Proximate Analysis Numerical Problems Proximate Analysis

Problem 1:
Problem 2:
A sample of coal was analyzed as follows. Exactly 2.5 g was weighed into a silica crucible. A sample of finely ground coal of mass 0.9945 g was placed in a crucible of 8.5506 g in an oven, maintained
After heating for 1 hr at 110oC, the residue weighed 2.415 g. the crucible next was covered at 105oC for 1 hr. The sample was then removed, cooled in a desiccator and reweighted, the procedure being
with a vented lid and strongly heated for exactly 7 min at 950±20oC. The residue weighed repeated until a constant total mass of 9.5340 g was attained. The sample was heated with a lid in a furnace
1.525 g. The crucible was then heated without the cover, until a constant weight was at 920oC for 420 sec on cooling and reweighing, the total mass was 9.1921 g. This sample was then heated in
the same furnace maintained at 725oC until a constant mass of 9.1255 g was attained. Calculate the
obtained. The last residue was found to weight 0.245 g. Calculate the % results of the above
proximate analysis of the sample and express the results on “as sampled” basis.
analysis. Answer:
Ans: 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝟐. 𝟓 − 𝟐. 𝟒𝟏𝟓) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 =
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 = = = 𝟑. 𝟒% 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝟐. 𝟓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓×𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓×𝟏𝟎𝟎
=
(𝟐.𝟒𝟏𝟓−𝟏.𝟓𝟐𝟓)×𝟏𝟎𝟎
= 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔% 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏 𝟐.𝟓 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 (𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟓) × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒖𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒔𝒉 =
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍
=
𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟗. 𝟖% 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑨𝒔𝒉 =
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒍
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − %𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 + %𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 + %𝑨𝒔𝒉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑. 𝟒 + 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔 + 𝟗. 𝟖 = 𝟓𝟏. 𝟐%
𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒆𝒅 𝒄𝒂𝒓𝒃𝒐𝒏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 − %𝑴𝒐𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒆 + %𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒍𝒆 𝑴𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 + %𝑨𝒔𝒉

Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis

Problem 3: (%S Determination)
Proximate analysis as ‘received basis’
0.5 g of sample of coal used in a bomb calorimeter for the determination of calorific value. The
Moisture= 1.11 % calorific value of the coal was found to be 8600 cal/g. The ash formed in the bomb calorimeter was
extracted with acid and the acid extract was heated with barium nitrate and a precipitate of barium
Ash= 6.697%
sulphate (BaSO4) was obtained. The precipitate was filtered, dried and weighted. The weight of
FC = 100-(1.11+ 6.697+34.37)= 57.823% precipitate was found to be 0.05 g. Calculate the percentage of sulphur in the coal sample.

V.M=34.37% Answer:
% Sulphur = ( Weight of BaSO4 obtained x 32 x 100)/(weight of coal x 233)= 1.3734%
= (0.05×32×100)/(0.5×233) = 1.3734%

Ultimate Analysis Ultimate Analysis

Problem 4: (%C and %H Determination)
Problem 5: (%N Determination)
2.5 g of sample of coal (moisture free used in a bomb calorimeter for the determination of calorific
1 g of a sample of coal was used for nitrogen estimation by Kjeldahl’s method. The evolved
value. The calorific value of the coal was found to be 9600 cal/g. For determining %C and %H, two
ammonia was collected in 25 ml 1/10 N H2SO4. To neutralize excess acid, 15 ml of 0.1 N NaOH
absorbent was used. CaCl2 and KOH weight got increased by 0.55 gm and 8.85 gm, respectively.
was required. Determine the percentage of nitrogen in the given sample of coal.
Calculate the percentage of carbon and hydrogen in the coal sample.
Answer:
Answer:

12 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝑂𝐻 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 × 100 12 8.85 × 100 Vol.of acid used×Normality×1.4 (25−15)×0.1×1.4
Percentage of carbon = × = × = 96.54% % 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 = = = 1.4%
44 weight of coal taken 44 2.5 Weight of coal taken 1

2 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑙2 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒×100 2 0.55×100

Percentage of hydrogen = × = × = 2.44%
18 weight of coal taken 18 2.5
Ultimate Analysis Theoretical Calculation of Calorific Value of a Fuel
Problem 6: (%N Determination) The calorific value of a fuel can be calculated if the percentages of the
10 g of a sample of coal was used for nitrogen estimation by Kjeldahl’s method. The evolved
constituent elements are known.
ammonia was collected in 250 ml 1 N H2SO4. 5 gm of K2SO4 used in the digestion stage. 180 Substrate Calorific value
ml of 1 N NaOH was required to neutralize the excess acid. Determine the percentage of
(kcal/kg)
Carbon 8080
nitrogen in the given sample of coal.
Answer:
Hydrogen 34500
Vol.of acid used×Normality×1.4 (250−180)×1×1.4
% 𝒐𝒇 𝑵 = = = 9.8% Sulphur 2240
Weight of coal taken 10

