J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No.

6A

OD;oefY\vrf;ñTefrIqdkif&maqmif;yg;rsm;avhvmcsuf
Ä
at;at;pef;
pmwrf;tusOf;
þpmwrf;onf OD;oefY\ vrf;ñTefrIqdkif&maqmif;yg;rsm;udk avhvm
wifjyxm;aom pmwrf;jzpfygonf/ OD;oefYvufa½G;pifpmrsm;rS vlBuD;ESifh
vli,f? rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfESifh qifjcifwHkw&m;? vli,fESifhuRefawmf
aqmif;yg; (3)yk'fudk tavhvmcHtjzpfxm;um wifjyxm;ygonf/ xdkodkY
wifjy&mwGif taMumif;t&mydkif;? ta&;tom;ydkif;[lí ydkif;jcm;xm;
ygonf/ taMumif;&mydkif;wGif pma&;ol\apwemudk avhvmwifjyxm;
ygonf/ ta&;tom;ydkif;wGif pum;toHk;tEIef;ESifh 0gustoHk;jyKrI
twwfynm uRrf;usifaumif;rGefyHkwdkYudk wifjyxm;ygonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;?
jrefrmvli,frsm; tawG;tjrifrSefuefapvdkaom pma&;ol\apwemESifh
a&;zGJUwifjyyHkwdkYudk odjrifEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/

ed'gef;
OD;oefYonf *E¦avmur*¾Zif;? BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;? wdk;wufa&;r*¾Zif;?
pma&;q&mr*¾Zif;? ol&d,½kyfpHkr*¾Zif; ponfwdkYü EdkifiHa&;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;?
ynma&;qdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;? pmayqdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;cJh
ygonf/ OD;oefY\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;í OD;aomfaumif;ESifh armifaZ,sm
wdkYu ]OD;oefYvufa&G;pifpmrsm;} pmtkyfudk 2009 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0
cJhygonf/ ,if;pmtkyfwGif OD;oefY\aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tydkif;(3)ydkif;jzifh azmfjy
xm;onf/ OD;oefY\aqmif;yg;rsm;wGif OD;oefY\ EdkifiHa&;? ynma&;? pmay
tjrifrsm; omru wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK; tay:xm;&Sdaom apwemudkvnf;
awGU&onf/ pma&;olajymvdkonfh qdkvdkonfhtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk xdrday:vGif
ap&eftwGuf &Sif;vif;ajyjypfaom ta&;tom;jzifh wifjyxm;onf/ þpmwrf;wGif
tydkif;(3)rS vrf;ñTefrIqdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfaom vlBuD;ESifhvli,f? rsdK;cspf
pdwf"mwfESifhqifjcifwHkw&m;? vli,fESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;(3)yk'fudk tavhvmcH
Ä a'gufwm? wGJzufygarmu©? jrefrmpmXme? rtlyifwuúokdvf
826 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

tjzpfxm;um wifjyxm;ygonf/ xdkodkYwifjy&mwGif taMumif;t&mydkif;?

ta&;tom;ydkif;[lí u@rsm;cGJum avhvmwifjyoGm;ygrnf/

1/ pma&;ol\tw¬KyÜwt
åd usOf;
OD;oefYudk 1909 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 22 &uf? aomMumaeYwGif rtlyifc½dkif?
yef;waemfNrdKUü zGm;onf/ zcifrSm OD;zdk;ESpf? rdcifrSm a':eef;aomif jzpfonf/
OD;oefYonf arG;csif;av;a,mufwGif tBuD;qHk;om; jzpfonf/ OD;oefYonf
yef;waemfNrdKU OD;b[ef\ jrefrmpmoifausmif;? 0dkiftrfbDat tv,fwef;ausmif;?
trsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukefwuúodkvfwdkYwGif ynmoifcJhonf/ 1926
ckESpfwGif yef;waemftrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifonf/
1928 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuúodkvfrS Oypmwef; atmifNyD;aemuf Zmwd
yef;waemfNrdKUwGif trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mjzpf 0ifa&muftrIxrf;onf/ 1930
jynfhESpf rwfv 28 &ufwGif txufwef;q&mjzpf vufrSwf&pmar;yGJü
wpfjynfvHk;wGif yxr&onf/
1931-42 wGif yef;waemftrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif;tkyf? 1942-45
*syefacwfwGif yef;waemfNrdKU tkyfcsKyfa&;aumfrwDtzGJU0if? jrefrmhynma&;
pDrHudef;opfa&;qGJa&;aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL;? 1949 ckESpf pufwifbmv 29 &ufwGif
jyefMum;a&;Xme twGif;0ef? 1954 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif 0efBuD;csKyf\ twGif;0ef?
1955 ckESpfwGif pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIzlvHka&;bkwftzGJU twGif;0ef? 1957 ckESpf
Mo*kwfv 1 &ufwGif ukvor*¾qdkif&m jrefrmEdkifiHtNrJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,f oHtrwf
(1957-61)tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ xdkodkY wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf jrefrm
udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk OD;aqmifí 1959 ckESpf 14 Budrfajrmuf ukvor*¾
taxGaxGnDvmcHü 'kwd,Ouú|? 1961 ckESpf uGef*dkEdkifiH &ifMum;apha&;
ukvor*¾aumfr&Sif Ouú|ESifh ukvor*¾aiG&if;aiGESD;wnfaqmufa&;&efyHkaiGtzGJU
Ouú|tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhavonf/
]Edkifih0H efxrf; wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfwGif 0PÖausmfxifbJGU (1949)?
oD&dysHcsDbGJU (1953)? rm&S,fwD;wdk;\ ,l*dkqvyfwHcGefbGJUwHqdyf (1955)?
pnfolbGJU (1957)? r[moa&pnfolbGJU (1960) csD;jr§ifhjcif; cH&onf/ 1961
ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 3 &ufwGif jrefrmEdkifiH0efxrf;b0rS ukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
(tprf;) a&G;cs,fcefYtyfcJh&onf/ 1961 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif av,mOfysufus
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 827

uG,fvGefoGm;aom ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf 'uf[r®m;½Id;\&mxl;udk qufcHjcif;

jzpfonf/ 1962 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 30 &ufwGif ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
&mxl;udk yxr ig;ESpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1966 ckESpf? 'DZifbm 2 &ufwGif
ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf 'kwd, ig;ESpf wm0eftwGuf qufvufa&G;cs,fcH
&onf/ 1971 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 31 &ufwGif tNidrf;pm;,lcJhonf/}1
t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom; xl;cRefí t*Fvdyf-jrefrm ESpfbmomjzifh
xkwfa0aom *E¦avmur*¾Zif; bmomjyefNydKifyJGwGif av;Budrfwdkifwdkif yxrqk
&cJhonf/ 1933 ckESpf rwfvxkwf *E¦avmur*¾Zif; wnf;jzwfol t,f'Dwm
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ uavmiftrnftjzpf oDv0? armifoefY(yef;waemf)
trnfrsm;udk toHk;jyKcJhonf/ EdkifiHaygif;csKyftoif;BuD; ausmif;oHk;pmtkyf (1936)?
ArmopfESifhynmopf (1945)? jynfawmfomc&D; (3)wGJ? OD;oefY\pmwdkY a&;om;
cJhonf/ OD;oefYonf 1974 ckESpf Edk0ifbm 25 &ufwGif tar&duefEdkifiH
e,l;a,mufNrdKU? udkvHbD,m aq;½HkBuD;ü uG,fvGefcJhonf/

2/ OD;oefY\vrf;ñTefrIqidk f&maqmif;yg;rsm;avhvmcsuf
OD;oefY\ vrf;ñTefrIqdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;jzpfaom vlBuD;ESifhvli,f?
rsdK;cspfpdwfESifhqifjcifwHkw&m;? vli,fESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;(3)yk'fudk wifjy
oGm;ygrnf/

2? 1/ vlBuD;ESifv
h li,faqmif;yg;
vlBuD;ESifhvli,faqmif;yg;udk taMumif;t&mydkif;? ta&;tom;ydkif;[lí
ydkif;jcm;wifjyoGm;ygrnf/

2? 1? 1/ taMumif;t&m
vlBuD;ESifhvli,faqmif;yg;onf 1938 BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif; twGJ-6 wGif
a&;om;cJhaom aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f jzpfonf/ vlBuD;ESifhvli,fonf oabmxm;
cH,lcsufuGJjym;Muaomfvnf; rZösdry#dy'gvrf;udk vufudkifxm;oifhaMumif;
vrf;ñTefxm;aom aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f jzpfygonf/

