4thforms programme

General Revision

- With the valuable contribution of pupils

- Under the supervision of the English
teacher Mrs Lilia Lazghab

ZARAT SECONDARY SCHOOL

2010 * 2011

UNIT 1: HOLIDAYING AND ART SHOWS

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Lesson 1: Holidaying

Vocabulary:

The addresser: The speaker or the writer

The addressee: the listener or the Reader (who receives the message)
The host (the Person who receives the visitor) ≠ the guest (the visitor)
Summer outings → activities we do out of the house during Summer Holiday

Grammar:

1) Parallelism: the repetition of a tense, a form or a structure in a sentence

E.g.: The information will be not only useful but also important
↔The information will be both useful and important.
* Repetition of a form: She is the best, the kindest and the most intelligent
(Superlative form)
* Repetition of a tense: The mother was preparing dinner and was looking after the baby
(past progressive)
* Repetition of a structure: I love you, I care about you, I respect you and I’ll never forget you (subj. +
V + obj)

2) Structure: Subj. + used to + bare infinitive

Subj. + would + bare infinitive
→To describe a habit in the past or a repeated action in the past

Essay: * Compare between holidays in the past and holidays nowadays.

e.g. In the past, people used to spend their Holidays at home with the family and relatives. They would
Work on the farm and help their parents.
However, nowadays people spend their Holidays with friends practising various activities such as
water skiing, canoeing, camping, and sunbathing

* Active Holiday: Sport activities / Camping / Skiing /A Country walk.

* Lazy Holiday: Watching TV / Sunbathing on the Beach.

__________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 2: SPACE TOURISM

Space-related words: Planet, Shuttle, Travel, Trip, Ship, Space port.
→Space tourism requires exorbitant prices, so most of people can’t afford it.

VOCABULARY

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Exorbitant (adj.) = very costly = very expensive.
To afford something = Find the money to do it = financially able to achieve it.
Worth = Deserve.
Rivalry (N) = Competition / The rival (personal noun).
Face off (N) = Fight, argument.
Foothold (N) = Strong position in business.
Well-to-do (adj.) = Rich.
A deal (N) = Agreement.
Emerging = Becoming known or seen = Appearing.
To Please (V) → Pleasant / pleased (adjs) → Pleasure (N).

GRAMMAR
* Negative prefixes : Used at the beginning of a word to give its antonym.( in- / dis- / ab- / un- / im-
…etc…)

* E.g.: She stopped eating to answer the phone.

→ She was eating and she stopped that action.

Begin / stop / enjoy / dislike / admit /

consider / miss / finish / mind / imagine / + V + ING
Deny / involve / postpone / suggest / regret
/ delay / avoid / practise / risk

WRITING: We can speak about the advantages and the disadvantages of Space Tourism.
* ADVANTAGES:

- It’s the only chance to discover another world.

- To discover an outer space and satisfy one’s curiosity.
- For relaxation, entertainment, pleasure.
- Discover new things, become more and more open -minded and experienced.
- It can be worthy doing a suborbital flight as it can be a rich source of information.
- Space Tourism will be widespread in the future.

* DISADVANTAGES:

- Very expensive tours

- It’s useless to spend a lot of money just to prove that someone can be the first one to discover the
Space
- It’s shameful to spend exorbitant prices on space flights while thousands of children die every day
because of hunger and illness.
- I am afraid of visiting other planets
- It’s a waste of time and money.
_______________________________________________________________________

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Lesson 3: Art Shows

Vocabulary

- Foyer = entrance hall or a large entrance space

- Refreshments = drinks
- Interactive = helping to communicate with each others
- Performances = shows
- To book = make reservations
- Free = at no cost
_____________________________________________________________________
__

Lesson 4: “IMORTALITY” BY CELINE DION

VOCABULARY=
Super star state = state of being a famous singer or actor.
Stardom = level of importance.
Prowess = Great skill at doing something.
Convene (v) = to come together.
Celebrity = fame = popularity.
Memory = something we remember.
Eternity = immortality / Eternal (adj) = Timeless = life long.
Fate = Destiny.
Faith = Trust = Belief.
Determination = Willingness.
Come true = Achieve = Fulfill. (a dream )
Sorrow = Sadness.

GRAMMAR: Modals’ functions.

Can = Expressing ability / Giving permission
Can’t = Expressing inability / Refusing permission.
Must = Expressing obligation.
Mustn’t = Expressing prohibition.
ESSAY
You attended a musical show. Describe the show, the atmosphere and your feelings.

Lesson 5: Walking Tour

Vocabulary

Frontier = border
A part of = constituent
Containing people of different races = cosmopolitan
In all seasons = year round
Places where shows take place = venues
Former = last = previous

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Marvelous = wonderful = amazing = spectacular
To impress = to fascinate

Grammar ; Superlative form

- The + short adjective + est

Eg : Edinburgh is the second largest city

- The most / the least + long adjective

Eg : Changing the guards is the most spectacular ceremony

Essay

Plan a guided walking tour for English tourists who came to visit your town / village
Focus on places of interest and highlight the features of such places

Text type and purpose

Narrative → to narrate events

Argumentative → to persuade the reader
Expository → to inform the reader
_____________________________________________________________

Lesson 6: A Package Tour

Vocabulary

Package tour = a tour organized by a travel agency in which you travel with a group
Exhibition (n) = collection of art works shown to the public
To exhibit (v) = to show for the public
Accommodation = the place where we stay while we are in a journey or trip (hotel – bungalow – tent)
To accommodate (v)

Essay: What are the benefits and drawbacks of package tours?

