Hassan Habib

Industry 4.0 and

Additive
Manufacturing
318003, DME-19
Table of Contents
Introduction to Industry 4.0 (I4.0)...............................................................................................................2
Internet of Things (IoT)................................................................................................................................2
Cloud Computing (CC).................................................................................................................................2
Big Data (BD)...............................................................................................................................................2
Artificial Intelligence (AI).............................................................................................................................3
Augmented Reality (AR)..............................................................................................................................3
Cyber Security (CS)......................................................................................................................................3
AM in perspective of Industry 4.0...............................................................................................................3
Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................4
References...................................................................................................................................................4
Introduction to Industry 4.0 (I4.0)
The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam power to mechanize production. The Second used
electric power to create mass production. The Third used electronics and information technology to
automate production. Now a Fourth Industrial Revolution is building on the Third, the digital revolution
that has been occurring since the middle of the last century. It is characterized by a fusion of
technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and biological spheres.

There are three reasons why today’s transformations represent not merely a prolongation of the Third
Industrial Revolution but rather the arrival of a Fourth and distinct one: velocity, scope, and systems
impact. The speed of current breakthroughs has no historical precedent. When compared with previous
industrial revolutions, the Fourth is evolving at an exponential rather than a linear pace. Moreover, it is
disrupting almost every industry in every country. And the breadth and depth of these changes herald
the transformation of entire systems of production, management, and governance. [1]

The I4.0 was first coined by Germans in 2011. Then on it has gained popularity in industries and has
opened a gateway to revolutionizing the future industry. The concept of I4.0 entails a host of new
technologies that together play their role in realizing the goals of I4.0. Some of these new technologies
are given an introduction below.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been defined in Recommendation ITU-T Y.2060 (06/2012) as a global
infrastructure for the information society, enabling advanced services by interconnecting (physical and
virtual) things based on existing and evolving interoperable information and communication
technologies. [2] IoT has been increase with the advancement of mobile devices. IoT can be achieved
with connected RFID, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), middleware, CC, IoT application software and
Software Defined Networking (SDN) as the key enabling technologies. [3]

Cloud Computing (CC)

Cloud Computing (CC) is an alternative technology for companies who intent to invest in IT
outsourcing resources. CC is characterized for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) as a
resource pooling with rapid elasticity and measured service, on-demand self-service and broad
network access. The adoption of CC has several advantages related to cost reduction, e.g., the
direct and indirect costs on the removal of IT infrastructure in the organization, the resource
rationalization service by the dynamically scalable users consuming only the computing
resources they actually use or portability when using any type of device connected to the
internet such as mobile phones or tablets.
Big Data (BD)
Big data is a term that describes the large volume of data – both structured and unstructured –
that inundates a business on a day-to-day basis. But it’s not the amount of data that’s
important. It’s what organizations do with the data that matters. Big data can be analyzed for
insights that lead to better decisions and strategic business moves. [4]
Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Manufacturing paradigm is shifting rapidly production from mass towards customized
production, requiring robots, for instance, as a reconfigurable automation technology. The
impact on the production systems of the manufacturing companies is that this trend leads to
the production adaptation for a wider product variation, focusing ideally on batch size one.
Nowadays, to reach the flexibility demanded level, robots are essential on production systems.
Towards that, abilities on computing, communication, control, autonomy and sociality are
achieved terms when combining microprocessors and Artificial Intelligence (AI) with products,
services, and machines to make them become smarter. Robots with AI, adaptive and flexible,
can facilitate different products manufacturing and consequently providing decreasing
production costs. In addition, a robot also can be seen as one of the forms of AI. [3]
Augmented Reality (AR)
Augmented reality (AR) is an interactive experience of a real-world environment where the objects that
reside in the real world are enhanced by computer-generated perceptual information, sometimes across
multiple sensory modalities, including visual, auditory, haptic, somatosensory and olfactory. [5]

Cyber Security (CS)

Every year, increasingly, devices are connected to the global network: the internet. In a close future, the
main source of data will be inanimate objects. By this, IoT, virtual environments, remote access, stored
data on cloud systems, etc., are many open opportunities that represents increasing new vulnerabilities
leading to a compromised information for people and enterprises. The risk scenario becomes reality
because the enterprise boundaries are unclear and are vanishing. Cybersecurity (CS) is a new term on a
high level of information security, and through the word ‘‘cyber” it spreads to apply also on industrial
environments and IoT. CS is a technology laying on protecting, detecting and responding to attacks.

AM in perspective of Industry 4.0

The Additive Manufacturing (AM) paradigm is being increasingly developed and it brings into real
industry, high feasible applications [85]. Jian et al. [86] discussed the potential of AM on the
replacement of many conventional manufacturing processes. AM is an enabling technology helping on
new products, new business the conventional surpluses, so it is a big advantage. AM technologies can be
referred also with other synonyms such as rapid prototyping, solid freeform manufacturing, layer
manufacturing, digital manufacturing or 3D printing [88]. With AM it’s possible to create prototypes to
allow value chain elements independence, and therefore, achieving time reduction on design and
manufacturing process. As follows in Fig. 16, AM processes are classified into seven categories according
to the standard of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO)/American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM) 52900:2015 (ASTM standard F2792). [3]

 Manufactured parts directly from CAD data files (final or near final parts with minimal to no
additional processing);
 Greater customization without extra tooling or manufacturing cost;
 Manufacturing of complex geometries (some geometries cannot be achieved on conventional
processes, otherwise, it is achieved by splitting it into several parts);
  Manufacturing of hollow parts (achieving less weight) or lattice structures;
 Maximization of the material utilization for the ‘‘zero waste” approach;
 Smaller operational foot-print towards manufacturing a large variety of parts;
 On-demand manufacturing and excellent scalability.

There is an interface of AM technologies with every aspect of the technologies utilized in I4.0. Together
these technologies are going to reshape the manufacturing landscape as we know it.

Conclusions
There is an interface of AM technologies with every aspect of the technologies utilized in I4.0. Together
these technologies are going to reshape the manufacturing landscape as we know it. The end goal is the
creation of Smart Industry that will entail the use of these new technologies to respond to the ever
increasing customer demand and mass customization of the products. Apart from the positive aspect
there are negative aspects of these technologies as well. It includes lesser share of middle class income
group as the jobs in these smart industries will require high skills and will garner this from more talent.
The pool of jobs will be polarized into very high income and very low income and middle class will suffer,
however, as humanity grown out of all the differences in previous industrial revolutions, so will it grow
out better from these challenges as well.

“In the end, it all comes down to people and values. We need to shape a future that works for all of us
by putting people first and empowering them. In its most pessimistic, dehumanized form, the Fourth
Industrial Revolution may indeed have the potential to “robotize” humanity and thus to deprive us of
our heart and soul. But as a complement to the best parts of human nature—creativity, empathy,
stewardship—it can also lift humanity into a new collective and moral consciousness based on a shared
sense of destiny. It is incumbent on us all to make sure the latter prevails.” [2]

References

[1] https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/01/the-fourth-industrial-revolution-what-it-means-
and-how-to-respond/

[2] https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/gsi/iot/Pages/default.aspx

[3] V. Alcácer, V. Cruz-Machado, Scanning the Industry 4.0: A Literature Review on Technologies for
Manufacturing Systems, Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal, Volume 22, Issue
3, 2019, Pages 899-919,

[4] https://www.sas.com/en_us/insights/big-data/what-is-big-data.html#:~:text=Big%20data%20is
%20a%20term,with%20the%20data%20that%20matters.

[5] "The Lengthy History of Augmented Reality". Huffington Post. 15 May 2016