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‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻺﻋـﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺱ )‪ 2013‬ﻡ(‬
‫) ﺷﻌﺎﻉ (‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻳﻊ ﺛﺎﻥ )‪ 1434‬ﻫـ(‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧـﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺝ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻌـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﻳﻥ ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟــــﻌـﺩﺩ ‪504‬‬

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‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻳـــﺔ ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ‬
‫‪?áØ«fl ôWÉîŸG πg‬‬

‫‪?IÒ£N ±hÉîŸG ΩCG‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﻟﻳﻑ‪ :‬ﺩﻳﻔﻳﺩ ﺭﻭﺑﻳﻙ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻧﺑﻊ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻣﺧﺎﻭﻓﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻲ ﻧﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫‪áÄaÉμàŸG ÒZ ábÓ©dG‬‬
‫ﺗﺿﻳﻳﻕ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪±hÉîŸGh ≥FÉ≤◊G ÚH‬‬
‫‪ôWÉîª∏d áHÉéà°S’G‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﺭﺃﻳﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺗﻙ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺃﺻﺩﻗﺎﺋﻙ‪ ،‬ﺑﻝ ﻭﺭﺑﻣﺎ ﻻﺣﻅﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ ﺃﻧﺕ ﺷﺧﺻﻳًﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻧﺳﺗﺟﻳﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﻣﻣﻳﺯ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺧﺎﻭﻓﻙ ﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺯﻳﺞ ﺭﺍﺋﻊ ﻭﻣﻌﻘﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻳﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻧﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻌًﺎ؛ ﻓﻧﺣﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺧﺎﻑ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻣﻭﺭ ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻧﺳﺑﻳًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﻋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ ﻏﺭﻳﺯﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﻳﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻧﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺧﺎﻑ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻛﻔﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪ .‬ﺇﻧﻪ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺭﺍﺋﻊ ﻭﺧﻼﺏ ﻭﻗﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ً‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺅﻭﻝ ﻋﻥ ﻧﺟﺎﺗﻧﺎ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺋﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﻳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ! ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ! ﺳﻧﺳﻣﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺑﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺑﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﻳﻳﻥ ﻭﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺳﻭﻳﻕ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺑﺈﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻳﻌﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻭﺳﺎﺫﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﻡ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻳﻳﻥ ﻭﻻﻋﺎﻁﻔﻳﻳﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻧﺣﻥ ﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻳﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻳﻭﻥ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺗﻌﻣﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﺑﺛﻕ ﻣﻧﻪ ﻓﻌﻠﻳًﺎ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺭﺡ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻡ ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻳﻘﻳﱢﻣﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻋﻘﻭﻟﻬﻡ ﻭﻗﻠﻭﺑﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻬﻭ ﺗﺣﻭﻳﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌًﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻧﺎ ًﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ ﻭﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭﻫﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﻏﺭﺍﺋﺯﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ”ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ“ ـــ‬
‫ﻭﻗﻳﻣﻬﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﻓﻛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺻﻳﺭ ﻣﺅﺫﻳﺔ ـــ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺧﺑﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺧﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ‬
‫‘ ‪á°UÓî`dG √òg‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺗﻳﺔ‪) .‬ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ”ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ“ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺩ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ – ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ”ﺍﻻﻛﺗﺷﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫▼ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳَﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻣﺧﺎﻭﻓﻧﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ –‬
‫ﻳﺷﻳﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻣﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫▼ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻧﺗﻣﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪،‬‬ ‫▼ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺗﻘﻠﻳﺻﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻧﻘﻠﻧﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ‬
‫ﻭﺷﻌﻭﺭﻧﺎ ﺣﻳﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪(.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ‪ :‬ﺍﻗﺗﺭﺍﺡ ﺃﺳﺎﻟﻳﺏ ﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻕ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬ ‫‪∑GQOE’G Iƒéa ôWÉfl‬‬ ‫‪k‬‬
‫‪IRƒ∏dGh ÉaƒN‬‬ ‫‪ó©Jôj ∂∏≤Y‬‬
‫‪√PÉ≤fE’ Ö¡J á«Ñ°ü©dG‬‬
‫ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺧﺻﺹ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻭﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺳﻣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻳﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ً‬
‫ﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻧﻌﻣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﺟﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﺗﺳﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺋﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺗﺟﺎﻫﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺳﻠﻭﺑﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻧﺗﻘﻝ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻳﻧﻳﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺦ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻁﺭ ﺻﺣﻳﺣً ﺎ ﻟﻛﻧﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻻ ﻳﺗﺳﻕ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪ .‬ﻳﺷﺗﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﻣﺭﻛﺯ ﻣﺧﻙ ﻭﺗﻠﻌﺏ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻣﺣﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺙ‪ .‬ﻳﺗﻠﻘﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺋﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﻣﻳﻧﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﻁﻭﺭﻧﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺯء ﻣﻌﻳﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺦ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻧﺣﻣﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ُﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻋﺑﺭ ﺣﻭﺍﺳﻙ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺭﺟﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﻳﺳﺗﻭﻋﺏ ﻭﻳﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﺳﺎﻁﺔ – ﺛﻌﺎﺑﻳﻥ ﻭﺃﺳﻭ ًﺩﺍ ﻭﻣﺟﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻼ‪ ،‬ﻳﺣﻭﱢﻝ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺛﻌﺑﺎﻥ ً‬
‫ﻭﺃﺷﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺃﺷﺭﺍﺭً ﺍ ﺑﺣﻭﺯﺗﻬﻡ ﻫﺭﺍﻭﺍﺕ ﻭﺭﻣﺎﺡ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻭﻅﻼﻣًﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺻﺭﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻁ ﺿﺑﺎﺑﻲ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻﺭ ﺫﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻌﻘﻳﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺛﻡ ﻳﻧﻘﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟَﺟﺔ ﺟﺯﺋﻳًﺎ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺻﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺦ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﺩﺩ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺗﻙ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻅﺎﻫﺭﻫﺎ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺔ ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻔﺭ ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺗﺟﺎﻭﺯ ﺑﺿﻌﺔ ﺁﻻﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺳﻭءًﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺭﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺷﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎﻩ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﺑﻁﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻧﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﻭﻡ ﺑﺗﻔﻛﻳﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻉ‪ .‬ﻳﺭﺳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻬﺎﺩ ﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﻅﻳﻣًﺎ ﻭﻧﺗﺧﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺗﻧﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ٍ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻬﺩﺩﻧﺎ ﺑﺛﻼﺙ ﻁﺭﺍﺋﻕ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻁ ﺍﻟﺿﺑﺎﺑﻲ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺦ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻳﺔ ‪ .Amygdala‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻫﻭ ﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻣﺦ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﻓﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺑﻁﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ ﻫﻧﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ ﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻬﺟﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺩﺛﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻁﻭﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻭﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺑﺗﻣﺑﺭ ‪ ،2001‬ﺃﺻﺑﺢ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺦ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻳﺩﺓ ـــ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﺑﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﺯ ـــ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺋﻔﻳﻥ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻔﺭ ﺟﻭًﺍ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺗﻌﺎﺿﻭﺍ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ‬ ‫ﺿﺭﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻹﺑﻘﺎﺋﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻘﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻳﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻡ ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺗﻬﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﺷﻌﻭﺭً ﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫‪Ió«n ≤ŸG á«fÓ≤©dG‬‬
‫ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺃﻣﺎ ًﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺳﻔﺭ! ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺷﻬﺭ ﺍﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺟﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﺑﺗﻣﺑﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺟﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺭﻏﺑﺗﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ‬
‫ﺯﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻠﺣﻭﻅ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺣﻅﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺗﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺗﻌﺩ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳًﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻳﺎﺕ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻛﺎء ﺍﻟﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻟﻔﻬﻡ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﻭﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻭﺗﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺳﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻋﻥ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﻫﻧﺎ ﺗﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺧﺩﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻼﻭﻋﻲ ـــ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺗﺭ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺇﻁﻼﻕ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻅﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﻳﺭ ﻭﺭﺟﻝ ﺍﻷﻋﻣـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺩ ﺫﺍﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺧﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ ـــ ﺩﻭﺭً ﺍ ﺿﺧﻣًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺗﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻳﻪ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻌﺭﺽ ﺻﺣﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺧﻁﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﺻﻳﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺗﺣﻠﻳﻝ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﻲ ﺑﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺟﺎﻣﺩ‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻔﺟﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺳﻳﺎﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﻓﺣﺳﺏ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ ﻭﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺗﻡ ﺑﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺟﻣﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻧﺣﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﻳﺎﺗﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻌﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺗﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺿﻲ ﻗﺩﻣًﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺈﻧﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ ﻭﺗﺧﺻﻳﺹ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﻟﺣﻅﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﺟﺯء ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﺳﺗﻳﻌﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺟﻝ ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺗﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻣﻭﺭ ﻧﺟﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﺧﻳﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺧﺻﻭﺹ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﻳﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﺗﻧﻔﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻼﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻣﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺷﻛﻳﻝ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻣﻧﺎ ﻭﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺗﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻣﻭﺍﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫”ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ“‬ ‫ﺣﻳﺎﻝ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺑﻘﺎء ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺟﻌﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻣﺎ ﺗﻧﻔﻘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺭ ﻳﺳﻬﻝ ﻓﻬﻣﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻧﺎ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗﺣﻳﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ ﺃﻣﺭً ﺍ‬
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‫ُﺳﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺑﻳًﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺑﻳًﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻛﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﻧﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻁﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻻﻻﺕ ﻟﻔﻅﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﻥ ﻳﺫﻛﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ ٪20‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ ٪25‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺷﻳﺋﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺭﺙ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻛﻣﻥ ﻳﺳﻣﻳﻬﺎ ﺿﺭﻳﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻙ ً‬ ‫ﺑﺿﺣﺎﻳﺎ ﻣﺭﺿﻰ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻁﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﻫﻲ ﺳﺑﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺕ! ﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺳﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻁﻳﺭ ﺑﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻓﻲ ”ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ“‪ ،‬ﺑﻝ ﻭﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻟﻧﺻﺩﺭ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻣًﺎ‪ُ .‬ﻁﻠِﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﻣﻳﺔ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ! ﺃﻓﻠﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺇﻧﻘﺎﺫ ﺃﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺇﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺗﺫﻭﻕ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﺭﻱ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ ـــ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﺻﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ﺍﻷﻛﺑﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺗﻭﺑًﺎ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ”‪ ٪75‬ﻟﺣﻡ ﺻﺎﻑ“‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‬ ‫ـــ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ؟!‬