Tours
Package
Advantages Disadvantages
- Making new friends - Differences between the group members
- Having fun within the group may be embarrassing
- A great sense of community - You feel limited and have less freedom
- Safe and well-organized - There may be no sense of adventure since
everything is predictable

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Lesson 7: At the Travel Agency

Vocabulary

- Disappointed = deceived (adj) / Disappointment = deception (n)

- Trustworthy (adj)= someone whom you can trust
Lesson 8: Put A Little Drama in Your Travel

Vocabulary

- Cyber trips = a trip done via / through the internet

- On the calendar = planned
- Sightseeing = visiting places of interest
- Heading to = moving towards a place
- Choreography = designing steps of dancing
- A playwright = A person who writes plays

Possible topics

* Write the biography of William Shakespeare, the great Stratford bard, the greatest dramatist and poet
in the English language
* You attended a play by Shakespeare Describe the show, the characters’ performance, the audience’s
reactions and your own impressions
__________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 9: The Winter’s Tale (Part I)

A narrative text is composed of the setting, the theme, the plot and the characters
- The setting: place or situation where the narrative takes place, the setting can have a powerful effect
on the theme and on the reader’s emotions
- The theme: topic, subject or message
- The plot: action, sequence of actions – plots include introduction, problem, climax or crisis,
resolution and conclusion
- The characters: people, animals or imaginary characters in a narrative

Vocabulary

- To rule = to govern
- To send for someone = ask someone to come to you
- To beg = ask for something in an anxious way
- Unfaithfulness = having a relationship with someone who is not your spouse
- Shamefully = in an embarrassing way
- To try someone = to judge
- Trial (n) = judgment
- Suspect (v) = doubt / suspicion (n) / -Suspicious (adj) = doubtful

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Grammar focus: compound adjectives

- A kind-hearted person → adj + noun + ed

- A thought-provoking film → noun + verb + ing
- A ten-minute talk → number + noun
- A science-inspired souvenir→ noun + PP
- A bright-colored umbrella → adj + PP
- Naturally- produced cotton → Adv + PP

UNIT 2: EDUCATION MATTERS

Lesson 1: School - related words

“The real wealth of a nation is education / literate children / knowledge.”

Vocabulary:
Offering, giving = providing. / provision (n)
A very important thing = a priority.
Refused = denied.
Make better, ameliorates = to boost.
Word antonym
Practical Theoretical
Examiner Candidate
Work Holiday
Fail Pass
Witten Oral
Attend leave
Grammar:

Too + adj + to + v = impossibility of the action.

E.g.: His parents are too poor to send him to school.→ they are very poor so they cannot send him to
school

Possible topics:

What are the causes of illiteracy and how to limit it?

Causes Solutions to overcome the problem.

Poverty -To donate money, free books,
Hunger -to provide nutritious meals for pupils at school
Distant schools -To build schools
Illiterate parents -Sensitize parents to the necessity of education.
-The role of humanitarian organizations (unicef , Unesco , WFP)

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 The importance of education:
1. Ameliorate the economy of the country.
2. To provide a greener future to our children.
3. Decrease the dependence on foreign workers.
4. Liberate the country from the problem of illiteracy.
5. To have better, literate generations …

Write an ad to incite people to help poor, illiterate children in the world.

Eg (pupil’s writing)

1 pound can enlighten a mind

As you know, Africa is one of the poorest areas allover the world specially the west. Those
countries are too poor to provide a good education to their young generations. But we are all brothers
in humanity so, you can’t be proud of your education and even of yourself while you know that there
are hundreds and hundreds of poor children who want to be educated, help their families and their
country but they can’t : Either because there are no schools or they can’t afford getting to schools and
so they are prevented from the basic right of education. My brothers please support us to provide this
right to those innocent children and remember always that only one pound can enlighten a mind!

In your opinion, what can humanitarian organizations do for children who are prevented from
education?

Lesson 2: Education for All.

Vocabulary:
Registration = enrolment .
Consequently = therefore.
Percentage = rate.

Grammar:

If + negative verb = unless + positive verb.

E.g.: unless we help poor children, they can’t have a good future.
If we don’t help poor children, they can’t have a good future.

Writing:

Write an interview between a journalist and the representative of a humanitarian organization in

which they talk about the role of this organization in helping to educate children round the world.

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Lesson 3: virtual Schools

Vocabulary:

He is an online / distance / e- / cyber learner = he is studying in a virtual school via / through the
internet.
Bullying = frightening or hurting a weak person.
Log on = connect on a computer system.
Appeal = what makes something attractive.
Texting = writing on the computer.
Bustle = crowd of people moving in a busy way.

Grammar:
Subject + did / do / does + bare infinitive =====to emphasize the meaning.
E.g.: *did you forget to do the exercise?
-No I did do it.
* Does she speak any foreign language?
- She does speak English and Italian.

