well testing

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1. 2. Fracture ... 18. atm, cm3/s, List the units originally used by Darcy in his
Gradient cp and D flow experiments
2. 2. Free ... 19. average The pressure that would be obtained if all
Gas reservoir fluid motion ceases in a given volume of
pressure reservoir. It also is the pressure to which a
3. 2. Pipe ...
well will ultimately rise if shut in for an
4. 2. Wavy ... infinite period.
Stratified
20. back flow Fluid flow in the borehole from one zone into
Flow
another in response to pressure differences
5. 3. https://o.quizlet.com/jKZcyT5VSm2BF1vOiv5wvA_m.png between the zones
Adsorbed
21. bilinear flow This flow regime is seen most commonly in
Gas
tests of hydraulically fractured wells and
6. 3. Annular https://o.quizlet.com/s3mrElGwxLQkzt1P7kQR9g_m.png occurs for finite-conductivity fracture where
space or linear flow exists both in the fracture and to
annulus the fracture plane. This flow regime is
7. 3. https://o.quizlet.com/IURDZH.zRH9MC5.RFyiZCg_m.png recognized as a 1/4 slope in the pressure
Lithostatic derivative on the log-log diagnostic plot.
Pressure 22. bottomhole The pressure measured in a well at or near
Gradient pressure the depth of the producing formation.
8. 3. Slug ... 23. bottomhole A well shut in slightly above the producing
Flow shut in formation by use of special downhole tools
9. 4. ... containing a valve that can be
Dispersed preprogrammed or controlled from the
Bubble surface.
Flow 24. boundary The flux (flow rate) or pressure states
10. 5. ... conditions assigned to the theoretical boundaries used
Stratified in developing and solving the differential
Flow equations that apply to well testing and in
specifying a model to match to pressure-
11. 6. Annular https://o.quizlet.com/DyR.YIFP7zqPhgVWuCwsNw_m.png
transient data.
Flow
25. bounded Reservoirs with sealed or apparent outer
12. acidizing The pumping of acid into the wellbore to remove near-
reservoir boundaries that result in pressure depletion.
well formation damage and other damaging substances.
This procedure commonly enhances production by 26. Bourdet and Name as many type curves as you can...
increasing the effective well radius. When performed atGringarten -
pressures above the pressure required to fracture the that's a log-
formation, the procedure is often referred to as acid log type
fracturing. curve,
Gringarten et
13. adjusted t = cumulative well production since the last extended
al, Ramey,
flow time shut-in period divided by the flow rate just before a well
McKinley,
is shut in for a buildup test.
27. bubble point The pressure and temperature conditions at
14. adjusted The approximated flow time used for a well-test analysis
which the first bubble of gas comes out of
flow time when the flow rate varies before or during the test
solution in oil.
period.
28. buildup test The measurement and analysis of (usually)
15. afterflow The flow associated with wellbore storage following a
bottomhole pressure data acquired after a
surface shut-in.
producing well is shut in.
16. anisotropic A formation with directionally dependent properties.
formation
17. annulus The space between two concentric pipe strings, such as
between the production tubing and casing in a well.
29. closed A type of drillstem testing conducted with 43. deconvolution A mathematical operation that uses
chamber the drillstring in the hole and the surface downhole flow-rate measurements to
testing valve closed to create a closed chamber of transform bottomhole pressure
known volume into which the reservoir fluid measurements distorted by variable rates to
can flow. an interpretable transient. This operation
does not assume a particular model for the
30. closed in well A well with a valve closed to halt
pressure-transient response.
production.
44. depletion The drop in reservoir pressure or
31. commercial A rate, or production volume, sufficient to
hydrocarbon reserves resulting from
rate satisfy project economics.
production of reservoir fluids.
