St

udyNot
es:

SARS-
CoV-
2RTPCRTest

RT-PCR testorReal -
TimePol y
merChainReacti
onTestwast heonl
ydet ecti
ontestinthe
beginni
ngst agesofCov id-
19.Itisdonebycoll
ecti
ngswabsf r
om t
het hroatandnoseof
suspectedCov i
d-19patients.Pati
ent'
sswabsamplesareanaly
zedwithreagentstocheckif
theyhavetheCov i
d-19virus.Thi
sisthewi
del
yusedtestt
odiagnoseact
ivecoronainf
ect
ion.

Ant
ibodyTest

RapidAnti
bodyTestl
ooksforant
ibodi
esthr
oughapatient
’sbl
oodsampl
es.Accor
dingt
oICMR,
thesetest
saremajorl
yformassanal y
sisandrepor
ti
ng.Aftert
heAnti
bodyTestisdone,t
he
foll
owi
ngstrat
egyneedst
obef ol
lowed:

Posi
ti
veAnt
ibodyTest
:assessment
,tr
eat
ment
,andi
sol
ati
onshoul
dbegi
nfort
hepat
ient
s.

Negati
veAnt
ibodyTest:anRTPCRt esti
srequi
red.I
fRTPCRt esti
sposit
ive,t
hepat
ienti
s
conf
ir
medtohav et
heinfect
ionandneedst
ofoll
owCovid-
19t
reat
mentprot
ocols.

I
tisanimportanttoolf
orscienti
sts,gover
nmentandexper
tst
ounder
standandpl
anf
urt
her
movementst
rategi
esandguideli
nesforthepandemi
cperi
od.

Ant
igenTest

Ant i
genTesti sthenewestcor onav i
russcr
eeningt hatdet ectspr oteinst hatar epart
soft he
coronav i
rus.Thisisdonei nalmostt hesamemet hodast heRTPCR-t hatisbyusi ngnasal fl
uid
i
naswab.Ant i
gent estsar eablet ogivether esul t
squi ckerthanRTPCRandar enotas
expensi ve.Incaset heAnt igenTestcomesnegat ive,doct orsmayr ecommendRTPCRf orfi
nal
repor t
ing, dependingont hesituati
onandexposur eoft heper son.Tof i
ndasol uti
ontomakel i
fe
nor malagai nasbef or
et heCov i
d-19pandemic, AntibodyandAnt i
genTest scanbeusedwi dely
i
ncommuni t
iesandul ti
mat elyhelpineasingt her estri
ctionst osl ow/ stopt hespreadoft he
vir
us.Al so,abet terunderstandingoft hepopulationt hathasr ecov eredf rom Covid-
19woul d
enabl e exper tsto estimatet he dynami cand r ate oft he v i
rus’spr ead and design better
strategiest o saf
eguardt hecommuni ty
.Int hemeant i
me,Ant ibodyTest i
ng could playan
addi t
ionalr oleofconf ir
mi ngpeopl ewhocandonat econv al
escentpl asma,acomponentof
bloodt hatcont ai
nsant ibodies.Know how y oucangett heset estscust omi zedaspery our
requirement sofyourfami l
y.
 PARAMETER RTPCR ANTI
GEN ANTI
BODY

Det
ect
ion Detect
stheSARSCOV Det ects the Det
ectst he anti
body
geneti
cmater
ial
(RNA) protei
ns/ant
igens in pr
oducedbyt hebody
thev i
rus i
nresponsetothevi
rus

Repor
tti
me 1t
o2day
s I
mmediate r
esul
t Time requi
red forthe
(
about30minut
es) resul
ts-
1dayifdoneby
ELISA/CLI
Amet hod

Pur
pose Det
ects act i
ve & Det
ects act i
ve & Det
ect
spasti
nfect
ion
cur
renti
nfect
ion cur
renti
nfect
ion

