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Assessment of Performance Wonogiri Dam in Service of Water Needs

Due to The Impact of Erosion and Sedimentation
To cite this article: A Ari Murdhianti et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 641 012003

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

Assessment of Performance Wonogiri Dam in Service of

Water Needs Due to The Impact of Erosion and
Sedimentation

A Ari Murdhianti1, B Sri Wahyu Kusumastuti1, C Lily Montarcih2, D Pitojo Tri

Juwono2 and E Dian Sisinggih

1 Student in Doctoral Program, Faculty of Water Resources Engineering, Brawijaya

University, Indonesia
2 Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of
Brawijaya, Indonesia
E-mail: ari.murdhianti95@gmail.com

Abstract. Wonogiri Dam administratively located in Wonogiri Regency exactly in the upper
reaches of Bengawan Solo Watershed. Wonogiri Dam is a multipurpose dam which is used as
irrigation, raw water, hydroelectric power plant and flood control. The high impact of erosion
and sedimentation became main issue in Wonogiri Dam caused by changes in land use at
upstream area. Within 25 years the capacity of Wonogiri Reservoir was reduced by 65 million
m3 from 440 million m3 in 1980 to 375 m3 in 2005 as recorded. One of parameter that used for
assessment of the dam performance depends on erosion and sedimentation. This study aims to
determine assessment of performance Wonogiri Dam in service of water needs due to erosion
and sedimentation. Erosion and sedimentation analysis can be determined by using USLE
(Universal Soil Loss Equation) and SRD (Sedimen Delivery Ratio) methods. As the result
showed that erosion in Wonogiri Watershed has high erosion potential which gain 3,2 million
m3/year. The Keduang Sub Watershed shows the highest level of erosion potential, which is
between 1.175 million m3/year. The sedimentation rate result in Wonogiri Dam considered
relatively high with rate value 1,948,000 m3/year. There for it is necessary that a comprehensive
sedimentation management system is needed in the Wonogiri Watershed from both side, in
technical and non technical aspect, such as reforestation or dredging activities. Based on the
results of the analysis of the impact of erosion and sedimentation, it can be concluded that the
performance evaluation of the Wonogiri Dam is include in the sufficient category because many
activities have been carried out to restore the reservoir function to its original condition .

1. Introduction
The Wonogiri reservoir is located in Wonogiri Regency, Central Java Province with an area of
182,236.02 Ha dan geographically located is at latitude 7o32' to 8o15'and longitude 110o41' to 111o18'.
The Wonogiri Reservoir functions to control the flood of the Bengawan Solo River, to meet the needs
of irrigation water + 23,600 Ha, 12.4 MW of electricity, tourism and aquaculture of freshwater fisheries.
The problem of sedimentation is one of the main problems in the Wonogiri Reservoir. As a result of the
sedimentation, the Wonogiri Reservoir has experienced a decline in reservoir capacity which has
resulted in reduced water allocation for energy generation (PLTA). Fulfillment of irrigation and raw
water (industry and PDAM) in the dry season and decreased ability to control floods in the rainy season.

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

Recorded in the period of 25 years, there was a decrease of 65 million m3 from 440 million m3 in 1980
to 375 m3 in 2005. The water level in the Wonogiri Reservoir showed an increase in water levels that
were upnormal during the rainy season and the face height conditions water lower than Reservoir
Operation Pattern in the dry season. In addition, climate change factors also affect the reservoir reservoir
volume so that it also affects the reservoir's ability to reduce flooding and meet downstream water needs.

Figure 1. Location of Study Area.