‫ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺑﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﻛﺗﻭﺑًﺎ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ”‪ ٪25‬ﺩﻫﻭﻥ‪ “.‬ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﺫﻭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﺣﻛﻡ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺫﻭﻗﻳﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺑﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫‪QGô≤dG ™æ°U äGhOCG‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺣﻡ ﺍﻟﺻﺎﻓﻲ ﻣﺫﺍﻗﻬﺎ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻫﻭﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺗﻳﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻣﺎﺛﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺩ ﻳﺑﺩﻭ ﻣﺻﻁﻠﺢ ”ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ“ ﻣﻬﻳ ًﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻣﺎﻣًﺎ! ﻭﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﻳﻠﻌﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻁﻳﺭ ﺩﻭﺭً ﺍ ﻛﺑﻳﺭً ﺍ ً‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ ﻳﻭﺣﻲ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺩﺭﺗﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻳًﺎ ﻭﺫﻛﻳًﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺻﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻣًﺎ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺗﺧﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺻﺎﺋﺑﺔ ﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻳﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻛﻥ‬
‫”ﻫﺭﺑﻳﺭﺕ ﺳﻳﻣﻭﻥ‪ “،‬ﺻﺎﺣﺏ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﻡ ﻳﻘﺻﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ‬
‫‪∞««μàdGh ï«°SÎdG :2 ºbQ IGOCG‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻧﻰ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻭ ﻛﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪” :‬ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻓﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻐﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺗﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺻﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﻳﺗﻣﻧﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺣﻘﻕ‬
‫ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻧﺣﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻋﻳﻥ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻧﺣﻭ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻳﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ...‬ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺑﻧﺎ – ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻧﻅﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ـــ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻭﺻﻑ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ‬ ‫ً‬
‫– ﻏﻳﺭ ﻋﺩﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻻﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ ـــ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ‪ “.‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺫﻫﻧﻲ ﺑﺩﺍﺧﻠﻧﺎ ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻳﻳﻑ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺷﺗﺗﻧﺎ ﻋﻧﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻭﻟﻧﺎ ”ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻧﺣﻭ ﻣﻣﻛﻥ“ ﻟﻧﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻷﺭﻗﺎﻡ ﻟﻧﻘﻳﱢﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﺑﺳﺎﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﻣﻳﻝ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻟﻡ ﺗﻛﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻳﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻘﻭﻟﻧﺎ ﻟﺗﺗﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ؟ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺭﺳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﻧﺗﻛﻳﻑ ﻭﻧﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺫﻫﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
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‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺳﺗﻭﻋﺏ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻝ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ ﻣﻌﺩ ﻟﻳﺧﺎﻑ ً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺡ ﻟﻧﺎ ﻟﻧﺗﺧﺫ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺛﻡ ﻳﻔﻛﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻳًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ‬‫ً‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺩﻳﺭﻭﺍ ﻋﺟﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻅ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻟﻳﻌﺭﻓﻭﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺳﻳﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﻟﻧﺭﺗﺏ ﻭﻧﺣﻠﻝ ﻭﻧﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻭﻧﺻﻧﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺭﻓﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﺗﻭﻗﻔﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺟﻠﺔ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ‪ ،65‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺃﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺭﻧﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻌﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺑﻭﺟﻪ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﺛﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺟﻠﺔ ﺳﺭً ﺍ ﻟﺗﻘﻑ ﻋﻧﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺗﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺭﻭﺗﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻓﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻔﺿﻳﻼﺗﻧﺎ‬
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‫ﻫﻲ ﻣﺭﺳﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻧﻳﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻳﻳﺭﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻣﻁ ﺣﻳﺎﺗﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﻣﺗﺯﺝ ً‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺧﻣﻧﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻅﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻳﻧﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺛﻘﺎﻓﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺩﺭﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑـ ‪ .٪45‬ﺟﺭﺑﺕ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺩﺧﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺧﺭﺝ ﺑﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺣﻅﺔ! ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺫﻫﻝ‬
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‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺣﻅﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺟﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﻌﺩﺓ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ ﺗﻭﻗﻔﺕ‬ ‫ﺟ ًﺩﺍ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺎﻋﺩﻧﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫)ﺗﺭﺳﺧﺕ( ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﻗﻡ ‪ .10‬ﺧﻣﻧﺕ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺧﻔﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻓﺭﺯ ﻛﻡ ﻫﺎﺋﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻧﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ ٪25‬ﻓﻘﻁ ﻣﻥ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺍﻷﻣﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺩﻭﻝ ﺇﻓﺭﻳﻘﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﺿﻁﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻁﻼﻗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ‬
‫ﺯﺭﻉ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﻛﻝ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗﻬﻝ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﻡ ﺗﻛﻳﻳﻔﻬﻡ ﺍﻧﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺣﻛﻣﻬﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻭﺿﻌﺕ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪ÒWCÉàdG ÒKCÉJ :1 ºbQ IGOCG‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺻﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻗﺩﻣﺕ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭً ﺍ ﻛﺑﻳﺭً ﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﺻﻠﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻗﻡ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺧﻣﻳﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺭﺅﻳﺗﻙ ﻟﻸﻣﻭﺭ ﻭﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﻛﻳﺭﻙ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺑﻌﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭً ﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻳﻙ‪ .‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻧﻔﺱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻡ ﻋﺭﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺗُﻧ ِﺗﺞ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻡ ﺭﺑﻁ ﻣﺳﺄﻟــﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺳﻳــــﺦ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻛﻳﻳﻑ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﺗﻣﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻧﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻁﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ‬
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‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺣﻳﺙ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺫﻭﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻧﺳﺏ ﻣﺋﻭﻳﺔ‬
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‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺭﺗﺑﻭﺍ ﻣﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ‪ 40‬ﺳﺑﺑًﺎ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﻼ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻫﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﺣﻳﺎ ًﻧﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﻭﺃﻥ ﻳﺧﻣﻧﻭﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻟﺿﺣﺎﻳﺎ ﻛﻝ ﺳﺑﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺗﻡ ﺇﺧﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻳﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻷﻭﻟﻭﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ً‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬ ‫ﻳﻣﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺩﻋﺎء ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻫﺯ ﺑﻁﺭﻳﻕ ﺫﻫﻧﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﺻﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ‪ 50‬ﺃﻟﻑ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻳﻣﻭﺗﻭﻥ ﺳﻧﻭﻳًﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ً‬
‫ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺗﻘﺩﻳﺭﻧﺎ ﻟﻼﺣﺗﻣﺎﻻﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ُﻁﻠِﺏ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺗﻧﻔﻳﺫ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺩﻋﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺣﺩﺙ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻟﻑ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻳﻣﻭﺗﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ ﻟﻛﻥ ﺗﻡ ﺇﺧﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ً‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺑﺭﻭﺯﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭً ﺍ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ”ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ“ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺩﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﻬﺭﺑﺎء )ﻣﺭﺳﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺇﺭﻋﺎﺑًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﻳﺟﻌﻝ ﺫﻛﺭﻳﺎﺗﻧﺎ ﺗﺟﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻗﻭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ ﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ(‪ .‬ﺭﺗﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺗﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺗﻝ ﺳﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﺔ ﻭﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫‪ôWÉîŸG ∑GQOEG πeGƒY‬‬ ‫ﻣﺭﺍﺗﺏ ﻣﺗﻘﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﺗﻠﺗﻬﻣﺎ ﻟﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﻝ ﻭﺻﻭﺍﻋﻕ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ – ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ُﻗﺩﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻣﺭﺳﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻻ ﺑﺄﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻟﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻫﺎ – ﺧﻣﻧﺕ ﺃﻋﺩﺍ ًﺩﺍ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻌًﺎ ﻣﺣﻛﻭﻣﺔ ﺑﻌﺩﺓ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻳﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﺗﻭﻓﻭﺍ ﺟﺭﺍء ﻛﻝ ﺳﺑﺏ ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺳﺑﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻟﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﺇﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻬﺩﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺗﺧﻣﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻭﻝ ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﻣﻬﻡ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻫﻭ‪ :‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻛﻝ ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﺧﻣﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺻﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻣﻧﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻟﻌﺩﺩ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺧﻭﻓﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﻓﻳﻥ ﺟﺭﺍء ﻛﻝ ﺳﺑﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺃﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻣﻥ ُﻗﺩﻡ ﻟﻬﺎ ”ﻣﺭﺳﺎﺓ ﺗﺭﺳﻳﺦ“ ﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻣﺗﻣﺛﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ‪ :‬ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬‫ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﻗﻑ‪ .‬ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻣﻬﻡ ً‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ ﺻﻐﻳﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺟﺯء ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﻓﺣﺳﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺩ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻝ‬ ‫‪:3 ºbQ IGOCG‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻼﻭﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻭﻟﻧﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪õgÉ÷G »cGQOE’G AÉYóà°S’G ÒKCÉJ‬‬
‫‪‘ IôWÉîŸG :1 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬ ‫ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺇﺻﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻳﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪IóFÉØdG á¡LGƒe‬‬ ‫ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻛﺭﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺃﻣﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺣﺩﻭﺛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻝ ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺍﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻛﺭﺭﺓ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺩﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ ﺧﺑﺭﺍء ﺍﻗﺗﺻﺎﺩﻳﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻁﺭﺓ! ﻓﻧﺣﻥ ﻁﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺑﺎﺩﺭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺫﻫﻧﻙ ﺃﻣﺭ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺩ ً‬
‫ﺩﻟﻳﻼ‬
‫ﻧﺯﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻭﻟﻧﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﻭﻣﻔﺎﺿﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﺯﺗﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺣﻔﺯ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺫﻛﺭﻯ ﻫﻭ ﺷﻲء‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻔﻌﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻭﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺟﺢ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻉ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﻧﺷﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻧﻁﺭﺡ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻌﻠﻪ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻻﻭﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﺎﺿﻼﺕ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﺳﺅﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻝ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺣﺭﻑ ”ﺭ“ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻛﻳﻔﻳﺔ ﺇﻧﺟﺎﺯ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻔﻬﺎ؟ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺳﻳﺟﻳﺑﻭﻥ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺯﻥ ﺑﺑﺩﻳﻬﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻻﺳﺗﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺣﺩﺳﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺗﻛﺭﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺳﻬﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺿﻼﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺣﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺩﻋﺎء ﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻑ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ”ﺭﺍﺟﺢ‪“،‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﻧﺗﻘﺹ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻟﻧﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ”ﺣﺭﻑ‪ “.‬ﻟﻛﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﻁﺭﻕ ﺗﺧﻠﻕ ﻓﺟﻭﺍﺕ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺭﻑ ”ﺭ“ ﻳﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎﺕ!‬
‫‪IÒ¨°üdG áæ«©dG áYóN‬‬

