B S E S 23 - SCIE 3

Microbiology AND
PARASITOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION OF
MICROORGANISM
 THE TWO TYPES OF CELL

• The PROKARYOTIC CELL and the EUKARYOTIC CELL

 HISTORY

• In 1938, American biologist Herbert Copeland

established the scheme of separating kingdoms from
prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• All unicellular organisms lacking nuclei be classified
as MONERA also known as Kingdom Prokaryotae.
STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELL

• They are relatively small

• With exception with few species, prokaryotic cell are
surrounded by protected cell wall which contain forms of
peptidoglycan.
• They lack other specialized organelles (mitochondria,
lysosomes and Golgi apparatus)
• Some species of prokaryotes form endospore.
STRUCTURE OF PROKARYOTIC CELL
 HISTORY

• In 1990 American microbiologist, Carl Woese

proposed that should bacteria be divided into
two groups: the archae or archaebacteria and
bacteria based on their structural and
physiological differences.
 ARCHAEBACTERIA

• In some classifications system, the archae are considered

as prokaryotes; in others they are classified in their own
domain, archae.
• Archaebacteria is consists of a small primative anaerobes.
• Anaerobes are organisms that does not required oxygen
they are found in the narrow range of habitats with
extreme environment.
 ARCHAEBACTERIA

• Thermophiles
• Acidophiles
• Halophiles
• Barophiles
• Methanogens
 THERMOPHILES

• From the Greek words: thermotita (heat) and philia

(love)
• Temperature loving organisms
• Grows in temperature ranging 55 - 113 °C
• They are mostly found in the geothermally heated
regions on Earth.
• Very hard to study in laboratory as they need extreme
temperature
• Some members can produced heat by themselves.
 THERMOPHILES

• Thermus aquaticus

• Geogemma barosii
THERMOPHILE
 ACIDOPHILES

• Microorganisms that can live in highly acidic

environments.
• The pH range is 1-5
• They can maintain their low pH because they
have a proton pump machinery to eliminate
protons from the cytoplasm.
 ACIDOPHILES

• Pyrodictium abyssi
 HALOPHILES

• Microorganisms that can live in high salty environment such

as The Great Salt Lake and The Dead sea.
• Salinibacter ruber
 BAROPHILES

• Microorganisms that can survive under immense hydrostatic

pressure
• Some thermophilic archae are barophiles too
• Photobacterium
 METHANOGENS

• Microorganisms that produces methane as their

byproduct in anoxic conditions.
• They can be found in the intestinal tract of animals
such as cows and humans too.
• They can be a source of biogas that is considered as
a renewable source of energy.
 BACTERIA

• Bacteria are found nearly EVERYWHERE on Earth!!!!

• The earliest forms are believed to be around 3.5 billion
years old
• Are microscopic living organisms.
• Usually 1 cell or unicellular.
• They can be dangerous (cause infection).
• They can be beneficial (use in the process of
fermentation and decomposition).
• It was first called as animalcules.
• From the Greek word bakteria means “little stick”
 TYPES OF BACTERIA

• ACCORDING TO THEIR NUTRITION:

• Heterotrophic - obtaining the energy they need to
live by consuming other organism.
• Decomposers
• Secretes enzyme in their organic environment and then
absorb the nutrient.
 TYPES OF BACTERIA

• Autotrophic – obtaining energy from environment

through photosynthesis.
 EUBACTERIA

• Eubacteria – “eu” means “true”.

• Human pathogens
• Clinical or environmental
• Lives in moist environment
• They are aerobic
• Use sunlight energy to produce food and have
chlorophyll
• Can be classified by shapes.
 BACTERIA SHAPE

• Bacteria come in 3 different shapes:

• Spherical - Coccus
• Rod-like - Bacillus
• Spiral – Spirillum
• Cork Screw – Spirochetes
 COMMON BACTERIA PROBLEMS

• “Staph” infections - often found on skin.