Useful expressions
I think =========giving an opinion.
I’m afraid I don’t agree ================disagreeing.
I see what you mean but…============== disagreeing
You are making a good point, however…===== disagreeing
What you say is ….but I still strongly…. ===== disagreeing.

Lesson 4 page 101: ONLINE LEARNING

Vocabulary:
 Cyber learning = virtual learning = e- learning = distance learning = online learning
 Time commitment = When students are willing to devote much time to their courses

Punctuation :Using commas:

 to separate items in a list

 It’s used before and after a phrase in opposition , giving an explanation or additional
information about the noun it follows
E.g. : Sámi, our maths teacher, is absent (phrase in opposition)

Writing : Which do you like better, traditional learning or virtual learning?

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Traditional learning

Advantages. Disadvantages
- Children will be more concentrated. - Students undergo many kinds of
- Kids will not miss the unique opportunity to mix pressure from frightening teachers
with others - Teachers are using many ways of
- Students will be more self-reliant punishment
- Make friends. - School uniform.
- The pupil becomes responsible and self - - Bustling.
confident. - Being bullied by others.
- Verbal and physical communication. - Schoolbags.
- Time and place constraints.

Virtual learning

Advantages.
- Students study whenever they want.
- Don’t have to study for long hours.
- Flexibility: you can learn whenever and
wherever you like.
- Being home educated.
- Taking private lessons.
- Students are willing t o devote much time to
their courses.
- no uniform /no school journeys
- No bustling /not bullied by other pupils
- More confidence / more commitment
Disadvantages
- No teacher to control the students
- Children aren’t old enough to manage time
commitment.
- Learners lack verbal and physical
communication.
-Setting in front of the PC for a long time can
be harmful to your eyes.
-No physical action –no eyes contact.
- Little verbal or physical communication –-
- no chance to overcome psychological
problems (bullying – fright...)

Lesson 5 page 103: COMPARING EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMS

Linkers used for similarities:

Like…..
As …
Both …and …
Similarly …
The two- the same …

Linkers used for differences:

More / less
Using comparatives
Unlike
Differently
However / whereas
But / in contrast

e.g.
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  Both America and Tunisia divide schooling into 3 cycles ( similarities)
 The third cycle in Tunisia includes 4 years while in USA it includes 3 years
(differences)
Vocabulary:

 Compulsory = obligatory
 Cycles = steps
 Schooling =duration of study
 Core = the most important
 Remote = distant / far away
 Self-reliant = self -autonomous (adj) / self - reliance = self – autonomy (n)
 To focus = to concentrate
 To rely on = depend on

Essay:

Write a letter to your English friend to give him/ her an idea about the Tunisian system of
education

Educational system in Tunisia:

 Pupils start their schooling at the age of 6

 It lasts 13 years
 They stay 6 years at the primary school
 There are 3 cycles in Tunisian schooling
 The three cycles are free but only the primary and the preparatory cycles are compulsory

(Pupil’s writing)

Zarat on April 8th, 2010

Dear Stuart,

In this letter I want to give you an idea about our educational system in Tunisia in which we
have 3 cycles: the primary school, the preparatory school and the secondary school but the
third cycle’s not compulsory.
The primary school lasts 6 years, the preparatory school lasts 3 years and the secondary
school lasts 4 years. Then, we have the university.
Both the primary and the preparatory cycles are compulsory because all pupils must be
educated and at the age of 6 they have the right and the duty to enroll at school.

Yours,
Néjib

LESSON 6: AGE OR?

Vocabulary
 Evaluated = assessed = tested

 Poor = deprived

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 

 I think that = I am of the opinion that

 Basic knowledge of arithmetic in general = numeracy

 Potential = ability

 Rate = percentage

 To increase the strength = to boost = to ameliorate

 Outstanding = excellent = brilliant

Grammar The prepositions below are used after the following verbs
Prevent / suffer / exclude / to depart / to take / differ + From
Succeed / believe / result / integrate / live / put / locate + In
Focus / depend / base + On
Approve / deprive / consist / compose + Of

Writing
Are you for or against mixed - age classes to boost pupils' achievement?
Write an interview with Mrs. Herndon to ask about the new system of education
__________________________________________________________

Lesson 7: Lifelong Learning

Lifelong learning: “pursue knowledge from cradle to grave“.

“Never too late to learn.”

àSo lifelong learning never stops, it’s continuous.

Vocabulary:
Continuous = permanent.
To continue (verb) = to pursue.
Simply (adv) = merely.
Consequently = therefore.
Limited to: confined to = restricted to
Full growth and development = maturity.
Traditional (adj) = conventional.
To adapt (v) = to adjust.
Authentic (adj) = genuine.

Grammar :
- child + “hood“ à the period of time.
à childhood.
Noun + “hood” ànoun e.g.: - Adult à adulthood
- Mother à motherhood
- Sister à sisterhood

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WRITING

- Lifelong learning is a way to combat illiteracy.

- We face many problems in our world, and we consider illiteracy as a major problem, that’s
why we suggest lifelong learning as a solution to combat this plight.