32. commingled A wellbore completed in two or more
45. dew point The pressure at which the first condensate
completion reservoir zones that are not in hydraulic
liquid comes out of solution in a gas
communication in the reservoir. Backflow is
condensate.
common during rate cutbacks and buildup
tests on these types of completions. 46. diffusion A fundamental differential equation obtained
equation by combining the continuity equation, flow
33. compressibility The relative change in fluid volume related
law and equation of state. Most of the
to a unit change in pressure. This is usually
mathematics of well testing were derived
expressed as volume change per unit
from solutions of this equation, which was
volume of fluid per psi of pressure change.
originally developed for the study of heat
34. condensate Liquid phase occurring in gas condensate transfer.
reservoirs when the pressure is below the
47. drainage area The reservoir area or volume drained by the
dewpoint pressure.
well.
35. constant rate A flow rate that does not change
48. drainage The portion of the volume of a reservoir
appreciably during a test period
volume drained by a well.
36. continuity Material balance expressed in a differential
49. drawdown The measurement and analysis of pressure
equation equation.
test data taken after a well is put on production,
37. convolution A mathematical operation that uses either initially or following an extended
downhole flow-rate measurements to shut-in period.
transform bottomhole pressure
50. drillstem test Usually conducted with the drillstring still in
measurements distorted by variable rates to
the hole these tests use a downhole shut-in
an interpretable transient.
tool that allows the well to be opened and
38. convolve To mathematically transform bottomhole closed at the bottom of the hole with a
pressure measurements distorted by surface-actuated valve.
variable rates to an interpretable transient.
51. drillstem test What does DST stand for?
39. correcting A procedure for correcting pressure
52. DST pressure The characteristic plot of pressure versus
pressure to a measurements in a reservoir to a common
chart time obtained from the mechanical
datum datum level. This is not required for
recording of pressure gauges in a DST tool.
calculating kh, permeability thickness, and
s, skin effect, but is required for determining 53. dual A wellbore with simultaneous production of
average reservoir pressures completion hydrocarbons, water or both from more than
one producing zone.
40. cushion A fluid column (usually water or nitrogen)
put in the drillstem to provide the desired 54. dual A dual-porosity reservoir in which flow to
backpressure at the start of a drillstem test. permeability the well occurs in both primary and
reservoir secondary porosity systems.
41. Darcy units Units of atm, cm3/s, cp and D, as originally
used by Darcy in flow experiments. 55. dual porosity A rock characterized by primary porosity
reservoir from original deposition and secondary
42. datum level The depth to which pressures are corrected
porosity from some other mechanism, and in
to adjust for differences in elevations at
which all flow to the well effectively occurs
which pressure measurements are made in
in one porosity system, and most of the fluid
different wells or at different times.
is stored in the other.
56. early time The data observed before the start of 70. flowing well A well in which the formation pressure is
transient data radial flow (middle-time transient data). sufficient to produce oil at a commercial
rate without requiring a pump.
57. effective The value of wellbore radius that
wellbore radius produces equivalent results to those 71. flow period Part of a well test when the well is flowing.
obtained using a skin factor of zero. It is usually specified prior to tests to
ensure that a stable flow situation has been
58. equation of state An equation that specifies fluid density as
reached or so that reservoir properties can
a function of pressure and temperature.
be calculated
59. The factor z, What is gas deviation factor and in which
72. flow regime The predominant flow geometry reflected in
defined by the equation is it used?
a pressure-transient response that is most
real (nonideal)
easily recognized in the log-log
gas equation of
presentation of the pressure-change
state, pV = znRT.
derivative.
60. fall off test The measurement and analysis of
73. flow unit A rock volume with identifiable fluid flow
pressure data taken after an injection well
characteristics that can be modeled,
is shut in.
including heterogeneity or anisotropy.
61. False - well test True or false - most well test analysis
74. fluid The relative change in fluid volume related
analysis assumes multiphase flow?
compressibility to a unit change in pressure. This is usually
generally
expressed as volume change per unit
assumes single
volume of fluid per psi of pressure change.
phase flow
75. formation Pressure above which injection of fluids will
62. final flowing The pressure determined at the formation
fracture cause the rock formation to fracture
pressure face just prior to shut-in for a buildup
pressure hydraulically.
test. This value is required to determine
the skin effect.
63. final flow period The final flow sequence in a drillstem
test.
64. final shut in The final buildup sequence in a drillstem
period test.
65. finite A planar crack penetrated by a well or
conductivity propagated from a well by hydraulic
fracture fracturing with nonzero pressure drop in
the fracture during production.
