You are on page 1of 138

Q```````jG

2 4 7
2009

jdG FQ

ddG MCG e .O.CG

jdG je

q e
L S

dG a d
Y fe J CG jh ,Ye YVdG SJ -

dGh jQJdG

SY QfG

..jO hCG cd
Y dG S M ,b e IQe IOdG J CG a IQe IOe d SQCG fG j Jc CG e edG
..Ye jCG

jdG g

YdG SH .O
jT Re
IV Sj

Y aGdH ddGh dG dG g jdG g ..SG cP hO QGYG hCG dG


G) H j dG IdG SGh KdG SG JdG Sj ,JGdG JS Y Ifh jdG fGYh ,(IT SG d c
..(a dhG Id) T IQUh
..J d G f AGS HU UdG OJ -

dG GTEG

IjGdG Sj

..Y LdG UCG dG e IQU LdG e aj ..a a GQY j OGdG JJ -

IQdG QGdG a IOQGdG AGQBG


dG CGQ Y IQhdH J

``j```````dG
4

MaG
SGQO

38U

I````````TGh````dG ```e``````S
``````N ``````````gG`````HG
g ````HG G ````Y
````````````dG O``````````Y

.O
.O
.O
.O

6
14
22
38

QdG Iee
UdGh jdG H dG
YG GQYGh dG
fOQG jGhdG a YLG edG
GHG
T

43U

````````````````S `````````````````````M
````````````````dG ``````````````MG
````````````````S ``````````````````SG
````````SQ````````H ````````````````Y
```````````````j ````````````````````S
G````````````M ````````````S``````j
dG ```HG ``j````dG ````Y
``````j````````````T R````````````````````e

48U

```````L```````f ``````````````````````L
````````````````dG Q``````````````Y
````````````````dG `````````````````````e
h``````````j`````dG ``````````U`````f

43
45
47
48
50
52
53
55

SdG IdG
dG GOe
FY c
OdG Lh
HdG dG
jdG GQhG M
bdG IS
jG SL

56
58
59
61

b
Oj dG HG
YdG GeG
e fGa
jdL

Q``````jG

2 4 7
2009

LJ

65U

``````````````````b ```````````f```````````e
QG``````````````H ``````````````````````````````M
IO```````````````````Y ``````````````````````````Y

65
68
70

fa SdQc
YG
JdG
aBG

````````dG G ``````Y .O
```````j``````````````dG ````````````````f````````g
h````````````````dG ````````````````S````````j
GOG```````L ````````````dG ``````Y

72
75
79
84

M W jGhQ a dG Pf
hR eG
dG QhOh c G
GHG ee

75U

GAGb
````````````````````dG ``````````````````e
````````````L``````H ``````````````````L
``````````S``````````dG `````````````````````f

90
107
114

Y TGd zdG M{
fhOG he a IAGb
ce Me
a

119
124

fG Ife
dG M

``S````Y Q````````````fG :OG````````YG

132

adG jdG

119U