2. Research Methods
This research was conducted at the Wonogiri Reservoir watershed which consists of 7 sub-basins,
including :
 Keduang
 Tirtomoyo
 Bengawan Solo’
 Temon
 Alang
 Ngunggahan
 Wuryantoro

The data requirements used for analysis are secondary data, including rainfall data, land use maps
and soil type maps and slope maps on land. Predictions of erosion rates in land are analyzed using the
Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) equation developed by Wischmeier and Smith (1987), as follows
:
𝐴=𝑅×𝐾×𝐿×𝑆×𝐶×𝑃 (1)
Information :
A = amount of eroded land (ton/ha/year)
R = rain erosivity index (mm/year)
K = soil erodibility factor
L = slope length factor
C = vegetation cover factors and plant management
P = special factors for soil conservation

Rain erosivity index is obtained using the Bols equation (Arsyad, 1978), as follows :

𝐸𝐼30 = 6,119 𝑅1,21 × 𝐷 −0,47 × 𝑀0,53 (2)

Information :
EI30 = rain erosivity index (mm/year)
R = monthly rainfall (cm)

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

D = the amount of rain in the month to (n)

M = maximum rainfall for 24 hours (cm) month to (n)

The method used to estimate the amount of sediment yield is to calculate the Wonogiri watershed
Sediment Delivery Ratio / SDR using the following formula:
𝑌 = 𝐸(𝑆𝐷𝑅)𝑊𝑆 (3)
Information:
Y = sediment yield per unit area
E = amount of erosion
SDR = sediment delivery ratio

3. Discussion

3.1. Characteristics of Wonogiri Reservoir

The Wonogiri reservoir water catchment area consists of 7 (seven) sub-watershed with a total area of
1388.39 km2. The area of each Wonogiri reservoir sub-basin is as follows:

Table 1. Watershed Area.

No Sub Watershed Watershed Area (km2)
1 Keduang 432,07
2 Tirtomoyo 217.03
3 Temon 63,03
4 Bengawan Solo 199,93
5 Alang 198,21
6 Ngunggahan 62,44
7 Wuryantoro 102,03

3.2. Prediction of The Amount of Erosion

Erosity index is a factor that influences the prediction of the amount of erosion. The erosivity index
value is calculated using the Bols method with 21 year rainfall data. Rain erosivity index is presented in
table 1 below.

Table 2. Rain Erosivity Index.

No Sub Watershed Rain Erosivity Index
(mm/year)
1 Keduang 87,98
2 Tirtomoyo 81,13
3 Temon 63,68
4 Bengawan Solo 72,20
5 Alang 82,02
6 Ngunggahan 59,17
7 Wuryantoro 59,58

The soil erodibility (K) value reflects the sensitivity of the soil to the amount of erosion. Soil
erodibility is influenced by the distribution of soil types found in the Wonogiri watershed. Table 3 will
explain the type of soil and soil erodibility (K) value in each Wonogiri sub-watershed.

Table 3. Area per Soil Type and Soil Erodibility Value.

No Area (km2)

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

Sub Latosol Mediteran Podsolik Podsolik Merah Regosol Alluvial Grumusol redzina
Watershed Coklat Kuning
1 Keduang 305,03 92,5 27,19 0,41 2,71 7,1 - -
2 Tirtomoyo 115,87 - - 5,03 13,71 40,57 5,45 -
3 Temon 5,95 - - 10,47 3,3 19,78 28,69 -
4 Bengawan 0,01 - - 4,4 99,01 41,03 2,74 20,61
Solo
5 Alang 16,09 66,68 - - 3,02 75,01 - 31
6 Ngunggahan 10,43 24,16 - - - 19,06 9,29 -
7 Wuryantoro 15,21 5,08 - - - 24,82 37,46 -
Erodibilitas (K) 0,32 0,31 0,158 0,166 0,3 0,315 0,18 0,251

Slope class is a form of terrain that affects the amount of erosion. Table 3 presents the area according
to the slope class and LS values in each of the Wonogiri sub-watershed.

Table 4. Slope Class.

