Five KINGDOM

SYSTEM
z GROUP MEMBERS:

ARAVINTHAN A/L PALANYAPPAN 23DBT21F2021

SOORIYA DARSHINI

23DBT21F2012

NURUL FAZLINA BINTI AHMAD

23DBT21F2020
WHITTAKER’S
FIVE
KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION
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 Classification is the system of assembling organisms into
groups or sets on the basis of likenesses and variances.

 In the 1960s, American biologist Robert Whittaker proposed

a classification system based on five kingdoms:

1. Monera (prokaryotes),

2. Protista (chiefly protozoa and algae),

3. Fungi (molds, yeasts, and mushrooms),

4. Plantae (plants), and

5. Animalia (animals).
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KINGDOM
MONERA
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 The nature of the cells are prokaryotic, meaning:

1) the organisms belonging to this kingdom do not contain a true

nucleus

2) do not possess any membrane-bound organelles

 The Monerans are unicellular organisms found mostly in a

moist environment.

 Some have an autotrophic mode of nutrition which means that

they can prepare their own food while others are heterotrophic
which means that they can depend on others for food.

 Can be classified into two phylum:

1) Archaebacteria

2) Eubacteria
 BACTERIAL SHAPE
SPHERICAL SHAPED
• are called cocci/ coccus
• when cocci occur in chains, they are called
streptococci
• when in clusters, they are known as
staphylococci

ROD SHAPED
• are called Bacilli, rod-shaped bacteria
with or without flagella.
 SPIRAL SHAPED
• Some rods are curved and form spiral-
shaped patterns
• are called spirilla/ spirillum.
• Spirochaetes are an example of spiral
shaped bacteria.

COMMA SHAPED
• are called vibrios
• these are comma or kidney-shaped
small bacteria with flagella at one end
• flagella is a hair-like structure that
serves primarily as a motility organelle
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1) ARCHAEBACTERIA
 They can live in a variety of environments and are hence
called extremophiles. They can survive in acidic and alkaline
aquatic regions, and also in temperature above boiling point.
They even flourish in the absence of oxygen. Can also
withstand a very high pressure of more than 200
atmospheres.

• The cell membranes of the Archaebacteria are composed of

lipids.

• Their cell wall is composed of Pseudomurein, which

prevents archaebacteria from the effects of Lysozyme.
Lysozyme is an enzyme released by the immune system of
the host, which dissolves the cell wall of pathogenic bacteria.

• The rigid cell wall provides shape and support to the

Archaebacteria. It also protects the cell from bursting
under hypotonic conditions.
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EXAMPLE OF ARCHAEBACTERIA
• Have an aerobic metabolism which requires an
environment with a high concentration of salt, in fact
many of their proteins will not function in low-salt
environments.

• Their cell walls are also quite different from those

of bacteria as ordinary lipoprotein membrane fail in high
salt concentrations. 

• Can be found in the Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA), the Dead

Sea (Jordan Rift Valley) and any other waters with high salt
concentration. 

• Extensively used for postgenomic analysis.

• They reproduce using binary fission, and are motile.

Halobacterium sp.
In shape, they may be either rods • A model organism for the halophilic branch of the archaea
or cocci, and in color, either red or hence a heterotrophic organisms.
purple
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EXAMPLE OF ARCHAEBACTERIA
Pyrodictium
They have a unique cell structure involving
a network of cannulae and flat, disk-shaped
cells. The cannulae bundle together to
allow multiple cells to be connected.
 Represents some of the prokaryotes dating back to the
earliest times
 It is a genus of submarine hyper thermophilic Archaea
whose optimal growth temperature range is 80 to
105°C.
 Found in the porous walls of deep-sea vents where the
temperatures inside get as high as 400°C, while the
outside marine environment is typically 3°C and
apparently able to adapt morphologically to this type of
hot–cold habitat.
 Grow by diverse types of anaerobic (nonoxygen) and
aerobic (oxygen) metabolism however is a
strict anaerobe and grows on H 2 and S0 (elemental
sulfur).
 The cells have been studied by scientists in part
because they are a model of thermal stability.
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2) EUBACTERIA
• The cell wall is rigid and made up of
peptidoglycans.
• It moves with the help of flagella.