66. finite wellbore The solution to the diffusion equation that
solution results when the well (inner) boundary
condition is treated as a cylinder of finite
radius instead of treating the well as a
line source.
67. flow after flow Gas-well tests, often required by law, in
tests which one flow rate immediately follows
another, with each flow period reaching
stabilized flow.
68. flow efficiency The value that results when the actual
productivity index is divided by the
productivity index predicted from Darcy's
law. Bonus: what value of flow efficiency
indicates damage/stimulation?
69. flowing pressure The pressure determined at the formation
face during the flowing periods of a well
test.
76. The formation of liquid hydrocarbons in a For 20 points, 82. gas Hydrocarbon liquid dissolved in saturated
gas reservoir as the pressure in the explain what is condensate natural gas that comes out of solution when
reservoir decreases below dewpoint meant by the pressure drops below the dewpoint.
pressure during production. It is called retrograde
83. gas formation Gas volume at reservoir conditions divided
retrograde because some of the gas behavior
volume factor by gas volume at standard conditions.
condenses into a liquid under isothermal
conditions instead of expanding or 84. gas gravity Hydrocarbon gas density expressed as the
vaporizing when pressure is decreased. (molecular ratio of the molecular weight of the gas to
weight of air is the molecular weight of air. Bonus: what is
77. fracture conductivity Product of
28.97g/cc) the molecular weight of air?
fracture
permeability 85. gas oil ratio The ratio of produced gas to produced oil,
times fracture commonly abbreviated GOR.
width for a 86. gas solubility The volume of gas (at standard conditions)
finite- factor liberated from a volume of oil (at standard
conductivity conditions).
fracture.
87. gas well A producing well with natural gas as the
78. fractured well analysis Analysis of a primary commercial product.
well that passes
88. gas well The calculated or measured rate a gas well
through a
deliverability will produce for a given bottomhole or
natural fracture
wellhead pressure.
or that has been
hydraulically 89. Henry Darcy Who showed that the common
fractured. mathematics of heat transfer could be
modified to adequately describe fluid flow
79. fracture gradient The factor used
in porous media?
to determine
formation 90. heterogeneous Formation with rock properties changing
fracturing formation with location in the reservoir
pressure as a 91. homogeneous Formation with rock properties that do not
function of well formation change with location in the reservoir.
depth in units of
psi/ft. 92. Horner slope The slope of the chosen straight-line
section of a Horner plot. It is used to
80. fracture half-length Radial distance determine permeability thickness, kh, of the
from the producing zone in the vicinity of the
wellbore to the wellbore.
outer tip of a
fracture 93. humping The abnormal behavior in a buildup curve
penetrated by caused by phase redistribution in a
the well or wellbore. This behavior is most noticeable
propagated in oil wells producing a substantial amount
from the well by of gas and having a substantial skin effect.
hydraulic Analysis of buildup curves for wells
fracturing. exhibiting this behavior can be difficult or
impossible
81. free gas Gas that exists
in the reservoir 94. hydrogen An extraordinarily poisonous gas with a
in the gaseous sulfide molecular formula of H2S. At low
phase rather concentrations, H2S has the odor of rotten
than in solution. eggs, but at higher, lethal concentrations, it
is odorless
95. ideal gas A gas defined by the fundamental equation
of state PV=nRT
96. image well A virtual well used to mathematically
create the effect of a flow barrier.
97. impermeable barrier A single, impenetrable barrier to fluid flow
112. Line
in a reservoir
1: ...
that causes a change of a factor of two in the Vapor
slope of
buildup or drawdown curves. Pressure
Line
98. infinite acting radial Flow into the wellbore during a well test, from a reservoir
flow with no apparent outer boundary limit affecting
113. Line fluid
2: flow ...
during the test period Melting
Point Line
99. infinite conductivity A planar crack penetrated by a well or propagated from a
fracture well by hydraulic fracturing with zero pressure
114. Linedrop
3: in the ...