Advantages of lifelong learning:

- Lifelong learning prepares the learners for the whole life because it is an opportunity for them
to update their knowledge.
- Ongoing learning enables us to renew our human knowledge and cope with new technologies.
- Lifelong learning is a tool to gain self-autonomy and be socially privileged.
- It makes the learner’s experience highly valued.
- This new venture helps fight against illiteracy and facilitates social integration.
- Enabling all the members of society to have a share in the development of their country.
Lifelong learning is a programme of education aiming at educating the adult people. It is very
important because it pursues knowledge from cradle to grave.

Disadvantages of lifelong learning:

- The older we get the harder we learn and the less enthusiastic we become.
- It may be at the expense of other interests.
- Some people hold discouraging attitudes towards adult learners.
- It may become useless if it is not well - organized.

Lesson 8: Reading the back cover of a book

Grammar:

o Suffixes used to form adjectives:

E.g.: -ed: interested / -al: natural / -ive: effective. / -able: fashionable / -ing: interesting
o Suffixes used to form nouns:
E.g.: - ness: happiness ; -hood: adulthood ; -sion: decision.
o How to transform the adverb into adjective?
E.g.: certainly àcertain; closelyàclose; steadilyàsteady.
o How to transform the adjective into noun?
E.g.: accurate àaccuracy; sharpàsharpness; endowedà endowment; poeticàpoetry.
Express differently using compound adjectives:
E.g.: this town is planned badly.
àThis is a badly –planned town.
He wrote the letter clearly.
àIt is a clearly –written letter.

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Vocabulary:
- Unfamiliar: strange.
- Exact: accurate; precise.
- Sharp: acute; piercing.
- Described: depicted.
- Memorable: unforgettable.
- Persons in novel: characters.
- Six: half-dozen.
- Scenery: landscape.
_____________________________________________________________

Lesson 9: Alexander Graham Bell, the……

 Alexander Graham Bell:
- The inventor of the telephone
- He is talented in the domain of communication.
- He was known as a teacher of the deaf and the dump more than as an inventor.
- He was born in a family which was used to the communication art.
- His grandfather developed a considerable particle in the treatment of speech defects.
- His father was specialized in the speech domain too. He invented a universally applicable
phonetic alphabet which had been developed by young Alex and his brothers; they produced
the sounds from the symbols.

 Vocabulary:
- To be familiar with something = to be no stranger to something.
- People who are unable to speak or hear = the deaf and dumb.
- Handicaps = impediments.
- Lack of luck = misfortune.
 Lexical focus:
- Impediment: barrier; block; difficulty; hindrance; obstacle.
- Timeless: changeless; endless; eternal; everlasting; permanent.
Grammar
 What a teacher he was!
 How nice it is!
à Expressing admiration.

*The + adj: is used to refer to a group of people in the society.

E.g.: He taught the deaf à He taught deaf people.

 Writing:
- Write the biography of Alexander Graham Bell.

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For Arts; Session 3 p 134: “LATER” by Michael Foster

Vocabulary:

- Queer = strange
- To crumble = to be destroyed
- Rationally = logically
- Manslaughter = killing someone
- Anguish = deep suffering
- Jail = Prison

UNIT 3: CREATIVE, INVENTIVE MINDS

_______________________________________________________

Lesson 1 page 136: Inventions - related words

* Grammar:

- It’s hard / difficult / possible + to + verb

- Make/ Let / get / have + object + bare infinitive
1- Used to / didn’t use to + bare infinitive
Expressing a habit in the past
2- Be used to + v + ing
To be familiar with something

* Vocabulary:

Domestic robots: used at home doing domestic services

- To discover: find something that had previously existed but had hitherto been unknown
- To invent: design; create something which has never been made before
- To innovate: introduce changes and new ideas

verb adjective adverb General noun Personal noun

To discover ++++++++++ +++++++++ discovery discoverer
To innovate Innovative Innovatively innovation innovator
To invent inventive inventively invention inventor

- Omnipresent = existing everywhere and at all times.

- Impact = a strong effect
- Astonishing (adj) = surprising, startling, striking
- Shift (v) = change, alter
- Ultimate = final

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* Writing
Nowadays robots are becoming more and more widespread, which makes lots of people say
that those robots are a real bless for humanity. So, according to you in which fields can robots help the
human beings?

-Robots replace human beings at work.

-It’s a machine without feelings and morals; it just uses an electrical energy.
-There will be more and more joblessness if we use robots in every field.
-Robots never sleep.
- It can work in a high temperature, which human beings can’t do.
- It uses electrical energy directly.
- It is stronger, more efficient than human beings
- It can do housework: cleaning, washing, cooking, shopping…
- It can drive (any means of transport).

* Writing lesson2
Technology is considered as a controversial issue. Write an article to a Newspaper in which you give
both negative and positive effects of this phenomenon on our life.