• A few bacteria contain short appendages on the

cell surface, known as pili which help the
bacteria during sexual reproduction. Pili also
helps a pathogen to attach to the host.
• They are divided into two categories; gram-
positive and gram-negative, depending upon
the nature of the cell wall and the stain they
take.
 TWO MAJOR GROUPS
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GRAM-POSITIVE
Cell wall is typically composed of
numerous rows of peptidoglycan and
molecule of lipoteichoic acids making it
thick.
Bacteria that give a positive result in
the gram staining test, accepting the
crystal violet stain (appear to be
purple-coloured when seen through
an optical microscope).
GRAM-NEGATIVE
Composed of thin, inner layer of
peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
consisting of lipopolysaccharide
molecules.
Bacteria that do not retain the crystal
violet stain used in the gram staining
method of bacterial differentiation
(appear to be pink-red in colour when
seen through an optical microscope).
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EXAMPLE OF GRAM-POSITIVE
EUBACTERIA
 The transmission electron microscopy of cells
shows thick cells wall, distinctive cytoplasmic
membrane and amorphous cytoplasm.

 Frequently found in the upper respiratory

tract and on the skin.

 Can grow without the need for oxygen.

 Although usually acts as a commensal (long term

symbionts) of the human microbiota it can also
become an pathogen, being a common cause of
Staphylococcus aureus  skin infections, respiratory infections and food
Appear in spherical shape. They are poisoning.
often in clusters resembling bunch of
grapes when observed under light
microscope after Gram staining.
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EXAMPLE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE
EUBACTERIA
 Heterotrophic and motile.

 Grows via aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

 It is an important soil bacterium that is capable of

breaking down polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but is
often also detected in water-reservoirs polluted by
animals and humans, such as sewage and sinks inside
and outside of hospitals. 

 Multidrug resistant pathogen recognized for its

Pseudomonas aeruginosa ubiquity, its  intrinsically advanced antibiotic resistance
A rod-shaped bacterium about 1–5 µm mechanisms, and its association with serious illnesses
long and 0.5–1.0 µm wide. such as cystic fibrosis (CF), cancer, AIDS and non-healing
diabetic wounds.
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KINGDOM PROTISTA
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 It is known as second kingdom. There are

also known as eukaryotic because they
have nucleus.

 They  live in moist environment. 

 mostly can be found in fresh and salt

water and also in damp soil.

 Most of the Protista are unicellular. 

 Multicellular protista have different type

of cells and each type has its own
specific functions.
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ANIMAL-LIKE PROTIST
 Protozoas are colourless and motile.

 They obtain food from ingesting other organisms or organic particles

via phagocytosis ( heterotroph)

 These protozoa can be usually found in salt,fresh water and soil.

 Protozoas can be classified in 4 phyla:

1. Phylum Euglenophyta

2. Phylum Rhizopodia

3. Phylum Ciliophora

4. Phylum Apicomplexa
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1) PHYLUM EUGLENOPHYTA

Click to add text

Has 2 flagella one is called tinsel and the second one is

located within the reservoir and does not emerge from it. 
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2) PHYLUM RHIZOPODIA

Heterotrophic : consume bacteria, algae and other

protists.
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3) PHYLUM CILIOPHORA
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4) PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST

 Algae is the protist that contain chorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. 

 Some algae can be catogerised as unicellular and multicellular 

 They usually can be found in waters and moist surfaces. 

 Algae can be classified into two major phyla.

Phylum Chlorophyta, Phylum Phaeophyta.

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1) PHYLUM CHLOROPHYTA

Green algae.
• Most of them are aquatic, but some
can be found in moist surface. 
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2) PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA

Commonly seaweed,
• Thallus , a plant like body
that lacks true roots,
stems and leaves.

• Thallus consists of a blade

or lamina to  maintain the
firm foothold .
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FUNGUS-LIKE PROTIST

 Molds are fungus-like protists. Molds are a type of absorptive feeder that feeds
on decomposing organic waste. They look like mushrooms and reproduce via
spores, just like fungi. Slime moulds and water moulds are examples of fungus-
like protists.

 Heterotrophs; they ingests other organisms.

 3 types of phyla.

Phylum Acrasiomycota, Phylum Myxomycota, Phylum Oomycota.

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2) PHYLUM ACRASIOMYCOTA
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2) PHYLUM MYXOMYCOTA
 Phylum oomycota.
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IMPORTANCE OF PROTISTA
 Food source.

Seaweed, spirulina 

 Eutrophication. 

Algal bloom, reduce dissolved oxygen in water.

 Human health

Apicomplexans important phylum includes plasmodium which

causes malaria decease.
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KINGDOM
FUNGI
 Fungi are eukaryotic organisms
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that include microorganisms such
as yeasts, moulds and mushrooms.
These organisms are classified
under kingdom fungi. The
organisms found in Kingdom fungi
contain a cell wall and are
omnipresent. They are classified as
heterotrophs among the living
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The simple description about the kingdom

 Fungi (singular: fungus) are a

kingdom of usually multicellular
eukaryotic organisms that are
heterotrophs (cannot make their
own food) and have important
roles in nutrient cycling in an
ecosystem.