````````````dG ````````````e ``````````M


```S```e```L i````````````dG Q```````f

MaG


.

) (
) (
.

) ( ) (



.



) (
.
.
) ( .
) ( .


) ( ) (


.
) ( .
. ) (
.

SGQO

I````````TGh````dG ````e````````S.O
``````N ``````````gG`````HG .O
g ````HG G ````Y .O
````````````dG O``````````Y .O

QdG Iee
UdGh jdG H dG
YG GQYGh dG
fOQG jGhdG a YLG edG

247
SGQO

jdG Leh QdG Iee


dG WT Y JCGeG :dG M jGhQ IAGb
I`TGhdG ```eS O.CG

) :
(





:



)(









....


:





.



247
SGQO









.








.








.



.

:Qd Aa dG





















.



" :
... " )(
"
"....

) .(
" :


" ).(












.






" "





247
SGQO


)(




" :



" ).(








:

" :

" ) .(





)(








" :
....
...
" ).(





) (





.









8




_
_



)(

)(



" :
....()"!...








247
SGQO







.


)(


" :





: .... "
).(




)(
)(





9






) (

















.


.
:HQdG Pe dG

247
SGQO













.







)(






.





"


" )(




.




.


















10








.

)(






).(















247
SGQO





) .(












).(













" : ...
" ) (
" :

...

") (


)(
) (




11








) (



.








.









247
SGQO

" :

" )(






.




.














"



"
) (



" :


") (









) (





) .(



)
(
12

).(










) (


.
















...

247
SGQO




" :



....

").(























:




.
13

OQCG OcCG
:eGdG
QGO ,dG WT Y JCGeG :dG M-1
.34 U ,2003 ,1 ,h`H ,GOBG
34 U ,f -2
34 U ,f -3
40 U ,f -4
41 U ,f -5
ICG```G ``j``M ````Y ````J ````````dG ````M -6
Y de ,IjL ``jGhQ ``N e HdG
www.,2008/3/3 ,fhdEG dG
2khayyat.net.
14 U /jGhdG ,dG M -7
cG ,OdG dG H :G M -8
.62 U ,1993 ,2 ,HdG dG
42 U ,jGhdG -9
21 U ,f -10
31 U ,f -11
41 U ,f -12
jGhdG G H :MCG M -13
 ,a ,G GQ ,`````dG FdG
135 U ,2007,1
77 U ,HdG ,G M -14
cG ,FGhdG dG H :hGH M -15
,1 ,AdG QG``dG ,h``H ,HdG dG
121 U ,1990
34 U ,jGhdG -16
34 U ,f -17
48 U ,f -18
70 U ,f -19
9 U ,f -20
61 U ,f -21
68 U ,f -22
68 U ,HdG ,G M -23
27 U ,HdG ,hGH M -24
fEG G ,dG Y e -25
,1  ,141 ,VjdG c ,HdG jGhdG
.244 U ,2006
.80 U ,jGhdG -26

247
SGQO

UdGh jdG H dG
N gGHEG .O

)(


, ,
, ,
.

,

,
: . )(
- -

) : ( ) (1 :

. ) :
( ) (2
)() :


( ).(3

,
)( ,:
,
. ,
:


)(4

)(

,
. )
(

)(5

,
, , ,

14

,,
. :
, : .
,
:
:



)(6



,
,
,
).(7

)(

, .

""
.
:

247
SGQO

")( ,
, ,

,
,
" ) .(8
,

.
, ,
, .

,
,

233 :
"


"
).(9

)392(
)(

)(
""
, ":

,
(10)".

,


.

,

.

) ( :
"
") .(11"
.
:
,
,
,

,


, ,
".

,



, ,
.

,

, .

, ,

" " ,
"
,

(12)".

15

,
, , ,
,
).(13



. "
" :
.
)910(
).(41
,
) 405 (
, :
" ,

,
, .

".
":



,

,
,

247
SGQO

, ,
,
(15)".

- -

,
, , ,
,
,
, .



,

,
,
,
,
.
,
,,
,.
:

"
") .(16
,
,

, ,

.



,,
.


(17).

" ,


,


,

,

,
(SEMANTICS (18.
dGh HdG



,
,,
) ( ,
, :
, , ,

16

,
.



..


) .(19

,


, ,

,
.

SEMIOLOGY
,

LINGUISTICS.

,

,

HUMBOLDT
,
" :

- -
,

,

247
SGQO

.

,
, ,
,
;

).(20

- -

BOPP

, ,

.

SCHLEICHER

,
,
,

(21).


WHITNEY

, ,
,

.
) (
)( )(

)
( (22).SAUSSURE


,

).(23
SAPIR
"


") (24
,
,

,

, ,
,
,
,
,
, ,
,
).(25

:
OUTLINE OF LINGUISTICS ANALYSIS

":


" ) (26


HALL " :

17

"




(27)". -
,
,


,
, , ,


.





. BENCHER


,

,

,
, ,

.
AN ESSAY ON LANGUAGE

247
SGQO


,
, ,

)( INSTINCT



,
).(28
,

-
,

- ,
.



- -

,

.



,




.

,
JEAN ITAR
11 12

, LA CAUNE
(29).


.



.
, ,



,
.
,

.



,
,
,
).(30

.
,

, : ,
)( ,:

.

,

18


,
, , ,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,

.

"" .


, ,

,
WITTGENSTIN (1889-
(1959
, ,
, ,

).(31
CHRISTINE
TEMPLE
,

247
SGQO

,


).(32

, ,


,



-
, :

, ,
,

,
- , ,




, ,

,
,




).(33


)(

: , ,
.
CHOMSKY
,


,

,
,
,
RULES

,
,

, ,


,(34).



,
,PRODUCTIVITY ,
,
,
,

,
, ,
,

19


.


,

,