- Technology as a blessing
- Makes us live more comfortably thanks to different types of inventions
- Facilitates communication with other people (using the internet to chat)
- Facilitates research of information with those inventions such as the internet
- Helps in progress and development
- Helps to gain time
-Helps to treat diseases

- Technology as a curse
- Technology used by some people for immoral goals such as cloning
- Addiction of many children to different technological gadgets and as a result they neglect their
studies
- May destroy the relationship between our family members
- Using technology to invent weapons, bombs, chemical weapons
- Mechanization of our society
- Side effects of some inventions on our eyes, ears.
_____________________________________________________________

Lesson 3: Interviewing the father of play station

* Vocabulary
To envision (v) = to imagine a future situation
Initial= first ≠ ultimate
Release / to launch = to set up
Dedicated = devoted
* Grammar
Dedicate / devote + object + to + V+ ing
Noun

Be accustomed / be used + to + V + ing

Noun
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* Writing 1: An interview with Ken Kutaragi, the inventor of play station (pupil’s writing)

Ladies and Gentlemen, we are pleased today to meet Mr ken kutaragi the inventor of play
station…
Welcome Mr. KEN KUTARAGI, thank you for coming; I’d like to ask you some questions about
your invention “the play station”
- First can you explain to us what did encourage you to invent the play station?
+ I thought of my children and all the pupils who are tired of education, stressed about exams
and who become more and more fed up. So I felt like to create something to make them have
fun and entertain themselves.
- Thank you for your feelings Mr. KUTARAGI but do you think that play station is really a good
thing for children? Let’s say a blessing?
+ Absolutely! Play station develops children’s cognitive skills, they will become better
concentrated and it can reinforce their patience.
- But, Mr. kutaragi it has also some drawbacks like teaching children different forms of
violence.
+ Yes, like all things, it has benefits and drawbacks but children should not be influenced by
this invention.
- Finally, Mr. Kutaragi, can you advise young people who are addicted to Play Station
+ I advise them to give their attention and time to their studies first and then the Play Station,
only when they have free time.
- Thanks a lot for these valuable tips.
+ Not at all and thank you for your invitation.

- Advantages of Play station

- Means of entertainment
- Learn how to deal with complex situation
- Develop cognitive skills
- Reinforce patience
- Flexibility and adaptability
- Interactive
- Disadvantages of Play station
- contact with different forms of violence
- get into bad habits
- enhance laziness
- lead to addiction
- neglect studies
- lose contact with real life
- inhibit communication
__________________________________________________

Lessons 4: Prize winners

* Vocabulary:
To reward = to praise, to award
Award = prize, tribute
Paying no attention = regardless
Features = characteristics
Gift = award, prize, talent

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* Grammar: * Adjectives’ suffixes

-Ing coming
-Ic scientific
-Cant significant
- Ive effective
-Ful respectful
-Ous prestigious
-Ed presented

* Passive form = object + verb (to be + past participle) + subject

*Active form = subject + verb + object

Lesson 5: Women choose to opt out

* Vocabulary
Paths = ways of achieving something
At the expense of = with damage to
Recognition = public praise and reward
Cite (v) = to mention something as a reason
Hold someone accountable for something = to consider a person responsible for something
Valued = Considered important

* Grammar
The subjunctive is used in formal, impersonal English

It is essential that
It is advisable that + subject + verb in the subjunctive (bare infinitive)
We insist that

Leader + ship / Relation + ship

Why do women choose to opt out?

* Reasons behind opting out:

- Corporation fails to satisfy their professional needs
* Goals behind opting out
- To gain more freedom, recognition, money
- Having their own business.
* Solution to keep women in their positions
- Provide them with more flexibility
- Identify potential, competent managers, award their contributions and give them key positions in the
company.

* Writing

Nowadays, women have a big role in society, nevertheless, some women choose to opt out and start
their own business. Give your opinion about this issue.

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Plan
- Introduction
Speak in General about women nowadays and their role in society
- Body
Why do women choose to opt out?
* Reasons (E.g. Corporation fails to satisfy their professional needs)
* Goals (to gain more freedom, having their own business)
* Solution for the Corporation (provides them with more flexibility, identify women with high
potential and give them big positions)
- Conclusion
Do the maximum with business women in order to keep them in their positions by offering more
compensation.
________________________________________________________________

Lesson 6: The Brain Drain

Definition: The Brain Drain is the movement of highly – skilled and qualified people from developing
nations to developed countries to earn more money.

* Vocabulary

Implication = Result, effect, consequence, outcome.

Futile = useless, inefficient, fruitless, worthless
Shortage = lack, absence, scarcity, insufficiency

Contentions = controversial (issue) = likely to cause disagreement between people.

To gather pace = to increase in number
Expertise = skill in a particular subject

* Grammar
- E.g. 1) He worked so hard that [he got an excellent grade in the test]
(Clause)
- Function: Expressing a cause / consequence relationship
- Structure: Subject + v + so + adjective + that +clause
- [He was so sad] that he stopped eating
(Cause) (Consequence)

E.g. 2) he worked hard so that he would succeed in the exam.

Function: Expressing purpose
Structure: clause 1 + so that + clause 2

* Idiomatic expressions

The play the cards right = to deal successfully

To swim against the tide = oppose the attitude that most people have.
To sow the seeds of = start the process that leads to a particular result

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* Writing:

The brain drain is a controversial issue: Is it a loss or a gain? Give your opinion about this issue.

- The Brain Drain

Why do people emigrate?