1
aZ,sm? armif? 2012? 10-11/
828 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

þaqmif;yg;wGif rnfonfhwdkif;jynf rnfonfhacwfwGifrqdk vlBuD;

vli,f y#dyu©jzpfcJhyHk? acwfumvaMumifh xHk;pHwdkYudk pGefYjcif;? bmoma&;ü
ayghavsmhjcif;? *g&0w&m;ysufjcif;wdkY 0ifa&mufvmyHk? jrefrmwdkYonf q&mrsm;udk
cspfaMumuf½dkaoonfhtjyif touf*kPfBuD;oludk ,Ofaus;odrfarGUpGm ac:ajym
qufqHavh&SdyHk? acwfrD&rnfqdkaomfvnf; rlv,Ofaus;jcif;udk raysmufysufoifhyHk?
vlBuD;ESifhvli,fonf ESpfOD;pvHk;ü taumif;tqdk; 'GefwGJvsuf&Sd&m rZösdry#dy'g
vrf;twdkif; usifhoHk;oifhyHkwdkYudk vrf;ñTefxm;ygonf/
vlBuD;ESifhvli,f y#dyu©jzpfyHkudk wifjy&mwGif taemufEdkifiHrsm;onf
ta&SUEdkifiHxufydkí xif&Sm;vsuf&SdaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ ,if;rSm ta&SUEdkifiH
rsm;onf *g&a0gp? ed0gawmp w&m;awmf &SdcJí h vlBuD;tm; vli,fu ½dak oaom
tavh &SdcJhonf/ taemufEdkifiHrsm;onf xdkw&m; acgif;yg;íjzpfaMumif; wifjy
xm;onf/ ½dkaoudkif;½Idif;jcif;onf bmomw&m;\yJhudkifrIjzpfaMumif; wifjy
xm;onf/ bmomw&m;udk tav;teufxm;oifhaMumif; vrf;ñTefxm;aom
pma&;ol\apwemudk odEdkifonf/
acwfumvaMumifh "avh? xHk;pH *g&0w&m;udk ayghavsmhysufjym;jcif;ESifh
ywfoufívnf; axmufjyxm;onf/
]]raumif;aom "avhxHk;pHudk aysmufysufjcif;onf aumif;\/
bmoma&;ü ayghavsmhjcif;onf aumif;onf[k qdkEdkif
ygrnfavm}}1
[lí jzpfoifhonfhoabmESifh rjzpfoifhonfhoabmwdkYudk wifjyxm;onf/
qufvufí jrefrmwdkY *g&0w&m;&SdcJhyHkudk wifjyxm;onf/ a&S;tcgu
jrefrmwdkYonf q&mrsm;udk cspfaMumuf½dkaoaMumif; ,ckacwfwGif q&mudk
raMumufMuESifh[k qdkaMumif;? aMumufjcif;onf ½dak ojcif;ESifh 'GefwGv J suf
&SdaMumif;? raMumufvQif ½dak ojcif; ayghavsmhEdkifaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; a[mMum;awmfrlaom tmp&d,*kaPmteaEÅm ysufjym;vsuf
&SdaeaMumif; pdk;&drfzG,fjzpfyHkudk-

1
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 158/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 829

]]xdkodkY wynfhonf q&mtm; aMumufjcif; ½dkaojcif;

uif;vQif ta&SUEdkifiH\,Ofaus;jcif; tcsufwpfcsufonf
ysufjym;rnfavm[k pdk;&drfzG,f&Sdonf}}1
[lí wifjyxm;onf/ jrefrmhtpOftvmwpf&yf raysmufuG,fapvdkaom
pma&;ol\apwemudk awGU&onf/
qufvufí pma&;olonf jrefrmh,Ofaus;rItpOftvmwpf&yfudkvnf;
wifjyxm;onf/ toufBuD;ol? *kPfBuD;olwdkYESifh qufqHajymqdkaomtcg
,Ofaus;odrfarGUMuyHkudk t*Fvdy,f Ofaus;rIESifh,SOfNyD;-
]]toufBuD;jcif;? *kPfBuD;jcif;udkvdkufí OD;? OD;av;? ta':?
tpfr? tpfudk ponfhwdkYudk wyfí ac:avhajymavh
&SdMuonf}}2
]]t*Fvdyfbmomü ,lESifhtdkifrSvGJí oHk;p&mpum; r&SdcJh}}3
[lí wifjyxm;onf/ pmzwfolwdkY vufcHvdkufemapvdkaom pma&;ol\
apwemudk awGU&onf/
xdkYaemuf xkdacwf0ef;usifü ausmif;om;rsm; t½dktaouif;yHkudk wifjy
xm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;onf tvGefnHhzsif;aom ausmif;om; 2a,muf?
3a,muf wdkufwGef;csufjzifh q&mBuD;xH awmif;qdkcsufrsm; jyKcJhaMumif;?
q&mBuD;onf rdrdaumif;onfxifí vkyfaomt&mjzpf&m tavsmhray;bJ
cyfwif;wif;y,fcscJhaom jzpf&yfwpfckudk wifjyxm;onf/ xkdodkY ½dkaojcif;
uif;vmonfrSm taemufwdkif;twk,lí bmomw&m;awmfBuD; ,drf;,dkif
vmjcif;aMumifh jzpfaMumif; oHk;oyfjycJhonf/ aemufqHk;ü pma&;olu rdbESifh
om;orD;? q&mESifhwynfh? vlBuD;ESifh vli,fwdkY tqifajyap&ef-
]]vlBuD;onf aES;uef\/ csifhcsdef\/ vli,fonf
pdwfjref\/ ZGwfvkyfcsif\/ pGefYpm;vdk\/ þum; ed,mr

1
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 159/
2
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 159/
3
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 159/
830 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

yifwnf;/ 2 OD;pvHk;ü taumif;qdk; 'GefwGJvsuf&Sd&m rZösdr

y#dy'gvrf;onf taumif;qHk; r[kwfwHkavm}}1
[lí ESpfOD;ESpfzuftusdK;&Sdatmif vrf;ñTefxm;onf/
]]pma&;olwkdYonf acwfudkjzwfoef;&ygonf/ tarSmifacwfwGif
tvif;ay;&ygonf/}}2
qdkonfhtwdkif; OD;oefYonf acwfvli,frsm;? jynfolrsm;tm; jyKjyifvdkufem
xdef;odrf;oifhonfrsm;udk wnfhrwfvrf;jyay;cJhygonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;? jrefrm
vli,frsm;twGuf wefzdk;xdkufwefaom ,Ofaus;rItpOftvm? bmomw&m;
wdkYudk wefzdk;xm;wwfapvdkaom pma&;ol\apwemudk av;pm;zG,f awGU&onf/

2? 1? 2/ ta&;tom;
vlBuD;ESifhvli,faqmif;yg;\ ta&;tom;udk pum;vHk;toHk;tEIef;?
0gus [lí cGJjcm;wifjyygrnf/
pum;toH;k tEIef;
]]pum;toHk;tEIef;avhvmrIonf pum;vHk;rsm;udk rnfonfh
ae&mwGif rnfodkYrnfyHk oHk;EIef;aMumif; avhvmrIyif
jzpfygonf/}}3
þaqmif;yg;rS pum;toHk;tEIef;udk pmayoHk;ESifhtajymoHk;? vHk;wGJtoHk;?
xl;jcm;aomtoHk;? wifpm;rItoHk;wdkYudk avhvmwifjyygrnf/
]]pmayoHk;pum;vHk; qdkonfrSm Ak'¨pmayrS ygVd? ouúw
arG;pm;pum;vHk;rsm; jzpfygonf/}}4
þaqmif;yg;wGif pmayoHk;pum;vHk;rsm;udk taMumif;t&mESifh qDavsmfatmif
toHk;jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
vlBuD;ESifhvli,fwdkY\oabmudk-

1
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 160/
2
rdk;ajr? r? 2010? (pm-255)/
3
cifrif? armif("EkjzL-)? 2011? 117/
4
cifrif? armif("EkjzL-)? 2011? 76/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 831

]]vlBuD;ESifhvli,fwdkYonf ]yu©} jzpfMu\}} (pm-158)