‫ﺗﻧﺷﺄ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺑﺩﺃ ﻭﺻﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺑـ‪” :‬ﺗﻘﻭﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ‪ “...‬ﻫﻝ ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻭﻝ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺭﺗﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻳﺳﺭﻯ ً‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﻳﻛﻭﻧﻭﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﺭ؟ ﺍﻧﺗﻅﺭ‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﻳﺻﺎﺑﻭﻥ ﺑﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺣﻅﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻟﻡ ﺗﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺗﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺭﺗﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻳﻣﻧﻰ ً‬
‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ؟! ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﻣﻳﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﻁﺑﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ـــ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩﻳﺔ ـــ ﺳﻳﻧﻁﺑﻕ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺭﻳﺣﺔ ﺑﺄﺳﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺑﻧﺎء ﺣﻛﻡ ﻗﻭﻱ ﻭﺳﻠﻳﻡ ﺳﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﺭﺍﻫﻳﻥ ﻛﺛﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﻛﺎﻓﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻛﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺣﺎﺋﻁﺎ ﺃﺑ ًﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻻ ﻳﺳﻳﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﻝ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﺇﻧﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺑﻧﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﺋﻁ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻟﺑﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻓﻠﻥ ﺗﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻳﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﻧﺣﻥ ﻣﺿﻁﺭﻭﻥ ﻹﻁﻼﻕ ﺍﻷﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻳﻭﻣًﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻳﻭﻡ ﻭﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻠﻭ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﺣﻭ‬
‫ً‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺭﻯ‪ .‬ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺗﻅﺎﺭ ﻣﺛﻼ ﻟﻣﺩﺓ ‪ 10‬ﺃﻋﻭﺍﻡ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻳﺔ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺗﺧﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭً ﺍ ﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺎ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﻣﺻﻳﺭﻳﺔ!‬
‫ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻘﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺗﻌﻠﻣﻧﺎ ﺗﺻﻧﻳﻑ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺣﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑًﺎ ﻭﺻﺣﻳﺣً ﺎ ﺑﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻧﺗﺎﺝ ﻗﺩ‬
‫ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻣﺛﻝ ﺧﻁﺭً ﺍ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼ ﻧﺟﺎﺯﻑ ﺑﻘﺑﻭﻝ ﻭﻅﺎﺋﻑ ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺣﻥ ً‬
‫‪IôWÉîŸG πg :4 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬

‫‪?¿É°ùfE’G ™æ°U øe ΩCG á«©«ÑW‬‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﻭﺍﺗﻔﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻧﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺗﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺟﻭﺍﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﺟﺎﺯﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺷﺧﺹ ﺃﺻﻳﺏ ﺑﺗﺳﻣﻡ ﻏﺫﺍﺋﻲ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺗﻧﺎﻭﻝ ﻓﻁﺭ ﺳﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺕ ﻟﻧﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺻﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻣﺞ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﺗﻝ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺳﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﺑﺎﻉ ﻓﺭﺍﺋﺳﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻧﺩﺭﺝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻣﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻋﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻝ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻠﺗﻬﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻻ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﻁﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺷﺭ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻧﺩﺭﺝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻟﻡ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﻌﱡﻥ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺿﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻳﺗﻌﻠﻕ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺑﺄﺣﻛﺎﻡ ﻧﻁﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﺍﺧﺗﻳﺎﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﺻﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﻣﺻﺩﺭﻩ ﺃﻗﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺛﻧﻳﻥ ﻣﻌًﺎ ـــ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ ـــ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺗﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻘﻠﻕ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻛﺭ ً‬
‫ﻣﺛﻼ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻳﻧﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﻠﻧﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻫﻣﻳﺔ ﻭﺣﺟﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺫﻫﺎﻧﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻧﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣُﻧﻅﻣﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻝ‪ .‬ﺳﺗﺟﺩ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻥ ﻧﺎﺣﻳﺔ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻗﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺩﺓ ﺑﺩﺕ ﻟﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩ ًﺩﺍ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺑﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻅﻣًﺎ ﻭﺿﺧﺎﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺑﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺭﻭﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﻳﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻋﻳﻥ ﻧﺷﻁﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪ºμëàdG :2 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﺗﻌﺩ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻧﺳﺦ ﻣﺻﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫ﻟﻡ ﻧﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﺑﻔﺭﺽ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﺿﻭﺍﺑﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺷﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻱ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﻳﺿﺭﺏ ﺑﺟﺫﻭﺭﻩ ﺑﻌﻣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ؟ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺭﺟﻊ ـــ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ـــ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻟﻳﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻧﻪ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻗﻠﻘﻳﻥ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻫﻡ ﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻲ ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻁﺑﻳﻌﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻘﻠﻘﻧﺎ ﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺻﻧﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻋﻥ ﺳﻳﻁﺭﺗﻬﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ ﺃﺛﺑﺗﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺗﺳﺑﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﺫﻳﻥ ﻳﺗﻣﺗﻌﻭﻥ ﺑﺣﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺣﻛﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﻌﺭﺿﻬﻡ ﻟﺗﺟﺭﺑﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺃﻗﻝ‬
‫‪IÉfÉ©ŸGh ⁄C’G :5 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻭﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﺭﺍﺽ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻝ ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺿﻁﺭﺍﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﻅﻡ ﺍﻷﻟﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﻅﻡ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ‪ .‬ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺗﺻﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻫﺟﻭﻡ ﺃﺳﻣﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺵ ﻋﻧﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻻﻳﺔ‬
‫‪QÉ«àN’G :3 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬
‫”ﻧﺑﺭﺍﺳﻛﺎ“ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻁﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﺳﺎﺣﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ؟‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻟﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟ َﻣﻳﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﻭﺍﺩﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻟﻌﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺟﻌﻝ ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﻧﻔﻕ ”ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻣﺭﻳﻛﻳﺔ“ ﻣﻠﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻳﺗﻌﺎﻅﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻳﺗﺿﺎءﻝ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺑﺩﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺣﺗﻣﻳﺔ‪/‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻻﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﻣﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﺳﺭﻁﺎﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻣﺎ ﺗﻧﻔﻘﻪ‬
‫ﻻ ﺇﺭﺍﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻕ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺣﺎﺙ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺷﻛﻝ ﺗﻬﺩﻳ ًﺩﺍ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ؟ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ – ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺩ ﻣﺎ – ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺫﺍﻉ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﻟﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺯﻋﺎﺝ‪ .‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻧﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﺎﻟﺧﻳﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺗﺟﺩﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻔﺯ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺟ َﻣﻳﻥ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺍﻵﺧﺭ ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻷﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻁﻭﺍﻋﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺟﺳﺭ ﻣﺭﺗﻔﻊ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻌﻧﺎ ﺳﻭﻯ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻝ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺧﻭﻓﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺓ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺗﺭﻛﻧﺎ ﻭﻧﺣﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻁﺎﻁﻲ ﻣﺭﺑﻭﻁﺔ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺃﻗﺩﺍﻣﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﺛﺭﺛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻑ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺅﺫﻳﻧﺎ ً‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﻗﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻧﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻓﻥ ﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻧﻭﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ – ﻧﺳﺑﻳًﺎ ‪ -‬ﺃﻗﻝ ﺇﻳﻼﻣًﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻁﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﱢﻧﺎ!‬
‫‪á∏«Ñb ‘ Oôa‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ ﻭﺭﺍء ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﺗﻊ ﺍﻟﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﻼﻡ ﺑﺭﻓﻘﺔ ﺃﺻﺩﻗﺎﺋﻧﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺩﻋﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺭﻓﺎﻕ ﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﻣﺑﺎﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻡ ﻣﻌًﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ ﻳُﺑﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺭﻳﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎء‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻁﺎﻟﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺗﻣﻳﻧﺎ ﻟﻘﺑﺎﺋﻝ ﻣﻧﺫ‬
‫ﻭﺟﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻋﺗﻣﺩﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺑﺎﺋﻠﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻭﺩﻧﺎ ﻭﻟﺗﻭﻓﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺫﺍء ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺩ ﺗﻁﻭﺭﺕ ﺷﺧﺻﻳﺎﺗﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻟﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻔﻬﻣﻳﻥ ﺗﻣﺎﻣًﺎ ﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻣﻝ ﻗﺑﺎﺋﻠﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﻋﻣﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻳﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺭﺕ ﻓﺭﺻﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺑﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻛﺱ ﺻﺣﻳﺢ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻧﻣﻳﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺑﻧﻲ ﺳﻠﻭﻛﻳﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺩﻋﻡ ﻭﺗﻌﺯﺯ ﻣﻌﺗﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﻣﻥ ﻗﺑﻭﻝ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻳﻠﺔ ﺍﻵﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻟﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﺑﻣﻧﺗﻬﻰ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﺎﻁﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺑﺎﺋﻝ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺩﻋﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳﻙ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻘﻭﻱ ً‬
‫ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺫﻭﻱ ﺃﺻﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﺗﻘﺩﺍﺕ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺗﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺭﺑﻁ ﺃﻋﺿﺎء ﺍﻟﻘﺑﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌًﺎ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬ ‫ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻬﻡ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺩﻯ ﻓﻬﻣﻧﺎ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻧﻛﻥ ﻧﻔﻬﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪∫ƒ¡éŸG /∂μ°ûàdG :6 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬
‫ﻧﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﻣﻠﻙ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ )ﻣﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﻧﻘﻭﺩ ﺑﻌﻳﻧﻳﻥ ﻣﻐﻣﺿﺗﻳﻥ(‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻟﺙ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻛﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺷﻌﺭ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﻳﻑ ﻗﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﻧﻣﺎ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺷﺎﺋﻊ ﻭﻣﺷﺗﺭﻙ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺗﺎﻥ؟ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻟﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺟﻬﺎ‬
‫”ﻻ ﺃﺣﺩ ﻳﻌﻠﻡ‪ “.‬ﻻ ﺃﻧﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻧﺣﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﺎء‪ .‬ﺑﺑﺳﺎﻁﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣﻣﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ‪ .‬ﺭﺑﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺩﻙ ﻣﻣﺳﻛﺔ ﺑﻣﻘﻭﺩ‬
‫ﻧﺣﻥ ﻟﻡ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻳﺎﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻋﻘﻠﻙ ﻻ ﻳﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻳﻁﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺗﻪ ﻟﻳﺑﻘﻳﻙ ﺁﻣ ًﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ‬
‫‪?øeõe ΩCG »KQÉc :7 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬ ‫ﻏﻠﻕ ﻋﻳﻧﻳﻙ ﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻬﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺗﺗﺣﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺗﻙ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺕ ﻻ ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻋﻥ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﺯﺓ ﻟﻳﺑﻘﻳﻙ ﺁﻣ ًﻧﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻥ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻙ ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻛﻝ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺎﻛﻠﺔ ﺗﺣﻁﻡ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺋﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﺑﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﻣﺎﺫﺍ؟ ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺗﺷﻛﻛﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺯﺍﺩ ﺧﻭﻓﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺟﺢ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻌﻣﻝ‬
‫”ﻛﺎﺭﺛﻲ“ ﺑﺛﻼﺙ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﺗﺟﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﻠﻕ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻛﺑﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺛﻧﺎﻥ ـــ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻛﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ـــ ﺟﻧﺑًﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﻧﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺎﻣﻭﺱ ”ﺃﻣﺭﻳﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻳﺭﻳﺗﻳﺩﺝ“ ﻳﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺩ‬
‫”ﻣﺻﻳﺑﺔ ﻫﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺋﺔ‪ “.‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﺑﺗﺕ ﻓﺣﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﺻﻭﻳﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﺭﻧﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎﻁﻳﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﻅﻳﻔﻲ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺎﺭﺛﺔ ﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻳﻥ ﻏﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻧﺑﻐﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﻲء ﻗﺩ ﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﺗﻬﺩﻳ ًﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻧﺻﻳﺭ ﺃﻗﻝ ﺗﻳﻘ ًﻧﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺭ ﻓﺎﺟﻊ ﻭﺻﺎﺩﻡ ﻭﺳﻳﺊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﺷﺎﻁﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ ﺗﺻﺑﺢ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺻﻳﺭ ﻟﻭﺯﺗﻧﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺻﺑﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻧﻁﺑﻕ ﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﻭﺑﺟﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺗﺣﻁﻡ ﻁﺎﺋﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺷﻐﺎﻻ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺗﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻁﺭ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﻳﻘﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﺙ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺭﻭﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺃﻣﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﺏ – ﻣﺛﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺛﻝ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﻣﺳﺑﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ – ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗﻭﻓﻲ ﺇﻻ ﻣﻌﻳﺎﺭً ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﻛﺎﻻ ﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺳﻧﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻳﺗﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻛﻙ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣ ًﺩﺍ ﻓﺣﺳﺏ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻗﺗﻠﺕ ‪ 1800‬ﺷﺧﺹ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ً‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻛﻙ ﺍﺳﻡ ”ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﻲ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﺍ‪ “.‬ﻓﺄﻧﺕ ﻣﺛﻼ ﺃﺷﺑﻪ ﺑﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﱡ‬
‫”ﺍﻟﻭﻻﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺣﺩﺓ“‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ 800‬ﺷﺧﺹ ﻓﻲ ”ﺍﻷﺭﺟﻧﺗﻳﻥ“‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻭﺩ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻋﻣﻰ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻙ ﺳﺑﺏ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺩﻋﻭﻙ ﻟﻼﻋﺗﻘﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺷﺧﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ”ﺍﻟﻳﺎﺑﺎﻥ“‪،‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﺷﺧﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ ”ﺃﻟﻣﺎﻧﻳﺎ“‪ ،‬ﻭ‪440‬‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻭ‪480‬‬ ‫ﺑﻭﺟﻭﺩ ﺧﻁﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺣﻭﻟﻙ ﻟﻛﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻙ ﺭﺅﻳﺗﻪ )ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻙ‬
‫ﻭ‪ 300‬ﺷﺧﺹ ﻓﻲ ”ﺇﻧﺟﻠﺗﺭﺍ“‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺭﺍﺑﺔ ‪ 100‬ﺷﺧﺹ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺟﻪ ﻟﺗﺣﻣﻲ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ(‪ .‬ﺷﻛﻝ ﺁﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﻛﻙ ﻫﻭ‬
‫ﺟﻧﻭﺏ ﺇﻓﺭﻳﻘﻳﺎ – ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻳﻭﻣﻳًﺎ!‬ ‫”ﻻ ﺃﻓﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ‪ “.‬ﻻ ﻳﻬﻡ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﻟﺩﻳﻪ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻹﺟﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺃﻡ‬
‫‪?áÑfòe ájQÉÑNE’G πFÉ°SƒdGh ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ó©J ióe …CG ≈dEG‬‬