- Better job opportunities
- Earn more money and ameliorate one’s living conditions
- Marriage purpose
- Better circumstances for scientific researches and inventions
- Pursue one’s high education / studies.
- Political persecution.
- Health problems
- Solution
To retain highly educated people in their home countries, the government should provide incentives
for them (more money; key positions; better job opportunities)

Reverse brain drain: immigrate to developed countries then come back to one’s home country

* Reasons
Because their country needs their skills so, they bring their expertise, talents and hopes so that their
country profit from them.

* Consequences
Economic recovery.
Key positions for them
________________________________________________________________

Lesson 7: Scientists' achievements

1. Vocabulary :

 Occur = to happen, to take place.

 Enable = make possible for someone to do something.
 Magnify = make something look bigger.
 Actual = real, exact.
 Patent = the official right to be the only to use or sell a product.

2. Grammar :

* Restrictive _ relative clause:

I met the inventor who won the Nobel Price
“It cannot be deleted because, it’s essential for understanding the noun before it.
* Non-restrictive relative clause:
The game, which we had long been waiting for, began at 2 pm.
It can be deleted without harming the meaning of the sentence (it is not essential to understand the
noun it follows).

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* Possible topics
‗ Make an interview with “Ahmed Zewail”, so prepare a set of questions related to his Invention.
‗ write a paragraph about an invention you choose (TV, MP3, mobile phone).Decide whether it is a
blessing or a curse
Example: advantages and disadvantages of the MP4:

* The benefits of this invention:

₋ listen to music.
₋Watch video clips.
₋ Play many games.
₋ Have fun and makes a person more comfortable.

* The disadvantages of this invention:

₋ Causing harm to the eyes (to watch video clips) and ears (listen to loud music).
₋Can destroy family bounds.
₋To be addicted to this technological device.
₋ No concentration.
₋ Neglecting one’s studies studies.
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Lesson 8: “The Daffodils” by William Wordsworth

Stanza: It’s a group of lines of verse that makes the unit of poetry.
Rhyme: the repetition of similar sounds in poetry, the most common rhyme is the “end rhyme”.

* Possible topics: The biography of William WordsWorth, The poet of “nature”.

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UNIT4: LIFE ISSUES

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Lesson 1: Life Concerns

*Vocabulary
Lifeless = not living, inanimate, dull
Lifelong = lasting, constant, permanent
Lifelike = realistic, authentic, real
Life time = long, lasting, continuing, unending
Life work = career, existence, period
Life and death = essential, critical, crucial
Lifestyle = conduct, way of life, habits
For life = long, lasting, continuing, unending
Life = biography, being, existence
Give up = stop doing something
A stroke = sudden serious illness
Mistaken = wrong in one’s opinion or judgement
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* E.g. of life issues
1) Job = success – efficiency - career….
2) Attitudes and values = tolerance – love – job – charity - dignity…
3) Success in life = family life – love – job – education - relations…
4) Health issue = illnesses - famine…
5) Environment = pollution – recycling – protecting animals - energy…

* Collocations
Respiratory illness / Make a difference / Tough job / Set an example / Feel tense
Solve a problem / Negative effects / Keep in mind / save money / Lung cancer

* The topic
-you are a dietician and you are giving a presentation at school to sensitize pupils to get their “five a
day” in order to have a good health

*Pupil’s Writing: (five a day = a healthy diet)

Hello kids! Today we’ll try to talk about having your “five a day “. Five is the number of fruits and
vegetables that a person should consume every day. They can be tinned, dried or juiced, because they
can help you to have the chance to maintain a balanced body, a healthy lifestyle and weight level. For
example eat few dates and chopped tomatoes every morning. You should consume natural and fresh
vegetables to preserve their nutrients, and the best way to cook vegetables is steaming. In addition,
don’t peel the apples because vitamins are under the skin of the fruit “an apple a day keeps the doctor
away”.
So these are the tips that can help every one to have a good health.

* Avoid the risky habit of smoking

*Negative effects : Lung cancer / Heart disease / Respiratory illnesses / Stroke / Waste of money
* How to quit
- Must have the desire to give up smoking, the confidence and the determination to quit this bad habit
- Remind yourself of the negative effects of smoking
- When you feel tense or like to smoke, get your self busy
*Benefits of quitting
- Have a better health for the smoker and his family
- Save money
- Cut the risk of health problems
- To smell and taste better
- The cough goes a way
- The breath smells better

* Pupil’s Writing (smoking)

“Kill the cigarette before it kills you”

Smoking has many dangers such as lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and other respiratory illnesses.
It’s a waste of money, so I advise you to stop smoking because when you quit smoking you’ll become
healthier, it cuts the risk of health problems and you will have a better health for you and especially for
your family. So you must be strong- willed to stop th deadly habit.