, ,


) .(35



)(


,
, ,,
,
.
,

.
,
- -



)( MONEMES

)( PHONEMES

247
SGQO


).(36



,

,
,
. -

-


,





.



,

).(37

)(
;

-
) .(38

)(

,
) (
, BIT BET


SIT
).(39

,
,

.
)(
, ,
,
, ,

;

)(
.


20


; )(
)(
,
. ,
,
, ,

.

;
: ,
,
,


. ,

,

,

. .
OQCG bf

247
SGQO

4002 18eL{F)8eL{F)hejEF)
234. h 223 U fGh 532 U
:jG IM fGh 31 U HdG- 26
226. U HdG
. 237 U HdG : jGh 31 U HdG- 27
jdG ee :hNBGh QdG IT- 28
16. U IUG
,fdG d Ne :JQe HhQ- 29
HdG G ,G QOdG Y LJ
2007. 1lJ*i.F
16- U ,IUG jdG ee- 30
19.
yf;i.{,iLF)JiF)L4..-31
,dGh GOBd WdG G ,bGG QdG
U 2007, 1iC{)e;i5kLF)
37.- 36
9);i.{,|fF)w)fj5{E-32
kLF)F)Jh)1$F9F)p)y/%)
83. U 2002, 1
73U ,jdGh dG.-33
LJ ,dG eC
l J :f ,eT- 34
,OGH ,adG dG QGO ,bH OGL Je
41. U 1990 1
,dG dG :jG IM =fG- 35
362-347*e5.{G
,eY dCG Oe :JQe jQfCG- 36
,hH ,KGG QGO ,G RQ Q LJ
dCG H :jcR e =fGh 26U 1
= fG jdh 86 7  *e5 .{G  i*{;
.{G  7)jF)J iF)  8e,{G ) yf;
. 30-29 U HS
.{G  F) }sjF) L}) +}/ 37
259. U HS
. 259U ,HdG- 38
262.261- U HdG- 39

U 1953 ,IgdG ,dG G Y


QGO ,eG :hN H MdG Y- 12
1065. U 1961 ,hH ,dG dG
,HY dCG H :jcR e- 13
lJ*  L4jF)J |F iGe) i5&)
64-63 U 1992 1
Y gG :jdG L ,WdG- 14
,jNBGh gGHEG dG HCG ,dG
. 8/1 jQJ H ,hH ,dG QGO
:edG TdG =fGh 36/1 gG- 15
04-36 U ,dG Y SGQd WJ
eIeG i*{F) iF) e/ e 6-1
,G ,AdG QGdG ,adG QGO ,geh
jf ,ja fCG :fGh 32 U 2001 1
1973, 1lJ*efF)hejF)3)1iF)
:RM a O :jCG fGh 13 U
L4jF)J|FiCemF)3)1iF);')0yG
91-81U jQJ H 2
,gQJh JCf dG :edG M -17
7 U 2002 1e;iCemF)+3)4J
. 18 U ,gQJh JCf dG-18
MCG LJ ,dG Y SCG :H jQe -19
1983 2+{IeF)gjF)e;{;3ej
;*ejE}L.yE&LeG)zIJ35U
e8 C L}) G .{, zF) iF)
2004 ,VjdG QUh ,dG dG Hc
234-223 U fG
45 U ,dG Y SGQd Wh -20
59.45- U HdG-21
72.71-U HdG-22
83 U HdG-23
jdG ee :hNBGh QdG IT -24
2003 2e;|F()J3)1+|7e)
dCG H ,jcR e =fGh 12U
677*e5.{Gi*{;
dG :jG IM fGh Hd-G 25

21

:eGdG
26 jBG-1
(eDG) IQS e 3 jBG-2
55 jBG-3
,QYa Y ,ORdG GjO :ORdG -4
611/2 1987- 1lJ*iF)gjF)3)1
(gGHEG) IQS e 4 jBG- 5
u|6  gF) {F) .4eF) 7eH 6
*  lJ*  F) 3)1  gF) *%) )L1
404 U ,jQJ
WJ :TdG edG :fG jd - 7
dG QGO ,jdG ,dG Y SGQd
04-13 U6891 31)y*iCemF)
,dG :b H Y H HCG ,jS - 8
lJ*gjF)e;J{IF)yf;
G Y :fGh 122/1 ,jQJ H 1
d G QGO ,UGdGh dG ,VJe
16.13- U 2001, 1{()})L4jF)J
HdG dG :HGQ jM =fG- 9
,jCG MdG Y LJ ,dG HdG
30- U 1986 1kLF)kLF)iGe.
31.
:(392 Y dG HCG)L HG- 10
QGO ,QdG Y ,FG
kCJ%e* +3G ivH  iL|) gjF)
2 {H)J33 U 1 1951, ,IgdG 1
Qe HG fGh 33 U ,hH ,idG QGO
L{jF))zIJF+1eGeF)771 G
DOUCHET  ,J1 L{, eGe  *eL
i;5)  
iF) iFe) g/e7 H{F)
J"Fe*iF){LeCJ
9
)fdG
S
fG " dG jW Y gQaCG Y CG
HdG QGdG ,fdG Ne :dG dU
68.67-U 1985 1H,hejF
,MdG S : LG S HG- 11

247
SGQO

aG fEG GQYGh YEGh dG


g HCG GY .O

: -1







)





) ((1


22

247
SGQO










)





((2).






..


.

)(











)





((3).





.






23


..


..


)

(4).










)



(5).




247
SGQO


.



..








..





.

.




).(










.. .











)




(7).


24





"


(8).




.







:

(9).





247
SGQO





.


.




.


:
-













.
-












... .
-












25






- 2
:














) (







247
SGQO





















)






(13).









.












)


.


) ((14

:

26







.









..






.





247
SGQO

















") (





.

:
:AGOCG -1-2


: " " -







)
(







) (.




..




)

((16).

27





.)
)(

OBJECT-LANGUAGE

METALANGUAGE

).(17




.

247
SGQO

:dG -2-2














:
-

.
- .
-



.
-
.
-

.
-


).(





""







).(19





...







28

.
:dGh dG -3-2






.




.








.





...

247
SGQO








.
:gdGh G -4-2






.








.
) (





..

:

.
.





.


)

NABATI POETRY: THE
ORAL POETRY OF ARABIA((1985
BERKELEY: UNIVERSITY
)OF CALIFORNIA PRESS, 1985



) .(


"


29



).(21




.
:jdG FdG -5-2





..




.