Acne, skin lesions and sores.
• “Strep” infections - strep throat, scarlet fever,
and impetigo
• Food Poisoning - Escherichia coli infections
 BACTERIA REPRODUCTION

• Sexual reproduction called “conjugation”

• Involves two bacteria and a “sex pilus”
• Results in genetically unique bacteria

• Asexual reproduction called “binary fission”

• Results in genetically similar/identical bacteria
 BACTERIA’S BENEFITS

• Decay bacteria or break down dead organisms to return to

essential nutrients to the soil.
• Used in food industry.
• Useful in genetic engineering.
• Ability to synthesize antibiotic.
• Use to degrade oil spills and remove toxic materials.
• Turn waste product into energy.
 ORIGIN OF PROKARYOTES

• Pasteur disproved the spontaneous-generation

theory but left open a question: How did life
begin?
• It might be the seeding or organic molecules from
the meteorites from the outer space or a God
event that started life.
 EVOLUTION OF PROKARYOTES

• Prokaryotes are mostly bacteria and their

advancement led to more complex living organisms.
• Advancement in the structure and function of
prokaryotes continued to the juncture where two
separate types are now identifiable: bacteria and
archaea.
 THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

• Describes how a large host cell and ingested bacteria

could easily become dependent on one another for
survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over
millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and
chloroplasts have become more specialized and today
they cannot live outside the cell.
THE ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY
 EUKARYOTIC CELL

• Comes from the Greek words: eu (good) and

karyon (kernel or nut).
• Most eukaryotic cells contain other membrane-
bound organelles such as mitochondria,
chloroplast and the Golgi apparatus.
• All large complex organisms are eukaryotes.
• It appears monophyletic so it makes up one of the
three domains of life.
 EUKARYOTES

• Are organisms whose cells are organized into

complex structures by internal membranes and a
cytoskeleton.
• The most characteristic membrane bound structure is
the nucleus.
• Animals, plants, fungi, and protist are eukaryotes.
 PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
Prokaryotic Similarities Eukaryotic

Oldest Type DNA Evolved from Prokaryotes

Small and Simple Ribosomes Larger and more complex

Lack nucleus Cytoplasm Contain Nucleus

Lack membrane bound Plasma Membrane Contain membrane bound

organelles organelles

Single-celled Single or multi-celled

Single Circular chromosomes Multiple linear chromosomes

 EUKARYOTES

• The most fundamental difference is that

eukaryotes do have "true" nuclei containing their
DNA, whereas the genetic material in prokaryotes
is not membrane-bound
• The cell walls of prokaryotes are generally
formed of a different molecule (peptidoglycan) to
those of eukaryotes (many eukaryotes do not have
a cell wall at all).
 ALGAE
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M S
 ALGAE

• Plant- like organisms that carry on photosynthesis.

• Algae lack the roots, stems, leaves, vascular tissues and other
structures typical of true plants.
• Algae have thalloid body - (from Latinized Greek thallos,
meaning a green shoot or twig )
• Can either be unicellular or multicellular.
• Cell walls made up of cellulose which contains pectin which
gives its slimy feel.
 ALGAE

• Can be microscopic (phytoplankton) or macroscopic

(seaweed).

• 3000 species have been reported.

• PHYCOLOGY – study (logos) of algae (phycos). This

discipline deals with the morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny,
biology, and ecology of algae in all ecosystems.

• PHYCOLOGIST – the one who study algae.

 ALGAE

• Occurrence:
• (a) Aquatic Forms – Fresh and Marine waters.
• (b) Terrestrial – soil, moist wall, tree trunks etc.
• (c) Unusual habitat:
• 1. Halophytic – highly saline water
• 2. Epiphytic – surface of other plants.
• 3. Endozoic –inside the animals.
• 4. Epizoic –on the animals.
• 5. Symbiotic –mutual association with fungi and lichens.
• 6. Parasitic –parasite on plants and animals.
• 7. Thermophytic –hot springs
• 8. Fluviatile –rapidly running water.
 ALGAE

• Pigmentation:
• (a) Chlorophylls a, b
• (b) Carotenoids
• (c) Phycobilins ( red pigment- phycoerythrin;

blue pigment-phycocyanin)
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Unicellular

Euglena Diatoms
(Motile with flagellate) (No motile)
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Multicellular
• 1. COLONIES – with constant number of cells that remains constant.
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Multicellular
• 2. AGGREGATIONS – cells that have the ability of cell division, it is
colony but not constant in form and size.
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Multicellular
• 3. FILAMENTS- daughter cells remain attached after cell division and
form a cell chain; adjacent cell share cell walls.