Accur
acy Ver
yaccur
ate May r equi
re f
urt
her Useful f or sero-
conf
ir
mat i
on survei
l
lanceandheal
th
planni
ng

Cost Expensi
ve Lessexpensi
ve Lessexpensi
ve

Requi
sit
es Requir
es doct
or’
s Requir
es doct
or’
s Does not r equi
re
prescr
ipt
ion prescr
ipt
ion/
Aadhar doct
or'
spr
escr
ipt
ion
Card

Adv
ant
ages Useful f
or i
ndi
vi
dual Usef
ulf
ormasst
est
ing Useful f or mass
test
ing scr
eening

Sampl
efor
m Naso/
Orophar
yngeal Nasophar
yngeal
swabs Bl
ood
swabs

Sensi
ti
vi
ty Hi
ghl
ysensi
ti
ve Moder
atesensi
ti
vi
ty Usef
ulforsurvei
ll
ance,
notf
ordiagnosi
s

CHESTX-
RAY

Def
ini
ti
on

Achestx-
rayi
sanx-
rayoft
hechest
,lungs,
hear
t,l
argear
ter
ies,
ribs,
anddi
aphr
agm.

Al
ter
nat
iveNames

Chestr
adi
ogr
aphy
;Ser
ial
chestx
-ray
;X-
ray-chest

Howt
heTesti
sPer
for
med

Youst
andi
nfr
ontoft
hex-
raymachi
ne.Youwi
l
lbet
oldt
ohol
dyourbr
eat
hwhent
hex-
rayi
staken.
Twoi
magesar
eusual
l
ytaken.Youwi
l
lfi
rstneedt
ost
andf
aci
ngt
hemachi
ne,
andt
hensi
deway
s.

Howt
oPr
epar
efort
heTest

Tel
ltheheal
thcareprov
ideri
fyouar
epr
egnant
.Chestx
-ray
sar
egener
all
ynotdonedur
ingt
hef
ir
st6
monthsofpregnancy
.

Howt
heTestwi
l
lFeel

Ther
eisnodi
scomf
ort
.Thef
il
m pl
atemayf
eel
col
d.

Whyt
heTesti
sPer
for
med

Yourpr
ovi
dermayor
derachestx-
rayi
fyouhav
eanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngsy
mpt
oms:

-Aper
sist
entcough

-Chestpai
nfr
om achesti
njur
y(wi
thapossi
bler
ibf
ract
ureorl
ungcompl
i
cat
ion)orf
rom hear
t
pr
oblems

-Coughi
ngupbl
ood

-Di
ff
icul
tybr
eat
hing

-Fev
er

Itmayalsobedoneifyouhavesignsoftuber
cul
osi
s,l
ungcancer,orot
herchestorl
ungdi
seases.A
seri
alchestx-
rayi
sonethati
srepeated.I
tmaybedonetomonitorchangesfoundonapastchestx-
ray.

WhatAbnor
mal
Resul
tsMean

Abnor
mal
resul
tsmaybeduet
omanyt
hings,
incl
udi
ng:

I
nthel
ungs:

-Col
l
apsedl
ung

-Col
l
ect
ionoff
lui
dar
oundt
hel
ung

-Lungt
umor(
noncancer
ousorcancer
ous)

-Mal
for
mat
ionoft
hebl
oodv
essel
s

-Pneumoni
a

-Scar
ri
ngofl
ungt
issue

-Tuber
cul
osi
s
I
nthehear
t:

-Pr
obl
emswi
tht
hesi
zeorshapeoft
hehear
t

-Pr
obl
emswi
tht
heposi
ti
onandshapeoft
hel
argear
ter
ies

-Ev
idenceofhear
tfai
l
ure

I
nthebones:

-Fr
act
uresorot
herpr
obl
emsoft
her
ibsandspi
ne

-Ost
eopor
osi
s

Ri
sks

Thereislowradiat
ionexposur
e.X-ray
saremonitor
edandregul
atedtoprovi
dethemini
mum amount
ofradi
ationexposureneededtoproducet
heimage.Mostexpert
sfeelt
hatthebenef
it
sout
weighthe
ri
sks.Pregnantwomenandchi l
drenaremoresensi
tiv
etot
her i
sksofx-
rays.