[k oHk;xm;onf/ ]qefYusifjcif;} [k roHk;bJ ]yu©} [k ygVdtoHk;udk oHk;xm;onf/
acwf\qef;Mu,frIoabmt& jzpfwwfonfh tavhtxudk -
]]*g&0w&m;ysufjcif; ponfwdkY csif;eif;0ifa&mufvmMu
ukef\}} (pm-158)
[k a&;om;xm;onf/ ]t½dktao} [laom jrefrmpum;vHk;udkroHk;bJ ]*g&0}
[lí toHk;jyKxm;onf/ xdkYjyif ]tv,ftvwfvrf;} [k roHk;bJ ]rZösdr
y#dy'gvrf;} [lívnf;aumif;? ]jzpfNrJoabm} [k roHk;bJ ]ed,mr} [lí
vnf;aumif; ygVdtoHk;rsm;udk awGU&onf/
,if;toHk;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifNyD;toHk;rsm; jzpfí
pmzwfol em;vnfvG,faponf/ pm[efcHhnm;NyD; taMumif;t&may:vGifrIudk
yHhydk;aom toHk;rsm;jzpfygonf/
tajymoHk;pum;vHk;qdkonfrSm-
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pum;vHk;rsm;udk &nfñTef;vdkjcif; jzpfygonf/}}1
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apygonf/ xdkYjyif ]tvQif;}? ]cyfwif;wif;}? ]ZGwf} toHk;rsm;onf Bud,m
txl;jyKoabm oufa&mufaeí qdkvdkaom t"dyÜm,fudk xif&Sm;av;eufum
tjyKtrludkyg ouf0ifvIyf&Sm;apygonf/
1
cifrif? armif("EkjzL)? 2011? 76/
832 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

pum;toHk;tEIef;wGif vHk;wGJtoHk;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/ vHk;wGJ

qdkonfrSm-
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yl;wGJNyD; toHk;jyKonfudk vHk;wGJtoHk;[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/}}1
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t"dyÜm,fav;eufrIudk azmfaqmifvsuf&SdaMumif; awGU&ygonf/
xdkYjyif xl;jcm;aom pum;oHk;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/
]]udkif;½Idif;½dkaoavh}} [kroHk;bJ ]]udkif;½Idif;½dkaoaom tavh}}
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wifpm;rItoHk;rsm;vnf; toHk;jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
],Ofaus;jcif;onf acwf\ wdkufzsufjyKjyifjcif;udk tvdkrvdkufoifhay} toHk;
jzpfygonf/ oufrJh ],Ofaus;jcif;} ]acwf} wdkYudk ouf&Sdrsm;wGif toHk;jyKaom
1
cifrif? armif("EkjzL)? 2011? 107/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 833

]wdkufzsufjyKjyifjcif;}? ]tvdkrvdkufoifh} toHk;rsm;udk oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&

onf/ pma&;ol\ pum;toHk;tEIef; zefwD;uRrf;usifrI[k qdkEdkifygonf/
pma&;ol\ pum;toHk;tEIef;rsm;onf cHhnm;rIESifh ayghyg;oGufvufrIwdkY
[efcsufrQaeaom toHk;tEIef;[efjzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
0gus
0gus[lonf ]qdkvdkaomt"dyÜm,fa&mufatmif pepfwus pDpOfxm;aom
yk'ftpktaygif; jzpfonf/}1 pma&;olonf pum;ajywpfyk'fudk a&;zGJU&mü taMumif;
t&mudkvdkufí 0guszGJU[eftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh a&;zGJUMuygonf/ þaqmif;yg;wGif
pma&;olonf 0guswdk? 0gus&Snf? [efcsufnD0gus? yHkpHwltNydKif0gusrsm;
toHk;jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
vlBuD;ESifhvli,faqmif;yg;wGif 0guswdktoHk;rsm;udk ae&mwus qDavsmfpGm
toHk;jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
]]raumif;aom "avhxHk;pHwdkY aysmufysufjcif;onf aumif;\}}
(pm-158)
]]a&S;tcgu ausmif;om;rsm;onf q&mrsm;udk cspfaMumuf
½dkaoMuukef\}} (pm-159)
]]vlBuD;onf aES;uef\/ csifhcsdef\/ vli,fonf pdwfjref\/
ZGwfvkyfcsif\/ pGefYpm;vdk\/ þum; ed,mr yifwnf;}}
(pm-160)
[lí awGU&onf/ vlBuD;? vli,fwdkY\ obm0w&m;ESifh a&S;tpOftvmt&
ausmif;om;ESifhq&m qufqHa&;? acwftajctaewdkYtay: xm;&Sdaom
pma&;ol\tjrifudk xif&Sm;apaom 0guswdktoHk;rsm; jzpfonf/
0gus&SnftoHk;rsm;udkvnf; taMumif;t&mESifh vdkufzufpGm toHk;jyK
xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
]]&Sifa*gwrjrwfpGmbk&m;? r[mrufocif? u&pf&Sem?
uGefjzL;pd&yf ponfwdkYonf Ak'¨bmom0if? r[mar'if

1
jrefrmtbd"mef? 1991? 354/
834 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

bmom0if? [dE´Lbmom0if? uGefjzL;pd&yfbmom0ifwkdYtm;

(*g&a0gp? ed0gawmp) w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;cJhMuojzifh
vli,fonf vlBuD;tm; udkif;½Idif;½dkaoaom tavh&SdcJh\}}
(pm-158)
bmomw&m;\ av;eufrIaMumifh vlBuD;tm; vli,fu ½dkao
udkif;½Idif;yHkudk 0gus&SnfBuD;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/
xdkYjyif-
]]uREfkyfwdkY\ bkef;BuD;ausmif;om;onf q&mbkef;awmfBuD;tm;
rnfrQaMumufMu&onf? a&S;u wynfhwyef;wdkYonf rdrd
wdkY\ q&morm;wdkYtm; rnfrQaMumufMu&onfqdkonfrSm
tm;vHk;todyif jzpfonf/}} (pm-159)
a&S;tpOftvmuwnf;u q&mudkwynfhu ½dkaojcif;\ tajccH
aMumuf&jcif;&SdcJhyHkudk 0gus&Snfjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ 0gus&Snf[kqdkaomfvnf;
t"dyÜm,f½IyfaxG;jcif;r&SdbJ uwåm;yk'f? vufcHjyyk'f? Bud,myk'f tcsdK;nDyk'fpk 2 ckjzifh
pm[ef½Sif;vif;pGm zGJUxm;onf/ qdkvdkcsuf xif&Sm;ay:vGiyf gonf/ pma&;olonf
q&mwynfhwGif&Sd&rnfh tpOftvmr&Sdygu pdk;&drfzG,fjzpfaMumif;udk-
]]xdkodkY wynfhonf q&mtm;aMumufjcif;? ½dkaojcif;uif;vQif
ta&SUEdkifiH\ ,Ofaus;jcif; tcsufwpfcsufonf ysufjym;
rnfavm[k pdk;&drfzG,f&Sdonf}} (pm-159)
[lí 0gus&Snfjzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ ]vQif} 0gusquforÁE¨udk oHk;í
vnf;aumif;? ]rnfavm} tar;ypönf;udk oHk;ívnf;aumif; qufpyf oHk;xm;
onf/ ,Ofaus;rIysufjym;rnfudk pdk;&drfaom pma&;ol\avoHudk tuJcwfEdkif
ygonf/ 0gus&SnftzGJUrsm;onf pma&;ol\ bmom,Ofaus;rI tav;xm;yHk?
tpOftvmudk jrwfEdk;xdef;odrf;apvkdyHk apwemavoHudk azmfaqmifaeaMumif;
awGU&ygonf/
0gustwGif;&Sd tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk tav;tayghnDatmif rJwif;um
[efcsufnDnD a&;zGJUaom 0gusrsdK;udk [efcsufnD0gus[k qdkvdkjcif; jzpfonf/1

1
cifrif ? armif("EkjzL)? 1985? 200/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 835

