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Transient Stability Studies Tutorial 1
Transient Stability Studies Tutorial 1
Abstract— Power-system stability is a term applied to Transient stability studies deal with the effects of large,
alternating-current electric power systems, denoting a condition sudden disturbances, such as the occurrence of the fault, the
in which the various synchronous machines of the system remain sudden outage of a line [1] [2].
in synchronism, or "in step," with each other. Conversely, Transient stability entails the evaluation of a power
instability denotes a condition involving loss of synchronism, or system’s ability to withstand large disturbances, and to survive
falling "out of step". Occurrence of a fault in a power system
transition to a normal operating condition. These disturbances
causes transients. To stabilize the system load flow analysis is
done. Actually in practice the fault generally occurs in the load can be faults such as: a short circuit on a transmission line,
side. As we controlling load side which will lead to complex loss of a generator, loss of a load, gain of load or loss of a
problem in order to avoid that we are controlling the generator portion of transmission network. Large number of simulations
side. This paper covers the transient stability analysis of 400 kV is carried out regularly during planning stages to gain
substation of Soja. A three phase fault is located at specified bus knowledge of this system. Yet, even a well designed and
to analyze the effect of fault location in critical clearing time on normally operated system may face the threat of transient
the system stability. instability [3].
On the platform of ETAP, a worldwide-used simulation tool
Keywords- critical clearing time, ETAP, three phase fault,
for power system analysis, the electric grid is settled up for the
transient, transient stability.
modeling of generators, transformers, lines, cables, loads, the
I. INTRODUCTION external equivalent grid, etc. Eleven typical load flow
operations, including operation structures under normal,
Successful operation of a power system depends largely on maintenance and extreme conditions, are set up as base cases
the engineer's ability to provide reliable and uninterrupted for the detailed study, including inter-connected situation and
service to the loads. The reliability of the power supply isolated operation, or some key electric equipment out of
implies much more than merely being available. Ideally, the service. With the units’ number increasing, the system
loads must be fed at constant voltage and frequency at all presents rotor angle stability. With the multiple voltage levels
times. The first requirement of reliable service is to keep the in the system, voltage profile is sensitive to the system
synchronous generators running in parallel and with adequate structure and operation point. It is critical for the case that
capacity to meet the load demand. Synchronous machines do most of the loads are large motors. Although the system is
not easily fall out of step under normal conditions. A second connected to the bulk system under normal condition, it may
requirement of reliable electrical service is to maintain the operate isolated at extremely fault contingency. Then the
integrity of the power network. The high-voltage transmission system faces the demanding requirement of frequency stability
system connects the generating stations and the load centers. and control [4].
Power-system stability is a term applied to alternating-current The aim of the investigation is to analyze the behavior of
electric power systems, denoting a condition in which the the synchronous machine in particular the angular position of
various synchronous machines of the system remain in the rotor with respect to time after the fault occurs in the
synchronism, or "in step," with each other. Conversely, system. Section II is the study of transient stability analysis.
instability denotes a condition involving loss of synchronism, Section III describes the development of system model.
or falling "out of step." Section IV is short circuit analysis of the model. Section V
For convenience of analysis, stability problems are describes the results for transient stability. Section VI
generally divided into two major categories: concludes the paper.
• Steady-state stability
• Transient stability II. TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS
Steady-state stability refers to the ability of the power
A. Transient stability
system to regain synchronism after small and slow
disturbances, such as ground power changes. An extension of Each generator operates at the same synchronous speed and
the steady-state stability is known as the dynamic stability. frequency of 50 hertz while a delicate balance between the
input mechanical power and output electrical power is the machine reactance and the line reactance into a single
maintained. Whenever generation is less than the actual reactance, we have an electric circuit consisting of two
consumer load, the system frequency falls. On the other hand, constant-voltage sources, Eg and EM, connected through
whenever the generation is more than the actual load, the
reactance X =XG + XL + XM. It will be shown that the power
system frequency rise. The generators are also interconnected
with each other and with the loads they supply via high transmitted from the generator to the motor depends upon the
voltage transmission line. phase difference δ of the two voltages EG and EM. Since these
The power system is routinely subjected to a variety of voltages are generated by the flux produced by the field
disturbances. Even the act of switching on an appliance in the windings of the machines, their phase difference is the same as
house can be regarded as a disturbance. However, given the the electrical angle between the machine rotors. The vector
size of the system and the scale of the perturbation caused by diagram of voltages is shown in Fig.2 Vectorially,
the switching of an appliance in comparison to the size and
EG = EM + jXI (1)
capability of the interconnected system, the effects are not
Hence the current is,
=
measurable. Large disturbance do occur on the system. These
include severe lightning strikes, loss of transmission line
(2)
carrying bulk power due to overloading. The ability of power
system to survive the transition following a large disturbance The power output of the generator and likewise the power
and reach an acceptable operating condition is called transient input of the motor, since there is no resistance in the line is
stability. given by,
=
Any disturbance in the system will cause the imbalance
between the mechanical power input to the generator and
=
electrical power output of the generator to be affected. As a
(3)
Where Re means “the real part of” and means the
result, some of the generators will tend to speed up and some
conjugate of .