URI
NALYSI
S

A uri
nalysi
sisat estofy oururi
ne.A uri
naly
sisi susedtodetectandmanageawi derangeof
disor
ders,such asur inar
yt ractinf
ect
ions,kidneydiseaseand diabet
es.A uri
naly
sisi
nvol
ves
checki
ngt heappearance,concentr
ati
onandcont entofuri
ne.Abnor
malurinal
ysi
sresul
tsmaypoi
nt
toadiseaseoril
lness.

Resul
ts

Foraur i
nal
ysi
s,y
ourur
inesampl
eisev
aluat
edi
nthr
eeway
s:v
isualexam,di
pst
ickt
estand
micr
oscopi
cexam.
Vi
sual
exam

Alabtechni
cianexaminestheuri
ne'
sappearance.Ur
inei
sty
pical
l
ycl
ear
.Cl
oudi
nessoranunusual
odormayindi
cateaproblem,suchasani
nfecti
on.

Bloodintheurinemaymakeitl
ookredorbr
own.Ur
inecol
orcanbei nf
luencedbywhaty
ou'
vej
ust
eaten.Forexample,
beet
sorr
hubar
bmayaddaredti
nttoyourur
ine.

Di
pst
ickt
est

Adipsti
ck— at hin,pl
asti
csti
ckwi t
hstripsofchemi
cal
soni t— isplacedintheuri
netodetect
abnormali
ti
es.Thechemicalstr
ipschangecolori
fcer
tai
nsubstancesarepresentori
fthei
rlev
els
areabovenormal.Adipst
ickt
estchecksfor:

-Aci
dit
y(pH).ThepHlevelindi
cat
est
heamountofaci
dinur
ine.Abnor
malpHl
evel
smayi
ndi
cat
ea
ki
dneyoruri
naryt
ractdi
sorder.

-Concentrat
ion.Ameasur
eofconcentr
ati
on,orspeci
fi
cgr
avi
ty,showshowconcent r
atedpar
ticl
es
ar
einy oururi
ne.Ahi
ghert
hannor
mal concent
rat
ionof
teni
saresultofnotdr
inki
ngenoughfl
uids.

-Prot
ein.Lowlevel
sofprotei
ninur
inear
enormal
.Smalli
ncr
easesinpr
otei
ninur
ineusual
l
yar
en'
ta
causeforconcer
n,butl
argeramountsmayi
ndi
cat
eakidneyprobl
em.

-Sugar.Nor
mallytheamountofsugar(glucose)i
nurineistool
owt
obedet
ect
ed.Anydet
ect
ionof
sugaronthi
stestusual
l
ycall
sforfol
low-uptesti
ngfordiabet
es.

-Ket
ones.Aswit
hsugar,anyamountofket
onesdet
ect
edi
nyourur
inecoul
dbeasi
gnofdi
abet
es
andr
equir
esfol
l
ow-uptesti
ng.

-Bi
lir
ubin.Bi
li
rubi
nisaproductofredbl
oodcel
lbr
eakdown.Nor
mall
y,bil
i
rubi
niscar
ri
edinthebl
ood
andpassesi ntoyourl
i
ver,whereit
'sr
emovedandbecomespartofbi
le.Bil
i
rubi
ninyoururi
nemay
i
ndicateli
verdamageordisease.

-Evi
denceofi
nfect
ion.I
fei
therni
tr
it
esorl
eukocyt
eesterase— apr
oductofwhi
tebl
oodcel
l
s— i
s
det
ectedi
nyoururi
ne,i
tmaybeasignofauri
naryt
racti
nfect
ion.