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Lesson 2: ATTITUDES

* Examples of attitudes:

Loving people and being prudent

Taking care of friendship
Being brave and fearless
Loving one’s country
Respecting all people and not being jealous.
Being self –confident
Being frank and sincere
Be better than others in every situation
Be always lovely and loving
Be always truthful and honest

* Vocabulary
- Profound (adj) = deep
- Coward (adj) = someone who is not courageous
- Valiant (adj) = brave
- Envy = to be jealous
- Sag (v) = bend down
- Shake = tremble = shiver

___________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3: "If ….” By Rudyard Kipling

* Vocabulary
- Triumph = victory
Give way to = Stop resisting -
Make allowance for = to consider something -
Virtue = Good behavior and attitude ≠ vice -
Foes = enemy-
Impostor = a person who pretends to be someone else to deceive people-
Topic
Do you think that morals are essential to succeed in life? Write a paragraph to express your -
.opinion
?How can you deal with life's problems -
Being patient
Honest
Courageous
Cool
Prudent
Accepting loss and gain
Avoid violence by tolerance
.Peace is better than war so try to be a peaceful man
.The most important values people should respect
.Solidarity is a noble reaction which strengthens relationships between people in different countries

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Lesson 5: Ecodriving

How to save energy. Give tips / pieces of advice on how to save energy. What )1(
?should we do

A dripping hot water tap wastes energy and in one week wastes enough hot water to fill half a bath -
.so fix leaking taps and make sure they're fully turned off
.Only boil as much water as you need -
.Always turn off the lights when you leave a room -
.Don’t leave appliances on standby and remember not to leave appliances on charge unnecessarily -

Advise people on ecodriving: How to drive while economizing energy, saving )2(
?money and protecting the environment……..what should we do

.The responsibility of the great public to save the environment

.I would reduce my consumption of water -
.I would save energy -
.I would use non- polluting means of transport -
.Share my journeys when possible -
.Service the car regularly and maintain the right tyre pressure -
.Use my air conditioning sparingly -
.Remove roof racks when not in use as they significantly increase air resistance and fuel consumption -

Solutions
Environme The government Industry Public Green peace
ntal
Dangers
Legislate laws to fine - To filter toxic - Use non polluting - Writing ads in -
people when they .fumes .transport which they sensitize
throw rubbish in the Reuse and - Reuse bottles and - people to the
.street recycle the don’t throw away negative effects of
Pollution Sensitize people on - .rubbish things which can be pollution on people's
.the media Building - .used again .health
industries far Speech or TV -
away from the .programs
.populated areas
.Banning hunting - To filter toxic - Give a good way - Protecting some -
Animal Push people to plant - fumes which .to nourish animals types of animals
and .more trees cause animals’ water plants - which become
plants and even plants’ .endangered
extinctio death
n
Protect the resources - Decrease - Economizing water Ads.and TV
Scarcity .like water and petrol consuming and energy programs to convene
of natural energy in .consumption people to economize
resourc .industry water

__________________________________________________________________________________

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Lesson 6 p 218 : Urban Exodus.

Urban exodus: moving from the town to the country.

Rural exodus: moving from the country to the city.

* Vocabulary:

-Peak (n) =highest level.

-Vibrant (adj) = exciting.
-Life expectancy (n) =number of years a person is likely to live.
-A decade (n) =10 years / a century = 100 years / a millennium = 1000 years.
-Outlive (v) =live longer
-Decline (n+v) =decrease
-Booming (adj) =growing, being successful.

* Gammar:

*Both “despite” and “although” are conjunctions used to express CONTRAST.

A/e.g.: Although he is ill, he comes to school.
Although + clause 1 + clause 2.
B/e.g.; Despite his illness, he comes to school.
Or; he comes to school, despite his illness.
Despite + noun + clause OR clause + despite +noun.
*the same form is used to have a parallel structure =a parallelism.
E.g.: they enjoy better health, longer life and lower crime.
Here the structure ‘comparative + noun’ is repeated.
Country life

Advantages drawbacks

*a higher rate of life expectancy: people in *fewer means of entertainment.

the countryside live longer because they are *fewer means of transport.
healthier. *fewer amenities.
*a sense of community between the *the bad quality of streets.
inhabitants: they have a more socially *boring.
vibrant life.
*a clean air and a better quality of water
because there is less pollution.
*a clean environment and an ecologically
healthy atmosphere.

The city / town life

Advantages drawbacks
*interesting life with more means *traffic jam.
of entertainment. *polluted air and water.
*easy transport *noisy.
*better job and study *crowded
opportunities. *dangerous with higher rates of crime.
*more accidents.

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* Possible topics:
o Which do you prefer, country life or city life? Why?
o Are you for or against urban exodus? Why? Write a paragraph to state your viewpoint and
support it with convincing arguments.
________________________________________________________________

Lesson 7 p 222: A NEWSCAST.

* Vocab:
- Crippled = damaged.
- Hampered = made more difficult.
- To shiver = to tremble, to shake.
- Endangered = threatened.
- Plummeting = dropping rapidly.
- A drizzle= a light rain
- To pour = to rain heavily “it’s raining cats and dogs”
- A thick mist = fog.

*GRAMMAR: The passive

*Use: we use the passive form when we don’t know the doer of the action or when the action is more
important than the doer.
E.g.: - Drivers are asked to take care.
- A state of emergency was declared.

Structure :object + to be (in the tense of the active verb) + past participle
-Units of measurement:

* Temperature: degree Celsius. / Degree Fahrenheit.