No Sub Watershed Area (km2)
Flat Sloping A Bit Steep Steep Very Steep
0 -8 % 9 - 15 % 15 -25 % 25 -40 % 40-100 %
1 Keduang 11,57 274,26 96,25 38,27 6,65
2 Tirtomoyo 27,7 102,96 39,18 13,37 -
3 Temon 21,18 40,98 5,87 - -
4 Bengawan Solo 29,97 109,64 27,76 3,44 -
5 Alang 44,72 139,2 9,66 - -
6 Ngunggahan 13,21 31,83 17,27 - -
7 Wuryantoro 47,64 49,6 4,7 - -
LS 1,36 5,25 10,85 22,73 54,3

Land use in the Wonogiri watershed includes secondary dryland forests, plantation forests, shrubs,
settlements, dry land agriculture, mixed upland agriculture, and rice fields. This land use will produce
CP values that affect the amount of erosion prediction. The land use conditions for each Wonogiri sub-
watershed are presented in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Land Use Sub-Watershed Keduang.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Keduang
Area (km2) Percentage CP
(%)
1 Secondary Dry 20,097 4,73% 0,45
Land Forest
2 Plantation Forest 6,013 1,42% 0,01
3 Shrubs 0,091 0,02% 0,02
4 Settlement 35,498 8,36% 0,1
5 Dryland Farming 72,072 16,96% 0,3
6 Dryland Farming 201,800 47,50% 0,6
Mixed
7 Rice Fields 89,284 21,02% 0,05

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

Total 424,855 100,00%

Table 6. Land Use Sub-Watershed Bengawan Solo.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Bengawan Solo
Area (km2) Percentage CP
(%)
1 Plantation Forest 0,322 0,20% 0,01
2 Settlement 2,974 1,83% 0,1
3 Dryland Farming 0,096 0,06% 0,3
4 Dryland Farming 126,663 77,77% 0,6
Mixed

5 Rice Fields 32,824 20,15% 0,05

Total 162,879 100,00%

Table 7. Land Use Sub-Watershed Tirtomoyo.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Tirtomoyo
Area (km2) Percentage CP
(%)

1 Plantation Forest 5,814 3,26% 0,01

2 Settlement 5,329 2,99% 0,1
3 Dryland Farming 134,104 75,15% 0,6
Mixed

4 Rice Fields 33,202 18,61% 0,05

Total 178,450 100,00%

Table 8. Land Use Sub-Watershed Temon.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Temon
Area (km2) Percentage CP
(%)
1 Settlement 2,524 3,80% 0,1
2 Dryland Farming 55,548 83,63% 0,6
Mixed

3 Rice Fields 8,352 12,57% 0,05

Total 66,424 100,00%

Table 9. Land Use Sub-Watershed Alang.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Alang
Luas (km2 Percentage CP
(%)
1 Settlement 21,769 11,40% 0,10
2 Dryland Farming 22,026 11,54% 0,30

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

3 Dryland Farming 92,819 48,61% 0,60

Mixed

4 Rice Fields 54,326 28,45% 0,05

Total 190,940 100,00%

Table 10. Land Use Sub-Watershed Ngunggahan.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Ngunggahan
Area (km2) Percentage CP
(%)
1 Settlement 2,309 3,77% 0,1
2 Dryland Farming 52,689 85,92% 0,6
Mixed

3 Rice Fields 6,322 10,31% 0,05

Total 61,321 100,00%

Table 11. Land Use Sub-Watershed Wuryantoro.

No Sub Watershed Land Erosion Rate
Wuryantoro
Area (km2) Percentage CP
(%)
1 Plantation Forest 9,719 11,91% 0,01
2 Setttlement 6,638 8,14% 0,1
3 Dryland Farming 2,447 3,00% 0,3
4 Dryland Farming 48,065 58,91% 0,6
Mixed

5 Rice Fields 14,719 18,04% 0,05

Total 178,450 100,00%

From the calculation of the average rate of erosion of the sub-watershed which contributed the most
erosion is Kedas Keduang with an average land erosion of 49.313 tons / ha / year. Keduang Sub Das is
the widest sub Das in the Wonogiri watershed, besides that the location of the Keduang river estuary is
near the intake of the dam. For the smallest land erosion average, there is Sub Watershed Tirtomoyo
with average land erosion value of 1,158 tons / ha / year. Erosion rate maps for the Keduang Sub
Watershed and Tirtomoyo Sub Watershed are presented in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

Table 12. Average Erotion Rate.