þaqmif;yg;wGif pma&;olonf ta&;ygrI twkdif;tqcsif;wlaom

tcsufrsm;udk 0guswpfcktwGif;wGif yHkpHwlpum;pkrsm;jzifh [efcsufnDnD
a&;zGJUxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
vlBuD;ESifhvli,faqmif;yg;wGif vlBuD;ESifhvli,fwdkY\ obm0rwlyHk?
qefYusifonfhoabmrsm; &SdwwfyHk? taemufEdkifiH,Ofaus;rIudk twk,lyHk? acwf\
taumif;tqdk;oabm &SdwwfyHkwdkYudk-
]]vlBuD;ESifhvli,fwdkYonf oabmxm;csif;rwl? pdwful;csif;
rwl? &nf&G,fcsufcsif; rwlMuacs}} (emrf + csif; + Bud,m)yHkpH
(pm-158)
[lívnf;aumif;?
]]rnfonfhwdkif;jynf? rnfonfhacwfwGifrqdk vlBuD;ESifh vli,f
wdkYonf yu©jzpfMu\}} (rnfonfh + emrf)yHkpH (pm-158)
[lívnf;aumif;?
]]acwfudkvdkufojzifh aumif;onfvnf;&Sd\/ qdk;onfvnf;
&Sd\}} (Bud,m + vnf; + Bud,m)yHkpH (pm-159)
[lívnf;aumif;?
]]rdbESifhom;orD;? q&mESifhwynfh? vlBuD;ESifhvli,fwdkY\
qufqHa&;onf taemufEdkifiH\twkudk wjznf;jznf;
,lvsuf &SdMuonf/}} (emrf + ESifh + emrf)yHkpH (pm-160)
[lívnf;aumif; a&;om;xm;onf/ pm[efajyjypfNyD; pma&;ol owdjyKrdaom
taMumif;t&mwdkYudk pmzwfolwdkYu ESpfoufvufcH em;vnfvG,fapygonf/
taMumif;t&mESifh vdkufzufaom 0gus[efrsm;udk toHk;jyK a&;om;xm;í
qdkvdkcsufay:vGifNyD; oGufvufrI? ajyjypfrI? qGJaqmifrI&Sdaom aqmif;yg;aumif;
wpfyk'f jzpfvmapygonf/
pma&;olonf pmzwfolwdkY\ &ifxJwGif udef;atmif;oifhaom cH,lcsuf
oabmxm;wdkYudk ta&;pGrf;&nfjzifh vrf;jyay;cJhonf/ vlBuD;ESifhvli,f? q&m
ESifhwynfh? rdbESifhom;orD; qufqHajymqdkrIwGif bmomw&m;udk vufudkif
xm;í ,Ofaus;rIudk jrwfEdk;um tpOftvmudk xdef;odrf;apvdkaom?
836 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

jyKjyifoifhonfudk jyKjyifapvdkaom? pma&;ol\apwem? tawG;tac:onf

acwfrDonf/ ta&;tom;rSmvnf; vdk&if;a&mufNyD;? zwfcsifpzG,fjzpfaponf[k
qdkEdkifygonf/

2? 2/ rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfESifh qifjcifwHkw&m; aqmif;yg;

rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfESifh qifjcifwHkw&m;aqmif;yg;wGif pma&;ol\apwemudk
azmfñTef;aeaom taMumif;t&mESifh ayghyg;oGufvuf &Sif;vif;ajyjypfaom
ta&;tom;wdkYudkawGU&ygonf/

2? 2? 1/ taMumif;t&m
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfESifh qifjcifwHkw&m; aqmif;yg;onf 1939 ckESpf
Mo*kwfvxkwf BuD;yGm;a&; r*¾Zif; twGJ-7? trSwf 8 wGif a&;om;cJhaom
aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f jzpfygonf/ þaqmif;yg;udk udkvdkeDacwf jrefrmjynfol
wdkYtm; rsdK;cspfpdwfESifhtwl qifjcifwHkw&m;yg &SdoifhaMumif; owdjyKapvdkaom
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh a&;om;cJhonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
þaqmif;yg;wGif rsdK;cspfpdwf\ ta&;ygyHk? rsdK;cspfpdwf\ t"dyÜm,f?
qifjcifwHkw&m;\ ta&;ygyHk? jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkY rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf &ifhoefyHk?
rsdK;cspfpdwfwpfckwnf;jzifh wif;wdrfraeMubJ qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifhyg ,SOfwGJ
yGm;rsm;apvdkyHkwdkYudk wifjyxm;ygonf/
rsdK;cspfpdwf\ ta&;ygyHkudk wifjy&mwGif ]rsdK;cspfpdwfr&Sdaomolonf
udk,fvuft*FgrpHkaomoluJhodkY touf&Sifaejcif;iSmyif ravsmufywfay} 1 [lí
a&;om;xm;onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwfonf vlwdkYtwGuf udk,fvuft*Fgyrm
ta&;BuD;aMumif;? udk,fvuft*FgrpHkolonf touf&Sifaeaomfvnf; jynfhpHkrI
r&SdouJhodkYjzpfaMumif; cdkif;EIdif;wifjyxm;onf/ wdkif;jynf wdk;wufrIwGif
rsdK;cspfpdwfonf t"duusaeaMumif;udk-
]]*syefEdkifiH\ wdk;wufrIonf xdkrsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf tm;BuD;
vGef;íom jzpfayonf}}2

1
aomfaumif; ? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 145/
2
aomfaumif; ? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 145/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 837

[lí rdrd\tjrifudk wifjyxm;onf/

qufvufí rsdK;cspfpdwf\ t"dyÜm,fESifhoabmw&m;udk-
]]rdrd\wdkif;jynfESifh rdrdvlrsdK; aumif;pm;onfudk jrifvdkaom
pdwfonf rsdK;cspfpdwf jzpfygonf}}1
[lí wifjyxm;ygonf/ rdrdcspfvSpGmaomolwpfOD; 'ku©a&mufvQif pdwfrcsrf;ajrh
ouJhodkYvnf;aumif;? rdrdcspfvSpGmaomolwpfOD; csrf;omvQif vGefrif;pGm yDwd
jzpfouJhodkYvnf;aumif; rdrdvlrsdK;rsm;tay: xm;oifhonfhpdwfudk &Sif;vif;
wifjyxm;onf/
wpfzef pma&;olu qifjcifwHkw&m;ESifh ywfoufí rdrdtjrifudk
wifjyxm;onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwfom&Sdí todOmPf qifjcifwHkw&m; uif;rJhvQif
xdkolonf wdkif;oljynfom;aumif; rjzpfEdkif? xdkol\aqmif&Gufcsufonfvnf;
t&mra&muf udpörNyD;EdkifaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;onf
avmuü jrwfaompdwf"mwf jzpfyHk? opömav;yg;udk jrifEdkifyHk? edAÁmefa&mufEdkifyHkudk
jrwfpGmbk&m;uyif a[mMum;xm;yHk? qifjcifwHkw&m;udk vufvTwfírjzpfEdkifyHk
wdkYudk tusdK;oifh taMumif;oifh vufcHzG,fjzpfatmif wifjyxm;onf/
xdkYaemuf udkvdkeDacwf jynfolrsm;udk rsdK;cspfpdwfESifh qifjcifwHkw&m;rsm;
ydkrdkyGm;rsm;Edkifap&ef owday;vrf;ñTefxm;jyefonf/ jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYonf t*Fvdyf
odrf;ydkufcJhonfhtcsdefrSpí rsdK;cspfpdwf udef;atmif;vsuf&Sd&m ,ckacwfuJhodkY
&ifhoefcJhzl;onfr&Sday[k csD;usL;xm;onf/ odkYaomfvnf; qifjcifwHkw&m;udk
toHk;rjyKbJ t&rf;uma&mpdwf"mwfudk toHk;jyKayonf[lívnf; owday;
axmufjycJhonf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;onf wufrESifhwlyHk? rsdK;cspfpdwfonf
avSmfcwfonfESifhwlyHk? jrefrmEdkifiHonf avSBuD;ESifhwlyHk? wufr rygbJESifh
yef;wdkifodkY ra&mufEdkifjzpfyHkwdkYjzifh om"ujyum qifjcifwHkw&m;udk tav;xm;
oifhaMumif; vrf;ñTefxm;onf/ aqmif;yg; ed*Hk;wGif-
]]trsdK;aumif;om;orD;wdkYonf rsdK;cspfpdwf wpfckwnf;jzifh
rwif;wdrfMubJ todOmPfESifh qifjcifwHkw&m;wdkYudkvnf;
wpfaeYxufwpfaeY yGm;rsm;EdkifMuygapukefownf;}}2

1
aomfaumif; ? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 145/
2
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 146/
838 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