* Distance and length: the foot, the inch, yard, mile.
*Weight / mass: stone, pound, ounce.
__________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 8 p227: Staff Management

Employment- related words:
* Staff = all the workers employed in an organization.
* To manage = to run
* The manager = the boss, the chief, the employer.
* To dismiss = to fire, to sack, to force someone to leave a job
* Wage = salary, pay.
* Company = firm.

*Vocabulary:

- To be keen = to be interested.
- Going green = concerned with the protection of the environment.
- Utterly = completely.

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- Strike = refuse to work as a protest.
- Culprit = person or thing causing a problem or crime.
- Asset = valuable, useful person or thing.
- To reckon = to think.

*Grammar: parallelism:

E.g.: I like not only reading novels but also watching films.
The structure: “v + ing + noun” is repeated
- Such reforms help reduce poverty and improve people’s life.
The structure “bare infinitive + noun” is repeated.
- Shakespeare wrote comedies, tragedies, romances and historical plays.
The structure» Plural noun” is repeated..

* Possible topics.

1) Write an article about bad / poor staff management, problems which may exist between managers
and employees, and its implications on the company.

Managers’ attitudes Employees’ feelings

-don’t encourage their employees. - Demotivated to work

-fail to keep them interested. - Disappointed.
-don’ trust them. - Physically present, but psychologically absent
-don’t respect them -Threaten to strike
-don’t care about them as people
-threaten to fire them

Consequent effects on the company. Crisis, low productivity, underperformance.

2) How should employers and employees behave towards each others?

- There should exist a mutual respect among them.

- The employer should consider his workers as human beings, not as machines and should treat them in
the same way.
- The employer should punish the worker if he underperforms and should reward and encourage him if
he is competent.
- The employee should work seriously, consider the company as his own and care about its future.
- Both the boss and the worker should communicate with each others and there should exist a dialogue
between them.

Lesson 9 p232: job ads.

Looking for a job, young graduates read job ads which contain the position offered, the requirements
(needed qualities) and the advantages of the advertised job.

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*collocation:

- seek / look for / search a job. – Cultural tourism.

- to be proficient at English.
- Application form.
- High-quality research.
- Career path
*pairs of synonyms:
- Seeking = looking for.
- Proficient = experienced.
- CV = bio data.
- Per annum = per year.
– Team leader.
– Personal office.
– Closing date.
- Job ads.
-commitment = willingness to work hard
-potential = qualities.
-closing date = deadline.
-Applicant = candidate.

Suggested writing:

*you have just completed your university studies. Choose an advertised job and write a letter to
apply for it. Talk about the reasons for your writing, mention your qualifications, personal and
physical qualities, experience and special achievements in that domain.
Formal layout:
A. The sender’s address.
B. Date.
C. Name and address of the receiver.
D. The opening (Dear sir/madam’/ receiver’s name).
E. The lettre / the body.
F. The closing (yours faithfully / sincerely / truly)
G. Signature.
H. The sender’s name in block letters.
E.g.: Pupil’s writing

Revolution Street Zarat 6026

02/05/2010

Middle East virtual school.

21 Nobel Street, London.

Dear Sir,

In replay to your advertisement in the “Time” newspaper for an English teacher, I would like to be
considered for the position.
The qualifications you ask for are closely related to those I have. I have a doctorate in English
with a certificate in translation from English to French. I have also replaced a teacher for 6 months,
and have worked in a translation office for 2 years. For the social qualifications, I am a man with great
abilities to communicate specially with kids who were the main thesis in my doctorate.
For using the computer, I have a diploma in using all the windows and of course I am excellent at
using the net..
I hope that you will consider my application favorably and I am waiting for your answer as soon as
possible

Yours faithful.
(Signature)
AYMEN NAJJAR.
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__________________________________________________________________________________

For arts students: session 8 p 235 “The Richer, The poorer”

Words related to richness Words related to poverty

rich/the haves/wealthy/fortunate/ -the have-nots/poor/badly-

luxurious off/broke/impoveriched/needy/penniless/penurio
affluent/comfortable/well-to-do. us/short /tight/”to live in rags”

*vocabulary

Word synonyms
To race
Word To move fast
Antonyms
Sorrow
To save Sadness
To waste
To employ
Sorrow To
Joyhire
Precious
Feel happy Valuable
To grieve(v) grief(n)
Economically
Criticize Frugally.
Praise
To deny To confess.

For arts students: session 9 p 240:”A Secret For Two”

By QUENTIN REYNOLDS

*vocabulary:

-anxious (adj) = worried (adj)

-Anxiety (n) = worry (n)
-to retire = to quit one’s job because of old age / retirement (n)
-to be panic-stricken = to be extremely shocked
-weary (adj) = extremely tired
-deliberately = on purpose ≠ accidentally
-to mirror = to reflect
-to pass away = to die.
________________________________________________________________

For art students: session 10 p 245 “What a Wonderful World!”

*vocabulary:

-optimistic = hopeful ≠ pessimistic = hopeless, desperate (adj) despair (n)

-to be fascinated = to be impressed
-marvels (n) = marvelous (adj)
-sacred = holy.
_____________________________________________________________
With my best wishes of success in the exam.
Your English teacher Mrs. Leila Lazghab. Zarat 10 / 05/ 2010
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