will tend to slow down. If, for a particular generator, this
tendency is too great, it will no longer remain in synchronism
with the rest of the system and will be automatically
disconnected from the system. This phenomenon is referred to Now let,
as a generator going out of step. = ∠0
B. Elementary view of transient stability analysis
And
= ∠
= ∠
−
Then
(4)
So,
∠ − ∠0
=
∠ −
∠90°
−
=
∠
90° − ∠
−90° −
Fig.1.Simple two machine power system
=− cos
−90° −
= sin
$
(5)
motor over a circuit composed of series inductive reactance internal voltages EG and EM is,
'() =
XL. Each of the synchronous machines may be represented, at
least approximately, by a constant-voltage source in series
And occurs at a displacement angle δ = 90°. The value of
with a constant reactance. Thus the generator is represented by maximum power may be increased by rising either of the
Eg and Xg; and the motor, by EM and XM. Upon combining internal voltages or by decreasing the circuit reactance [1].
C. Swing equation
The electromechanical equation describing the relative
motion of the rotor load angle (δ) with respect to the stator
field as a function of time is known as Swing equation. The Fig.4. Equal-area criterion (sudden change of load).
swing equation in terms of the inertia constant becomes, Consider the machine operating at the equilibrium point δ0,
+,-
corresponding to the mechanical power input Pm0 = Pe0 as
* .
= ' −
+/ ,
(6) shown in figure 4. Consider a sudden step increase in input
power represented by horizontal line Pm1. Since Pm1 > Pe0, the
Where, accelerating power on the rotor is positive and the power angle
M = inertia constant, it is not really constant when the rotor δ increases. The excess energy stored in the rotor during the
speed deviates from the synchronous speed. initial acceleration is
Pm = Shaft power input, corrected for windage and friction
-
5-
'6 − 7 = 89:8 8;< = 89:8 =6
>
losses. (10)
?
Pe = Pa sin δ = electrical power output, corrected for electrical
losses. With increase in δ, the electrical power increases, and when δ
Pa = amplitude for the power angle curve. = δ1, the electrical power matches the new input power Pm1.
δm = mechanical power angle. Even though the acceleration power is zero at this point, the
rotor is running above synchronous speed; hence, δ and
Swing equation in terms of electrical angle is, electrical power Pe will continue to increase. Now Pm < Pe,
causing the rotor to decelerate toward synchronous speed until
+, -
* = ' − δ = δmax. According to Equation for stability,
0 +/ ,
(7)
-
D. Equal-area criterian 5-
' − 7 = 0 (11)
?
The transient stability studies involve the determination of The rotor must swing past point b until an equal amount of
whether or not synchronism is maintained after the machine energy is given up by the rotating masses. The energy given
has been subjected to sever disturbance. This may be sudden up by the rotor as it decelerates back to synchronous speed is,
application of load, loss of generation, loss of large load, or a -.AB
fault on the system. In most disturbances, oscillations are of @
'6 − 7 = 89:8 ;7:
->
= 89:8 =
such magnitude that linearization is not permissible and the
nonlinear swing equation must be solved. A method known as (12)
The result is that the rotor swings to point b and the
angle '() , at which point
the equal-area criterion can be used for a quick prediction of
stability. This method is based on the graphical interpretation
|89:8 =6 | = |89:8 = |
of the energy stored in the rotating mass as an aid to determine
if the machine maintains its stability after a disturbance. The (13)
method is only applicable to a one-machine system connected
to an infinite bus or a two-machine system. This is known as the equal-area criterion. The rotor angle
Consider a synchronous machine connected to an infinite would then oscillate back and forth between δ0 and δmax at its
bus. The swing equation with damping neglected is given by, natural frequency. The damping present in the machine will
1 +, -
= ' − = (
cause these oscillations to subside and the new steady state
234 +/ ,
(8)
operation would be established at point b [5].
Fig. 8 (c) shows the reactive power plot (Mvar vs. Time (sec))
for generator 1&2.
Fig.8 (b) shows the impedance plot (X in % machine base vs. Fig. 8 (e) shows the plot for speed variation (Rpm vs. Time
R in % machine base). (sec)) for generator 1&2.
REFERENCES
[1] Ankit Jha, Lalthangliana Ralte, Ashwinee Kumar, Pinak Ranjan Pati
TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS USING EQUAL AREA
CRITERION USING SIMULINKMODEL”, Department of Electrical
Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela, 2008-09.
[2] Pranamita Basu, Aiswarya Harichandan, “POWER SYSTEM STABILITY
STUDIES USING MATLAB”, National Institute of Technology Rourkela-
769008, Orissa..
[3] P.K. Iyambo, R. Tzonova, “Transient Stability Analysis of the IEEE 14-
Bus Electrical Power System”, IEEE Conf. 2007.
[4] Liang Wang, Li Li, Shanshan Shi, Yiwei Zhang, Zongxiang Lu, Junliang
ZhangG. Eason, B. Noble, and I. N. “Stability and Security Assessment for an
Industrial Electric Grid with Enterprise-owned Power Plants”, DRPT2008 6-9
April 2008 Nanjing China 1563.
[5] Hadi Saadat, “Power System Analysis”, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Comp. Ltd, New Delhi, Sixteenth reprint 2009.
Fig. 8 (h) Generator Absolute Power angle [6] ETAP version 7.5.0.