‫ﻏﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳُﻠﻘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺧﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﻗﺗﻧﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺩ ﻳﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻁﻼﻕ‪ ،‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﺣﻳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻡ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺃﻣ ًﻧﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺳﺎﺫﺝ ﻭﻣﺑﺳﻁ‬ ‫ﺑﺂﺧﺭﻳﻥ ﻋﺎﺷﻭﺍ ﻗﺑﻠﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻠﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﻠﻪ ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺳﻳﺭ ﺻﺣﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻪ ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭ ﻳﻌﻳﺷﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﻳًﺎ ﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺃﻁﻭﻝ ﻭﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺻﺣﺔ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ )ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻳﺱ ﺻﺣﻳﺣً ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻛﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ(‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺟﺩﻳﺩﺓ – ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﻐﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﻫﺎﺏ ﻭﻛﻝ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻭﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺍﺭﺩ – ﻗﺩ ﺣﻠﺕ ﻣﺣﻝ ﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﺩﻳﻣﺔ ﻭﻟﺕ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻭﻻﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺹ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﻳﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺷﻠﻝ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻝ ﺑﺄﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﻧﺧﺎﻑ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺗﺑﺳﻳﻁ ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻛﺑﻳﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺳﺑﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ ً‬
‫ﻓﻌﻼ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺛﻳﺭ ﻗﻠﻘﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﺭ ﺳﻭءًﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻫﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠﻕ ﺷﻌﻭﺭ ﻋﺎﻡ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺧﻳﻑ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ً‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻻ ﺗﻣﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺗﻘﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﻘﺭﺭ ﻷﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺗﻘﺩﻩ ﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺯﻳﺞ ﺩﻳﻧﺎﻣﻳﻛﻲ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺩ ﻟﻭﺣﻅ ً‬
‫ﻓﻌﻼ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻳﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻔﺳﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺟﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﻣﺭ ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ ﺍﻻﺟﺗﻣﺎﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ ً‬
‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺗﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻧﻔﻛﺭ ﻓﻳﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﻡ ﻳﻘﺭﺭﻭﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺹ ﺗﺫﺍﻉ ﻭﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺟﺎﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺗﺿﻣﻳﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻗﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﺣﺫﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﺄﻛﻳﺩ ﻋﻠﻳﻪ ﻭﺃﻳﻬﺎ ﻳﻘﻠﱠﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺷﺄﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺻﻭﺗﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺳﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﻳﺗﻡ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺹ ﺗﺣﺗﻝ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺣﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻗﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺑﺙ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻭﺟﺯ ”ﺁﺧﺭ ﻋﻧﺎﻭﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﺑﺎﺭ“ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﻧﺗﺭﻧﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻱ‬
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‫ﺗﻣﻳﺯﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺻﺹ ﺗﺣﻅﻰ ﺑﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻗﻝ‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫❂ ﺍﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻙ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﺣﺎﻳﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺫﻝ‬ ‫‪:8 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬

‫ﻗﺻﺎﺭﻯ ﺟﻬﺩﻙ ﻟﺗﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺗﻙ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪∫ÉØWC’ÉH á≤∏©àŸG ôWÉîŸG‬‬
‫ﻣﻭﺿﻭﻋﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻭﺛﻭﻕ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻟﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﻱ ﺗﺣﻳﺯ‬
‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺩﻋﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻣﺱ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺧﻭﻑ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺩﻋﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺗﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫❂ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻥ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻁﺭﺣﻬﺎ ﺣﻭﻝ ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺷﺧﺎﺹ ﻛﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻘﻁ‪ .‬ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﺭ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﻲ ﻭﻣﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺑﺳﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺗﻌﻧﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ؟ ﺑﺻﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﻓﺯ ﺟﻳﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻧﺟﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺑﺳﺎﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺍﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺣﺩﻭﺙ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺳﻳﺊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻓﺯ ﺟﻳﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺎﺛﺭ ﻭﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺱ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻧﺟﺎﺓ‬
‫ﻟﻛﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ ﻭﺟﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺑﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻳﺎﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻳﻬﺩﺩ ﺃﺟﻳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻝ ـــ‬
‫ﺷﻲء ﺧﻁﻳﺭ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺑﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻭﻓﺭ ﺃﻣﺭﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻟﻧﺎ ـــ ﻳﻬﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺟﻧﺱ ﺍﻟﺑﺷﺭﻱ ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﻪ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻏﺭﻳﺯﺓ ﺣﻣﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻟﺗﻭﺟﺩ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻟﻧﺎ ﻗﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﻟﻣﻳﺔ ﺟ ًﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻛﺎﺩ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺅﻛ ًﺩﺍ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻳﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺧﻁﻳﺭً ﺍ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﻧﻳًﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺗﺭﺳﺦ ﺑﻌﻣﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻛﻭﻳﻧﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺧﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠَﻳﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺳﺑﺏ ﻧﺣﺭﺹ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
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‫ﺇﻁﻼﻗﺎ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﺻﻳﻝ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻫﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺣﺗﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻭﻓﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻛﺎﻓﻳًﺎ‬
‫َ‬ ‫ﻳﺭﺗﺩﻱ ﺃﻁﻔﺎﻟﻧﺎ ﺧﻭﺫﺍﺗﻬﻡ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺭﻛﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺟﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻟﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﺧﻁﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻳﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﺭﻑ ﻣﺎﻫﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺭﺗ ِﺩﻫﺎ ﻧﺣﻥ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﻟﻬﻡ ﺃﻻ ﻳﺩﺧﻧﻭﺍ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻛﻧﺎ ﻣﺩﺧﻧﻳﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻣﻥ ﻫﻭ ﺧﻁﺭ؟ ﻭﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﺻﻝ‬
‫ﺧﻁﻭﺭﺗﻪ؟ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻌﺩ ﺧﻁﺭً ﺍ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ؟‬ ‫‪ó«°ùéàdG :9 ºbQ πeÉY‬‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺃﺳﺋﻠﺔ ﺭﺋﻳﺳﻳﺔ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻁﺭﺣﻬﺎ ﺣﻭﻝ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ً‬
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‫ﻁﺭﻓﺎ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺗﺟﺳﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺷﺧﺹ ﻣﺣﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﺧﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺩﻯ ﺗﻌﺩ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ ﻣﺅﺫﻳﺔ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺫﻫﺎﻧﻧﺎ ـــ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻭﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻬﺩﺩﻧﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺷﺧﺻﻲ ـــ ﻭﺗﺻﺑﺢ‬
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‫ﻓﻣﺛﻼ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﺳﻣﻌﻧﺎ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺭﺽ؟ ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻣﺭ؟ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻌﺭﺽ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﺃﻣﺭ ﺳﻳﺊ ﻟﺷﺧﺹ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻐﺎﻟﺑًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺗﺟﺩ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ ﺗﻔﻛﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ؟‬
‫ﻻﺷﻌﻭﺭﻳًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻙ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺻﻳﺭ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﻗﻊ ﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﺷﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ؟! ﻫﺫﺍ ﺗﺣﺩﻳ ًﺩﺍ ﻳﻔﺳﺭ ﻣﺎ ﻻﺣﻅﻪ‬
‫❂ ﻓﻛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﺎﺿﻼﺕ‪ .‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﺑﻁﺑﻳﻌﺗﻧﺎ ﻧﻛﺭﻩ ﺍﻟﺧﺳﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫”ﺟﻭﺯﻳﻑ ﺳﺗﺎﻟﻳﻥ“ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﻝ‪” :‬ﺗﻌﺩ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻣﻳﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﻛﻳﺯ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻥ ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺄﺳﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﻠﻳﻭﻥ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﺎﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﻣﺟﺭﺩ ﺇﺣﺻﺎﺋﻳﺔ‪“.‬‬
‫ﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺗﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻔﺎﺿﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺋﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺃﺣﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪:∑GQOE’G Iƒéa ≥««°†J‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭﻯ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺃﺧﺭﻯ‪.‬‬
‫‪π°†aCG äGQÉ«N PÉîJ’ á«∏ªY Ö«dÉ°SCG‬‬
‫❂ ﻓﻛﺭ ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻙ‪ .‬ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺭﺍء ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫❂ ﻟﻳﻛﻥ ﻋﻘﻠﻙ ﻣﺗﻔﺗﺣً ﺎ‪ .‬ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻫﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﺷﻲء ﺟﺩﻳﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻳﺱ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺗﻌﺯﻳﺯ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺭﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻗﺩ ﺗﺑﺩﻭ ﺃﻣﺭً ﺍ ﺻﺣﻳﺣً ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻌﺭﺿﻙ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺅﻣﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺎﻋﺏ‪ .‬ﻷﺟﻝ ﺳﻼﻣﺗﻙ ﺍﻟﺷﺧﺻﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺗﻣﺗﻊ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻘﻝ ﻣﺗﻔﺗﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻻ ﺗﺧﻧﻕ ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭﻙ ﻭﻏﺭﺍﺋﺯﻙ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺩ‬
‫❂ ﺍﺳﺗﻭﻋﺏ ﺍﻷﺧﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺫﻛﺎء‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻧﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺩﻣﻪ ﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺗﻣﻌﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻭﺍﻣﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻝ ﻟﻣﻭﺍﺟﻬﺔ ﻣﺳﺄﻟﺔ‬
‫❂ ﺍﻣﻧﺢ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻘﻠﻙ ﻣﻌﺩ ﻟﻠﺧﻭﻑ‬