Cladophora Pithophora
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Multicellular
• 4. COENOCYTIC or siphonaceaous - one large, multi nucleate cell
without cross walls.
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Multicellular
• 5. PARENCHYMATOUS – macroscopic algae with thalloid body.
 FORMS OF ALGAE

• Multicellular
• 6. ERECT THALLUS- shoot or twig
 ALGAE PHYLA

• Chlorophyta
• Green algae
 ALGAE PHYLA

• Cyanophyta
• Blue-green algae
 ALGAE PHYLA

• Phaeophyta
• Brown Algae

Fucus sp.

Nereocystis luekeana
 ALGAE PHYLA

• Rhodophyta
• Red Algae

Porphyra Pikea robusta Smithora naiadum

 ALGAE PHYLA

• Phyrrophyta
• Fire algae
 ALGAL BLOOMS
• Over abundance of algae that can severely affect the
aquatic ecosystems in which they occur.
• ex. Dinoflagellates – Red tide can cause shellfish
poisoning, fish poisoning, Bird Sudden Death Syndrome
(esp. Eagles), in human; dermatitis and even death.
• Usually caused by addition of excess amount of
nutrients (run-offs of phosphate and nitrate from
fertilizers and sewage disposal); Eutrophication.
• Can cause foul smells in water reservoirs.
 BENEFITS OF ALGAE

• Algae play a vital role in the aquatic ecosystem. They provide

food and shelter for other organisms and are important in the
process of absorbing nutrients and toxins.
• They are also critical in fixing carbon and creating
atmospheric and dissolved aquatic oxygen.
• Foods for Human
• Cosmetics
• Detergents
• Petroleum products
• Foods for Invertebrates and fishes (Phytoplankton).
 FUNGI
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M S
 HISTORY

• The earth is surrounded by plants and animals

• 90% life on Earth has been damage because of

fire.
• Dead wood + Animal Material = FUNGI
 FUNGI

• Discovered by
Robert Hooke
 FUNGI

• Characteristics
• Eukaryotes
• 700,000 to 5 million species of fungi all over the world.
• They are heterotrophic

• Nutritional Modes:
• Saprobic: Decomposers
• Parasitic: living host
• Mutualistic: both benefited
 FUNGI

• Reproduction:
• They reproduce by means of sexual and asexual.
• SPORES is the reproductive organ of fungi which can be
carried by the wind.

• Composition:
• Cell wall is made of CHITIN
 FORMS OF FUNGI

• Mushroom
• Can be edible or poisonous
• Can produce spores up to 2.7 billion a day

• Yeast
• Molds
• Found in decaying bread and cheese
 PROTOZOA
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M S
 PROTOZOA

• Protozoa are eukaryotes and unicellular organisms,

• they have metabolic processes similar to those of
human host than prokaryotic bacterial pathogens.
• They are single celled beings, which also cause
diseases in humans, which can be mild to life
threatening.
 PROTOZOAN INFECTION AND DISEASES

• The most common diseases caused by

protozoa are:
• Malaria
• Amoebiasis
• Sleeping Sickness
 PROTOZOAN INFECTION AND DISEASES

• Malaria
• is a life-threatening disease that’s typically transmitted
through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.
• Malaria is usually found in tropical and subtropical climates
where the parasites that cause it live.
• Derived from the Italian word for "bad air"
 MALARIA

• What causes malaria?