 Fungi reproduce both sexually

and asexually, and they also
have symbiotic associations with
plants and bacteria.
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Cell nature - Eukaryatic

 Fungi are eukaryotes and as such

have a complex cellular
organization. As eukaryotes,
fungal cells contain a membrane-
bound nucleus

 Fungi is a separate kingdom of

organisms , the other two being
Plant kingdom and Animal
kingdom. Fungi occupy a separate
kingdom because of the presence
of chitin in their cell walls.
 Cell Occurrence
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 Fungi can be unicellular or multicellular depending on environmental
conditions.

 Most fungi are multicellular organisms except yeast.

 Unicellular fungi are generally referred to as yeasts.

 Unicellular

 ~A thick cell wall made of chitin surrounds the cell. Fungi can be Example of unicellular
unicellular as yeasts or develop a network of filaments called a
mycelium, often described as mold. Most species multiply by asexual
and sexual reproductive cycles, and display an alternation of
generations.

 Multicellular

 ~Reproduce by making spores. Mold is a multicellular fungus. It consists

of filaments called hyphae that can bunch together into structures
called mycelia. Several mycelia grouped together are a mycelium and
these structures form the thallus or body of the mold. Example of multicellular
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Mode of nutrient HETEROTROPHIC
 The heterotrophic, which means
that they get the energy they need
to live from other organisms.

 Like animals, fungi extract the

energy stored in the bonds of
organic compounds such as sugar
and protein from living or dead
organisms.

 Many of these compounds can

also be recycled for further use.

 Fungi are more like animals

because they are heterotrophs
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List of the Phylums

Zygomycota Ascomycota Basidiomycota

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• As fungi, yeasts are

Yeast eukaryotic organisms. They
typically are about 0.075 mm
(0.003 inch) in diameter and
have many forms, from
spherical to egg-shaped to
• Yeast is a single-celled, filamentous.
• Most yeasts reproduce
living microorganism that asexually by budding: a small
is a member of the fungus bump protrudes from a
kingdom. parent cell, enlarges,
• Saccharomyces cerevisiae matures, and detaches.
(genus Cryptococcus)
Characteristics
Zygomycota:
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
 • This organisms are parasitic fungi that are found
in the digestive tracts of insects.
• They are facultative parasites, meaning that they
can live without a host if needed.
• Also observed and isolated from the faeces and
cadavers of laboratory-reared invertebrates.
• Form asexual spores in pairs in a more or less
cylindrical sporangium.
Zygomycota: Dimargaris
bacillispora
 Molds
• Mold, also spelled mould, in
biology, a conspicuous mass
of mycelium (masses of
vegetative filaments, or
hyphae)
• Penicillium italicum (blue
mould)
Ascomycota:
Penicillium italicum
• 1.Habitat ~Typically found in damp,
dark or steam-filled areas.
• 2.Cell~Multicellular (multiple celled)
• 3.Shape~Filamentous fungi,
Threadlike
• 4.Appearance~Fuzzy appearance
and can be an orange, green, black,
brown, pink or purple in color.
Characteristics
 Mushroom • Mushrooms are produced by fungi,
which are spore-producing organisms
that consume organic matter.
• In general, mushrooms can be
• Most mushrooms compared to the fruits of plants, as
have a stalk, also they are reproductive structures that
some fungi generate.
called a stem, and a • Mushrooms belong in a kingdom of
cap, which is generally their own and obtain nutrients by
disc-shaped. growing onto food sources, secreting
enzymes to digest the food externally
• Agaricus and absorb nutrients.
campestris(field
mushroom)
Characteristics
Basidiomycota
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REFERENCES
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April 10, 2022, from https://byjus.com/biology/monera/

 Antonio Narro, Mexico, U. A. A. A. N. M., Química Aplicada, Mexico, C. I., & Coahuila, Mexico, U. A. (2011).
Biocontrol of Soil Fungi in Tomato with Microencapsulates Containing <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> American
Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 6(2), 189–195.
https://doi.org/10.3844/ajabssp.2011.189.195

 Kutszegi, G. (2020). Wheels for Genus Identification and Presenting Diversity in Kingdom Fungi.
Conservation Biology, 34(3), 773–775. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13505

 P. Diggle, S., & Whiteley, M. (2019, October 10). Microbe Profile: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: opportunistic
pathogen and lab rat. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7273324/#:~:text=Properties-,P.,as%20the%20ter
minal%20electron%20acceptor
.

 8.1 Protists. (2021, May 22). CK-12. Retrieved April 13, 2022, from
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-biology-flexbook-2.0/section/8.1/primary/lesson/protist-ki