-Bl
ood.Bl
oodinyourur
inerequi
resaddit
ionalt
est
ing—itmaybeasi
gnofki
dneydamage,
inf
ect
ion,
ki
dneyorbl
adderst
ones,ki
dneyorbladdercancer
,orbl
ooddi
sor
der
s.

Mi
croscopi
cexam

Duri
ngthi
sexam,severaldropsofuri
neareviewedwi
thami cr
oscope.I
fanyoft
hef
oll
owi
ngar
e
obser
vedi
nabove-
averagelevel
s,addi
ti
onal
testi
ngmaybenecessar
y:
-Whi
tebl
oodcel
l
s(l
eukocy
tes)maybeasi
gnofani
nfect
ion.

-Redbl oodcel
ls(er
ythr
ocytes)maybeasi gnofkidneydi
sease,abl
ooddi
sor
deroranot
her
under
lyi
ngmedical
condit
ion,
suchasbl
addercancer
.

-Bact
eri
aory
east
smayi
ndi
cat
eani
nfect
ion.

-Cast
s—t
ube-
shapedpr
otei
ns—mayf
orm asar
esul
tofki
dneydi
sor
der
s.

-Cr
yst
alst
hatf
ormf
rom chemi
cal
sinur
inemaybeasi
gnofki
dneyst
ones.

Ref
erenceRange

Nor
mal
val
uesar
easf
oll
ows:

 Col
or–Yel
l
ow(
li
ght
/pal
etodar
k/deepamber
)
 Cl
ari
ty/
tur
bidi
ty–Cl
earorcl
oudy
 pH–4.
5-8
 Speci
fi
cgr
avi
ty–1.
005-
1.025
 Gl
ucose-≤130mg/
d
 Ket
ones–None
 Ni
tr
it
es–Negat
ive
 Leukocy
teest
erase–Negat
ive
 Bi
l
irubi
n–Negat
ive
 Ur
obi
l
irubi
n–Smal
lamount(
0.5-
1mg/
dL)
 Bl
ood-≤3RBCs
 Pr
otei
n-≤150mg/
d
 RBCs-≤2RBCs/
hpf
 WBCs-≤2-
5WBCs/
hpf
 Squamousepi
thel
i
alcel
l
s-≤15-
20squamousepi
thel
i
alcel
l
s/hpf
 Cast
s–0-
5hy
ali
necast
s/l
pf
 Cr
yst
als–Occasi
onal
l
y
 Bact
eri
a–None
 Yeast-None
ECG