fracture during production. Sublimation
Line
100. In geophysics, what is The diffusion equation
the name of the https://o.quizlet.com/ROpmmzAEm4I2dpNFKiuDAQ_m.png
115. linear flow A flow regime characterized by parallel flow
following equation? lines in the reservoir. This results from flow to a
fracture or a long horizontal well, or from flow
101. initial flow period A short flow period at the beginning of a drillstem test. This
in an elongated reservoir, such as a fluvial
period is followed immediately by a longer shut-in period
channel, or as a formation bounded by
to allow the pressure to closely approach initial reservoir
parallel faults. It is recognized as a +1/2 slope
pressure.
in the pressure derivative on the log-log
102. initial reservoir The reservoir pressure measured in a discovery well, diagnostic plot. Its presence enables
pressure usually referred to as pi. This value is necessary for many determination of the fracture half-length or the
reservoir engineering calculations, such as reserve channel or reservoir width, if permeability can
determination. be determined independently.
103. initial shut in period The comparatively short shut-in period following the initialThe solution to differential equations treating
116. line source
flow period of a drillstem test. solution the well as a vertical line through a porous
104. injection well testing The testing of wells in which fluid is being injected into themedium.
reservoir. The most common type of test117.is liquid
a falloff test, inThe depth at which the first liquid is found in a
level
which injection is halted and the pressure decline is well.
measured as a function of time.
118. material An expression for conservation of mass
105. interference testing The pressure variation with time recorded inbalance
observation governed by the observation that the amount
wells resulting from changes in rates in production or of mass leaving a control volume is equal to
injection wells. the amount of mass entering the volume minus
106. isotropic formation A type of formation whose rock properties are the same inthe amount of mass accumulated in the
all directions. volume.

107. kh - 119. middle

This product is the primary finding of buildup and A common term for the infinite-acting radial
permeability.thickness drawdown tests and is a key factor in the flow potential offlow regime. This portion of the pressure-
time
product transient
a well. It is used for a large number of reservoir transient response is between wellbore-
data
engineering calculations such as prediction of future dominated flow regimes in the early-time
performance, secondary and tertiary recovery potential, transient data and boundary-dominated flow
and potential success of well-stimulation procedures. regimes in the late-time transient data.

108. late time transient 120. modified

The portion of the pressure transient occurring after radial A multirate test designed as a series of
data isochronal
flow. Analysis provides characterization of outer drawdown and buildup sequences at different
boundaries such as faults or fluid contacts. test drawdown flow rates, with each drawdown
and buildup of the same duration. The purpose
109. layer A slab of reservoir rock bounded above and below by
of the test is to determine well deliverability,
another layer in vertical hydraulic communication.
and this type of test is most commonly done in
110. layered reservoir An advanced testing technique using a combination of gas wells.
testing transient-rate and pressure measurements and stabilized
121. modified A type of deliverability test conducted in gas
flow profiles to determine permeability and skin for each of
isochronal wells to generate a stabilized gas
several layers commingled in a well.
test deliverability curve (IPR).
111. limited entry A completion with only a portion of the productive interval
122. multiphase The simultaneous flow of more than one fluid
open to flow, either by design or as a result of damage.
flow phase through a porous medium.
Results in partial penetration.
123. multiple rate tests Tests conducted at a 130. non-Darcy Fluid flow that deviates from Darcy's law,
series of different flow flow which assumes laminar flow in the formation.
rates for the purpose of Typically observed in high-rate gas wells
determining well when the flow converging to the wellbore
deliverability, typically in reaches flow velocities exceeding the
gas wells where non- Reynolds number for laminar or Darcy flow,
Darcy flow near the well and results in turbulent flow. Since most of
results in a rate- the turbulent flow takes place near the
dependent skin effect. wellbore in producing formations, the effect
of this flow is a rate-dependent skin effect.
124. A multirate test designed as a What is an isochronal
series of drawdown and buildup test? 131. nonideal A gas described by an equation of state of
sequences at different gas the form pV = znRT, where z is the gas
drawdown flow rates, with each deviation factor dependent on pressure,
drawdown of the same duration temperature and gas composition.
and each buildup reaching
132. oil Oil and dissolved gas volume at reservoir
stabilization at the same
formation conditions divided by oil volume at standard
pressure as at the start of the
volume conditions.
test.
factor
125. Name all the different flow 1. Plug Flow
133. oil well A producing well with oil as its primary
regimes.
commercial product.