[lí pma&;ol\qE´jzifh tqHk;owfxm;onf/

pma&;olonf taMumif;t&mydkif;wGif &nf&G,fcsufodkY a&mufatmif
wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh pnf;½Hk;qGJaqmifwifjyxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ ]pma&;ol\
pdwfxJwGif ckdatmif;aeaom tawGUtBuHK wpfckckudk olYapwemu a&G;cs,f
xkwfazmfay;onfhtwGuf pma&;p&m taMumif;t&mtjzpf ay:xGufvm&jcif;
jzpfonf[k qdk&ygvdrfhrnf} 1 [k ynm&SifwdkY qdkrdefYxm;ygonf/ þoabm
twdkif; OD;oefYonf udkvdkeDacwf jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;tm; today;oifhonfudk
today;vdkaom apwemjzifh þaqmif;yg;udk a&;onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
udkvdkeDacwf jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;udk vrf;ñTefxm;aomfvnf; ,aeYacwfwdkif
owdjyK vufcHvdkufemoifhaom vrf;ñTefcsufrsm; jzpfygonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH?
jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYtay: xm;&Sdaom pma&;ol\apwemudk awGUjrif&aom aqmif;yg;
wpfyk'f jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/

2? 2? 2/ ta&;tom;
ta&;tom;ydkif;wGif aqmif;yg;pum;ajywpfyk'fwGif t"duusaom
pum;toHk;tEIef;ESifh 0gus a&;om;toHk;jyKyHkudk wifjyygrnf/
pum;toH;k tEIef;
þaqmif;yg;rS pum;toHk;tEIef;udk avhvm&mwGif pmayoHk;ESifh
tajymoHk;? pum;y&d,m,f? acwftoHk;rsm;udk wifjyygrnf/
pmayoHk;pum;vHk;rsm;udk toHk;jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf
oabmudk wifjy&mwGif-
]]'ku©a&mufonfudk rMunfh&ufaompdwf}} (pm-145)
]]csrf;omvQif vGefrif;pGm yDwd jzpfaompdwf}} (pm-145)
[lí a&;om;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ þwGif 'ku©? yDwd[laom ygVdtoHk;
rsm;udk oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ qifjcifwHkw&m;\ jrifhjrwfaom
oabmudk-
]]xdkw&m;ESifhyif edAÁmefudk a&mufEdkifavonf}} (pm-145)
1
cifrif? armif("EkjzL)? 1985? pm-69 /
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 839

[lí a&;om;xm;onf/ ,if;wGif edAÁmef[laom ygVdtoHk;udk awGU&ygonf/

pmayoHk;rsm;onf pm[efcHhnm;um taMumif;t&may:vGifNyD; pmzwfol
em;vnfvG,fapaom toHk;rsm; jzpfygonf/
tcsdKUae&mrsm;ü taMumif;t&mESifh vdkufzufNyD; ayghyg;oGufvufonfh
tajymoHk; pum;vHk;rsm;udk oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&ygonf/
]]*syefEdkifiH\ wdk;wufrIonf xdkrsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf tm;BuD;
vGef;íom jzpfayonf}} (pm-145)
0guswGif ]tm;BuD;vGef;} toHk;udk awGU&onf/
]]qifjcifwHkw&m; r&Sdaomolonf t&mra&muf udpörNyD;
Edkifay}} (pm-145)
0guswGif ]t&mra&muf? udpörNyD;} [laom tajymoH;k rsm;udk awGU&onf/
xdkYjyif pma&;ol\ pum;oHk; uRrf;usifydkifEdkifpGm toHk;jyKrIrsm;
awGU&onf/ rsm;jym;rIoabmudkyif ]vGefrif;pGm? t&rf;uma&m} [lí pum;
y&d,m,f<u,f0pGm toHk;jyKxm;onf/
,ckacwfESifh t"dyÜm,frwlaom toHk;udkvnf; awGU&onf/ ]aq;orm;}
toHk;onf ,ckacwfwGif t"dyÜm,ftaumuf vGJrSm;Edkifaomfvnf; ]aq;orm;
raxmif;wm? vlemrcHcsd} 1 pum;yHkESifh &if;ESD;aom jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm;twGuf
]aq;ukol} jzpfaMumif; odjrifEdkifygonf/ udkvdkeDacwf toHk;wpfck[k qdkEdkif
ygonf/
þaqmif;yg;wGif pum;toHk;tEIef;cHhnm;rI? xdrdvSyrI? oGufvufrI
&Sdaom toHk;rsm;udk ae&mwus oHk;xm;í ta&;tom; oGufvufajyjypf
&Sif;vif;aom aqmif;yg;pum;ajyaumif; wpfyk'fjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
0gus
þaqmif;yg;wGif 0guswdk? 0gus&Snf? [efcsufnD0gus toHk;rsm;udk
toHk;jyKxm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ 0guswdkrsm;udk-

1
jrefrmpum;yHk? 1996? 66/
840 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

]]rsdK;cspfpdwfonf vlwdkif;vlwdkif;ü &Sdtyfaom ypönf;wpf&yf

jzpfonf}} (pm-145)
]]rsdK;cspfpdwfonf avSorm;ESifh wl\}} (pm-146)
]]qifjcifwHkw&m;onf wufrESifh wlayonf}} (pm-146)
[lí awGU&onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf\ ta&;ygyHk? qifjcifwHkw&m;\ tav;xm;oifhyHk
wdkYudk ay:vGifaom 0gusrsm; jzpfonf/ xdkYjyif-
]]xdkYaMumifhyif r[kwfavm}} (pm-145)
]]tb,fudk rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf[k ac:ygoenf;}} (pm-145)
[laom tar;0guswdkrsm;jzifhvnf; pm[efoGufvufNyD; pmzwfol pdwf0ifpm;rI
t&Sdefudk yHhydk;ay;ygonf/
þaqmif;yg;wGif 0gus&SnftoHk;jyKrIrsm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ 0gus&Snf
rsm;onf t"dyÜm,f ½IyfaxG;jcif;r&SdbJ orÁE¨rsm;udk ae&mwusoHk;um taMumif;
t&mESifh qDavsmfatmif a&;om;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
]]odkY&mwGif aq;usrf;rsm;udkom zwfí udk,fydkifOmPfudk
roHk;aom aq;orm;onf orm;aumif; rjzpfEdkifouJhodkY
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwfom &Sdí todOmPf uif;rJhaom wdkif;ol
jynfom;onf wdkif;oljynfom;aumif; rjzpfEdkifay}} (pm-145)
,if;0gus&SnftoHk;wGif qifjcifwHkw&m;&SdrS wdkif;aejynfom;aumif;jzpfEdkifyHkudk
xif&Sm;ap&ef udk,fydkifOmPfoHk;rS orm;aumif;jzpfEdkifyHkESifh cdkif;EIdif;a&;om;
xm;onf/ t"dyÜm,fay:vGifaom 0gus&SnftoHk; jzpfygonf/
]]xkdYaMumifh trsdK;aumif;om;orD;wdkYonf rsdK;cspfpdwf
wpfckwnf;jzifh rwif;wdrfMubJ todOmPfESifhqifjcifwHkw&m;
wdkYudkvnf; wpfaeYxuf wpfaeY yGm;rsm;EdkifMuygap
ukefownf;}} (pm-146)
,if;0gusonf pma&;ol\qE´udk azmfñTef;aom 0gus&SnftzGJU
jzpfonf/ rsdK;cspfpdwfESifhtwl qifjcifwHkw&m;yg pOfqufrjywf ydkrdkyGm;rsm;
apvdkyHkudk &if;&if;ESD;ESD; wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfaom avoHjzifh EId;aqmfxm;onf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 841

