims
in icy cold water because their feet have no nerves or blood vessels.
The duck has water-proof feathers. A special gland that produces oil is
located near the duck's tail.

https://images.app.goo.gl/6fAFbj35R1LVeF5NA

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Species: Penguin
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves

Description
● A penguin has a large head, short neck, and elongated body. The tail
is short, stiff, and wedge-shaped. The legs and webbed feet are set far
back on the body, which gives penguins their upright posture on land.

Characteristics
● Penguins are flightless birds. While other birds have wings for flying,
penguins have adapted flippers to help them swim in the water. Most
penguins live in the Southern Hemisphere. The Galapagos Penguin is
the only penguin species that ventures north of the equator in the wild.

https://nypost.com/2020/02/05/penguin-vocabulary-similar-to-humans-
study-finds/

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 CLASS AMPHIBIA

● Unable to regulate body temperature.

● Skin types limit distribution to warm, moist climates (i.e. tropics,
subtropics, and temperate zones).
● Most US species in the south; not found in dry areas.
● Generally limited to freshwater lakes, streams, ponds - none are true
marine forms.

Species: Frogs
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia

Description
● Frogs are amphibians that are known for their jumping abilities,
croaking sounds, bulging eyes and slimy skin. They live all over the
world and are among the most diverse animals in the world, with more
than 6,000 species. Frogs substantially outnumber the two other
groups of amphibians, salamanders and caecilians.

Characteristics
● In general,
frogs have
protruding
eyes, no tail,
and strong,
webbed
hind feet that are adapted for leaping and swimming. They also
possess smooth, moist skins. Many are predominantly aquatic, but
some live on land, in burrows, or in trees.

https://www.britannica.com/explore/savingearth/amphibian-
chytridiomycosis

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Species: Salamander
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibians

Description
● Salamanders are characterized by four short limbs, rounded snouts,
long/slender bodies, and the presence of a tail in both larval and adult
stages. Most salamanders undergo metamorphosis, starting life as an
aquatic form and becoming terrestrial as adults.

Characteristics
● Their bodies are long and slender; their skin is moist and usually
smooth; and they have long tails. Salamanders are very diverse; some
have four legs; some have two. Also, some have lungs, some have
gills, and some have neither they breathe through their skin.

https://images.app.goo.gl/pEvWCutkb4bN3Piu6

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Species: Gymnophiona
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibians

Description
● An order of Amphibia that is coextensive with the family Caeciliidae
and is distinguished by the limbless small-headed short-tailed form of
its nearly eyeless members which are widely distributed in moist soil in
tropical parts of the New and Old Worlds.

Characteristics
● Their skin is smooth and slimy.
● Breath through their skin, as well as their lungs in some cases.
● Cold-blooded.
● They have a complex life cycle (larval and adult stages).
● Many species of amphibians vocalize.

https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/gymnophiona.html

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 CLASS REPTILLIA

● These are creeping and burrowing terrestrial animals with scales on

their body. They are cold-blooded animals found in most of the warmer
regions of the world. Their skin is dry, and rough, without any glands.
The body is divided into head, neck, trunk, and tail.

Species: Snake
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptiles

Description
● Snakes are ectothermic, amniote vertebrates covered in overlapping
scales. Many species of snakes have skulls with several more joints
than their lizard ancestors, enabling them to swallow prey much larger
than their heads with their highly mobile jaws.

Characteristics
● Snakes have a
unique anatomy
which allows them to
swallow and digest
large prey. Snakes
shed their skin a
number of times a
year in a process that
usually lasts a few
days. Some species
of snake, such as
cobras and black mambas, use venom to hunt and kill their prey.

https://www.treehugger.com/snakes-extraordinary-abilities-4864138

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Species: Crocodile
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptiles

Description
● Crocodile, any of 23 species of generally large, ponderous, amphibious
animals of lizard-like appearance and carnivorous habit belonging to
the reptile order Crocodylia. Crocodiles have powerful jaws with many
conical teeth and short legs with clawed webbed toes.

Characteristics
● Crocodiles have powerful jaws with many conical teeth and short legs
with clawed webbed toes. They share a unique body form that allows
the eyes, ears, and nostrils to be above the water surface while most
of the animal is hidden below. The tail is long and massive, and the
skin is thick and plated.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/biology/looks-can-deceive-crocodiles-have-
evolved-more-than-we-think/

59
Species: Lizard
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptiles

Description
● Lizard, any of more than 5,500 species of reptiles belonging in the
order Squamata. Lizards are scaly-skinned reptiles that are usually
distinguished from snakes by the possession of legs, movable eyelids,
and external ear
openings.

Characteristics
● Most lizards have
dry, scaly skin.
They have four
legs, clawed feet,
and a long tail. You
can see their
outside ear opening. Lizards have a weak tail. Lizards are reptiles.
Some lizards can detach their tails if caught by predators. The upper
and lower eyelids of chameleons are joined, leaving just a small hole
for them to see through. They can move their eyes independently
however, allowing them to look in two different directions at the same
time

https://www.zillarules.com/pet-type/lizards-geckos

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 CLASS MAMMALIA

● The presence of hair or fur.

● Sweat glands.
● Glands specialized to produce milk, known as mammary glands.
● Three middle ear bones.
● A neocortex region in the brain, which specializes in seeing and
hearing.
● Specialized teeth.
● A four-chambered heart.

Species: Dog
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammal

Description
● are domesticated mammals, not natural wild animals. They were
originally bred from wolves. They have been bred by humans for a
long time, and were the first animals ever to be domesticated. They
are a popular pet because they are usually playful, friendly, loyal and
listen to humans.

Characteristics
● They can read our emotions—if we’re happy, sad or angry.
● They prefer new toys to old toys.
● For dogs, yawns are contagious.
● Dogs feel jealousy.
● Dogs know when people are lying.
● Dogs can “smell” cancer.
● Dogs align with magnetic fields when going to the bathroom.
● Dogs are awesome stress-busters in the workplace.
● Dogs avoid people who are mean to their people.

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https://www.zooplus.co.uk/magazine/dog/dog-health-and-care/female-
dogs-heat

62
Species: Tiger
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammal

Description
● The tiger has a muscular body with powerful forelimbs, a large head
and a tail that is about half the length of its body. Its pelage is dense
and heavy, and coloration varies between shades of orange and brown
with white ventral areas and distinctive vertical black stripes that are
unique in each individual.

Characteristics
● The tiger has a muscular body with powerful forelimbs, a large head
and a tail that is about half the length of its body. Its pelage is dense
and heavy, and coloration varies between shades of orange and brown
with white ventral areas and distinctive vertical black stripes that are
unique in each individual.

https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/proxy/p56Achtrb-

63
Species: Cat
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammal

Description
 Cats, also called domestic cats (Felis catus), are small, carnivorous
(meat-eating) mammals, of the family Felidae. Domestic cats are often
called 'house cats' when kept as indoor pets. Cats have been
domesticated (tamed) for nearly 10,000 years. They are one of the
most popular pets in the world.

Characteristics
 Agreeableness traits include affectionateness, friendliness to people,
and gentleness. Extraversion traits include being active, vigilant,
curious, inquisitive, inventive, and smart. The personality of an
individual cat is determined by where the animal exists along each
factor's continuum, between low and high scores.

https://cats.lovetoknow.com/Siberian_Cats

64
This E-BOOKLET was especially prepared as one
of the requirements in Zoology

Submitted to Mr. Jandi Panolino

65