126. Name all the elements of the Phase 1: Solid
134. partial Completion of or flow from less than the
presented phase diagram.
completion entire producing interval. This situation causes
127. Name the different lines 1. Hydrostatic Pressure a near-well flow constriction that results in a
presented in this pressure Gradient positive skin effect in a well-test analysis.
versus depth plot.
135. partial An incompletely drilled portion of the
128. Name the sections/elements 1. Rock penetration productive interval.
presented in this image.
136. Permeability What is meant by sotropic permeability?
129. naturally flowing well A well in which the that is the
formation pressure is same in all
sufficient to produce oil directions.
at a commercial rate
137. Permeability Define directional permeability
without requiring a
that varies
pump.
with
direction of
flow through
the porous
medium.
138. permeability This product is the primary finding of buildup
thickness and drawdown tests and is a key factor in the
flow potential of a well.
139. Phase 2: ...
Liquid
140. Phase 3: Gas ...
141. phase A pressure phenomenon caused in a wellbore by 154. risepressure
of A plot of p2 versus time function used to
redistribution gas and fall of liquids trapped in a wellbore after a squared plot analyze low-pressure gas-well drawdown
surface shut-in. This phenomenon can cause a "hump" in and buildup tests. The square term arises
the buildup curve, and frequently leads to incorrect from substituting a gas-law equation into
analysis of buildup test results because the entire early the differential equations where required to
portion of the transient is adversely affected by this account for fluid compressibility. This
pressure response. allows an approximation for the
differential equations that approaches the
142. Point 1: ...
linear form required to use the classical
Critical Point
solutions of the diffusion equation.
143. Point 2: https://o.quizlet.com/YYUlwyFm8XbOWtzE2slXeA_m.png
155. pressure The analysis of pressure changes over
Triple Point
transient time, especially those associated with
144. pore- A change in pore pressure as a function of distance. This analysis small variations in the volume of fluid.
pressure can refer to radial change in pore pressure with distance
156. pressure Well tests in which pressure is recorded as
gradient from the well (which can be calculated from well-test
transient well a function of time and interpreted using
analysis results) or to change in pore pressure with depth
tests various analysis methods.
145. porous A rock or soil with interconnected pores that permit flow
157. production The flow period before a buildup. The
medium of fluids through the medium.
period duration of the production period should
146. pressure The force distributed over a surface, usually measured in be specified in the test design to assure
pounds force per square inch, or lbf/ in.2, or psi, in US that a stable flow situation is reached
oilfield units.
158. The production In relation to well testing, what is meant
147. pressure A rise in well pressure as a function of time observedrate just prior by final flow rate?
buildup after a well is shut in or after the production rate is to shut-in for a
reduced. buildup test.
148. pressure The drop in average reservoir pressure from fluid 159. prorated well A well in which the maximum production
depletion production. rate is fixed by law. These laws were
149. pressure The differential pressure that drives fluids from the developed by producing states primarily
drawdown reservoir into the wellbore. to control the market and avoid periodic
price collapses.
150. pressure- The analysis of pressure-transient behavior observed
drawdown 160. pseudopressure
while the well is flowing. Results are generally much less A plot of real gas pseudopressure
analysis accurate than those from pressure buildup tests plot (pseudopotential) m(p) versus time
function used to analyze gas-well
151. pressure The pressure decline after halting or reducing fluid
drawdown and buildup tests. The use of
falloff injection in a well.
the real gas pseudopressure linearizes the
152. pressure A device used to measure pressure. diffusion equation for gas flow. This form
gauge enables rigorous analysis over all
153. pressure A change in pressure as a function of distance. This can pressure ranges. The pressure-squared
gradient refer to radial change in pore pressure with distance from plot can be used for low pressure (p <
the well (which can be calculated from well-test analysis ~2000 psi), and pressure can be used to
results), to change in pore pressure with depth (which can analyze gas-well tests at high pressure (p
be measured by formation tests, and implies formation > ~3000 psi).
fluid density and/or fluid contacts) or to change in
wellbore fluid pressure with depth (which can be
measured with production logs, and implies wellbore
fluid density).