]]rdrdcspfvSpGmaomolwpfOD; 'ku©a&mufvQif pdwfrcsrf;ajrh

ouJhodkY rdrdvlrsdK;rsm; 'ku©a&mufonfudk rMunfh&ufaompdwf?
rdrdcspfvSpGmaomolwpfOD; csrf;omvQif 0rf;ajrmufouJhodkY
rdrdvlrsdK;rsm; csrf;omvQif vGefrif;pGm yDwdjzpfaompdwfudk
rsdK;cspfpdwf[k ac:&ayrnf}} (pm-145)
þ0guswGif rdrdcspfvSpGmaomolwpfOD;tay: xm;&Sdaom pdwfrsdK;twdkif;
rdrdvlrsdK;rsm;tay: xm;&Sd&rnfjzpfaMumif; azmfjyxm;onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf\
t"dyÜm,fudk yHkpHwl0gustzGJUrsm;jzifh [efcsufnDnDoHk;um 0gus&Snftjzpf zefwD;
xm;onf/
xdkYjyif pma&;olonf [efcsufnD0gusrsm;udkvnf; pm[efajyjypfrI
t"dyÜm,f av;eufxif&Sm;rI&Sdap&ef oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwf
racgif;yg;oifhyHkudk-
]]rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf acgif;yg;aom vlrsdK;onf rnfonfhacwf?
rnfonfh &mZ0ifrSmrQ rwdk;wuf raumif;pm;cJhay}}
(rnfonfh + emrf)yHkpH (pm-145)
[lívnf;aumif;?
qifjcifwHkw&m;\ jrifhjrwfyHkudk-
]]xdkw&m;ESifhyif opömav;yg;udk jrifEdkifonf? xdkw&m;
ESifhyif edAÁmefudk a&mufEdkifayonf[k oHk;vlYxGwfxm;
oAÁnK jrwfpGmbk&m;onf a[mMum;awmfrlcJhayonf/}}
(emrf + udk + Bud,m)yHkpH (pm-145)
[lívnf;aumif;?
t*FvdyfwdkY odrf;,lonfhaeYrSpí jrefrmwdkY rsdK;cspfpdwf&SdMuyHkudk-
]]rnfonfhNrdKU? rnfonfh&Gm? rnfonfht&yfa'owdkYürqdk
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;wdkYaMumifh trsdK;udkcspfaom pdwf"mwf
wdkYonf wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvsuf &SdMuayonf}} (rnfonfh
+ emrf)yHkpH (pm-146)
842 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

[lívnf;aumif;? ta&;ygrI twdkif;tqcsif;wlaom yHkpHwlpum;pkrsm;jzifh

[efcsufnDnD a&;om;xm;onf/
pma&;olonf 0gusrsm;udk olYae&mESifhol qDavsmfatmif *½kwpdkuf
a&;om;xm;í 0guscsif; tcsdwftqufrdNyD; ajyjypfaom pum;ajya&;zGJU[ef[k
qdkEdkifygonf/
]pma&;olwpfa,muf\pmxJwGif olYyifudkp½dkufobm0 udef;0ifaeonf} 1
[laom oabmtwdkif; pma&;olOD;oefY\ aqmif;yg;ta&;tom;onf vufcH
csifzG,f? zwfcsifzG,fjzpfatmif ayghayghyg;yg; a&;zGJUEdkifpGrf;&Sdonf[k qdkEdkif
ygonf/

2? 3/ vli,fESihu
f Refawmf aqmif;yg;
vli,fESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;udk taMumif;t&mydkif;? ta&;tom;ydkif;
[lí cGJjcm;wifjyygrnf/

2? 3? 1/ taMumif;t&m
vli,fESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;onf 1976 ckESpf BuD;yGm;a&;pmapmifwGif
vli,frsm;BuD;yGm;a&;toif; a&T&wktxdrf;trSwftjzpf xnfhoGif;azmfjy
xm;aom aqmif;yg; jzpfonf/ ukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf 'kwd,
ig;ESpf wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf 1967 ck? &efukefNrdKUtwGif;0ef OD;aomif;\
aetdrfü BuD;yGm;a&;toif;om;vli,frsm;tm; rdefYMum;cJhaom pum;jzpfonf/
toif;om;vli,frsm;udk rdrd\tawGUtBuHK? tawG;tjrifrsm;rSwpfqifh
vli,frsm;wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&;ESifh jrefrmhtusdK;omru urÇmhtusdK;yg aqmif&Guf
Edkifapvdkaom apwemjzifh rdefYMum;cJhjcif; jzpfygonf/
þaqmif;yg;wGif pma&;olu urÇmBuD;rSm EdkifiHa&; tNrJajymif;vJaeyHk?
ajymif;vJjcif;rSmvnf; taumif;bufodkY ajymif;vJjcif;[k jrifrdyHk? ppfjzpf&jcif;
taMumif;&if; (4)csuf &SdyHk? EdkifiHa&;t,ltqtay: tjiif;yGm;NyD; wif;rmrIrsm;?
pD;yGm;a&;rnDrQí wif;rmrI? vGwfvyfa&;r&onfhEdkifiHrsm; vGwfvyf&ef ½kef;uef
MurI? tom;ta&mif uGJjym;rItay: tpGJtvrf;BuD;rIwdkYjzpfyHk? xdktaMumif;&if;
1
cifrif? armif("EkjzL)? 2003? 268/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 843

tcsufrsm;udk owdjyKrdoifhyHk? jrefrmvli,frsm; jrefrmtusdK;omru urÇmhtusdK;yg

aqmif&GufEdkifapvdkyHkwdkYudk wifjyxm;onf/
urÇmBuD;rSm EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;rsm; tNrJajymif;vJaeyHkudk
wifjy&mwGif urÇmhtajctaeonf vGefcJhaom tESpf(20)ESifh rwlaMumif;? tNrJ
ajymif;vJaeaMumif;? ajymif;vJaeyHkwdkYudk ukvor*¾XmecsKyfu Munfhí ydkí
jrifEdkifaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/ ajymif;vJaejcif;onf taumif;bufodkY
ajymif;vJaeonf[k xifrdaMumif;udk &mZ0ifxJwGif bmoma&;t,ltq?
EdkifiHa&;t,ltqrsm; &SdcJhaomfvnf; ,cktcg onf;cHrIrsm;? pdwfaumif;
ESvHk;aumif;rsm; jzpfay:vmí taumif;bufodkY ajymif;vJvmaMumif; wifjy
xm;onf/ xdkYjyif wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf em;vnfrI &SdvmMuonf/ ,if;rSm
t*Fvdyfvdk (synthesis) orjcif;jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifaMumif;udkvnf; wifjyxm;
onf/ rdrdtawGUtBuHK? tawG;tjrifrsm;udk vli,frsm;tm; odapvdkaom
pma&;ol\ apwemudk awGUjrifEdkifygonf/
pD;yGm;a&;rnDrQrIudk wifjy&mwGif 'kwd,urÇmppfBuD; NyD;onfhtcgwGif
qif;&JonfEh dik fiHu ydkqif;&JNyD;? csrf;omonfhEdik fiHu ydkícsrf;omaMumif; pD;yGm;a&;
yg&*lrsm;\ avhvmcsuft& od&aMumif; pD;yGm;a&;rnDrQonfh acsmufBuD;udk
aphatmif ukvor*¾rSpDrHudef;rsm; csrSwfum 1961 ckESpfuwnf;u aqmif&Guf
cJhaMumif; wifjyxm;onf/
ppfBuD;NyD;aemuf vGwfvyfonfhEdkifiH rsm;vmaomfvnf; rvGwfvyfbJ
usefaeonfh EdkifiHrsm;onf vGwfvyf&ef ½kef;uefMuaMumif;? tcsdKUrSm t"r®enf;rsm;
oHk;MuaMumif;[lí ppfjzpf&onfh tcsuf(1)csufudk oHk;oyfjyxm;onf/
qufvufí wif;rmrIjzpf&onfh tcsufudkvnf; wifjyxm;onf/
,if;rSm tom;ta&mif uGJjym;rI? tpGJtvrf;BuD;rIaMumifh nDwlnDrQ tcGifhta&;
ray;jcif;rsm;&SdcJhaMumif; axmufjyxm;onf/ xkdokdY wif;rmrIjzpf&onfh taMumif;rsm;
odygu ajz&Sif;í? jznfhqnf;í vG,fulaMumif;udk ]temodawmh aq;&Sd
vmw,f}1 [lí rdefYqdkxm;onf/
pma&;olonf jrefrmvli,frsm;\ wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&;aqmif&GufrIudk
csD;usL;0rf;ajrmufonf/ jrefrmvli,frsm;tm;-

1
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 171/
844 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

]]'Dtoif;BuD;u aemifESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vli,frsm; wdk;wuf

BuD;yGm;a&; jrefrmhtusdK;omru aemifurÇmhtusdK;udkyg
aqmifEkdifygapvdkY qkawmif;ygw,f}}1
[lí qE´jyKxm;onf/ vli,frsm;onf jrefrmjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmonf
urÇmwGif yg0ifonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrmhtusdK;vnf; xrf;aqmif&rnf/ urÇmh
tusdK;vnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k pma&;olu vrf;ñTefxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
]vli,fESifhuRefawmf} aqmif;yg;onf csD;usL;oifhonfudk csD;usL;
wwf&ef? odoifhonfudk od&ef? aqmif&Gufoifhonfudk aqmif&Guf&ef vrf;ñTef
wwfaom pma&;ol\ apwemudk ay:vGifapaom aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f[k
qdkEdkifygonf/