...





247
SGQO







)
)(







).(22



.





.






.









.
:SG YGb -6-2

30






.








:
-

.
-

.
-
.
-
.
-


).(

247
SGQO




..

.
-
:

















)
..(














)







).(24

31


)

.




((25).




)




).(26










247
SGQO


:
:Gh dG -1-3







)




).(27







)


((28).



)
.


.
).(29

















.
:jdGh LdG -2-3

32











) (

















)

247
SGQO




).(31





.



)
(









)




).(32









.




...
-
:














33

.
:YdG -1-4










)



).(33








..




247
SGQO




) (.

.
:LG -2-4












)
(







.





.

:








)


.
)(34


)


.



34






).(35








...
FSh fJ -3-4
:jG JG

247
SGQO




)(



...


) (



)( .





.
dG e -4-4
:hdEG dG EG

.
_ :



Y ` eRCG QGOh hH ` HGQdG QGO .HdG


.2001
jdG LG :G MCG- 2
Jjeh FXh :edG LG ` HdG
Uh SGQO ` TdG d J gKCGh
HCG .emF) p) l)3G .jf
.1999 ` X
LdHEG SGQO ` UCG :e/e- 3
.ZH ,d a ,f :dG Y dG d
. 1982 IgdG .d edG jG dG
jT ` jGG G :Sj M- 4
)MG dG dTGh( e G
h{)hejS E1e)l)3G .HdGh HdG
. 2003e*{F)B
dG dG dG : M GM- 5
c GQe .eG HdG AY Y
. 2002 d ` HGW ` eSEG IYdG
dG dG :jG b H IM- 6
GQe ` 521 VjdG c .iNCG jbh
. 2004 ` VjdH dG edG SDe
jdG LG :8)F) G y/- 7
.dGh jdG gjb ` IUG
#e7BG*eGBiCemF)F)i5&G
. 1999
jNBH JG a :eY gGHEG S- 8
` gL3yjF H 3)1 .fEG dG SGQO
.2001 RH ` GQSGh
dG HdG dG :dG MhQ S- 9
hejS F) 1e) l)3G .jG dG
. 1993 eO ` dG

LGGh QOG

fehdG G :GQH jQeS- 10

:gjF) -CG

)jG dG ` (dG gGHEG H

jGhdG iDej))F) :jN MCG- 1

.1977 IgdG ` d edG


HdG dG jb e :)dDe IY- 11

35

247
SGQO

S
jdG G Va :yGe/)yf;
,M -4

0 2005 ,eO ,adG

Hd HdG G GQe( . IUG

kLF) ,( {F)e; ) HdG dGh

jG HdG fdG :Z e- 22

. 1990 fJ .dGh adGh

.24U ,2000 SQe ,jj ,3 OdG 28 G

jdG SCGh QOG jf SGQO `

Jee ,G :|H*%) +1.9e;- 12

Jh HdG dG :j ,hNdG -5

Y ` dG G eL GQe .Gh

` d edG jG dG .FXhh

jb )QhdG dG ,edG YdG

S .ffEG dGh GOBG c ` dG

. 1984 ` IgdG

,(IQG ce HdG d :ja

` da e ` 4 bQ MhWCGh FSQ

dG dG :G dG Y- 13

IgdG L4jF)J|FiL{CeLeDl)3G

.1998 jG

,d ,d HdG QGdG ,HdG IQG

.13U ,1997

:dGh adGh Hd HdG G- 23

1981 ,fJ

LCG e F) G 7)jF) :H ,jHG -6

` G GQe .Ld edG G

YJ 3J1J gL{jF) :)dDe IY- 14

dG ) F i iFeC
S +#){D

.1985 fJ

SGQO ce( .HdG IMdGh HdG OLdG

.312U ,2001*){F)1yF){()}) ,(HdG

HdG d ja jb :)dDe IY 24

.1982 hH ` HdG IMdG

jJ M f Lh :dDe IY -7

d ja jb GQe( .IQG ce

jJ M f Lh :dDe IY- 15

GQe ,2003 HdG ffEG dG

.1997+{IeF)BL4jF)J

GQe ` 2003 HdG ffEG dG

:jQhdG -

hdH IgdG( dhdG SdG )

hdH IgdG( dhdG SdG )

IgdG ,IG Cd (e') qGeHF) G

ffGa ..k b je :){)3)J1%) -1

IgdG ` IG Cd (e') qGeHF) G

.27U ,2003

IgdG `( F%) ) .iv6+1e6 :k db

.2003

dG dG :GM , M -8

.2000 ` 20 OdG `

ASG ` dGh dG :jGO a- 16

GQe ,eG HdG AY Y dG

.%) G B F) G 7)jF) :jHG H- 2

LJ) .hGdGh dG G dG

,2002 d ,HGW ,eSEG IYdG c

dG ) .F i iFeC
S +#){D

QGdG ` hH ` dG jaCG .(b QOdG Y

.173U

. 2001*){F)1yF){()})B( HdG

.0002 AdG

ffGa ,kb je :QGhOCG ){) -9

cG HdG dG :SG - 3

;')3J1JgL{jF)JiF) :FdG ja- 17

,IgdG ,(F%) ) iv6+1e6 :k db

`( HdG dG ) .edG dGh

HdG jQG H J H `

.23U ,2000 ,20 OdG

. 20037BGemF)1yF)B{()})

` eH adG QGO GQe .jQdG

,dG AGOCG :O ,dG - :fCG -10

;')3J1JgL{jF)JiF) :ja ,FdG -1

.1992 eO

~ 204 U ,2005 ,eO ,adG IQGRh

HdG jQG H J H

,JgL{jF) :OdG G - 18

0802

,eH adG QGO GQe ,jQdG

HdG IMdG SGQO ce .HdG WdG

dG :dG Y ,G - :fG -11

.163U ,1992 eO

.1980hH `

HdG QGdG ,HdG IQG dG

JG a :gGHEG S ,eY -2

dG :G jb :)dDe IY- 19

01981 ,fJ ,d ,d

f QGO ,fEG dG SGQO ,jNBH

GQe( . jG dG cGe HdG

IUG jdG gG : ,GY -12

.34U ,2001 ,RH l)3ej5)JgL3yjF

.1998 bPdG ` jJ eL

,adG IQGRh GQe i-)y)')iF)G

OdGh LddG :dU ,IOe -3

IUG jdG gG :GY - 20

.412U ,2004 eO

WdG G GV )c ,HOCG

adG IQGRh GQe .i-)y)') iF)G

ASG ,dGh dG :a ,jGO -13

