DC

 Transfer  Curve  

And  its  applica4ons  

Basic  Transistor  Equa4ons  
 DC  Transfer  curve  

Rela4on  between  Vout  and  Vin  under    

DC  condi4ons  
Graphical  Approach  
 The  transfer  curve  

Transistor’s  regimes  of  opera4on  

Current  drawn  from  supply  
Beta  ra4o  effects  
Vinv:  Inverter  Trip  Point  

Vinv  
Vinv  calcula4on  
Vinv  
 Skewed  Inverters  

Lo-­‐Skew  

Hi-­‐Skew  

Vinv  
 Process  Varia4ons  
•  Threshold  voltages  are  random  variables  
–  Gaussian  pdf  is  a  good  approxima4on  
•  Consequantly,  inverter  trip  point  (Vinv)  
–  Is  also  a  random  variable  
–  As  are  other  characteris4cs  which  depend  on  
threshold  
Voltage  to  logic  levels  
Noise  Margin  Defini4ons  

Indicates  tolerance  to  noise  

 Why  is  there  noise?  
•  DC  Noise  due  to  sta4c  voltage  drops  in  the  
power  grid  
•  AC  noise:  
–   due  to  coupling  of  switching  signals  
–  Transients  in  power  grid  
 Importance  of  gain  
•  Larger  gain  beUer  noise  margin  
•  Restoring  effect  of  logic  levels  in  a  long  chain  
•  Large  Vt  –  beUer  gain  
Sta4c  Noise  Margin  for  Memory  Cell  

BuUerfly  Diagram