2? 3? 2/ ta&;tom;
vli,fESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;\ ta&;tom;udk pum;toHk;tEIef;ESifh
0gus tzGJUydkif;wdkYudk avhvmwifjyygrnf/
pum;toH;k tEIef;
þaqmif;yg;wGif pma&;ol\ tawG;tjrif? tawGUtBuHK? apwem?
arQmfvifhcsuf ponfwdkYudk rdefYMum;xm;í tajympum;rsm; oHk;xm;onf/
xdkYjyif pmayoHk;pum;vHk;rsm;? wifpm;rItoHk;? uspfvspfaom toHk;? tvuFm
toHk;rsm;udk ae&mwus? xdxdrdrd oHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
pmayoHk;pum;vHk;rsm;onf taMumif;t&m oabmw&m;udk ay:vGif
apNyD; vdkufzufrI&SdaMumif; awGU&onf/
]]EdkifiHa&;0g'awGudk oHk;oyf&if 0g' trsdK;rsdK; &Sdw,f}}
(pm-168)
]]tqdk;bufudk ajymif;ovm;qdkwm 0d0g' uGJp&m&Sdw,f}}
(pm-169)
]]t*Fvdyfvdk (Syn thesis) orjcif;jzpfw,fvdkY qdk&rSmaygh}}
(pm-169)
1
aomfaumif;? OD;ESifhaZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)? 2009? 171/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 845

]]t"du½kPf;awG jzpfw,f}} (pm-169)

]]wpfcsdKUEdkifiHawGrSm t"r®enf;awGudk oHk;w,f/}} (pm-170)
urÇmhtajctaewGif EdkifiHa&;t,ltq (0g')? jiif;ckefrI (0d0g')? rQwaom
oabm (or)? jiif;cHkcdkuf&efrsm; jzpfavhjzpfx&SdyHk (t"du½kPf;)wdkYudk ygVd
pum;vHk;rsm; oHk;xm;onf/ tajctaejzpf&yfrsm;ESifh vdkufzufNyD; em;vnf
vG,faom toHk;rsm; jzpfygonf/
wifpm;rI (Oypm)toHk;udk oHk;xm;í taMumif;t&mav;eufrIudk jzpfap
ygonf/
]]pD;yGm;a&;rnDrQwJhuGJjym;aewJh acsmufBuD;udk}} (pm-170)
]]vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;wJhEdkifiHawGu rD;yGm;awG awmufaew,f}}
(pm-170)
EdkifiHrsm;\ pD;yGm;a&;rnDrQrI twdrfteufudk ]acsmufBuD;} toHk;jzifh
wifpm;a&;zGJUxm;í pmzwfolrsufpdwGif uGif;uGif;uGufuGuf odjrifaponf/
vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;onfh EdkifiHrsm;\ vlrIa&;'ku©rsm;? pdwfaomu
cHpm;rIrsm;? ½kef;uefrIrsm;aMumifh rNidrfroufjzpfaeyHkudk ]rD;yGm;awGawmuf}
toHk;jzifh yHkazmfxm;onf/ jzpf&yfudk xif&Sm;av;eufapaom toHk;jzpfonf/
uspfvspfxdrdaom vHk;csif;Bud,m toHk;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&onf/
]]t"du½kPf;awG jzpfw,f/ tck yg; oGm;NyD}} (pm-169)
]]uGJjym;aewJh acsmufBuD;udk aphatmif ukvor*¾&JU
(Specialized Agencies) tzGJUu vkyf&w,f}} (pm-170)
,if;toHk;rsm;wGif avsmhyg;[k roHk;bJ yg;? tMum;tvyfr&Sdatmif
aphiatmif[k roHk;bJ aph? jyKvkyf[kroHk;bJ vkyf [koHk;xm;aMumif; awGU&onf/
t"dyÜm,fvnf; xdrd? ajympum;[efESifhvnf; vdkufaom toHk;rsm;[k qdkEdkif
ygonf/
pum;toHk;tEIef;rsm;onf urÇmY EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; tajctaersm;udk
odapvdkaom pma&;ol\apwemudk ay:vGifapaom toHk;tEIef;rsm;jzpfonf[k
qdkEdkifygonf/
846 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

0gus
vli,fESifhuRefawmf aqmif;yg;onf pma&;ol\ rdefYMum;aom pum;udk
jyefvnfazmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfí tajym0gusrsm;jzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/ 0gus&Snf
tenf;i,frSvGJí 0gusrsm;onf 0guswdk toHk;rsm;omjzpfaMumif; awGU&onf/
0guswdktoHk;rsm;tjzpf-
]]urÇmhtajctae[m vGefcJhwJh tESpf(20)eJY ,ck rwlygbl;/
urÇmBuD;rSm EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;rsm;[m tNrJ
ajymif;vJaewm awGU&ygw,f/ 'Dvdkajymif;vJaewmudk
ukvor*¾XmecsKyfuaeMunfhawmh ydkjrifw,f/ yef;waemfuae
MunfhwmeJY &efukefuMunfhwmeJY rwlovdkaygh/ &efukefu
Munfhawmh ydkNyD;us,fus,fjyefYjyefY jrif&ygw,f}} (pm-168)
ponfjzifh awGU&ygonf/ ,if;0guswdkrsm;onf pma&;ol\ urÇmYtajctae
tay: ½IjrifyHkudk ay:vGifapaom tajym0guswdkrsm; jzpfygonf/
0gus&SnftoHk;rsm;tjzpf-
]]vGefcJhwJh'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;NyD;wJhtcg pD;yGm;a&;yg&*lawG
avhvmawmh qif;&JwJhEdkifiHawGu ydkqif;&JNyD;? csrf;omwJh
EdkifiHawGu ydkcsrf;omvmMuw,f}} (pm-170)
]]wwd,taMumif;u udkvdkeDe,fcsJUpepf&JU t<uif;tusefawG
&SdaewJh vGwfvyfa&;r&ao;wJh EdkifiHawGu rD;yGm;awG
awmufaew,f}}
vli,frsm;tm; rdrday;vdkaom todtjrifrsm;udk ]tcg} ]awmh} ]NyD;} ]wJh}
ajym[eftoHk;jy pum;qufrsm;ESifh qufpyfxm;aom 0gus&Snfrsm;jzifh wifjy
xm;onf/
[efcsufnD0gus toHk;rsm;udkvnf; awGU&ygonf/
]]tom;ta&mifuGJ? t,ltquGJayr,fh wpfavSxJpD;
wpfc&D;wnf; oGm;MuolawGygvm;vdkY odvmMuw,f/}}
(pm-169)
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 847

þ0guswGif acwfumvajymif;vJrIaMumifh pdwfxm;rsm;yg ajymif;vJ

vmaom urÇmol urÇmom;rsm;\pdwfxm;udk (emrf+Bud,m) yHkpHwltzGJUjzifh
[efcsufnDnD a&;zGJUxm;onf/ xdkYjyif ]uGJ? xJ? wnf;} [lí um&efwltoHk;
rsm;yg oHk;xm;í qdkvdkcsufudk acsmacsmarGUarGU em;vnfvufcHvmapygonf/
0guscsif;tNydKiftzGJUtjzpf
]]xdxda&mufa&muf toif;vkyfief;rsm; raqmif&GufEdkif
ayr,fh toif;om;tjzpf 0ifcJhygw,f/ &moufyeftoif;om;
tjzpf 0ifcJhygw,f}} (pm-168)
[lívnf;aumif;?
]]uRefawmf ,ckvdk jrefrmjynfrSm vli,fawGeJY aqG;aEG;&wm
0rf;omygw,f/ aus;Zl;vnf;wifygw,f/ toif;BuD;udkvnf;
,ckxufwdkif wnfwHhatmif BudK;yrf;cJhwmudkvnf; 0rf;om
ygw,f/ vli,frsm;wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&;twGuf aqmif&Guf
wmvnf; csD;usL;ygw,f/ 'Dtoif;BuD;u aemufESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm vli,frsm; wdk;wufBuD;yGm;a&; jrefrmhtusdK;
omrubJ aemifurÇmhtusdK;udkyg aqmif&GufEdkifygapvdkY
qkawmif;ygw,f}} (pm-171)
[lívnf;aumif; awGU&ygonf/
xdk0gustzGJUrsm;onf 0rf;ajrmufoifhonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf? csD;usL;tyfonfudk
csD;usL;wwfaom pma&;ol\pdwfxm;? vli,ftoif;tay: yg0iftm;ay;
vkyfaqmifoifhonfudk vrf;jyay;aom apwemqE´rsm; ay:vGifaeygonf/
xdkYjyif jrefrmhtusdK;omru urÇmhtusdK;yg a&S;½Iaom acgif;aqmifaumif;
wpfOD;\ apwemavoHrsm;yg ay:vGifaeonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
pma&;ol\(rdefYMum;csuf) ta&;tom;aumif;rGefrIaMumifh rdrdudk,fwdkif
em;axmifae&ouJhokdY &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; em;vnfvufcHrdapaom tajym
pum;ajyaumif;wpfyk'f jzpfonf[k qdkEdkifygonf/
848 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