• Malaria can occur if a mosquito infected with the
Plasmodium parasite bites you.
• Malaria is transmitted by blood, so it can also be
transmitted through:
• an organ transplant

• a transfusion

• use of shared needles or syringes

 PROTOZOAN INFECTION AND DISEASES

• Amoebiasis
• Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection of the intestines caused
by the protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, or E. histolytica.
• The symptoms of amoebiasis include loose stool, abdominal
cramping, and stomach pain. However, most people with
amoebiasis won’t experience significant symptoms.
 PROTOZOAN INFECTION AND DISEASES

• Sleeping Sickness
• Sleeping sickness is infection with germs carried by certain
flies. It results in swelling of the brain.
• Alternative Names is Human African trypanosomiasis.
• Sleeping sickness occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa countries
where there are tsetse flies that transmit the disease.
 SLEEPING SICKNESS

• What causes sleeping sickness?

• Sleeping sickness is caused by two germs (protozoa):
• Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

• Trypanosomoa brucei gambiense

• Tsetse flies carry the infection.

• Risk factors include living in parts of Africa where the disease is found
and being bitten by tsetse flies. The disease does not occur in the United
States. But travelers who have visited or lived in Africa can have the
infection.
 VIRUS
C L A S S I F I C AT I O N O F M I C R O O R G A N I S M S
 VIRUS

• Discovered at the end of 19th century

• 1892, Dmitri Ivanosky Mendeleev
• Cannot replicate on its own, It must attach to and enter a
host cell. It then uses the host cell’s energy to synthesize
protein, DNA, and RNA.
• Viruses have no cell wall and made up of nucleic acid
components.
 VIRUS

• Adolf Mayer – Mosaic disease of Tobacco (1886)

• 1898 – Martinus Benjerinck not bacterial disease but
a living liquid virus
• 1931 – Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll discovered
electron microscope – first virus visualized – tobacco
mosaic virus
 VIRUS

• Virion – virus capable of causing infection

• Capsid – protects the virion to be destroyed
• Envelope – stolen bits from cell membrane
 VIRUS

• Its main function is to “hijack” the host.

• HIV – has envelope that is why it is engulfed by cell.
• Polio Virus – has no envelope but creates a porous
channel.
• Rhinovirus and coronavirus - common colds
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Adenovirus – Keratoconjunctivitis
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Adenovirus - Pharyngitis
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Adenovirus - Gastroenteritis
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Hepatitis
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Herpes Labialis
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• AIDS
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Measles
 DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS

• Chicken Pox
References...

Robert Nordsieck. “The Living World of Molluscs”

<http://www.mollusc.at/gastropoda/index.html?/Gastropoda/morphology/nervous_system.html>
Arthur Anker. “Organisms named after famous people, in pictures”
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ news/2017/04/12/organisma-nmed-after-famous- people-pictures/>
Hoefnagels, MarieIlle H. Biology: The Essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016.
Brooker, Robert J., Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, and Peter D. Stiling. Principles of Biology.New York,NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2015.
Arora, D.R. 2007. Arora: Medical Parasitology 2nd Edition
Ash, L.R. and Orihel, T.C. 2007. Ash: Atlas of Human Parasitology 5th Edition
Chernin, Jack. 2002. Parasitology
Burton, G. and Engelkirk, P. 2007. Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences 8th Edition: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins
HIV and IDS Data Hub for Asia Pacific. “Philipppines: Key facts on HIV” <http://www.aidsdatahub.org/Country-
Profiles/Philippines> (accessed on October 13, 2017)
JOBSHADOW. “Interview with an Allergist/Immunologist” <http://www.jobshadow.com/interview-with-an-
Allergistimmunologist/> (accessed on October 13, 2017)
BBC. “History of Life on Earth” <http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/history_of_earth> (accessed on October 18, 2017)
Avert. “Global HIV and AIDS” <https://www.avert.org/global-hiv-and-aids-statistics> (accessed on October 13,
2017)
Hoefnagels, MarieIlle H. Biology: The Essentials. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2016.
Brooker, Robert J., Eric P. Widmaier, Linda E. Graham, and Peter D. Stiling. Principles of Biology.New York,NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2015.
QUESTION CLARIFICATIO
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SUGGESTION
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 TO GOD BE THE
GLORY...

THANK YOU
TEACHING IS A WORK OF HEART
Maam CRIS :)