161. pseudosteady Behavior observed when a well reaches 168. single The flow of a single-phase fluid, such as oil,
state stabilized production from a limited phase flow water or gas, through porous media.
drainage volume. For constant-rate
169. skin The zone of reduced or enhanced
production, under pseudosteady state, the
permeability around a wellbore, often
difference between the flowing wellbore
explained by formation damage and mud-
pressure and the average reservoir pressure
filtrate invasion during drilling or perforating,
in the drainage volume is constant, and the
or by well stimulation.
pressure drawdown is a linear function of
time, resulting in a unit slope in the log-log 170. skin A dimensionless factor calculated to
pressure derivative. The late-time buildup determine the production efficiency of a well
pressure will level off to the average by comparing actual conditions with
reservoir pressure if the buildup duration is theoretical or ideal conditions.
sufficient long, resulting in a sudden drop in 171. skin effect An increase or decrease in the pressure drop
the log-log pressure derivative. Pressure predicted with Darcy's law using the value of
depletion occurs permeability thickness, kh, determined from a
162. pumping well A well produced by use of some kind of buildup or drawdown test. The difference is
downhole pump. assumed to be caused by the "skin." Skin effect
can be either positive or negative. The skin
163. pumping well Testing that is accomplished by measuring
effect is termed positive if there is an increase
tests pressure in the annulus, or by pulling the
in pressure drop, and negative when there is a
pump and running a pressure gauge in the
decrease, as compared with the predicted
hole.
Darcy pressure drop. A positive skin effect
164. Radial = flat Describe the characteristic shapes of radial, indicates extra flow resistance near the
derivative. spherical, linear and bi-linear flow on a log- wellbore, and a negative skin effect indicates
Spherical = - log derivative plot flow enhancement near the wellbore.
ve 1/2 slope
172. skin factor A numerical value used to analytically model
derivative.
the difference from the pressure drop
Linear = +ve
predicted by Darcy's law due to skin.
half slope
derivative. 173. spherical A flow regime that occurs when the
Bilinear = +ve flow predominant flow pattern in the reservoir is
1/4 slope toward a point. This flow occurs for partial
derivative. penetration and limited-entry completions.
This flow regime is recognized as a -1/2 slope
165. radius of The calculated maximum radius in a
in the pressure derivative on the log-log
investigation formation in which pressure has been
diagnostic plot. Its presence enables
affected during the flow period of a
determination of the spherical permeability.
transient well test. his may also be termed
When spherical flow is followed by radial
transient drainage radius.
flow, both horizontal and vertical permeability
166. Related to 1. Total Gas can be quantified.
shale gas
174. stabilization A state that a producing well reaches when
production,
the flow rate and well pressure are apparently
name each of
constant for a reasonable period of time, such
these lines.
as a few hours or a day or more.
167. A reservoir In relation to well testing, what is an infinite
175. stabilized A gas well producing at a constant rate in
with no acting reservoir?
gas well which wellhead pressure changes no more
apparent
than a small amount as a function of time.
outer
boundary 176. static The pressure measured in a well after the well
limit affecting pressure has been closed in for a period of time, often
fluid flow after 24 or 72 hours. When a reservoir is first
during a test discovered, this pressure equals the initial
period. pressure. After production begins, this pressure
approaches the average reservoir pressure.
177. steady state Simultaneously constant pressure (wellhead 188. transient- The pressure response resulting from changes
behavior or bottomhole) and flow rate. This behavior pressure in a well's production rate.
can result when there is pressure support, response
either naturally through an aquifer or gas-
189. transient The analysis of transient rate and pressure data
cap drive, or artificially through water or gas
rate and taken while a well is flowing at variable rates.
injection.
pressure The analysis uses either deconvolution or
178. subsurface Any pressure measured in a well below the test convolution to correct for the flow-rate
pressure surface. analysis variations and can makedrawdown data
interpretable. It has also been applied to
179. superposition A mathematical technique based on the
correct for afterflow during the buildup.