GQe ,(HOCG dGh AdG :hCG

.2004 eO `

LJ) ,hGdGh dG G dG

.323-321U ,2000 IH ,IH eL

IQGRh ,dG AGOCG :dG O- 21

36

247
SGQO

Qe ,HdG WdG ,JgL{jF)(31)

,( HdG dG ) ,edG dGh

QGdG ,hH ,dG jaCG ,(b QOdG Y

.0630U ,HS

.291U ,20037 ,edG OdG ,FGG

.23U ,2000 AdG

* i.F) {9e :j ,hNdG(32)

SGQO

-23

HdG fdG :e ,Z -14

c ,aG GNGh YdG J

,f :dG Y dG d LdHEG

SCGh QOG jf SGQO ,jG

.193U {EzF)FeF)( ja jb)

,d edG jG dG ,ZH ,d a

G eL GQe ,Gh jdG

H :HdG dG jb :T ,a(33)

.160-159U ,1982 IgdG

,ffEG dGh GOBG c ,dG Y ,dG

jb e )c ,Vd dG QWEG

,JgL{jF) :G ,OdG(24)

,da e ,4 bQ MhWCGh FSQ S

G GQe ,(IUG HdG dG

,HdG IMdG SGQO ce ,HdG WdG

.94U ,1998 jG

,1990 fJ ,dGh adGh Hd HdG

.426U ,1980 hH

GS OYh) e*1F)yf; ,dG -15

.51U

yf;ns*;g, :jdG Y ,QTY(25)

SGQO *{F)eF)Jfj)G4:(OGOe

jdG LG :G y/ ,VGdG(34)

*{F)1.F)(e0JgL{jF)z hdG G

ijF) *eG ,UGh JeG Le

,dGh jdG gjb ,IUG

3J1J gL{jF)z c ,{HdG IMdGh

.292U ,1998 ,VjdG kCJ%F

AU G*eG iCemF)F)i5&G

,{HdG IMdGh HdG OLdG YJ

jT ,jGG G :M ,Sj -16

.209U ,1999

,1982 hH ,HdG IMdG SGQO ce

MG dG dTGh( e G)

.368U

h{)hejS E1e)l)3G ,HdGh HdG

,UCG

:e

jdG LG : MCG ,G(35)

,M

Jjeh FXh :edG LG - HdG

Y dG dG :MQ f ,hGdG(26)

Uh SGQO ,TdG d J gKCGh

{pF) *eF) {F) iLeH j/ h{F)

iDej) )F) :MCG ,jN -17

HCG emF) p) l)3G ,jf

,1978 OGH ,dGh adG IQGRh GQe

,eRCG QGOh hH ,HGQdG QGO ,HdG jGhdG

.257-256U ,1999 ,X

.421U

.28U ,2001 Y

.161U ,2003e*{F)

G :M ,jdG Y(27)

Jee ,G :+1.9e; ,f HCG -18

c ,Gh eRCG ,jG HdG jdG

,d edG jG dG ,FXhh

cGe HdG dG :G jb)

.278-277U ,1984 ,IgdG

,jJ eL GQe ,(jG dG

fehdG G :jQeS ,GQH -19

.77U ,1998 bPdG

jG dG ,(dG gGHEG LJ)

dG dG :b H IM ,jG(28

.U ,1977 IgdG ,d edG

GQe ,521 VjdG c ,iNCG jbh

jdG :(J) dG M ,jdG Y -20

,2004 ,VjdH dG edG SDe

ee ,e *{F) h1%) DGJ iIeF)

.221U

,HdGh gdG :hCG , dGh d

dG HdG dG :MhQ S ,dG(29)

LGe ,jdG Y dG M LJ)

hejS F) 1e) l)3G ,jG dG

WdG G ,281 iC{) e; ,(QY

.111U ,1993 eO ,dG

,1994 kLF) ,GOBGh dGh ad

adGh Hd HdG G :fCG(30)

.43U

GQe ,Ld edG G :dGh

.306U ,f QG -21

.22U ,1985 fJ ,G

cG HdG dG : ,SG -22

37

247
SGQO

fOQCG jGhdG YLG edG


k a k YGHEG G h dSdG H
G S Y OY.O







..


.



...

) ( -

.

)
- (


38




..



..
" : !
.

...

"...
"

" ..

247
SGQO




)(
.

)( ).(


) (



.. "






").(



" " "
"

.. ..
..
..

..


).(
" :
" "
-
- "
) .(
"


" ) .( "


() "..

)(

39

..


).(


) (

..
.." :
"
!
) ( :
) (
..
..

):(
"
" .


:
"
" "
" "

"
()..
..

247
SGQO

.
) (
)(

:
" ..
..

..
..

..

..
" ).(

)
(:
"
"
) .( " "



.

)(






:
"
"
" "
"



)( "..
"



" ).(

" :
.. ..
"


) (
. :
" ..

..
.() " ..

40

" :
"
"
"..
..
" .. ..
.() "..


.
) (
) (

:
"

.() "..

:
"
..
..
.() ".."

" ).(
)
( ) (
"
..

247
SGQO

..
..
...
.. ..
..
......

" ).(
) (
) (

"
"..
) (


!
:
" " ) .(



" :

..



.()" ...

..

"
! ) ."(
"
") (
"

"..
) .(
"
" ..
" .. "

..
..



!



..
.

.. .
. .() ..

41

:eGdG
)SJ)OdG IT :jN S (1
,(2 L4jF)J |F dG QGO ,(dG
.227 ,901 .55 U ,2002
QGO ,HdG h IAGdG :j y5')+3e6')J
,1985 ,(1 ,G P AdG QGdG ,adG
.166-165 U
),LQ jM h jb jM :gdG (2
.41 U ,1997 ,(1 ,Y
)45-42 . U *eF).{)(3
).46 U *eF).{)(4
).77 U *eF).{)(5
).83 U *eF).{)(6
).92 U *eF).{)(7
)QGO ,QG QN ICGeG :dGZ HCG ALQ(8
),1995 ,(1 ,Y L4jF)J|F*eF
.62 U h ,46 U h ,35 U
).45 U *eF).{)(9
)h d eRCG QGO ,HdG :QGdG Gg(10
). 82-81 U ,2000 ,(1 ,Y L4jF
).82 U *eF).{)(11
).83 U ,HdG :QGdG Gg(12
).86 U *eF).{)(13
).90 U *eF).{)(14
)IQGRh ,MCG TdG :gdG Y(15
.18 U ,1997 ,(1 ,Y ,adG
).109 U *eF).{)(16
).167 U *eF).{)(17
)HdG SDG ,K OGYCG :jOhO aQ(18
-70 U ,2000 ,(1 ,hH L4jF)J|F
.75 Uh ,.71
),Y ,MdG SGbCG :L S (19
.7 U ,1998 ,(1
).13 U *eF).{)(20
).17 U *eF).{)(21
).25 U *eF).{)(22
).30 U *eF).{)(23
).30 U *eF).{)(24
),35 ,50 ,41 ,40 ,35 U *eF).{)(25
.64 ,55