NcKH iHkoHk;oyfcsuf
þpmwrf;wGif OD;oefY\ vrf;ñTefrIqdkif&maqmif;yg; (3)yk'fudk avhvm
wifjyNyD; jzpfygonf/ ]vlBuD;ESifhvli,f}? ]rsdK;cspfpdwfESifhqifjcifwHkw&m;}?
]vli,fESifhuRefawmf} aqmif;yg;(3)yk'fudk taMumif;t&mESifh ta&;tom; [lí
wifjyxm;ygonf/ taMumif;t&mydkif;wGif vli,frsm;? jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; vdkufem?
vufcH? em;vnfoifhaom vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\apwemudk awGUjrif
&ygonf/
vlBuD;ESifhvli,faqmif;yg;wGif vlBuD;ESifhvli,fwdkY\ tjrif? cH,lcsuf
oabmxm; rwlnDrIrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/ xdkrwlnDrIrSm obm0jzpfNyD;
bmomw&m;ESifhyJhudkifum rZösdry#dy'genf;jzifh vufcHum usifhoHk;oifhMuaMumif;
vrf;ñTefxm;onf/ rsdK;cspfpdwfESihfqifjcifwHkw&m;aqmif;yg;wGif rsdK;cspfpdwf\
wefzdk; qifjcifwHkw&m;\ jrifhjrwfyHkwdkYudk odjrifaponf/ xdkw&m;ESpfrsdK;
,SOfwGJygrS udk,fhvlrsdK;? udk,hfEdkifiH wdk;wufrnfjzpfaMumif; vIHUaqmfvrf;jy
cJhonf/ vli,fESifhuRefawmfaqmif;yg;wGif vli,fwdk;wufa&;toif;BuD;wGif yg0if
tm;ay;xm;NyD; vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk csD;usL;xm;onf/ vli,frsm; urÇmh
tajctaeudk odjrifqifjcifoHk;oyfrdapNyD; jrefrmEdkifiHtusdK;omru urÇmhtusdK;yg
aqmif&Gufapvdkaom apwemudk awGUjrif&ygonf/ urÇmhacgif;aqmifwpfOD;\
apwemudkvnf; av;pm;zG,f awGUjrif&onf[k qdkEdkifygonf/ aqmif;yg;
(3)yk'fvm vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;onf xdktcsdefu pmzwfol? jrefrmvli,f? jrefrm
vlrsdK;wdkYtwGufomru ,aeYwdkifvufcHvdkufemusifhoHk;oifhaom vrf;ñTefcsufrsm;
jzpfygonf/
xdkvrf;ñTefcsufrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\apwemudk pma&;ol\ uRrf;usif
ydkifEdkifaom pum;toHk;tEIef;? 0guszGJU[ef toHk;pGrf;&nfwdkYjzifh yHkazmfxm;
ygonf/ pum;toHk;tEIef;ydkif;wGif cHhnm;av;eufapaom pmayoHk;pum;vHk;rsm;?
ayghyg;oGufvufaom tajymoHk;rsm;? uspfvspfxdrdaom toHk;rsm;? wifpm;rI
toHk;rsm; [lí qDavsmfatmif ae&mwus oHk;xm;ygonf/ pmayuRrf;usifrI?
pum;ajymydkifEdkifrI? apwemrSefrIrsm;udk xifvif;apaom toHk;rsm; jzpfygonf/
0guszGJU[efwGif 0guswdktoHk;rsm;onf vG,ful&Sif;vif; oGufvufrIukd
jzpfapaom 0guswdkrsm; jzpfonf/ ayghayghyg;yg;ESifh vufcHvdkufemapvdkaom
avoHudk ay:vGifapygonf/ 0gus&Snf toHk;enf;aMumif; awGU&onf/ toHk;jyKaom
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 849

0gus&Snfrsm;onf ½IyfaxG;jcif;r&SdbJ qufpyfajyjypfygonf/ [efcsufnD0gus

toHk;rsm;uvnf; qdkvdkcsufay:vGifNyD; pm[efajyjypfygonf/ 0guscsif;tNydKif
tzGJUrsm;uvnf; ajymvdkaom taMumif;t&mxif&Sm;apNyD; pm[efav;eufap
ygonf/ pma&;olonf 0gus[eftrsdK;rsdK;jzifh ae&mwus a&G;cs,foHk;EIef;um
vli,frsm; BuD;yGm;wdk;wufapvdkaom apwemavoHrsm; xif[yfvsuf
&Sdygonf/ 0gustqHk;owf ]\} toHk;rsm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ OD;oefY\
vrf;ñTefrIqdkif&m aqmif;yg;rsm;onf jrefrmvlrsdK;? jrefrmvli,frsm; tawG;
tjrif rSefuefapvdkaom pma&;ol\apwemESifh &Sif;vif;xdrdoGufvufajyjypfaom
pma&;ol\ a&;zGJUwifjyyHkwdkYudk odjrifvmapygonf/

ed*;Hk
OD;oefYonf urÇmhukvor*¾ taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf (2)Budrf
wdkifwdkif aqmif&GufcJhaom urÇmhacgif;aqmifwpfOD; jzpfygonf/ pmay
ta&;tom;bufwGifvnf; t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom; xl;cRefí *E¦avmur*¾Zif;
bmomjyefNydKifyGJwGif av;Budrfwdkifwdkif yxrqk &cJhonf/ jrefrmpmaywGifvnf;
uavmif trnf oDv0? armifoefY(yef;waemf) trnfrsm;jzifh pmay
tusdK;jyKcJhonf/ OD;oefY\ jrefrmhtusdK;? urÇmhtusdK; pGrf;aqmifrI? pmaytusdK;
pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;onf av;pm;twk,l tm;uszG,fjzpfaMumif; vufcHol
rsm;jym;vsuf &Sdygonf/ þpmwrf;onf jrefrmvli,f? jrefrmvlrsdK;wdkYtwGuf
OD;oefY\ apwemESifh pmaya&;zGJUrIudk wwfpGrf;orQ avhvmwifjyjcif;
jzpfygonf/ BuD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;? BuD;yGm;a&;pmapmifwdkY\wefzkd;? yg0ifa&;om;
cJhol xkwfa0cJholwdkY\ t&nftcsif;udk rSef;qodjrifEdkifNyD; aqmif;yg;
pum;ajyudk pmay½IaxmifhrS avhvmolwdkYtwGuf taxmuftuljyKEdkif
vdrfhrnf[k ,HkMunfarQmfvifhrdygonf/
850 J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A

usrf;ud;k pm&if;

cifrif? armif("EkjzL)/ (1985)/ pum;ajyoabmw&m; pum;ajytwwfynm ('k-Budrf)/

&efukef? csdKaw;oHyHkESdyfwdkuf/
cifrif? armif("EkjzL)/ (2003)/ pmqdkYb0 pmqdkYapwem pmqkdYvuf&m/ &efukef?
vif;vif;pmay/
cifrif? armif("EkjzL)/ (2011)/ a&;[efynmed'gef;/ &efukef? pdwful;csdKcsdKpmay/
aZ,sm? armif(pDpOfol)/ (2012)/ ukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;oefY/ &efukef?
yOö*Hpmay/
rdk;ajr? r/ (2010)/ pdwftvS? pmtvS/ &efukef? a&TuHhaumfpmay/
jrefrmpmtzGJU/ (1996)/ jrefrmpum;yHk (w-Budrf)/ &efukef? wuúodkvfrsm;yHkESdyfwdkuf/
aomfaumif;? OD; ESifh aZ,sm ? armif (pDpOfol)/ (2009)/ OD;oefYvufa&G;pifpmrsm;/
&efukef? ZrÁLarmfyHkESdyfwkduf/
J. Myanmar. Acad. Arts Sci. 2019 Vol. XVII. No. 6A 851

urÇmhukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf OD;oefY

(1909-1974)