No Sub Watershed Average Erotion Rate
Tons/Ha/year mm/year
1 Keduang 49,313 4,109
2 Tirtomoyo 1,158 0,097
3 Temon 35,394 2,949
4 Bengawan Solo 35,556 2,963
5 Alang 29,311 0,443

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

6 Ngunggahan 33,899 2,825

7 Wuryantoro 18,138 1,511

3.3 Sedimentation from The Reservoir Enters

The amount of sediment that is expected to enter the Wonogiri watershed. From the calculation of the
largest incoming sediment volume, the Keduang Sub-watershed is 11.788 m3 / year. The smallest
volume of sediment that enters is the Tirtomoyo Sub-watershed, which is 0.171 m3 / year. For the results
of calculation of sediment volumes entering each sub-basin contained in the Wonogiri watershed are
presented in Table 13 below.

Table 13. Sediment Volume Entering The Wonogiri Watershed.

No Sub Watershed SDR Sediment
Watershed Area Volume
Km2 % m3/year
1 Keduang 432,06 0,066 11,788
2 Tirtomoyo 217,03 0,082 0,171
3 Temon 68,03 0,116 2,319
4 Bengawan 199,93 0,084 4,956
Solo
5 Alang 169,38 0,088 3,638
6 Ngunggahan 62,44 0,119 2,092
7 Wuryantoro 102,031 0,102 1,578

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

Figure 2. Map of Wonogiri Reservoir Sub-Basin Erosion Rate.

4. Conclusions and Recommendations

4.1. Conclusion
Based on the analysis of sediment potential in each sub-watershed, it can be categorized that the largest
contributor to sediments or Rank I is the Keduang Sub-watershed, Rank II is Bengawan Solo Sub-
watershed, Rank III is Alang Sub-Watershed, Rank IV is Temon Sub-watershed, Rank V is Ngunggahan
Sub-watershed, Rank VI is Wuryantoro Sub-watershed, Rank VII is Tirtomoyo Sub-watershed.
Based on the bathimetry survey conducted in 2016 and 2019, the average sediment rate was 11.5 million
m3 / year.

Figure 3. Map of Sediment Deposition in Wonogiri Reservoir.

4.2. Recommendation
Handling of sedimentation in the Wonogiri Reservoir can be done through several types of activities
including;

1. Catching sediment in the upper reaches of the reservoir

2. Diversion of sediment to the reservoir
3. Mechanical removal of sediment from reservoirs
4. Vegetative handling
5. Social handling

Besides handling technically and non-technically, monitoring activities are also needed to make it
easier to arrange steps in handling sediment in reservoirs. Monitoring activities that need to be carried
out include:

1. Monitoring changes in land use

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International Conference of Sustainable Earth Resources Engineering 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 641 (2021) 012003 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/641/1/012003

2. Monitoring of changes in the reservoir base elevation

3. Monitoring water and sediment quality
4. Rain and discharge data monitoring

References
[1] Asdak. Chay. Hidrologi dan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai, Gadjah Mada University Press,
Yogyakarta (2007)
[2] Fauzi. Rifky M. Z. and Maryono, Biro Penerbit Planologi Undip, Volume 12, page 429-445
(2016)
[3] Hidayat. Lukman, Susanto Sahid, Sudira. Putu and Jayadi. Rachmad, AGRITECH, Volume 34
No.3, Page 337-346 (2014)
[4] Wahyuningrum. Nining and Putra. Pamungkas Buana , Journal of Watershed Management
Research, Volume 2 No. 1, Page 1-16 (2018)
[5] Weischmeir and Smith. D/ D, Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses a guide to Conservation
Planning, U.S. Department of Agriculture Hand Book No.537 (1978)

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Bengawan Solo and Water Resources
Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering of Brawijaya University.

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