````````````````S `````````````````````M
````````````````dG ``````````````MG
````````````````S ``````````````````SG
````````SQ````````H ````````````````Y
```````````````j ````````````````````S
dG ```HCG ``j````dG ````Y
``````j````````````T R````````````````````e

GHEG

```````L```````f ``````````````````````L
````````````````dG Q``````````````Y
````````````````dG `````````````````````e
h``````````j`````dG ``````````U`````f

T
SdG IdG
dG GOe
FY c
GOdG Lh
HdG dG
bdG IS
jG SL
b
Oj dG HG
YdG GMG
e fGa
jdL

247
GHEG

s SG IdG
S M


..

..

..



..
..

..


..
..


..

..

..


. . . . . .
. . . . . .

43

..

..
..

247
GHEG

..

..

..

..


..


..
..

..


.. ..

..

..
..


..

. .



..

..


..



..

..
..

..

..

. . . . . .
. . . . . .
..



..

..
..

..

..




. .
..
..
..

..

..

44

..

..




..

..
..


..
..
..
.. ..

..

.. ..
..


..


..
bGY YT

247
GHEG

G GOe
G MCG

)(1

...

)(2

_ _





45

)(3

247
GHEG

)(4




_
_

_

_


_
_
_


_
_


...

46

_




_


_

!
_

OQCG YT

247
GHEG

FY c
S SEG






..
***





***






***





47




***








.
OQCG eYEGh YT

247
GHEG

GOdG Lh
SQH Y

48

.. !









.
***

247
GHEG

..

..





..

49

: !


.
G e OQCG YT

247
GHEG

LddG
j S



" "

" "


50

247
GHEG

" "




" "

....

""

" ".....


" "





"








"


OQCG YT

51

247
GHG

o
jG GQhC
p G M
GM Sj
1

..


..

..


..

..
2

..

..




)(...
!


..

..
!!


...

..
..!!.

.!!..
3

...

..

52

OQCG YT

247
GHG

bdG IS
dG HCG dG Y

:

:

...

.....

: ...

: ... ..

....

) :
(

........
:

..

..........

53

247
GHG

...

54

OQG YT

247
GHEG

!..jCG SL
jT Re

..
..

..


..


..
..




..

..

..


..

..

..


.

..

..

..
55


..


..

!..

247
GHEG

On
o r j dG HCG
Lf L




.




.




.

.


:
:
.





.


.

56




.






:

247
GHEG


.
:
.
:
.





:


:
. :
. .



.


.

57

.
..

OQG FGhQ

247
GHEG

..YdG GMCG
G QY

)(1

..

.
.


:

.
:
!. .
:
.

.

.
.
.
)(2

..

.

.
.

...
)(3

..

58

.

.


..
)(4

..



.


.
OQCG Ub

247
GHEG

eo fGa
dG e
{z dG Gg c
jhQO O

.







.

M
TG





.
ah

59

247
GHEG



.


.
YdG SW

" "




.
Ie







.
bQh IFW

dG jGg

FP fCG

AGJQG


:

:
.

60

OQCG Jc

247
GHEG

````j``d``L
hdG Uf




" "












"

61

"





" ... ..."
...
!


""




: ...

247
GHEG

:
...
...











...

...
:



......
...
.

...






.










... ...
!






.
62



...





.







: !!...

:
... ...

247
GHEG

.

:


...



:

... ....


...



:...
...
... ...
.

:


...

... .

...

: ...


...
... ...

... .








...

...



...
... ...
... ......
!



63



..
:
... ...


:
...
... ... ...


:
...
... !


:
... .

```````````````b `````````f`````````e
QG````````````H ````````````````````````M
IO`````````````````Y ``````````````````````Y

LJ

ja SdQc
YG
JdG

247
GHEG

:ja SdQc
dJ hO d OLh GHEG
b e :LJ

.
) (


.


.

.
LA VOLUNTAD


Y LA FORTUNA


.


CARLOS FUENTES




65

.
:


:
.

.
" :

". .

ALEJO CARPENTIER
BORGES ASTURIAS.
" "

GARCIA
MARQUEZ CORTAZAR
VARGAS LLOSA .

247
GHEG


.
" "




":

"...
*



.






.



.

DOS PASSOS
MELVILLE .




.

*

.


PEDRO PARAMO JUAN
RULFO





. .

.


.
. .
"
" .


* " :

!"


.


.

.

* . .

66




. .

.



.
.
.
*
.

.
CERVANTS

DON
QUICHOTTE



.
.


.

.


247
GHEG

. .

!


.


*

) (
MODIANO

.MAURIAC


.
.
" "

"
" .

.
.
.
.

*
.
.

.
.
. !

* .
.


.

TENOCHTITLAN

.

.

:
.

.

!
.
.

.
.
.

.

.

. .

.

67

.

.

.

* .
.
.
.

.

.

.

*

.

U YfdG hQad
FGL Jch LeOQCG e

247
GHEG

YCG
HJ c
QGH M :LJ


.




.



.



""
. ..


.

.



.

68




.



.
.


.

.
""

247
GHEG

.

.




.
.



.





.
.




.

.



.



!!

69

* :

.

OQCG Le

247
GHEG

JdG
TQH fda
fCG Y LJ
OY Y


.
.
) (,
,
, "" .
) (.

.

. .
. ,

.
.
,

.
.
.
.

. ,
. ,
.
) (,
, .
.
)( .

70

.