Theelectrocar
diogr
am (ECGorEKG)isanoni nvasi
vetestthatisusedtor ef
lectunder
lyi
ngheart
condi
tionsbymeasur ingtheelect
ricalact
ivit
yoft hehear t.Byposi t
ioningleads(elect
ri
cal
sensi
ngdev i
ces)onthebodyi nstandardi
zedl ocat
ions,healthcarepr of
essional
scanl ear
n
i
nformationaboutmanyheartcondi
tionsbylookingforcharacter
ist
icpatter
nsont heEKG.
TheEKGmeasur
es:
-Theunder
lyi
ngr
ateandr
hyt
hm mechani
sm oft
hehear
t
-Theor
ient
ati
onoft
hehear
t(howi
tispl
aced)i
nthechestcav
ity
-Ev
idenceofi
ncr
easedt
hickness(
hyper
trophy
)oft
hehear
tmuscl
e
-Ev
idenceofdamaget
othev
ari
ouspar
tsoft
hehear
tmuscl
e
-Ev
idenceofacut
elyi
mpai
redbl
oodf
lowt
othehear
tmuscl
e
-Patt
ernsofabnormalel
ect
ri
cact
ivi
tyt
hatmaypr
edi
sposet
hepat
ientt
oabnor
malcar
diac
r
hythm di
stur
bances
Thenor
mal
ECG
I
twil
lbeclearfr
om abovethatthefi
rstst
ructuretobedepol
ari
sedduringnormalsi nusrhy
thm
i
stheri
ghtatri
um,closel
yfoll
owedbyt heleftatr
ium.Sothefi
rstel
ectri
calsignalonanor mal
ECGori
ginat
esfrom theatr
iaandisknownast hePwave.Alt
houghthereisusual l
yonlyoneP
wavei
nmostl eadsofanECG,t hePwav ei sinfactt
hesum oftheelectri
calsignalsfr
om the
twoat
ri
a,whichareusual
lysuperi
mposed.
Thereisthenashor t,physi
ologicaldelayast heat r
iovent
ricul
ar(AV)nodesl owst heelectri
cal
depolar
isat
ionbef oreitproceedst othev entri
cles.Thi
sdel ayisresponsibleforthePRi nterval
,
ashor tperiodwher eno electricalactivit
yisseenont heECG,r epresent
edbyast r
aight
hori
zontalor‘isoel
ectri
c’li
ne.Depol ari
sationoft heventri
clesresult
si nusuall
yt helargestpart
oftheECGsi gnal(becauseoft hegr eatermuscl emassi nt heventri
cles)andt hisisknownas
theQRScompl ex.
-TheQwav
eist
hef
ir
sti
nit
ial
downwar
dor‘
negat
ive’
def
lect
ion
-TheRwav eisthent
henextupwar
ddef
lect
ion(
prov
idedi
tcr
ossest
hei
soel
ect
ri
cli
neand
becomes‘
posi
ti
ve’
)
-TheSwav eisthenthenextdef
lect
iondownwards,prov
ideditcr
ossest
hei
soel
ect
ri
cli
net
o
becomebr
iefl
ynegati
vebefor
eret
urni
ngtotheisoel
ectr
icbasel
i
ne.
I
nthecaseoft hev ent
ri
cl
es,ther
eisalsoanel
ect
ri
calsignalref
lect
ingr
epolar
isat
ionofthe
myocardi
um.Thi sisshownast heSTsegmentandtheTwav e.TheSTsegmenti snormall
y
i
soel
ectri
c,andt heTwav ei
nmostl eadsi
sanuprightdefl
ecti
onofv ar
iabl
eampl i
tudeand
dur
ati
on(seeFigures5and6).
Fi
gur
e5.Themaj
orwav
esofasi
ngl
enor
mal
ECGpat
ter
n

Figur
e6.Exampleofanor mal12leadECG;not
icethedownwarddeflect
ionofallsi
gnal
s
recor
dedf
rom l
eadaVR.Thi
sisnor
mal,ast
heel
ect
rical
axi
sisdi
rect
lyawayfr
om thatl
ead
Nor
mal
int
erv
als
Ther ecordingofanECGonst andar
dpaperal l
owst
het i
met akenfort
hevar
iousphasesof
elect
ricaldepol
ari
sat
iontobemeasured,usual
l
yinmi
ll
iseconds.Ther
eisar
ecogni
sednormal
rangef orsuch‘
int
erv
als’
:

PRint
erv
al(measuredfrom t
hebegi
nni
ngoft
hePwav etothefi
rstdef
lect
ionoft
heQRS
compl
ex)
.Normalrange120–200ms(3–5small
squar
esonECGpaper
).
QRS dur
ati
on( measur
edf rom f
ir
stdef
lect
ionofQRS complext
oendofQRS compl
exat
i
soel
ectr
icl
ine)
.Normalrangeupto120ms(3small
squaresonECGpaper
).
QTint
erv
al(measur
edfr
om f
irstdef
lecti
onofQRScomplext
oendofTwav
eatisoel
ect
ri
cli
ne)
.
Nor
mal r
angeupto440ms(thoughv ar
ieswi
thhear
trat
eandmaybesl
i
ght
lyl
ongeri
nfemal
es)