property that solutions to linear partial
equations can be added to provide yet 190. two phase he simultaneous flow of both oil and free gas
another solution. This permits constructions flow into a wellbore.
of mathematical solutions to situations with
191. type curve A method for quantifying well and reservoir
complex boundary conditions, especially
analysis parameters such as permeability, skin, fracture
drawdown and buildup tests, and in settings
half-length, dual-porosity parameters, and
where flow rates change with time.
others, by comparing the pressure change and
180. superposition A mathematical computation that accounts its derivative of the acquired data to reservoir
in space for production from multiple wells. Image model curve families
wells are used to model the effect of
192. Type Families of the paired pressure change and its
impermeable barriers.
curves derivative computed from a model. T
181. superposition A mathematical computation that accounts
193. unitized Pooled production from wells or a reservoir.
in time for the flow-rate history in analytical models
production The proceeds of this pooled production are
generated to match with pressure-transient
distributed to the participants according to an
test data.
agreed-upon formula.
182. surface The pressure measured at or near the surface
194. units A constant provided in an equation that applies
pressure in a well. This measurement of pressure is
conversion only for a particular system of units.
usually performed by inserting a gauge into
factor
the production string just below the shut-in
valve, and is also referred to as tubing-head 195. variable A condition that results when the flow rate
pressure. rate varies appreciably during a test period.

183. surface shut- A well shut in at the surface, rather than 196. water Water and dissolved gas volume at reservoir
in downhole. Most transient well tests are formation conditions divided by water volume at
conducted in this manner for convenience. volume standard conditions. This value can often be
factor neglected, since it is always close to 1.0.
184. three phase The simultaneous flow of oil, free gas and
flow water into a wellbore. Stratified flow is the 197. water The replacement of produced fluids by
rule rather than the exception. influx formation water.

185. To allow Why are wells shut/closed-in prior to build- 198. wellbore Any restriction to flow from near-well
stabilization up/drawdown testing? damage reductions in flow capacity. This damage is
thought to result from reductions in near-well
186. transient The calculated maximum radius in a
permeability caused by perforating debris or
drainage formation in which pressure has been
from the solids or mud filtrate invasion caused
radius or affected during the flow period of a transient
by the drilling process.
radius of well test. While not absolutely accurate, the
investigation value has meaning in relation to the total 199. wellbore Following a surface shut-in, the flow into a well
volume of reservoir that is represented by fill up caused by the compressibility of the fluids in
calculated reservoir parameters, such as kh, the wellbore. Most of the flow occurs from
the permeability thickness. compression of gas in the wellbore. The
practical result is that the sandface flow rate is
187. transient The change in pressure with time. In well
not zero and, therefore, not constant. This gives
pressure testing, this refers to the pressure measured
rise to one form of the wellbore-storage effect.
as a function of time after the test is initiated.
200. wellbore- Distortions in the reservoir response due to wellbore storage. The characteristic trends are an early unit slope trend
storage with pressure change and the derivative overlain on the log-log plot, followed by a "hump" in the pressure derivative
effects that gradually disappears as reservoir trends become recognizable
201. well That period when drilling debris and fluids are still coming out of the formation and perforations. During this time, the
cleanup skin effect is changing and any well-test results may reflect temporary obstruction to flow that will not be present in
later tests.
202. well The change in pressure at one well caused by production from one or more other wells.
interference
203. well The pressure variation with time recorded in observation wells resulting from changes in rates in production or
interference injection wells.
testing
204. well The volume of produced fluid per unit of time
production
rate
205. wireline Test taken with a wireline formation tester.
formation
test
206. wireline A tool run on an electric logging cable that pushes a probe into the formation, which then allows production into a
formation small closed chamber. The tool is primarily used to obtain formation pressures at chosen locations in an interval,
tester and, with an accurate quartz gauge, permeability estimates may be obtained. Modern variations on this tool have
been developed to acquire formation-fluid samples.
207. xf/2 (half Apparent wellbore radius for a fractured well is equal to what?
the fracture
half length)
208. zone A slab of reservoir rock bounded above and below by impermeable rock.