.
.
.

````````dG G ````Y .O
``````j````````````dG ``````````````f```````g
h``````````````dG ``````````````S```````j

``````aBG

M W jGhQ a dG Pf
hR eG
dG QhOh c G

247
aBG

M W jGhQ dG P
s
G GY
.O










"



" .









72

"


" .



"

...

"

.
IQG ICGG T

247
aBG







.

)(


.






.
:
QWEG j :hCG
d dG


.
d JG QG :fK


















!!






.
Y bdG :dK
JG QG jf

73















.


.



.






.
.
" "
" "

247
aBG



. "
"




.




.
:







""

.
.
" "






.














.




.




.




)
(




74

.
)(

!.





:
:

.
)( :



.



.

OQCG OcCG

.119 U ,QdG QS ,IdG O-1


.11 U GhdG AYO ,M W-2
.5 U ,VQCG *z) ,M W-3
.131 U ,FGhQ M W ,cdG dN-4

247
aBG

1902-1840 hR ````eEG
OCG dG SQG YR
jdG fg





.


""





.








.

75

247
aBG

) (.


)(




"
".

)(







"

"



.

) (




)
( ) (


) (

)(
)
( .
)
( ) (
) (



) (

" "

" " .






)(
)(

)( ) ( "

"



.

76






) (
""
.
)
(

" "




.

)
( ) (




.

) (

) (
) (
)
(

)( ) (

247
aBG

) (


.


"
"


.

)(









.
)
(





)
( .

)(



)(




)
(
"" "" "
" " " "


"" "" "" ""
" "
.

) (
) (
)
"
"(.

)(

" "

)(
) (


" "


77

.

)(






.

)(



)(
) (
""
) (
)( )(
)
( .

) (


)(.




.

247
aBG












.

)( :
"

.







:





".


:

"


.






".










.

:






.
:

.
78

:







.
:














.
fOQCG Le

247
aBG

HdG AdG Ie c CG
a ON Gh AGdG QhOh
hdG Sj









.

"" "
" .

.

79

247
aBG

.


.






"
"




.


.


.



.

.


: .

:

:


:








.

.

,






:

80




..


, .

,



.








" :

....






247
aBG

" "

....










:

:
:





:

.....


:
... .



.



:




:






81

: ....










.

:


:




" "

:





247
aBG


:



......

.
:






:

:






:

........













.













" "



82


:

.


:
:


.


.



:



.







247
aBG

:

:







.
:





:



.





















83




.


" "



.
OQCG FGhQh Ub

247
aBG

aG GhOCGh GHEG ee
GOGL G Y


:






.







84


.

:













.

247
aBG



:










" "






:


AdGh AdG Y









.


:





85


)




".( "1






.



247
aBG








: :



















- :
: :





.
:


.
:



.














.




:



86





.
GHEG jJ dG QhO

247
aBG






.
















.



















.
HOCG dGh GHEG









:
:




87













.
.













.





247
aBG




.







" :



.
aG hh HdG GdG








.








.
"" "2


""







88













.
LGG Fb
jbh HdG dG : QY ( SdG ) ~1
Y jDhQ , dG
)3e)3)1sjF)jF)q)F
iLJL{C*L4jF)JrejH'F
.2001 FGG :IdG
~2

) dG GhOCG ,Md GY (jCG

{F) e; i ivL3ejF) lsjF)J


.1986 jHG Y HdG G
F) i) iL{HyL&G 
eF) ` 3

.L4jF)J|F()J3)1e;jF)J

dG ``d````U ``````e
``````````L`````H ```````````````L
````````S````````dG ``````````````````f

GAGb

dG M a IAGb
fhOCG he a Ije IAGb
ce Me

247
GAGb

{Y TGQ Yd zG M
IdG Th dG IS
dG dU .O.CG



:
) (.



:




:






" "

90

247
GAGb







.

""













.










.
""












:




...
" "




91


.
"
" :
























)(

247
GAGb




:
:







.
" "




:



" "













)(



:






...
...









92



)(








:
.

.


"
"










247
GAGb





)(

) (.



)(




:



.


)
...(.







)(





)
(


.


"
"

93


) (
)
(


:
...
(.
" "




(
)






" " "
"






247
GAGb


) (
.



" "
:

. :











.







.


.

) ( )
(




"






:





:

"
"


:

94



.



)(
)(.






.


" "







247
GAGb








" "


)
(







)(
" " "
" .





:













.


.
:



95






.











) (

247
GAGb







.


:




.


.





.





















.










) (



96




) (
:










:

!
.

247
GAGb




....















.


.








:

)
(


.




.















.

97




)(

) (


) (



.








.


" "




247
GAGb








)
(

"



.







.













" :
".







" "





98





) (


)(
)(


) ( "
" " "
" " "




247
GAGb







.




:





) (




.



"

99

"


















" "







.

247
GAGb







.


.

"

"









:

.






:












)
(
:

)


(


" :
"
:

100


"
"

.


)
(







)
( )
(:




.

" "

247
GAGb


.


:
)(1



)(2





..

" "



:
"



"
".










101

)
( "
"



:



247
GAGb



:


:EUROPEAN SHOES












)( .



)

)
( )(.















.


.





102









"

"

) (.









:



247
GAGb



) (
) (


) (

) (

.




" " )
(








)
( .
:
:








)
( )
( )
(

) (

) (




:

103

)(1 :

...


.
)(2


....
)(3
:
.
)(4
.
)(5
)
( ) ( )
( ....

247
GAGb

.













)(:











) ( ) (
.




)(





.






104






.



.
" "

















:

247
GAGb






...








.



.









:




.



" "

)(

105









.














.







247
GAGb














.




.








:


...
..




"
" .




.
:








)

(








:

106

)












.
GQGL eL - OQCG bf
dG SGQd

247
GAGb

Ijo Z IAGb Ijo IAGb


YGHGh dG fhOCG h
LH L
ee









-




.

107





.








)
(

247
GAGb

)

:
...
- :
(...)
...
(








) (


)





(
-


) /
(
--
-

.



-














108

247
GAGb

.


)





(

-
-









- -





//

/ -


-









.



/








109





-




.









.

-

-


:
// /

247
GAGb

.

)
(










.













.







.

















)

110








(
-
-








.


)
(





247
GAGb







.

- -






-

-








-



.

)
(
)


(

)

:
...
- :
(...)
...
(
-


111








-
) (






- -
.











247
GAGb





.

)





(











.
- -







.



)


(

) (

)

112

(


























) (

247
GAGb


-

-







.
- -




)








(



.


)

.


(






)
( )


(

)
(



.

113


























.
OQCG YTh Jc

247
GAGb

T dd e Me
SdG f



)(

,



,

2002


)( 2005,
2008
)

( ,

1956


1980

.

,

,






114

.


,

,
,


)(





,

,

247
GAGb


)
(
.
,
,

,

,
,
,

.
Je H IAGdGh ..e





.
,
,

1603 1606,


, ,

.


,
,
,
,

,
.

,
,

.
) (


,
,
,



.
)(


.
""
,
.

.
115





. ,

, ,

,
,

,

, ,


,
. ,


,

) )
( .

,

) (,

.

247
GAGb

"" ,
.
,
""

,
"" "" ""

,
-
,


,

"
" .
""



.
""
1623 ,
"
"
" " ,
,

, 1606 .

" "

,


,
.
MG H

" "

,



,

)
, (
)

(
.
,
,
,
) ( ,

, - -
, -
-
""
,
116

.

,
" " "
" " ",
,

,
,
""
,
, " "
"" ,
,
,
.
,
,
, ""
""

. ,

" "
""
.
,

,
,
,

247
GAGb

.
,
,



,
"" ,
"" ""
.

,

,


,

,
""

.
,
, ,
.

,

.
,

.

dG dG...e
M EG j
o

,

,

,

,
,
.


"
" ,
,

,

,
,
,
" ",
,
,

,

,

117

,
.

,

,

,
,

" "
,
,






,
,
.
OQG Jc