‫ﺍﻻﻧﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻣﻥ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺑﺎﺭ ﻻ ﻳﻧﻁﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺛﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﻛﻳﺭ ﺛﺎﻧﻳًﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺗﻙ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬‫ً‬
‫ﻗﺭﺍءﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺷﺎﻫﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﺧﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﻣﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻌﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺳﺗﺗﺄﺛﺭ ﺑﻘﻭﺓ ﺑﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭﻙ ﻭﻏﺭﺍﺋﺯﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺃﻗﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻛﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺭﺃ ﻭﺷﺎﻫﺩ ﻭﺍﺳﺗﻣﻊ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻓﺟﻭﺓ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻭﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻣﻧﺢ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ ﺑﺿﻊ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ( ـــ ﺇﻥ ﺃﻣﻛﻥ ـــ ﻗﺑﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻛﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭﺓ‪،‬‬
‫ﻟﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻠﺟﺯء ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻠﻳﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺑﺄﻥ‬
‫‪?π©Øæ°S GPÉe‬‬ ‫ﻳﺗﺷﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺎﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺗﻣﺗﻌﻪ ﺑﻛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﻳﻌﺩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫❂ ﺍﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺗﺭﺽ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺃﻧﻙ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﻣﻊ ﺗﻁﻭﺭﻩ ﺗﺩﺭﻳﺟﻳًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﻳًﺎ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺗﻌﻠﻡ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺗﻪ ﻻﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺳﻠﻳﻡ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺭﺗﻛﺏ ﺃﺧﻁﺎء ﺣﻳﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﺩﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ = ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﻗﺭﺍﺭ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺛﺭ ﺗﻌﻘﻳ ًﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﺃﺧﻁﺎء ﻗﺩ ﺗﻭﻗﻌﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛﻝ‪ .‬ﺇﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺳﻧﻔﻌﻝ؟ ﻟﻳﺱ ﺑﺈﻣﻛﺎﻧﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻟﻭ ﻛﻧﺎ ﺁﻻﺕ ﻣﺛﺎﻟﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺗﻔﻛﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻁﻘﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺛﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ ﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻳﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺭﺓ ﻳﺧﺗﻠﻁ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﻁﻘﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺷﺎﻋﺭ‬
‫ﻭﻏﺭﺍﺋﺯ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﻣﻬﻳﺄﺓ ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻟﻠﺗﻌﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻬﺩﻳﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺣﺎﻟﻳًﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ ً‬
‫ﺃﻳﺿﺎ ﺍﻧﺗﻅﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺭﻭﺭ‬
‫ﺑﺗﻁﻭﺭ ﻣﻥ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻧﺗﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻥ ﻋﻼﺝ ﺍﻟﺻﻌﻭﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻧﻭﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ájõ«∏‚E’Gh á«Hô©dG Úà¨∏dÉH Iôaƒàe á°UÓÿG √òg‬‬
‫‪This publication is available in both Arabic & English‬‬ ‫ﻓﻧﺣﻥ ـــ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ـــ ﻧﻔﺳﺩ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺳﻳﺊ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﺷﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻻ ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ﻟﻧﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺗﻅﺎﺭ ﻟﻠﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ‬
‫‪:øY Qó°üJ ájô¡°T ∞°üf Iöûf‬‬ ‫ﻟﻧﻧﻣﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ً‬
‫ﺣﻘﺎ‬
‫‪z´É©°T{ »ª∏©dG ΩÓYEÓd á«Hô©dG ácöûdG‬‬
‫ﻟﻧﺗﺟﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﺧﻭﻓﻧﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋﻕ‬
‫ـــ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻘﻼﻧﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﻌﻠﻪ ـــ ﻫﻭ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻣﻘﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻬﻡ ﻛﻳﻑ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﻛﻝ‬‫ً‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ‬
‫‪(äÉ°UÓN) ‘ ∑GÎ°TÓd‬‬ ‫ﺟﺯء ﻓﻳﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻧﺎ ﻭﻳﺷﻛﻝ ﺃﺣﻛﺎﻣﻧﺎ ﻭﺗﺻﺭﻓﺎﺗﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻡ ﻋﻠﻳﻧﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫‪¢ShDhô`è hCG ¢ù«Fôd É¡FGógE’ hCG ºμà°ù°SDƒŸ hCG ºμd‬‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﻐﻝ ﺗﻘﻳﻳﻡ ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻟﻧﻔﻛﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻣﻭﺭ ﺑﺗﻌﻣﻕ ﻭﺑﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫‪º```μæμÁ ;π```«ªY hCG π``«eõd É`¡Áó≤àd hCG‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺷﻣﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻣﺻﺩﺍﻗﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﺗﺟﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻧﻅﺭﺓ‬
‫‪.ø`«cÎ°ûŸG äÉeóN IQGOEÉH ∫É``°üJ’G‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺷﻣﻭﻟﻳﺔ ﻟﻧﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺟﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﺃﻧﻔﺳﻧﺎ‬
‫‪IôgÉ≤dG : á«Hô©dG öüe ájQƒ¡ªL‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺣﻭ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻔﻛﺭ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻭﺏ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺩﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﺻﺑﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻥ‬
‫‪+ 2 02 24025324 - 24036657 - 22633897 : ∞JÉg‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺗﺧﺎﺫ ﺧﻳﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻓﺿﻝ ﻭﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﺣﻛﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪+2 02 22612521 : ¢ùcÉa‬‬
‫ﻟﻼﺗﺼﺎل ﺑـﺄي ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺒﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺳﻮرﻳﺎ واﻟﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ واﻹﻣﺎرات واﻷردن واﻟﻴﻤﻦ وﺳﻠﻄﻨﺔ ﻋﻤﺎن‬
‫وﻗﻄﺮ وﺑﺎﻗـﻲ اﻟﺪول اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪∞`dDƒ``ª`dG‬‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟﺎء اﻟﺘﻜﺮم ﺑﺰﻳﺎرة ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻨﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻳﻔﻳﺩ ﺭﻭﺑﻳﻙ‬
‫ﻫﻭ ﺧﺑﻳﺭ ﺍﺳﺗﺷﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻣﺗﺣﺩﺙ ﺷﻬﻳﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫‪:äÉjQhO É°†jC‬‬
‫‪k G ´É©°T øY Qó°üJ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﺑﻼﻍ ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺩ ﻛﺗﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬
‫‪º«∏©àdGh á«HÎdG Öàc äÉ°UÓN‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺎﻁﺭ ﻟﺻﺣﻳﻔﺔ ”ﻧﻳﻭﻳﻭﺭﻙ ﺗﺎﻳﻣﺯ“ ﻭ”ﻭﺍﺷﻧﻁﻥ ﺑﻭﺳﺕ“ ﻭ”ﻧﻭﻓﺎ“‬
‫‪äÉ`````bÓY‬‬
‫‪…QGOE’G QÉàîŸG‬‬
‫ﻭﻏﻳﺭﻫﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﺣﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺟﻼﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ΩÉ©dG QGóe ≈∏Y ΩÉ¡dEG‬‬
‫‪IQÉ«°ùdG ‘ IQGOE’G :á«Jƒ°üdG á∏°ù∏°ùdG‬‬
‫‪™aódGh ∑GÎ°T’G ÉªFGO‬‬

‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪ºμæμÁ‬‬
‫‪:Éæ©bƒe ≈∏Y É«k fhÎμdEG‬‬
‫‪ÜÉ`````à`μ`dG‬‬
‫‪David Ropeik‬‬
‫‪(äÉ°UÓN) Qó°üJ‬‬
‫‪Author:‬‬ ‫‪How Risky Is It, Really? Why Our Fears Don’t‬‬
‫‪ÖàμdG π°†aCG ,á«Hô©dG á¨∏dÉH ¢üî∏Jh 1993 ΩÉY ™∏£e òæe‬‬ ‫‪Always Match the Facts‬‬
‫‪≈∏Y õ````«cÎdG ™`è ,∫É```ªYC’G ∫É````LQh ø````jôjóª∏d á`¡LƒŸG á`«ŸÉ©dG‬‬ ‫‪Title:‬‬
‫)‪McGraw-Hill; 1 edition (February 8, 2010‬‬
‫‪.…QGOE’G ô`μ``Ø∏d G kójó`L ∞`«`°†J »`à`dGh É`©``«``Ñè‬‬
‫‪k‬‬ ‫‪Ì``cC’G ÖàμdG‬‬
‫‪äÉjô¶ædGh äÉ°SQÉªŸG ÚH Iƒ```éØdG ó°S ≈dEG (äÉ``°UÓN) ±ó``¡`J‬‬ ‫‪Publisher: 978-0-07-162969-0‬‬
‫‪;á```«Hô©dG IQGOE’G á```Ä«Hh ,á```èó≤àŸG ∫hódG ‘ á``ãjó◊G ájQGOE’G‬‬ ‫‪280‬‬
‫‪ISBN:‬‬
‫›‪.≥````«Ñ£à∏d á```∏HÉbh á```Hô‬‬
‫‪q‬‬ ‫‪á````jQGOEG áaô©e º```¡d ô`àƒJ å«M‬‬
‫‪ÖcôŸG åëÑdG ∑ôfi ∫ÓN øe É¡JÉjƒàfi πc ‘ åëÑdG øμÁh‬‬ ‫‪Pages:‬‬
‫‪.Éæ©bƒe ≈∏Y‬‬
‫‪6454 : ´GójE’G ºbQ‬‬ ‫‪To read more about this book, use this link:‬‬
‫‪ISSN: 110/2357‬‬ ‫‪http://www.amazon.com‬‬
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هل الاخطار مخيفه ام المخاوف مخيفه

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هل الاخطار مخيفه ام المخاوف مخيفه

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‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺫﺍﺭ‬

‫ﻟﻺﻋـﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺭﺱ )‪ 2013‬ﻡ(‬

‫) ﺷﻌﺎﻉ (‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻳﻊ ﺛﺎﻥ )‪ 1434‬ﻫـ(‬

‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧـﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ‬

‫ﺝ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻌـﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ‬

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‫‪?áØ«ﬂ ôWÉîŸG πg‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬

‫‪IÒ¨°üdG áæ«©dG áYóN‬‬

‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﻳﻛﻭﻧﻭﻥ ﺃﻛﺛﺭ ﻋﺭﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻘﺷﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺷﻌﺭ؟ ﺍﻧﺗﻅﺭ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬

‫‪?áÑfòe ájQÉÑNE’G πFÉ°SƒdGh ΩÓYE’G πFÉ°Sh ó©J ióe …CG ≈dEG‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺷﺭﻭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺩﺱ ‪) -‬ﻣﺎﺭﺱ ‪504 - (2013‬‬

‫❂ ﺍﻣﻧﺢ ﻧﻔﺳﻙ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‪ .‬ﺗﺫﻛﺭ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻘﻠﻙ ﻣﻌﺩ ﻟﻠﺧﻭﻑ‬

‫‪™aódGh ∑GÎ°T’G ÉªFGO‬‬

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