Theoretical Calculation of Calorific Value of a Fuel Dulong Formula

If oxygen is also present, it combines with hydrogen to form H2O. Thus the hydrogen in the Dulong’s formula for calculating the calorific value is given as:
combined form is not available for combustion and is called fixed hydrogen.
Gross calorific Value (HCV)
Amount of hydrogen available for combustion = Total mass of hydrogen-hydrogen
combined with oxygen. 1 𝑂
1 𝐻𝐶𝑉 = [8080𝐶 + 34,500(𝐻 − ) + 2,240𝑆]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔
𝐻2 1 𝑔𝑚 + 𝑂2 8 𝑔𝑚 → 𝐻2 𝑂(9 𝑔𝑚) 100 8
2
Fixed Hydrogen = Mass of oxygen in the fuel Net Calorific value (LCV)
Therefore, mass of hydrogen available for combustion = Total mass of hydrogen-1/8 mass
9𝐻
of oxygen in fuel =(H - O/8) 𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − × 587]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔
100
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − 0.09𝐻 × 587]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔

Assumptions in Dulong formula Formula for GCV

Central Fuel Research Institute (CFRI)
• GCV of C, H and S are 8080, 34500 and 2240 kcal/kg. For low moisture coals ( M< 2%)
GCV = 91.7 F + 75.6 (V-0.1A) – 60 M
• O2 is combined with H2 so that surplus H2 available for combustion(H-O/8).
For high moisture coals ( M> 2%)
• N2 in the coal has been neglected.
GCV = 85.6 [100-(1.1 A + M)] – 60 M
• C.V of fuel is sum of C.V of its constituent elements.
Where,
M = Moisture %, V = Volatile matter %
A = Ash %, F = Fixed carbon %
Examples on GCV and LCV Examples on GCV and LCV
Problem Problem:
Calculate the GCV and NCV of coal having the following composition. Carbon 85%, hydrogen Coal has the following composition by weight C = 90 %, O = 0.3 %, S = 0.5 %, N
8%, sulphur 2%, oxygen 4%, and nitrogen 1%. Latent heat of steam 587 kcal/kg. = 0.5 %. Calculate the % of hydrogen and GCV and NCV of coal.
Ans:
1 𝑂 Answer:
𝐻𝐶𝑉 = 8080𝐶 + 34,500 𝐻 − + 2,240𝑆 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 %H= (100-(90+0.3+0.5+0.5))= 8.7%
100 8

=
1
8080 × 85 + 34500 8 −
4
+ 2240 × 2 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔
1 𝑂
100 8 𝐻𝐶𝑉 = 𝐺𝐶𝑉 = 8080𝐶 + 34,500 𝐻 − + 2,240𝑆 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔
=9500.3 kcal/kg
100 8
9𝐻 = 10271.7625 kcal/kg
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − × 587]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔
100
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − 0.09𝐻 × 587]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 = 9077.66 kcal/kg 𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − 0.09𝐻 × 587]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 = 10271.7625 – (0.09×587×8.7) =
9812.1415 kcal/kg

Numerical Problems on GCV and NCV Numerical Problems on GCV and LCV
Problem Problem:
A sample of coal contains C = 93%, H =6% and ash = 1%. The following data were obtained when the
above coal was tested in Bomb calorimeter. Calculate the NCV at 298 K of a sample fuel oil having C/H ratio 9.33 (by
Weight of coal burnt = 0.92 g
Weight of water taken = 550 g weight)and containing sulphur to the extent of 1.3 % by weight.
Water equivalent of Bomb calorimeter = 2200 g
Raise in temperature = 2.42oC Data:
Calculate the GCV, NCV of coal.
Latent heat of steam as 580 kcal/kg. GCV of the fuel oil at 298 K and 25oC = 41785 kJ/kg
Answer:
G. 𝐶. 𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = ( 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝐶𝑤 )/𝑚𝑓 Latent heat of water vapour at 298 K = 2442.5 kJ/kg
= (((550+2200)×(2.42)×1)/0.92)= 7233.696 cal/gm = H.C.V
Ans:
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = 𝑁𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − 0.09𝐻 × 580]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 = (7233.696 -(0.09×6×580))= 6920.496 cal/gm
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [41785-(0.09×9.555×2442.5)] kJ/kg = 39685.67 kJ/kg

Numerical Problems on GCV and LCV Numerical Problems on GCV and LCV
Problem: Problem:
On burning 0.83 g of solid fuel in a Bomb calorimeter, temperature of 3500 g of water
Crude oil found to contain 87 % carbon, 12.5 % hydrogen and 0.5 % sulphur.
increased from 26.5oC to 29.2oC. Water equivalent of calorimeter and latent heat of steam
Calculate the NCV of crude oil at 298 K.
are 385 g and 587 cal/g respectively. If the fuel contains 0.7 % hydrogen, calculate it GCV and
Data:
NCV.
GCV of crude oil at 298 K = 45071 kJ/kg oil Ans:

Latent heat of water vapour at 298 K = 2442.5 kJ/kg G. 𝐶. 𝑉 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = ( 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝐶𝑤 )/𝑚𝑓
= (((3500+385)×(29.2-26.5)×1)/0.83)= 12637.95 cal/gm
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = [45071-(0.09×12.5×2442.5)]= 42323.1875 kJ/kg
𝐿𝐶𝑉 = 𝑁𝐶𝑉 = [𝐻𝐶𝑉 − 0.09𝐻 × 587]𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 = (12637.95-(0.09×0.7×587))= 12600.97 cal/gm