````````dG `````````e ````````M


```S```e```L i````````dG Q``````f

`````a

fG Ife
dG M

247
a

GZJdG YCG fEG Ife


hOS S
dG M


...

...


...


...
...


119

247
a

(


.

.


"
















".

) (

FREELANCE SIGMA
GAMMA




:

:





MAGNUM
") ..(






".
) (



"
!") (


120


" .





!




")..(





").(






" .







") (

247
a

"

")(



.




" .





.

LEWIS HINE
ALBERT RENGER



.


FEININGER




FEININGER
CLOSE
UP




:

.
121


"
"


.

" "



").
.(





.






"
")
(




247
a

"


")
(










"



") (






.






.




122




"

")
(


"




"). .(





"


") (




247
a






.






"






").
.(




.



.
:jEG dH LGG
fOQCG J fa

ARIES, PHILIPPE. THE HOUR OF OUR DEATH.

--

BEILMAN, BERY. THE LANGUAGE OF SECRECY:

--

TRANS: WEAVER, HELEN. VINTAGE BOOKS. 1980.

:HdG dH LGG
eh G .1986.fg,eGOLYCG G .S ,aJ :LJ .iNCG
.Ld edG hG ,ad
K Y gOGH J dG Y .IjG):kHH')is7; .eF
_HTTP://SIIRONLINE.ORG/ALABWAB/MOGHAVAMA
ALFAGHR/002.HTM-L
. .
. :
H T T P :// W W W. A L JA Z E E R A . N E T / N R / E X E R E S /
ACF5FE70-A8E3-447F-B6AB-5CC9F554B800.HTM
. . . . :
W W W. F O T O - M A S T E R . C O M / I N D E X .
PHP?VIEW=ARTICLE
. . .
.
. . : .

123

SYMBOLS AND METAPHORS IN PORO RITUAL. NEW


BRUNSWICK: RUTGERS UNIVERSITY PRESS. 1984.

BARTHES, ROLAND. THE PHOTOGRAPHY READER,


EXTRACTS FROM CAMERA LUCIDA.

EDITOR: WELLS, LIZ. ROUTLEDGE, NEW YORK. 2003.


CURIEL, JONATHAN. SABASTIAO SALGADO: THE

WORLD RENOWNED PHOTOGRAPHER CAPTURES

IMAGES OF PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEENGLOBALIZED


. 2002. HTTP://WWW.SFGATE.COM/CGI-BIN/
ARTICLE.CGI?F=/C/A/2002/03/10/IN153786.DTL
&HW=SEBASTIAO+SALGADO&SN=001&SC=1000
- GRATZEL, PHILIPP. INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY
IN 20TH CENTURY PHOTOGRAPHY. M.SC. IN
SCIENCE COMMUNICATION, IMPERIAL COLLEGE OF
SCIENCE. 2003.
- LISTER, MARTIN. THE PHOTOGRAPHY READER,
THE

TO

INTRODUCTION

FROM

EXTRACTS

PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE DIGITAL CULTURE, EDITOR:


WELLS, LIZ. 2003.

247
a

dG M
SeG idG Qf










.



.

.




.












124


.

.





.






.

247
a



.






.


.




.





.












.





.





.

.






.




125











.



.







.







247
a







.

:
* :



.
* :



.
* :




.




.




.







.



.






) (



.



.
126



.


" " " "



.
-


.





.




.





247
a


.






) :

( .

.





.





.




) (







:



.




.




.

.





.
:

127






.







.




.









.

247
a






.



.


.










.












.





..






.






.





128

.






.




.











.





.

247
a







.





.





)(
)(

.

.




.



.







.







.



.

.


.



129






.




.















.



247
a






...





.














...

.









.
"
"

'' :

'' .



. !







.




130
















.
fOQG Jc

SY

dG jdG

QfG

:OGYG

247
adG jdG

SY QfG :OGYG



..


: ..
.. .. ..
.. ..
..

..
..
..

..







....
.. ..

..
.. ..


..

..

132


:
YW IOYEGh QcSG M
zOQCG QKBG{ c

247
adG jdG




.

.




.








.






.



.


.








.




.
.
G G d Le

133




.. :
..





.
:
.





.

.







.

247
adG jdG

dG GHEG




-







.


:

.

..

.

.

















.



.





.

134

HCJh c bJ M













. .

.
.




.
. .


.



247
adG jdG

.


.


.









.



.


.


.

G G he












:









.



.

135

HOCG FGL

















.


.

247
adG jdG

)(GQGUG


:
:

136

247
adG jdG













.
-
:
: /
























..



137

..










.

:. .
:

247
adG jdG












.













.

138








.
fOQCG Jc

You might also like