COMPLETEBLOODCOUNT
Acomplet
ebloodcount(
CBC)isabloodtestusedtoev
aluat
ey ourov
eral
lheal
thanddet
ecta
wi
derangeofdi
sorder
s,i
ncl
udi
nganemia,
infect
ionandl
eukemia.
A complet
e bl
ood countt
estmeasur
essev
eralcomponent
sand f
eat
uresofy
ourbl
ood,
i
ncludi
ng:
-Redbl
oodcel
l
s,whi
chcar
ryoxy
gen
-Whi
tebl
oodcel
l
s,whi
chf
ighti
nfect
ion
-Hemogl
obi
n,t
heoxy
gen-
car
ryi
ngpr
otei
ninr
edbl
oodcel
l
s
-Hemat
ocr
it
,thepr
opor
ti
onofr
edbl
oodcel
l
stot
hef
lui
dcomponent
,orpl
asma,
iny
ourbl
ood
-Pl
atel
ets,
whi
chhel
pwi
thbl
oodcl
ott
ing
Resul
ts
Thef
oll
owi
ngar
enor
mal
compl
etebl
oodcountr
esul
tsf
oradul
ts:

Redbl
oodcel
lcount
Mal
e:4.
35-
5.65t
ri
ll
i
oncel
l
s/L*
(
4.35-
5.65mi
l
li
oncel
l
s/mcL*
*)

Femal
e:3.
92-
5.13t
ri
ll
i
oncel
l
s/L
(
3.92-
5.13mi
l
li
oncel
l
s/mcL)

Hemogl
obi
n
Mal
e:13.
2-16.
6gr
ams/
dL*
**
(
132-
166gr
ams/
L)

Femal
e:11.
6-15gr
ams/
dL
(
116-
150gr
ams/
L)

Hemat
ocr
it
Mal
e:38.
3-48.
6per
cent

Femal
e:35.
5-44.
9per
cent

Whi
tebl
oodcel
lcount
3.
4-9.
6bi
l
li
oncel
l
s/L
(
3,400t
o9,
600cel
l
s/mcL)

Pl
atel
etcount
Mal
e:135-
317bi
l
li
on/
L
(
135,
000t
o317,
000/
mcL)

Femal
e:157-
371bi
l
li
on/
L
(
157,
000t
o371,
000/
mcL)
*L=l
i
ter
*
*mcL=mi
crol
i
ter
*
**dL=deci
l
iter

HGT
Abl oodsugart esti
sapr ocedur
et hatmeasurestheamountofsugar,orgl
ucose,i
n
yourbl ood.Yourdoctormayor derthist
esttohel pdi
agnosedi
abetes.Peopl
ewi t
h
diabetescanalsousethi
stesttomanagetheircondi
ti
on.
Bl
oodsugart
est
spr
ovi
dei
nst
antr
esul
tsandl
ety
ouknowt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 y
ourdi
etorexer
ciser
out
ineneedst
ochange
 howy
ourdi
abet
esmedi
cat
ionsort
reat
menti
swor
king
 i
fyourbl
oodsugarl
evel
sar
ehi
ghorl
ow
 y
ourov
eral
ltr
eat
mentgoal
sfordi
abet
esar
emanageabl
e

Nor
mal
anddi
abet
icbl
oodsugarr
anges
Fort
hemaj
ori
tyofheal
thyi
ndi
vi
dual
s,nor
mal
bloodsugarl
evel
sar
easf
oll
ows:
Bet
ween4.
0to5.
4mmol
/L(
72t
o99mg/
dL)whenf
ast
ing[
361]
Upt
o7.
8mmol
/L(
140mg/
dL)2hour
saf
tereat
ing

Forpeopl
ewi
thdi
abet
es,
bloodsugarl
evel
tar
get
sar
easf
oll
ows:
Bef
oremeal
s:4t
o7mmol
/Lf
orpeopl
ewi
tht
ype1ort
ype2di
abet
es
Aft
ermeal
s:under9mmol/Lf
orpeopl
ewi
tht
ype1di
abet
esandunder8.
5mmol
/Lf
or
peopl
ewit
hty
pe2diabet
es